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Phoon CK, Aristizábal O, Farhoud M, Turnbull DH, Wadghiri YZ. Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging. Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e1116. [PMID: 39222027 PMCID: PMC11371386 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The mouse is the mammalian model of choice for investigating cardiovascular biology, given our ability to manipulate it by genetic, pharmacologic, mechanical, and environmental means. Imaging is an important approach to phenotyping both function and structure of cardiac and vascular components. This review details commonly used imaging approaches, with a focus on echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging, with brief overviews of other imaging modalities. In this update, we also emphasize the importance of rigor and reproducibility in imaging approaches, experimental design, and documentation. Finally, we briefly outline emerging imaging approaches but caution that reliability and validity data may be lacking. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin K.L. Phoon
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Orlando Aristizábal
- Department of Radiology, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, & Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Preclinical Imaging, Division for Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Daniel H. Turnbull
- Department of Radiology, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, & Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Youssef Z. Wadghiri
- Department of Radiology, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, & Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Preclinical Imaging, Division for Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
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2
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Teekakirikul P, Zhu W, Xu X, Young CB, Tan T, Smith AM, Wang C, Peterson KA, Gabriel GC, Ho S, Sheng Y, Moreau de Bellaing A, Sonnenberg DA, Lin JH, Fotiou E, Tenin G, Wang MX, Wu YL, Feinstein T, Devine W, Gou H, Bais AS, Glennon BJ, Zahid M, Wong TC, Ahmad F, Rynkiewicz MJ, Lehman WJ, Keavney B, Alastalo TP, Freckmann ML, Orwig K, Murray S, Ware SM, Zhao H, Feingold B, Lo CW. Genetic resiliency associated with dominant lethal TPM1 mutation causing atrial septal defect with high heritability. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100501. [PMID: 35243414 PMCID: PMC8861813 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of large-scale human genomic data has yielded unexplained mutations known to cause severe disease in healthy individuals. Here, we report the unexpected recovery of a rare dominant lethal mutation in TPM1, a sarcomeric actin-binding protein, in eight individuals with large atrial septal defect (ASD) in a five-generation pedigree. Mice with Tpm1 mutation exhibit early embryonic lethality with disrupted myofibril assembly and no heartbeat. However, patient-induced pluripotent-stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes show normal beating with mild myofilament defect, indicating disease suppression. A variant in TLN2, another myofilament actin-binding protein, is identified as a candidate suppressor. Mouse CRISPR knock-in (KI) of both the TLN2 and TPM1 variants rescues heart beating, with near-term fetuses exhibiting large ASD. Thus, the role of TPM1 in ASD pathogenesis unfolds with suppression of its embryonic lethality by protective TLN2 variant. These findings provide evidence that genetic resiliency can arise with genetic suppression of a deleterious mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polakit Teekakirikul
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics & Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics & Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinxiu Xu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cullen B. Young
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tuantuan Tan
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chengdong Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - George C. Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sebastian Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yi Sheng
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anne Moreau de Bellaing
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel A. Sonnenberg
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jiuann-huey Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elisavet Fotiou
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gennadiy Tenin
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael X. Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yijen L. Wu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy Feinstein
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William Devine
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Abha S. Bais
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Glennon
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maliha Zahid
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy C. Wong
- UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ferhaan Ahmad
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael J. Rynkiewicz
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William J. Lehman
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernard Keavney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Kyle Orwig
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Stephanie M. Ware
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brian Feingold
- Heart Institute and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia W. Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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3
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Kong JH, Young CB, Pusapati GV, Espinoza FH, Patel CB, Beckert F, Ho S, Patel BB, Gabriel GC, Aravind L, Bazan JF, Gunn TM, Lo CW, Rohatgi R. Gene-teratogen interactions influence the penetrance of birth defects by altering Hedgehog signaling strength. Development 2021; 148:dev199867. [PMID: 34486668 PMCID: PMC8513608 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Birth defects result from interactions between genetic and environmental factors, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. We find that mutations and teratogens interact in predictable ways to cause birth defects by changing target cell sensitivity to Hedgehog (Hh) ligands. These interactions converge on a membrane protein complex, the MMM complex, that promotes degradation of the Hh transducer Smoothened (SMO). Deficiency of the MMM component MOSMO results in elevated SMO and increased Hh signaling, causing multiple birth defects. In utero exposure to a teratogen that directly inhibits SMO reduces the penetrance and expressivity of birth defects in Mosmo-/- embryos. Additionally, tissues that develop normally in Mosmo-/- embryos are refractory to the teratogen. Thus, changes in the abundance of the protein target of a teratogen can change birth defect outcomes by quantitative shifts in Hh signaling. Consequently, small molecules that re-calibrate signaling strength could be harnessed to rescue structural birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Kong
