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Kim JH, Seok JY, Kim YH, Kim HJ, Lee JK, Kim HR. Exposure to Radiofrequency Induces Synaptic Dysfunction in Cortical Neurons Causing Learning and Memory Alteration in Early Postnatal Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8589. [PMID: 39201275 PMCID: PMC11355025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of wireless communication devices has necessitated unavoidable exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). In particular, increasing RF-EMF exposure among children is primarily driven by mobile phone use. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of 1850 MHz RF-EMF exposure at a specific absorption rate of 4.0 W/kg on cortical neurons in mice at postnatal day 28. The results indicated a significant reduction in the number of mushroom-shaped dendritic spines in the prefrontal cortex after daily exposure for 4 weeks. Additionally, prolonged RF-EMF exposure over 9 days led to a gradual decrease in postsynaptic density 95 puncta and inhibited neurite outgrowth in developing cortical neurons. Moreover, the expression levels of genes associated with synapse formation, such as synaptic cell adhesion molecules and cyclin-dependent kinase 5, were reduced in the cerebral cortexes of RF-EMF-exposed mice. Behavioral assessments using the Morris water maze revealed altered spatial learning and memory after the 4-week exposure period. These findings underscore the potential of RF-EMF exposure during childhood to disrupt synaptic function in the cerebral cortex, thereby affecting the developmental stages of the nervous system and potentially influencing later cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.Y.S.); (J.-K.L.)
| | - Jun Young Seok
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.Y.S.); (J.-K.L.)
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52609, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin-Koo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.Y.S.); (J.-K.L.)
| | - Hak Rim Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.Y.S.); (J.-K.L.)
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Islam MS, Islam MM, Rahman MM, Islam K. 4G mobile phone radiation alters some immunogenic and vascular gene expressions, and gross and microscopic and biochemical parameters in the chick embryo model. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2648-2659. [PMID: 37725264 PMCID: PMC10650348 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risks to human health have grown over the past 10 years due to the excessive use of mobile phones. OBJECTIVES The study was designed to determine the harmful effects of 4G mobile phone radiation on the expression of immunogenic and vascular genes and gross, microscopic and biochemical alterations in the development of chicken embryos. METHODS Sixty individuals in the exposure group were subjected to mobile phones with a specific absorption rate of 1.4 W/kg and a frequency of 2100 MHz positioned at a distance of 12 cm in the incubator for 60 min/night for 14 days. The histopathological examination involved hematoxylin and eosin staining, whereas cresyl violet staining was used to evaluate the condition and number of neurons in the brain. The biochemical parameters of amniotic fluid were analysed using the photometry method, and the expression of VEGF-A and immunity genes (AvBD9, IL6) was measured using the real-time PCR (qPCR) technique. RESULTS Compared to the control, the exposure group's body weight and length significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Subcutaneous bleeding was seen in the exposure group. Urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were all significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.05). The exposed group showed pathological lesions in the liver and degenerated neurons with lightly stained nuclei in the cerebral cortex. Hyperchromatic neurons were significantly higher in the exposure group (58.8 ± 2.28) compared to the control (6.6 ± 0.44) (p < 0.05). 4G exposure reduced lymphocyte count in the caecal tonsil (86.8 ± 5.38) compared to the control (147.2 ± 9.06) (p < 0.05). Vascular gene mRNA expression was higher, but immune gene expression was lower in the exposed group. CONCLUSION Exposure to mobile phone radiation may result in gross, microscopic and biochemical changes, as well as alterations in gene expression that could hinder embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sadequl Islam
- Department of Anatomy and HistologyFaculty of Veterinary and Animal ScienceHajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology UniversityDinajpurBangladesh
| | - Md. Mominul Islam
- Department of Pathology and ParasitologyFaculty of Veterinary and Animal ScienceHajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology UniversityDinajpurBangladesh
| | - Md. Moshiur Rahman
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Khaleda Islam
- Institute of Nutrition and Food ScienceUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
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Wang F, Guan Y, Bamber Z, Cao X, Qi Q, Niu W, Chen B. Preventive interventions for lateral ankle sprains: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil 2023; 37:585-602. [PMID: 36630892 DOI: 10.1177/02692155221137640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of preventive interventions for lateral ankle sprain in the general population. DATA SOURCES A search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Medline, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted up to August 2022. REVIEW METHODS Randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies that evaluated any interventions for preventing lateral ankle sprain were included. Two reviewers independently conducted the search, screening, and data extraction. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials or using the Cochrane Risk Of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies tool for prospective cohort studies. RESULTS Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. Proprioceptive training exhibited better effects on preventing future lateral ankle sprain compared with the control group (risk ratio = 0.59, p < 0.001), and a stronger preventive effect was observed in participants with a history of lateral ankle sprain in the subgroup analysis (risk ratio = 0.49, p = 0.02). Compared with no bracing, ankle bracing had no significant better effect in preventing lateral ankle sprain (risk ratio = 0.43, p = 0.05). Proprioceptive training and ankle bracing had similar preventive effects (risk ratio = 0.98, p = 0.97). Limited evidence hindered the synthesis of data on pain, swelling, costs, and time loss. CONCLUSION Proprioceptive training is recommended for preventing lateral ankle sprain, especially for people with a history of lateral ankle sprain. Bracing seems to have an ambiguous preventive effect and requires more further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanjia Wang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghao Guan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zoe Bamber
- Division of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, 6123University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Xianxin Cao
- Department of Physical Therapy, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Niu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, 481875Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Personal Cell Phones among Children: Parental Perception of Content-Related Threats and Attempts to Control Them in a Lithuanian Sample. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12060185. [PMID: 35735395 PMCID: PMC9219742 DOI: 10.3390/bs12060185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Various content-related threats such as provocative content, disinformation, cyberbullying, or sexual and commercial messages might reach children by phone and have a negative effect on their health. Amongst parents who are able to control it, we aimed to assess parental attitudes towards the use of mobile phones among children and control measures taken. Materials and Methods: A total number of 619 parents of primary school children from a middle-sized town in Lithuania participated in this study. Parents anonymously filled out our original questionnaire. Distribution of the respondents was assessed according to control measures taken, threat awareness, and sociodemographic factors. Results: Most of the respondents (79.8%) thought that personal mobile phones might be harmful to children’s health, 99.5% of the parents used at least one control measure. Further, 91.9% of the respondents did not think that children might receive messages from strangers. Respectively, 85.5% and 95.2% of the parents thought that children do not receive offensive or sexual content messages. Many parents (25.5%) helped their children register to social networks. Parents with lower education and parents of younger children had lower awareness of threats (p < 0.05). Fathers, higher educated, single, and unemployed parents indicated application of fewer control measures (p < 0.05). Other sociodemographic factors were not related with threat awareness or control measures taken (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Nearly all parents of primary school children take measures in order to control their children’s usage of mobile phones but most of them underestimate content-related threats brought by mobile phones.
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Tandon R, Javid P, Di Giulio I. Mobile phone use is detrimental for gait stability in young adults. Gait Posture 2021; 88:37-41. [PMID: 33990000 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human walking is a highly automated motor task, however if the individual's attention is divided, gait can be negatively affected. Although the effect of divided attention has been usually tested with standardised cognitive tasks, the common task of walking while talking on the phone may represent an ecological dual task scenario. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the effect of divided attention on locomotion when using a mobile phone? METHODS Thirty-seven healthy participants were asked to walk while performing different cognitive tasks: counting and spelling backwards, talking on the phone (handset by the ear and hands-free), and texting. As a control, extra postural conditions were tested: holding the phone by the ear (without talking) and carrying the phone as in the texting task. These tasks were compared with normal walking (no other cognitive or postural task). Twenty participants also performed the same tasks with the addition of an obstacle halfway through the walkway. Gait performance was measured using non-invasive inertial sensors. Step time and mediolateral acceleration range were calculated. RESULTS Step time increased when counting (mean ± standard error 0.63 ± 0.02 s, p < 0.001), spelling backwards (0.67 ± 0.03 s, p < 0.001) and texting (0.61 ± 0.02 s, p = 0.005) compared to normal walking (0.56 ± 0.02 s). Compared to normal walking (8.03 ± 0.58 m/s2), mediolateral acceleration decreased when counting (6.43 ± 0.39 m/s2, p < 0.001), spelling backwards (6.67 ± 0.44 m/s2, p < 0.001), when talking on the phone while holding the phone (7.28 ± 0.48 m/s2, p = 0.003), or hands-free (7.28 ± 0.40 m/s2, p = 0.004), or texting (6.71 ± 0.50 m/s2, p < 0.001). Introducing an obstacle confirmed these results. SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that even in young and healthy individuals, gait is affected by divided attention. Furthermore, the results show that common and ecological cognitive tasks, such as phone use, could induce measurable worsening of gait performance. Individuals should be careful when walking and performing other tasks that could distract them, by dividing their attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Tandon
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, Guys Campus, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT England, UK
| | - Pernia Javid
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, Guys Campus, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT England, UK
| | - Irene Di Giulio
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, Guys Campus, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT England, UK.
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Birks LE, van Wel L, Liorni I, Pierotti L, Guxens M, Huss A, Foerster M, Capstick M, Eeftens M, El Marroun H, Estarlich M, Gallastegi M, Safont LG, Joseph W, Santa-Marina L, Thielens A, Torrent M, Vrijkotte T, Wiart J, Röösli M, Cardis E, Vermeulen R, Vrijheid M. Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from mobile communication: Description of modeled dose in brain regions and the body in European children and adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110505. [PMID: 33245886 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF) from mobile technology and resulting dose in young people. We describe modeled integrated RF dose in European children and adolescents combining own mobile device use and surrounding sources. METHODS Using an integrated RF model, we estimated the daily RF dose in the brain (whole-brain, cerebellum, frontal lobe, midbrain, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobes) and the whole-body in 8358 children (ages 8-12) and adolescents (ages 14-18) from the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland during 2012-2016. The integrated model estimated RF dose from near-field sources (digital enhanced communication technology (DECT) phone, mobile phone, tablet, and laptop) and far-field sources (mobile phone base stations via 3D-radiowave modeling or RF measurements). RESULTS Adolescents were more frequent mobile phone users and experienced higher modeled RF doses in the whole-brain (median 330.4 mJ/kg/day) compared to children (median 81.8 mJ/kg/day). Children spent more time using tablets or laptops compared to adolescents, resulting in higher RF doses in the whole-body (median whole-body dose of 81.8 mJ/kg/day) compared to adolescents (41.9 mJ/kg/day). Among brain regions, temporal lobes received the highest RF dose (medians of 274.9 and 1786.5 mJ/kg/day in children and adolescents, respectively) followed by the frontal lobe. In most children and adolescents, calling on 2G networks was the main contributor to RF dose in the whole-brain (medians of 31.1 and 273.7 mJ/kg/day, respectively). CONCLUSION This first large study of RF dose to the brain and body of children and adolescents shows that mobile phone calls on 2G networks are the main determinants of brain dose, especially in temporal and frontal lobes, whereas whole-body doses were mostly determined by tablet and laptop use. The modeling of RF doses provides valuable input to epidemiological research and to potential risk management regarding RF exposure in young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ellen Birks
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luuk van Wel
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ilaria Liorni
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Livia Pierotti
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mònica Guxens
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Milena Foerster
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Myles Capstick
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marloes Eeftens
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanan El Marroun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies - Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marisa Estarlich
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Faculty of Nursing and Chiropody, Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Mara Gallastegi
- BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, Dr. Begiristain Pasealekua, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Llúcia González Safont
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Wout Joseph
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/IMEC, Technologiepark 126, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, Dr. Begiristain Pasealekua, San Sebastian, Spain; Department of Health of the Basque Government, Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Arno Thielens
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/IMEC, Technologiepark 126, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Maties Torrent
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tanja Vrijkotte
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joe Wiart
- Télécom ParisTech, LTCI University Paris Saclay, Chair C2M, Paris, France
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Moon J, Cho SY, Lim SM, Roh JH, Koh MS, Kim YJ, Nam E. Smart device usage in early childhood is differentially associated with fine motor and language development. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:903-910. [PMID: 30372561 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM We evaluated the relationships between the use of smart devices, such as smartphones and tablet computers, and the development levels and language scores in young children. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis with 117 children aged three to five years was conducted. The participants were recruited from kindergartens in South Korea between November 2015 and April 2016. Parental questionnaires to assess smart device usage status by children, developmental screening test and receptive-expressive language scale were administered; metrics included smart device usage frequency and usage time, appropriate smart device usage level, developmental levels and language scores. RESULTS Smart device usage frequency was significantly positively correlated with fine motor skill development [Spearman's correlation coefficient (rs ) = 0.426] in three-year-old children. Appropriate smart device usage level was also positively correlated with social development (rs = 0.466). However, smart device usage time was significantly negatively correlated with expressive language months (rs = -0.481). There were no such correlations in children aged four to five years. For the subcategories of appropriate usage level, the suitability of social relationship was significantly positively correlated with social development in three-year-old children (rs = 0.474). CONCLUSION In three-year-old children, smart device usage was positively correlated with fine motor development and negatively correlated with language development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Hwa Moon
- Department of Pediatrics Hanyang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Child Neurodevelopmental Lab Department of Pediatric Neurology Hanyang University Guri Hospital Guri Korea
| | - Sang Yeon Cho
- Department of Pediatrics Hanyang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Sung Min Lim
- Department of Pediatrics Hanyang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Joo Hyung Roh
- Department of Pediatrics Hanyang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Min Sook Koh
- Child Neurodevelopmental Lab Department of Pediatric Neurology Hanyang University Guri Hospital Guri Korea
| | - Yong Joo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics Hanyang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Eunwoo Nam
- Biostatistical Consulting and Research Lab Hanyang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
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Phantom Phone Signals in youths: Prevalence, correlates and relation to psychopathology. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210095. [PMID: 30608968 PMCID: PMC6319810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The term Phantom Phone Signals (PPS) refers to the perception of a mobile phone ringing, vibrating and blinking when in fact it did not. Data in youth are lacking, and controversies exist on whether PPS is related to psychopathology. In the present study, we showed data on the prevalence of PPS in a population (N = 2959) of students aged 10 to 14 years. We also explored the possible association between PPS and emotional or behavioural problems. Our results showed that PPS is a relatively common phenomenon with a prevalence rate of 58.9%, being more frequent in females. In univariate and multivariate analyses, we also found an association between the presence of PPS and emotional problems and temper tantrums, after accounting for relevant covariates. PPS is a relevant phenomenon to be considered in youth. It is common and may be a signal for emotional problems.