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cullen B. Young
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Ganesh V. Pusapati
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - F. Hernán Espinoza
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chandni B. Patel
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Francis Beckert
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sebastian Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Bhaven B. Patel
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - George C. Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - L. Aravind
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | | | - Teresa M. Gunn
- McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT 59405, USA
| | - Cecilia W. Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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4
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Lupariello F, Genova T, Mussano F, Di Vella G, Botta G. Micro-CT processing's effects on microscopic appearance of human fetal cardiac samples. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2021; 53:101934. [PMID: 34225094 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Higher resolution than common computed tomography has been reached through Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) on small samples. Emerging forensic applications of micro-CT are the study of fetal/infant organs and whole fetuses, and their two/three-dimension reconstruction; it allows: to facilitate pathologists' role in the identification of causes of fetal stillbirth and of infant death; to create digital two and/or three-dimension representations of fetal/infant organs and whole fetuses which can be easily discussed in civil and/or penal courts. Micro-CT reconstructs cardiac anatomy of animal and human sample. There are no studies that are specifically aimed to evaluate possible effects of micro-CT processing on cardiac microscopic evaluation. This study analyzed microscopic effects of micro-CT processing on human-fetal-hearts. After processing with Lugol-solution or Microfil-MV-122-injection in coronary branches, fetal hearts underwent micro-CT scan. Then, hearts were microscopically analyzed using hematoxylin/eosin, trichrome, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for actin-protein, and IHC for desmin-intermediate-filament stains. In all cases staining was present in all fields. In all slides, disarranged myocardial proteins with increase of inter filaments and inter cellular spaces was reported. This manuscript allowed to observe post micro-CT appropriate staining and antigenic reactivity, and to identify cytoarchitecture modifications that could compromise slides' microscopic evaluation. It also highlighted a possible role of micro-CT determining this cytoarchitecture phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lupariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche - Sezione di Medicina Legale - "Università degli Studi di Torino", corso Galileo Galilei 22, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Tullio Genova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, UNITO, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy; CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences UNITO, via Nizza 230, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Mussano
- CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences UNITO, via Nizza 230, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Di Vella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche - Sezione di Medicina Legale - "Università degli Studi di Torino", corso Galileo Galilei 22, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Botta
- A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza - Anatomia Patologica U, Sezione Materno-Fetale-Pediatrica, corso Bramante 88, 10126 Torino, Italy
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5
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Abstract
Congenital heart disease is the most frequent birth defect and the leading cause of death for the fetus and in the first year of life. The wide phenotypic diversity of congenital heart defects requires expert diagnosis and sophisticated repair surgery. Although these defects have been described since the seventeenth century, it was only in 2005 that a consensus international nomenclature was adopted, followed by an international classification in 2017 to help provide better management of patients. Advances in genetic engineering, imaging, and omics analyses have uncovered mechanisms of heart formation and malformation in animal models, but approximately 80% of congenital heart defects have an unknown genetic origin. Here, we summarize current knowledge of congenital structural heart defects, intertwining clinical and fundamental research perspectives, with the aim to foster interdisciplinary collaborations at the cutting edge of each field. We also discuss remaining challenges in better understanding congenital heart defects and providing benefits to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Houyel
- Unité de Cardiologie Pédiatrique et Congénitale and Centre de Référence des Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes (M3C), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sigolène M Meilhac
- Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France.,Imagine-Institut Pasteur Unit of Heart Morphogenesis, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France;
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6