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Foerster M, Thielens A, Joseph W, Eeftens M, Röösli M. A Prospective Cohort Study of Adolescents' Memory Performance and Individual Brain Dose of Microwave Radiation from Wireless Communication. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:077007. [PMID: 30044230 PMCID: PMC6108834 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential impact of microwave radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) emitted by wireless communication devices on neurocognitive functions of adolescents is controversial. In a previous analysis, we found changes in figural memory scores associated with a higher cumulative RF-EMF brain dose in adolescents. OBJECTIVE We aimed to follow-up our previous results using a new study population, dose estimation, and approach to controlling for confounding from media usage itself. METHODS RF-EMF brain dose for each participant was modeled. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted on verbal and figural memory score changes over 1 y and on estimated cumulative brain dose and RF-EMF related and unrelated media usage (n=669-676). Because of the hemispheric lateralization of memory, we conducted a laterality analysis for phone call ear preference. To control for the confounding of media use behaviors, a stratified analysis for different media usage groups was also conducted. RESULTS We found decreased figural memory scores in association with an interquartile range (IQR) increase in estimated cumulative RF-EMF brain dose scores: -0.22 (95% CI: -0.47, 0.03; IQR: 953 mJ/kg per day) in the whole sample, -0.39 (95% CI: -0.67, -0.10; IQR: 953 mJ/kg per day) in right-side users (n=532), and -0.26 (95% CI: -0.42, -0.10; IQR: 341 mJ/kg per day) when recorded network operator data were used for RF-EMF dose estimation (n=274). Media usage unrelated to RF-EMF did not show significant associations or consistent patterns, with the exception of consistent (nonsignificant) positive associations between data traffic duration and verbal memory. CONCLUSIONS Our findings for a cohort of Swiss adolescents require confirmation in other populations but suggest a potential adverse effect of RF-EMF brain dose on cognitive functions that involve brain regions mostly exposed during mobile phone use. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2427.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Foerster
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Thielens
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wout Joseph
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Information Technology, Waves research group, Ghent University
| | - Marloes Eeftens
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Röösli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Langer CE, de Llobet P, Dalmau A, Wiart J, Goedhart G, Hours M, Benke GP, Bouka E, Bruchim R, Choi KH, Eng A, Ha M, Karalexi M, Kiyohara K, Kojimahara N, Krewski D, Kromhout H, Lacour B, 't Mannetje A, Maule M, Migliore E, Mohipp C, Momoli F, Petridou E, Radon K, Remen T, Sadetzki S, Sim MR, Weinmann T, Vermeulen R, Cardis E, Vrijheid M. Patterns of cellular phone use among young people in 12 countries: Implications for RF exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 107:65-74. [PMID: 28668725 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields from wireless telecommunications technologies during childhood and adolescence is a research priority in investigating the health effects of RF. The Mobi-Expo study aimed to describe characteristics and determinants of cellular phone use in 534 young people (10-24years) in 12 countries. The study used a specifically designed software application installed on smartphones to collect data on the use of wireless telecommunications devices within this age group. The role of gender, age, maternal education, calendar period, and country was evaluated through multivariate models mutually adjusting for all variables. Call number and duration were higher among females compared to males (geometric mean (GM) ratio 1.17 and 1.42, respectively), among 20-24year olds compared to 10-14year olds (GM ratio 2.09 and 4.40, respectively), and among lowest compared to highest social classes (GM ratio 1.52 and 1.58, respectively). The number of SMS was higher in females (GM ratio 1.46) and the middle age group (15-19year olds: GM ratio 2.21 compared to 10-14year olds) and decreased over time. Data use was highest in the oldest age group, whereas Wi-Fi use was highest in the middle age group. Both data and Wi-Fi use increased over time. Large differences in the number and duration of calls, SMS, and data/Wi-Fi use were seen by country, with country and age accounting for up to 50% of the variance. Hands-free and laterality of use did not show significant differences by sex, age, education, study period, or country. Although limited by a convenience sample, these results provide valuable insights to the design, analysis, and interpretation of future epidemiological studies concerning the health effects of exposure resulting from cellular phone use in young people. In addition, the information provided by this research may be used to design strategies to minimize RF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Langer
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Patricia de Llobet
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Dalmau
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joe Wiart
- Chaire C2M, LTCI, Telecom ParisTech, Universite Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Geertje Goedhart
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hours
- Epidemiological Research and Surveillance Unit in Transport, Occupation and Environment (UMRESTTE), Universite de Lyon/The French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), Lyon, France
| | - Geza P Benke
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Evdoxia Bouka
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Revital Bruchim
- Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Kyung-Hwa Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Amanda Eng
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Karalexi
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kosuke Kiyohara
- Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Kojimahara
- Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Krewski
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brigitte Lacour
- French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumours, CHU, Nancy, Inserm UMRS-1153, CRESS-EPICEA, University of Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Andrea 't Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Milena Maule
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Enrica Migliore
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Charmaine Mohipp
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Franco Momoli
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Eleni Petridou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katja Radon
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology & NetTeaching Unit, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Remen
- French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumours, CHU, Nancy, France
| | - Siegal Sadetzki
- Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Malcolm R Sim
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tobias Weinmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology & NetTeaching Unit, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Calvente I, Vázquez-Pérez A, Fernández MF, Núñez MI, Múñoz-Hoyos A. Radiofrequency exposure in the Neonatal Medium Care Unit. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:66-72. [PMID: 27741450 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to characterize electromagnetic fields of radiofrequency (RF-EMF) levels generated in a Neonatal Medium Care Unit and to analyze RF-EMF levels inside unit's incubators. Spot and long-term measurements were made with a dosimeter. The spot measurement mean was 1.51±0.48V/m. Higher values were found in the proximity to the window and to the incubator evaluated. Mean field strength for the entire period of 17h was 0.81 (±0.07)V/m and the maximum value was 1.58V/m for long-term RF-EMF measurements in the incubator. Values found during the night period were higher than those found during the day period. It is important to consider RF-EMF exposure levels in neonatal care units, due to some evidence of adverse health effects found in children and adults. Characterization of RF-EMF exposure may be important to further investigate the mechanisms and underlying effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on infant health. A prudent avoidance strategy should be adopted because newborns are at a vulnerable stage of development and the actual impact of EMF on premature infants is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Calvente