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Doost A, Arnolda L. Iodine staining outperforms phosphotungstic acid in high-resolution micro-CT scanning of post-natal mice cardiac structures. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2021; 8:027001. [PMID: 33778096 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.8.2.027001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scan provides high-resolution three-dimensional images of mineralized tissues in small animal models. Contrast enhancement is essential to visualize non-mineralized tissues with micro-CT scan. We attempted to compare the two most common contrast agents to stain and image mouse cardiac structures. Approach: Ex-vivo micro-CT scan images of the mouse hearts were obtained following staining by potassium iodide or phosphotungstic acid (PTA). PTA-stained samples were imaged after various durations following staining (14 days, 25 days, 187 days, and 780 days), whereas iodine-stained samples were imaged after 72 hours. We compared median staining intensity between PTA and iodine at 0.1-mm intervals from the edge using the Mann Whitney test with correction for multiple comparisons. Results: Sixty post-natal mice hearts were stained with either PTA or iodine and imaged using micro-CT scan. Iodine proved to be faster and more uniform in complete enhancement of cardiac tissue in as short as 72 h, whereas PTA required a significantly longer time period to penetrate mouse cardiac structure ( > 150 days ). Median staining intensity with iodine was strongly higher than that with PTA from 0.1- to 1.5-mm distance from the epicardial edge (2-tailed P value < 0.01 or lower throughout). Conclusions: Iodine-stained soft tissue imaging by micro-CT scan provides a non-destructive, efficient, and accurate visualization tool for anatomical analysis of animal heart models of human cardiovascular conditions. Iodine is more efficient compared to PTA to achieve complete murine myocardial staining in a significantly shorter time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Doost
- Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Fiona Stanley Hospital, Cardiology Department, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leonard Arnolda
- Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,University of Wollongong, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Kong JH, Young CB, Pusapati GV, Patel CB, Ho S, Krishnan A, Lin JHI, Devine W, Moreau de Bellaing A, Athni TS, Aravind L, Gunn TM, Lo CW, Rohatgi R. A Membrane-Tethered Ubiquitination Pathway Regulates Hedgehog Signaling and Heart Development. Dev Cell 2020; 55:432-449.e12. [PMID: 32966817 PMCID: PMC7686252 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of congenital heart defects (CHDs), which are among the most common human birth defects, is poorly understood because of its complex genetic architecture. Here, we show that two genes implicated in CHDs, Megf8 and Mgrn1, interact genetically and biochemically to regulate the strength of Hedgehog signaling in target cells. MEGF8, a transmembrane protein, and MGRN1, a RING superfamily E3 ligase, assemble to form a receptor-like ubiquitin ligase complex that catalyzes the ubiquitination and degradation of the Hedgehog pathway transducer Smoothened. Homozygous Megf8 and Mgrn1 mutations increased Smoothened abundance and elevated sensitivity to Hedgehog ligands. While mice heterozygous for loss-of-function Megf8 or Mgrn1 mutations were normal, double heterozygous embryos exhibited an incompletely penetrant syndrome of CHDs with heterotaxy. Thus, genetic interactions can arise from biochemical mechanisms that calibrate morphogen signaling strength, a conclusion broadly relevant for the many human diseases in which oligogenic inheritance is emerging as a mechanism for heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Kong
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cullen B Young
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Ganesh V Pusapati
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chandni B Patel
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sebastian Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Arunkumar Krishnan
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Jiuann-Huey Ivy Lin
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - William Devine
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Anne Moreau de Bellaing
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Necker-Sick Children Hospital and The University of Paris Descartes, Paris 75015, France
| | - Tejas S Athni
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L Aravind
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Teresa M Gunn
- McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT 59405, USA.
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA.
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Simcock IC, Hutchinson JC, Shelmerdine SC, Matos JN, Sebire NJ, Fuentes VL, Arthurs OJ. Investigation of optimal sample preparation conditions with potassium triiodide and optimal imaging settings for microfocus computed tomography of excised cat hearts. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:326-333. [PMID: 32228254 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.4.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine optimal sample preparation conditions with potassium triiodide (I2KI) and optimal imaging settings for microfocus CT (micro-CT) of excised cat hearts. SAMPLE 7 excised hearts (weight range, 10 to 17.6 g) obtained from healthy adult cats after euthanasia by IV injection of pentobarbital sodium. PROCEDURES Following excision, the hearts were preserved in 10% formaldehyde solution. Six hearts were immersed in 1.25% I2KI solution (n = 3) or 2.5% I2KI solution (3) for a 12-day period. Micro-CT images were acquired at time 0 (prior to iodination) then approximately every 24 and 48 hours thereafter to determine optimal sample preparation conditions (ie, immersion time and concentration of I2KI solution). Identified optimal conditions were then used to prepare the seventh heart for imaging; changes in voltage, current, exposure time, and gain on image quality were evaluated to determine optimal settings (ie, maximal signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios). Images were obtained at a voxel resolution of 30 μm. A detailed morphological assessment of the main cardiac structures of the seventh heart was then performed. RESULTS Immersion in 2.5% I2KI solution for 48 hours was optimal for sample preparation. The optimal imaging conditions included a tube voltage of 100 kV, current of 150 μA, and exposure time of 354 milliseconds; scan duration was 12 minutes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results provided an optimal micro-CT imaging protocol for excised cat hearts prepared with I2KI solution that could serve as a basis for future studies of micro-CT for high resolution 3-D imaging of cat hearts.
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Lin JHI, Feinstein TN, Jha A, McCleary JT, Xu J, Arrigo AB, Rong G, Maclay LM, Ridge T, Xu X, Lo CW. Mutation of LRP1 in cardiac neural crest cells causes congenital heart defects by perturbing outflow lengthening. Commun Biol 2020; 3:312. [PMID: 32546759 PMCID: PMC7297812 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent recovery of mutations in vesicular trafficking genes causing congenital heart disease (CHD) revealed an unexpected role for the endocytic pathway. We now show that mice with a C4232R missense mutation in Low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1) exhibit atrioventricular septal defects with double outlet right ventricle. Lrp1m/m mice exhibit shortened outflow tracts (OFT) and dysmorphic hypocellular cushions with reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. Lrp1m/m embryonic fibroblasts show decreased cell motility and focal adhesion turnover associated with retention of mutant LRP1 in endoplasmic reticulum and reduced LRP1 expression. Conditional deletion of Lrp1 in cardiac neural crest cells (CNC) replicates the full CHD phenotype. Cushion explants showed defective cell migration, with gene expression analysis indicating perturbation of Wnt and other signaling pathways. Thus, LRP1 function in CNCs is required for normal OFT development with other cell lineages along the CNC migratory path playing a supporting role. Lin et al. find that mutation in endocytic trafficking protein Lrp1 causes congenital heart defects in mice due to a requirement for Lrp1 in the neural crest lineage, where it regulates outflow tract lengthening. This study provides insights into how Lrp1 and the neural crest contribute to heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuann-Huey I Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Timothy N Feinstein
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anupma Jha
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacob T McCleary
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Angelo B Arrigo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Grace Rong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lindsey M Maclay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Taylor Ridge
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - XinXiu Xu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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10
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Keller BB, Kowalski WJ, Tinney JP, Tobita K, Hu N. Validating the Paradigm That Biomechanical Forces Regulate Embryonic Cardiovascular Morphogenesis and Are Fundamental in the Etiology of Congenital Heart Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:E23. [PMID: 32545681 PMCID: PMC7344498 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review is to provide a broad overview of the biomechanical maturation and regulation of vertebrate cardiovascular (CV) morphogenesis and the evidence for mechanistic relationships between function and form relevant to the origins of congenital heart disease (CHD). The embryonic heart has been investigated for over a century, initially focusing on the chick embryo due to the opportunity to isolate and investigate myocardial electromechanical maturation, the ability to directly instrument and measure normal cardiac function, intervene to alter ventricular loading conditions, and then investigate changes in functional and structural maturation to deduce mechanism. The paradigm of "Develop and validate quantitative techniques, describe normal, perturb the system, describe abnormal, then deduce mechanisms" was taught to many young investigators by Dr. Edward B. Clark and then validated by a rapidly expanding number of teams dedicated to investigate CV morphogenesis, structure-function relationships, and pathogenic mechanisms of CHD. Pioneering studies using the chick embryo model rapidly expanded into a broad range of model systems, particularly the mouse and zebrafish, to investigate the interdependent genetic and biomechanical regulation of CV morphogenesis. Several central morphogenic themes have emerged. First, CV morphogenesis is inherently dependent upon the biomechanical forces that influence cell and tissue growth and remodeling. Second, embryonic CV systems dynamically adapt to changes in biomechanical loading conditions similar to mature systems. Third, biomechanical loading conditions dynamically impact and are regulated by genetic morphogenic systems. Fourth, advanced imaging techniques coupled with computational modeling provide novel insights to validate regulatory mechanisms. Finally, insights regarding the genetic and biomechanical regulation of CV morphogenesis and adaptation are relevant to current regenerative strategies for patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley B. Keller
- Cincinnati Children’s Heart Institute, Greater Louisville and Western Kentucky Practice, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - William J. Kowalski
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Joseph P. Tinney
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Kimimasa Tobita
- Department of Medical Affairs, Abiomed Japan K.K., Muromachi Higashi Mitsui Bldg, Tokyo 103-0022, Japan;
| | - Norman Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
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11