- Unit Research Support of the San Cecilio University Hospital, Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada/University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Av. de la Investigación, 11, torre A, planta 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | | | - M F Fernández
- Unit Research Support of the San Cecilio University Hospital, Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada/University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Av. de la Investigación, 11, torre A, planta 11, 18016 Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - M I Núñez
- Unit Research Support of the San Cecilio University Hospital, Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada/University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Av. de la Investigación, 11, torre A, planta 11, 18016 Granada, Spain; Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - A Múñoz-Hoyos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Granada, Spain
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12
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Calvente I, Pérez-Lobato R, Núñez MI, Ramos R, Guxens M, Villalba J, Olea N, Fernández MF. Does exposure to environmental radiofrequency electromagnetic fields cause cognitive and behavioral effects in 10-year-old boys? Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 37:25-36. [PMID: 26769168 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between exposure to electromagnetic fields from non-ionizing radiation and adverse human health effects remains controversial. We aimed to explore the association of environmental radiofrequency-electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) exposure with neurobehavioral function of children. A subsample of 123 boys belonging to the Environment and Childhood cohort from Granada (Spain), recruited at birth from 2000 through 2002, were evaluated at the age of 9-11 years. Spot electric field measurements within the 100 kHz to 6 GHz frequency range, expressed as both root mean-square (S(RMS) and maximum power density (S(MAX)) magnitudes, were performed in the immediate surrounds of childreńs dwellings. Neurocognitive and behavioral functions were assessed with a comprehensive battery of tests. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used, adjusting for potential confounders. All measurements were lower than reference guideline limits, with median S(RMS) and S(MAX) values of 285.94 and 2759.68 μW/m(2), respectively. Most of the cognitive and behavioral parameters did not show any effect, but children living in higher RF exposure areas (above median S(RMS) levels) had lower scores for verbal expression/comprehension and higher scores for internalizing and total problems, and obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders, in comparison to those living in areas with lower exposure. These associations were stronger when S(MAX) values were considered. Although some of our results may suggest that low-level environmental RF-EMF exposure has a negative impact on cognitive and/or behavior development in children; given limitations in the study design and that the majority of neurobehavioral functioning tasks were not affected, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Calvente
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | | | - María-Isabel Núñez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Department of Radiology, University of Granada, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Granada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Ramos
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Mònica Guxens
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Granada, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Villalba
- Department of Radiology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Department of Radiology, University of Granada, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Granada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Department of Radiology, University of Granada, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Granada, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Kerimoğlu G, Mercantepe T, Erol HS, Turgut A, Kaya H, Çolakoğlu S, Odacı E. Effects of long-term exposure to 900 megahertz electromagnetic field on heart morphology and biochemistry of male adolescent rats. Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:445-454. [PMID: 27715326 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2016.1216165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological effects of exposure to an electromagnetic field (EMF) during adolescence may be greater than those in adulthood. We investigated the effects of exposure to 900 MHz EMF during adolescence on male adult rats. Twenty-four 21-day-old male rats were divided into three equal groups: control (Cont-Gr), sham (Shm-Gr) and EMF-exposed (EMF-Gr). EMF-Gr rats were placed in an EMF exposure cage (Plexiglas cage) for 1 h/day between postnatal days 21 and 59 and exposed to 900 MHz EMF. Shm-Gr rats were placed inside the Plexiglas cage under the same conditions and for the same duration, but were not exposed to EMF. All animals were sacrificed on postnatal day 60 and the hearts were extracted for microscopic and biochemical analyses. Biochemical analysis showed increased levels of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione and catalase levels in EMF-Gr compared to Cont-Gr animals. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections from EMF-Gr animals exhibited structural changes and capillary congestion in the myocardium. The percentage of apoptotic myocardial cells in EMF-Gr was higher than in either Shm-Gr or Cont-Gr animals. Transmission electron microscopy of myocardial cells of EMF-Gr animals showed altered structure of Z bands, decreased myofilaments and pronounced vacuolization. We found that exposure of male rats to 900 MHz EMF for 1 h/day during adolescence caused oxidative stress, which caused structural alteration of male adolescent rat heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kerimoğlu
- a Department of Histology and Embryology , Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - T Mercantepe
- b Department of Histology and Embryology , Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University , Rize , Turkey
| | - H S Erol
- c Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Veterinary, Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - A Turgut
- c Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Veterinary, Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - H Kaya
- d Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - S Çolakoğlu
- e Department of Anatomy , Faculty of Medicine, Düzce University , Düzce , Turkey
| | - E Odacı
- a Department of Histology and Embryology , Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
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14
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Redmayne M, Johansson O. Radiofrequency exposure in young and old: different sensitivities in light of age-relevant natural differences. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2015; 30:323-335. [PMID: 26613328 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2015-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Our environment is now permeated by anthropogenic radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation, and individuals of all ages are exposed for most of each 24 h period from transmitting devices. Despite claims that children are more likely to be vulnerable than healthy adults to unwanted effects of this exposure, there has been no recent examination of this, nor of comparative risk to the elderly or ill. We sought to clarify whether research supports the claim of increased risk in specific age-groups. First, we identified the literature which has explored age-specific pathophysiological impacts of RF-EMR. Natural life-span changes relevant to these different impacts provides context for our review of the selected literature, followed by discussion of health and well-being implications. We conclude that age-dependent RF-EMR study results, when considered in the context of developmental stage, indicate increased specific vulnerabilities in the young (fetus to adolescent), the elderly, and those with cancer. There appears to be at least one mechanism other than the known thermal mechanism causing different responses to RF-EMR depending upon the exposure parameters, the cell/physiological process involved, and according to age and health status. As well as personal health and quality-of-life impacts, an ageing population means there are economic implications for public health and policy.