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Chu Q, Jiang H, Zhang L, Zhu D, Yin Q, Zhang H, Zhou B, Zhou W, Yue Z, Lian H, Liu L, Nie Y, Hu S. CACCT: An Automated Tool of Detecting Complicated Cardiac Malformations in Mouse Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903592. [PMID: 32328433 PMCID: PMC7175298 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the major cause of morbidity/mortality in infancy and childhood. Using a mouse model to uncover the mechanism of CHD is essential to understand its pathogenesis. However, conventional 2D phenotyping methods cannot comprehensively exhibit and accurately distinguish various 3D cardiac malformations for the complicated structure of heart cavity. Here, a new automated tool based on microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) image data sets known as computer-assisted cardiac cavity tracking (CACCT) is presented, which can detect the connections between cardiac cavities and identify complicated cardiac malformations in mouse hearts automatically. With CACCT, researchers, even those without expert training or diagnostic experience of CHD, can identify complicated cardiac malformations in mice conveniently and precisely, including transposition of the great arteries, double-outlet right ventricle and atypical ventricular septal defect, whose accuracy is equivalent to senior fetal cardiologists. CACCT provides an effective approach to accurately identify heterogeneous cardiac malformations, which will facilitate the mechanistic studies into CHD and heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100037China
| | - Haobin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100037China
| | - Libo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Computer ScienceInstitute of Software Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100089China
| | - Dekun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100037China
| | - Qianqian Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100037China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Heart Center and Shanghai Institution of Pediatric Congenital Heart DiseasesShanghai Children's Medical CenterNational Children's Medical CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200127China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Wenzhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Computer ScienceInstitute of Software Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100089China
| | - Zhang Yue
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Hong Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100037China
| | - Lihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100037China
| | - Yu Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100037China
| | - Shengshou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100037China
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12
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Liu X, Kim AJ, Reynolds W, Wu Y, Lo CW. Phenotyping cardiac and structural birth defects in fetal and newborn mice. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:778-790. [PMID: 28544620 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models are invaluable for investigating the developmental etiology and molecular pathogenesis of structural birth defects. While this has been deployed for studying a wide spectrum of birth defects, mice are particularly valuable for modeling congenital heart disease, given they have the same four-chamber cardiac anatomy as in humans. We have developed the use of noninvasive fetal ultrasound together with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging for high throughput phenotyping of mice for congenital heart defects (CHD) and other developmental anomalies. We showed the efficacy of fetal ultrasound and micro-CT imaging for diagnosis of a wide spectrum of CHD. With fetal ultrasound, longitudinal scans can be conducted to track the developmental profile of disease pathogenesis, providing both structural information with two-dimensional (2D) imaging, as well as functional data from hemodynamic assessments with color flow and spectral Doppler imaging. In contrast, with micro-CT imaging, virtual necropsies can be conducted rapidly postmortem for diagnosis of not only CHD, but also other structural birth defects. To validate the CHD diagnosis, we further showed the use of a novel histological technique with episcopic confocal microscopy to obtain rapid 3D reconstructions for accurate diagnosis of even the most complex anatomical defect. The latter histological imaging technique when combined with the use of ultrasound and micro-CT imaging provides a powerful combination of imaging modalities that will be invaluable in meeting the accelerating demands for high throughput mouse phenotyping of genetically engineered mice in the coming age of functional genomics. Birth Defects Research 109:778-790, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William Reynolds
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yijen Wu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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13
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The complex genetics of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1152-1159. [PMID: 28530678 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects up to 1% of live births. Although a genetic etiology is indicated by an increased recurrence risk, sporadic occurrence suggests that CHD genetics is complex. Here, we show that hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), a severe CHD, is multigenic and genetically heterogeneous. Using mouse forward genetics, we report what is, to our knowledge, the first isolation of HLHS mutant mice and identification of genes causing HLHS. Mutations from seven HLHS mouse lines showed multigenic enrichment in ten human chromosome regions linked to HLHS. Mutations in Sap130 and Pcdha9, genes not previously associated with CHD, were validated by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in mice as being digenic causes of HLHS. We also identified one subject with HLHS with SAP130 and PCDHA13 mutations. Mouse and zebrafish modeling showed that Sap130 mediates left ventricular hypoplasia, whereas Pcdha9 increases penetrance of aortic valve abnormalities, both signature HLHS defects. These findings show that HLHS can arise genetically in a combinatorial fashion, thus providing a new paradigm for the complex genetics of CHD.
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14
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Abstract
The mouse is the mammalian model of choice for investigating cardiovascular biology, given our ability to manipulate it by genetic, pharmacologic, mechanical, and environmental means. Imaging is an important approach to phenotyping both function and structure of cardiac and vascular components. This review details commonly used imaging approaches, with a focus on echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging and brief overviews of other imaging modalities. We also briefly outline emerging imaging approaches but caution that reliability and validity data may be lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin K L Phoon
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Daniel H Turnbull
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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15
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Wu C, Sudheendran N, Singh M, Larina IV, Dickinson ME, Larin KV. Rotational imaging optical coherence tomography for full-body mouse embryonic imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:26002. [PMID: 26848543 PMCID: PMC4748608 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.2.026002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been widely used to study mammalian embryonic development with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolutions and without the need for any contrast enhancement probes. However, the limited imaging depth of traditional OCT might prohibit visualization of the full embryonic body. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a new methodology to enhance the imaging range of OCT in embryonic day (E) 9.5 and 10.5 mouse embryos using rotational imaging. Rotational imaging OCT (RI-OCT) enables full-body imaging of mouse embryos by performing multiangle imaging. A series of postprocessing procedures was performed on each cross-section image, resulting in the final composited image. The results demonstrate that RI-OCT is able to improve the visualization of internal mouse embryo structures as compared to conventional OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Narendran Sudheendran
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Manmohan Singh
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Irina V. Larina
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77584, United States
| | - Mary E. Dickinson
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77584, United States
| | - Kirill V. Larin
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Texas 77204, United States
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77584, United States
- Tomsk State University, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Address all correspondence to: Kirill V. Larin, E-mail:
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16
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Sivaguru M, Fried G, Sivaguru BS, Sivaguru VA, Lu X, Choi KH, Saif MTA, Lin B, Sadayappan S. Cardiac muscle organization revealed in 3-D by imaging whole-mount mouse hearts using two-photon fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Biotechniques 2015; 59:295-308. [DOI: 10.2144/000114356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to image the entire adult mouse heart at high resolution in 3-D would provide enormous advantages in the study of heart disease. However, a technique for imaging nuclear/cellular detail as well as the overall structure of the entire heart in 3-D with minimal effort is lacking. To solve this problem, we modified the benzyl alcohol:benzyl benzoate (BABB) clearing technique by labeling mouse hearts with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain. We then imaged the hearts with a combination of two-photon fluorescence microscopy and automated tile-scan imaging/stitching. Utilizing the differential spectral properties of PAS, we could identify muscle and nuclear compartments in the heart. We were also able to visualize the differences between a 3-month-old normal mouse heart and a mouse heart that had undergone heart failure due to the expression of cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) gene mutation (t/t). Using 2-D and 3-D morphometric analysis, we found that the t/t heart had anomalous ventricular shape, volume, and wall thickness, as well as a disrupted sarcomere pattern. We further validated our approach using decellularized hearts that had been cultured with 3T3 fibroblasts, which were tracked using a nuclear label. We were able to detect the 3T3 cells inside the decellularized intact heart tissue, achieving nuclear/cellular resolution in 3-D. The combination of labeling, clearing, and two-photon microscopy together with tiling eliminates laborious and time-consuming physical sectioning, alignment, and 3-D reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayandi Sivaguru
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology
| | - Glenn Fried
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology
| | | | | | - Xiaochen Lu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology
| | - Kyung Hwa Choi
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana
| | - M Taher A Saif
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana
| | - Brian Lin
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Maywood, IL
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Maywood, IL
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17
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Wang S, Singh M, Lopez AL, Wu C, Raghunathan R, Schill A, Li J, Larin KV, Larina IV. Direct four-dimensional structural and functional imaging of cardiovascular dynamics in mouse embryos with 1.5 MHz optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:4791-4. [PMID: 26469621 PMCID: PMC4849121 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.004791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging of cardiovascular dynamics in mouse embryos is greatly desired to study mammalian congenital cardiac defects. Here, we demonstrate direct four-dimensional (4D) imaging of the cardiovascular structure and function in live mouse embryos at a ∼43 Hz volume rate using an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with a ∼1.5 MHz Fourier domain mode-locking swept laser source. Combining ultrafast OCT imaging with live mouse embryo culture protocols, 3D volumes of the embryo are directly and continuously acquired over time for a cardiodynamics analysis without the application of any synchronization algorithms. We present the time-resolved measurements of the heart wall motion based on the 4D structural data, report 4D speckle variance and Doppler imaging of the vascular system, and quantify spatially resolved blood flow velocity over time. These results indicate that the ultra-high-speed 4D imaging approach could be a useful tool for efficient cardiovascular phenotyping of mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Manmohan Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Andrew L. Lopez