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15
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Mobile phone use and health symptoms in children. J Formos Med Assoc 2014; 114:598-604. [PMID: 25115529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE To investigate the mobile phone (MP) use for talking in relation to health symptoms among 2042 children aged 11-15 years in Taiwan. METHODS A nationwide, cross-sectional study, using the computer assisted telephone interview (CATI) technique, was conducted in 2009 to collect information on children's utilization of MPs and the perceived health symptoms reported by their parents. RESULTS The overall prevalence of MP use in the past month was estimated at 63.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 61.1-65.3%]. MP use was associated with a significantly increased adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for headaches and migraine (1.42, 95% CI = 1.12-1.81) and skin itches (1.84, 95% CI = 1.47-2.29). Children who regularly used MPs were also considered to have a health status worse than it was 1 year ago (β = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.17-0.37). CONCLUSION Although the cross-sectional design precludes the causal inference for the observed association, our study tended to suggest a need for more cautious use of MPs in children, because children are expected to experience a longer lifetime exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from MPs.
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16
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Association between problematic cellular phone use and suicide: the moderating effect of family function and depression. Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55:342-8. [PMID: 24262117 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicidal ideation and attempt among adolescents are risk factors for eventual completed suicide. Cellular phone use (CPU) has markedly changed the everyday lives of adolescents. Issues about how cellular phone use relates to adolescent mental health, such as suicidal ideation and attempts, are important because of the high rate of cellular phone usage among children in that age group. This study explored the association between problematic CPU and suicidal ideation and attempts among adolescents and investigated how family function and depression influence the association between problematic CPU and suicidal ideation and attempts. METHODS A total of 5051 (2872 girls and 2179 boys) adolescents who owned at least one cellular phone completed the research questionnaires. We collected data on participants' CPU and suicidal behavior (ideation and attempts) during the past month as well as information on family function and history of depression. RESULTS Five hundred thirty-two adolescents (10.54%) had problematic CPU. The rates of suicidal ideation were 23.50% and 11.76% in adolescents with problematic CPU and without problematic CPU, respectively. The rates of suicidal attempts in both groups were 13.70% and 5.45%, respectively. Family function, but not depression, had a moderating effect on the association between problematic CPU and suicidal ideation and attempt. CONCLUSION This study highlights the association between problematic CPU and suicidal ideation as well as attempts and indicates that good family function may have a more significant role on reducing the risks of suicidal ideation and attempts in adolescents with problematic CPU than in those without problematic CPU.
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17
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Byun YH, Ha M, Kwon HJ, Choi KH, Burm E, Choi Y, Lim MH, Yoo SJ, Paik KC, Choi HD, Kim N. Epidemiological characteristics of mobile phone ownership and use in korean children and adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 28:e2013018. [PMID: 24498595 PMCID: PMC3909745 DOI: 10.5620/eht.2013.28.e2013018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As public concern on possible harmful effects of mobile phone in children has been raised, information of epidemiological characteristics of mobile phone use in children and adolescents will be essential for public health policy. METHODS Using three databases (n=21,693) collected from 2008 to 2011, we examined characteristics of mobile phone ownership and use, and socioeconomic positions (SEP) in Korean children and adolescents. RESULTS The ownership rate and the amount of mobile phone use were higher in females than males, in higher school grades than lower grades, and at 2011 than 2008. The average age of first mobile phone ownership was shown to decrease from 12.5 years in currently high school students to 8.4 years in currently elementary school students at 2011. More than 90% of children in the 5th grade owned a mobile phone. More children owned a mobile phone in lower SEP communities than in higher SEP. Children with parents educated less than those with parents educated more were more likely to own and use mobile phone. CONCLUSIONS Considering the epidemiological characteristics of mobile phone use, precautionary measures to prevent unnecessary exposure to mobile phones are needed in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Hwan Byun
- Department of Medical Science, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook Medical Center, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook Medical Center, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Choi
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Eunae Burm
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yeyong Choi
- Asian Citizen's Center for Environment and Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Ho Lim
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook Medical Center, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Yoo
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook Medical Center, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ki-Chung Paik
- Environmental Health Center, Dankook Medical Center, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hyung-Do Choi
- Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Nam Kim
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cheongju, Korea
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18
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Li CY, Liu CC, Chang YH, Chou LP, Ko MC. A population-based case-control study of radiofrequency exposure in relation to childhood neoplasm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 435-436:472-478. [PMID: 22885353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This population-based case-control study in Taiwan considered incident cases aged 15 years or less and admitted in 2003 to 2007 for all neoplasm (ICD-9-CM: 140-239) (n=2606), including 939 leukemia and 394 brain neoplasm cases. Controls were randomly selected, with a case/control ratio of 1:30 and matched on year of birth, from all non-neoplasm children insured in the same year when the index case was admitted. Annual summarized power (ASP, watt-year) was calculated for each of the 71,185 mobile phone base stations (MPBS) in service between 1998 and 2007. Then, the annual power density (APD, watt-year/km(2)) of each township (n=367) was computed as a ratio of the total ASP of all MPBS in a township to the area of that particular township. Exposure of each study subject to radio frequency (RF) was indicated by the averaged APD within 5 years prior to the neoplasm diagnosis (cases) or July 1st of the year when the index case was admitted (controls) in the township where the subject lived. Unconditional logistic regression model with generalized estimation equation was employed to calculate the covariate-adjusted odds ratio [AOR] of childhood neoplasm in relation to RF exposure. A higher than median averaged APD (approximately 168 WYs/km(2)) was significantly associated with an increased AOR for all neoplasms (1.13; 1.01 to 1.28), but not for leukemia (1.23; 0.99 to 1.52) or brain neoplasm (1.14, 0.83 to 1.55). This study noted a significantly increased risk of all neoplasms in children with higher-than-median RF exposure to MPBS. The slightly elevated risk was seen for leukemia and brain neoplasm, but was not statistically significant. These results may occur due to several methodological limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yi Li