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Chen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Raksha Raghunathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Alexander Schill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Jiasong Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Kirill V. Larin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- Samara State Aerospace University, 34 Moskovskoye Shosse, Samara 443086, Russia
| | - Irina V. Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Corresponding author:
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18
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Matrone G, Maqsood S, Taylor J, Mullins JJ, Tucker CS, Denvir MA. Targeted laser ablation of the zebrafish larval heart induces models of heart block, valvular regurgitation, and outflow tract obstruction. Zebrafish 2015; 11:536-41. [PMID: 25272304 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2014.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian models of cardiac disease have provided unique and important insights into human disease but have become increasingly challenging to produce. The zebrafish could provide inexpensive high-throughput models of cardiac injury and repair. We used a highly targeted laser, synchronized to fire at specific phases of the cardiac cycle, to induce regional injury to the ventricle, atrioventricular (AV) cushion, and bulbus arteriosus (BA). We assessed the impact of laser injury on hearts of zebrafish early larvae at 72 h postfertilization, to different regions, recording the effects on ejection fraction (EF), heart rate (HR), and blood flow at 2 and 24 h postinjury (hpi). Laser injury to the apex, midzone, and outflow regions of the ventricle resulted in reductions of the ventricle EF at 2 hpi with full recovery of function by 24 hpi. Laser injury to the ventricle, close to the AV cushion, was more likely to cause bradycardia and atrial-ventricular dysfunction, suggestive of an electrical conduction block. At 2 hpi, direct injury to the AV cushion resulted in marked regurgitation of blood from the ventricle to the atrium. Laser injury to the BA caused temporary outflow tract obstruction with cessation of ventricle contraction and circulation. Despite such damage, 80% of embryos showed complete recovery of the HR and function within 24 h of laser injury. Precision laser injury to key structures in the zebrafish developing heart provides a range of potentially useful models of hemodynamic overload, injury, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Matrone
- 1 British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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19
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Schweickert A, Feistel K. The Xenopus Embryo: An Ideal Model System to Study Human Ciliopathies. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Karunamuni G, Gu S, Doughman YQ, Noonan AI, Rollins AM, Jenkins MW, Watanabe M. Using optical coherence tomography to rapidly phenotype and quantify congenital heart defects associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:607-18. [PMID: 25546089 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most commonly used method to analyze congenital heart defects involves serial sectioning and histology. However, this is often a time-consuming process where the quantification of cardiac defects can be difficult due to problems with accurate section registration. Here we demonstrate the advantages of using optical coherence tomography, a comparatively new and rising technology, to phenotype avian embryo hearts in a model of fetal alcohol syndrome where a binge-like quantity of alcohol/ethanol was introduced at gastrulation. RESULTS The rapid, consistent imaging protocols allowed for the immediate identification of cardiac anomalies, including ventricular septal defects and misaligned/missing vessels. Interventricular septum thicknesses and vessel diameters for three of the five outflow arteries were also significantly reduced. Outflow and atrioventricular valves were segmented using image processing software and had significantly reduced volumes compared to controls. This is the first study to our knowledge that has 3D reconstructed the late-stage cardiac valves in precise detail to examine their morphology and dimensions. CONCLUSIONS We believe, therefore, that optical coherence tomography, with its ability to rapidly image and quantify tiny embryonic structures in high resolution, will serve as an excellent and cost-effective preliminary screening tool for developmental biologists working with a variety of experimental/disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga Karunamuni
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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21
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Rao Damerla R, Gabriel GC, Li Y, Klena NT, Liu X, Chen Y, Cui C, Pazour GJ, Lo CW. Role of cilia in structural birth defects: insights from ciliopathy mutant mouse models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:115-25. [PMID: 24975753 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Structural birth defect (SBD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the newborn period. Although the etiology of SBD is diverse, a wide spectrum of SBD associated with ciliopathies points to the cilium as having a central role in the pathogenesis of SBDs. Ciliopathies are human diseases arising from disruption of cilia structure and/or function. They are associated with developmental anomalies in one or more organ systems and can involve defects in motile cilia, such as those in the airway epithelia or from defects in nonmotile (primary cilia) that have sensory and cell signaling function. Availability of low cost next generation sequencing has allowed for explosion of new knowledge in genetic etiology of ciliopathies. This has led to the appreciation that many genes are shared in common between otherwise clinically distinct ciliopathies. Further insights into the relevance of the cilium in SBD has come from recovery of pathogenic mutations in cilia-related genes from many large-scale mouse forward genetic screens with differing developmental phenotyping focus. Our mouse mutagenesis screen for congenital heart disease (CHD) using noninvasive fetal echocardiography has yielded a marked enrichment for pathogenic mutations in genes required for motile or primary cilia function. These novel mutant mouse models will be invaluable for modeling human ciliopathies and further interrogating the role of the cilium in the pathogenesis of SBD and CHD. Overall, these findings suggest a central role for the cilium in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of developmental anomalies associated with CHD and SBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Damerla
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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Czarnecki PG, Gabriel GC, Manning DK, Sergeev M, Lemke K, Klena NT, Liu X, Chen Y, Li Y, San Agustin JT, Garnaas MK, Francis RJ, Tobita K, Goessling W, Pazour GJ, Lo CW, Beier DR, Shah JV. ANKS6 is the critical activator of NEK8 kinase in embryonic situs determination and organ patterning. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6023. [PMID: 25599650 PMCID: PMC4361001 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ciliary kinase NEK8 plays a critical role in situs determination and cystic kidney disease, yet its exact function remains unknown. In this study, we identify ANKS6 as a target and activator of NEK8. ANKS6 requires NEK8 for localizing to the ciliary inversin compartment (IC) and activates NEK8 by binding to its kinase domain. Here we demonstrate the functional importance of this interaction through the analysis of two novel mouse mutations, Anks6(Streaker) and Nek8(Roc). Both display heterotaxy, cardiopulmonary malformations and cystic kidneys, a syndrome also characteristic of mutations in Invs and Nphp3, the other known components of the IC. The Anks6(Strkr) mutation decreases ANKS6 interaction with NEK8, precluding NEK8 activation. The Nek8(Roc) mutation inactivates NEK8 kinase function while preserving ANKS6 localization to the IC. Together, these data reveal the crucial role of NEK8 kinase activation within the IC, promoting proper left-right patterning, cardiopulmonary development and renal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Czarnecki
- 1] Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, HIM 568, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA [2] Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA [3] Renal Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, USA
| | - George C Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Danielle K Manning
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Mikhail Sergeev
- 1] Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, HIM 568, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA [2] Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Kristi Lemke
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Nikolai T Klena
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - You Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Jovenal T San Agustin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachussetts 01655, USA
| | - Maija K Garnaas
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Richard J Francis
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Kimimasa Tobita
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachussetts 01655, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - David R Beier
- 1] Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA [2] Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Jagesh V Shah
- 1] Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, HIM 568, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA [2] Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
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23
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Blum M, Schweickert A, Vick P, Wright CVE, Danilchik MV. Symmetry breakage in the vertebrate embryo: when does it happen and how does it work? Dev Biol 2014; 393:109-23. [PMID: 24972089 PMCID: PMC4481729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric development of the vertebrate embryo has fascinated embryologists for over a century. Much has been learned since the asymmetric Nodal signaling cascade in the left lateral plate mesoderm was detected, and began to be unraveled over the past decade or two. When and how symmetry is initially broken, however, has remained a matter of debate. Two essentially mutually exclusive models prevail. Cilia-driven leftward flow of extracellular fluids occurs in mammalian, fish and amphibian embryos. A great deal of experimental evidence indicates that this flow is indeed required for symmetry breaking. An alternative model has argued, however, that flow simply acts as an amplification step for early asymmetric cues generated by ion flux during the first cleavage divisions. In this review we critically evaluate the experimental basis of both models. Although a number of open questions persist, the available evidence is best compatible with flow-based symmetry breakage as the archetypical mode of symmetry breakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Blum
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Zoology (220), Garbenstrasse 30, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Axel Schweickert
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Zoology (220), Garbenstrasse 30, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Vick
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Zoology (220), Garbenstrasse 30, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christopher V E Wright
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0494, USA
| | - Michael V Danilchik
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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24
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Blum M, Feistel K, Thumberger T, Schweickert A. The evolution and conservation of left-right patterning mechanisms. Development 2014; 141:1603-13. [PMID: 24715452 DOI: 10.1242/dev.100560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Morphological asymmetry is a common feature of animal body plans, from shell coiling in snails to organ placement in humans. The signaling protein Nodal is key for determining this laterality. Many vertebrates, including humans, use cilia for breaking symmetry during embryonic development: rotating cilia produce a leftward flow of extracellular fluids that induces the asymmetric expression of Nodal. By contrast, Nodal asymmetry can be induced flow-independently in invertebrates. Here, we ask when and why flow evolved. We propose that flow was present at the base of the deuterostomes and that it is required to maintain organ asymmetry in otherwise perfectly bilaterally symmetrical vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Blum
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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