- Department and Graduate Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 107:356-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Wiart J, Hadjem A, Varsier N, Conil E. Numerical dosimetry dedicated to children RF exposure. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 107:421-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Redmayne M, Smith E, Abramson MJ. Adolescent in-school cellphone habits: A census of rules, survey of their effectiveness, and fertility implications. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 32:354-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Aydin D, Feychting M, Schüz J, Tynes T, Andersen TV, Schmidt LS, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Prochazka M, Lannering B, Klæboe L, Eggen T, Jenni D, Grotzer M, Von der Weid N, Kuehni CE, Röösli M. Mobile phone use and brain tumors in children and adolescents: a multicenter case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103:1264-76. [PMID: 21795665 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been hypothesized that children and adolescents might be more vulnerable to possible health effects from mobile phone exposure than adults. We investigated whether mobile phone use is associated with brain tumor risk among children and adolescents. METHODS CEFALO is a multicenter case-control study conducted in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Switzerland that includes all children and adolescents aged 7-19 years who were diagnosed with a brain tumor between 2004 and 2008. We conducted interviews, in person, with 352 case patients (participation rate: 83%) and 646 control subjects (participation rate: 71%) and their parents. Control subjects were randomly selected from population registries and matched by age, sex, and geographical region. We asked about mobile phone use and included mobile phone operator records when available. Odds ratios (ORs) for brain tumor risk and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS Regular users of mobile phones were not statistically significantly more likely to have been diagnosed with brain tumors compared with nonusers (OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 0.92 to 2.02). Children who started to use mobile phones at least 5 years ago were not at increased risk compared with those who had never regularly used mobile phones (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.70 to 2.28). In a subset of study participants for whom operator recorded data were available, brain tumor risk was related to the time elapsed since the mobile phone subscription was started but not to amount of use. No increased risk of brain tumors was observed for brain areas receiving the highest amount of exposure. CONCLUSION The absence of an exposure-response relationship either in terms of the amount of mobile phone use or by localization of the brain tumor argues against a causal association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Aydin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Aydin D, Feychting M, Schüz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, Klaeboe L, Kuehni CE, Tynes T, Röösli M. Impact of random and systematic recall errors and selection bias in case-control studies on mobile phone use and brain tumors in adolescents (CEFALO study). Bioelectromagnetics 2011; 32:396-407. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Heinrich S, Thomas S, Heumann C, von Kries R, Radon K. The impact of exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields on chronic well-being in young people--a cross-sectional study based on personal dosimetry. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:26-30. [PMID: 20619895 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A possible influence of radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF EMF) exposure on health outcomes was investigated in various studies. The main problem of previous studies was exposure assessment. The aim of our study was the investigation of a possible association between RF EMF and chronic well-being in young persons using personal dosimetry. 3022 children and adolescents were randomly selected from the population registries of four Bavarian cities in Germany (participation 52%). Personal interview data on chronic symptoms, socio-demographic characteristics and potential confounders were collected. A 24-h radio frequency exposure profile was generated using a personal dosimeter. Exposure levels over waking hours were expressed as mean percentage of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference level. Half of the children and nearly every adolescent owned a mobile phone which was used only for short durations per day. Measured exposure was far below the current ICNIRP reference levels. The most reported chronic symptom in children and adolescents was fatigue. No statistically significant association between measured exposure and chronic symptoms was observed. Our results do not indicate an association between measured exposure to RF EMF and chronic well-being in children and adolescents. Prospective studies investigating potential long-term effects of RF EMF are necessary to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Heinrich
- Unit for Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology & Net Teaching, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Heinrich S, Thomas S, Heumann C, von Kries R, Radon K. Association between exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields assessed by dosimetry and acute symptoms in children and adolescents: a population based cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2010; 9:75. [PMID: 21108839 PMCID: PMC3006375 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-9-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in numbers of mobile phone users was accompanied by some concern that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) might adversely affect acute health especially in children and adolescents. The authors investigated this potential association using personal dosimeters. METHODS A 24-hour exposure profile of 1484 children and 1508 adolescents was generated in a population-based cross-sectional study in Germany between 2006 and 2008 (participation 52%). Personal interview data on socio-demographic characteristics, self-reported exposure and potential confounders were collected. Acute symptoms were assessed twice during the study day using a symptom diary. RESULTS Only few of the large number of investigated associations were found to be statistically significant. At noon, adolescents with a measured exposure in the highest quartile during morning hours reported a statistically significant higher intensity of headache (Odd Ratio: 1.50; 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 2.19). At bedtime, adolescents with a measured exposure in the highest quartile during afternoon hours reported a statistically significant higher intensity of irritation in the evening (4th quartile 1.79; 1.23, 2.61), while children reported a statistically significant higher intensity of concentration problems (4th quartile 1.55; 1.02, 2.33). CONCLUSIONS We observed few statistically significant results which are not consistent over the two time points. Furthermore, when the 10% of the participants with the highest exposure are taken into consideration the significant results of the main analysis could not be confirmed. Based on the pattern of these results, we assume that the few observed significant associations are not causal but rather occurred by chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Heinrich
- Unit for Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology & Net Teaching, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstr, 1; 80336 Munich, Germany.
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İmge EB, KiliçoĞlu B, Devrim E, Çetin R, Durak İ. Effects of mobile phone use on brain tissue from the rat and a possible protective role of vitamin C – a preliminary study. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:1044-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.501838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kwon MS, Huotilainen M, Shestakova A, Kujala T, Näätänen R, Hämäläinen H. No effects of mobile phone use on cortical auditory change-detection in children: an ERP study. Bioelectromagnetics 2010; 31:191-9. [PMID: 19771547 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of mobile phone use on the auditory sensory memory in children. Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs), P1, N2, mismatch negativity (MMN), and P3a, were recorded from 17 children, aged 11-12 years, in the recently developed multi-feature paradigm. This paradigm allows one to determine the neural change-detection profile consisting of several different types of acoustic changes. During the recording, an ordinary GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) mobile phone emitting 902 MHz (pulsed at 217 Hz) electromagnetic field (EMF) was placed on the ear, over the left or right temporal area (SAR(1g) = 1.14 W/kg, SAR(10g) = 0.82 W/kg, peak value = 1.21 W/kg). The EMF was either on or off in a single-blind manner. We found that a short exposure (two 6 min blocks for each side) to mobile phone EMF has no statistically significant effects on the neural change-detection profile measured with the MMN. Furthermore, the multi-feature paradigm was shown to be well suited for studies of perception accuracy and sensory memory in children. However, it should be noted that the present study only had sufficient statistical power to detect a large effect size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Soo Kwon
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Turku, Assistentinkatu 7, Turku, Finland.
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Inyang I, Benke G, Dimitriadis C, Simpson P, McKenzie R, Abramson M. Predictors of mobile telephone use and exposure analysis in Australian adolescents. J Paediatr Child Health 2010; 46:226-33. [PMID: 20337871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2009.01675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Australian adolescents are increasingly using mobile telephones (MP) while the debate on MP safety persists. This group is not generally engaged in full-time employment, suggesting that their MP use is not work related. We investigated possible predictors of MP use in young people. METHODS We assessed exposure to radiofrequency energy from MP by means of a self-administered questionnaire adapted from INTERPHONE--an international case-control study of adult brain, head and neck tumours. We investigated possible determinants of MP use in adolescent Australians using self-reported number of incoming and outgoing voice calls as exposure metric. RESULTS There is a high prevalence of MP use amongst Australian adolescents (94%). Males were significantly younger than females at age of first uptake of MP (P= 0.02). Participants without siblings were significantly younger at age of first uptake. Personality traits were associated with regular MP usage: higher psychoticism scores were associated with regular use (IRR = 1.06, P= 0.03); there was a tendency for students with higher extraversion scores to report more MP use. Parental socio-economic status was associated with MP use, but parents who expressed moderate/high level concerns about possible health risks of use were more likely to have children who used MP (OR = 4.06, P= 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Almost all adolescent Australians use MP, but regular exposure was associated with personality traits. Parental socio-economic status and perceived health risks of MP use were also associated with use of phones. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the predictors of mobile phone use in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imo Inyang
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Gustafsson E, Johnson PW, Hagberg M. Thumb postures and physical loads during mobile phone use - a comparison of young adults with and without musculoskeletal symptoms. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010; 20:127-35. [PMID: 19138862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate thumb postures, thumb movements and muscle activity when using mobile phones for SMS messaging and to determine whether there were differences in these exposures (a) across various mobile phone tasks, (b) between gender and (c) between subjects with and without musculoskeletal symptoms in shoulders and upper extremities. Fifty-six young adults (15 healthy and 41 with musculoskeletal symptoms) performed a series of distinct tasks on a mobile phone. Muscular load in four forearm/hand muscles in the right arm and the right and left trapezius muscles were measured using electromyography (EMG). Thumb movements were registered using an electrogoniometer. The results showed that postures (sitting or standing) and the type of mobile phone task (holding the phone versus texting) affected muscle activity and thumb positions. Females compared to males had higher muscle activity in the extensor digitorum and the abductor pollicis longus when entering SMS messages and tended to have greater thumb abduction, higher thumb movement velocities and fewer pauses in the thumb movements. Subjects with symptoms had lower muscle activity levels in the abductor pollicis longus and tended to have higher thumb movement velocities and fewer pauses in the thumb movements compared to those without symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Gustafsson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Leszczynski D, Xu Z. Mobile phone radiation health risk controversy: the reliability and sufficiency of science behind the safety standards. Health Res Policy Syst 2010; 8:2. [PMID: 20205835 PMCID: PMC2825185 DOI: 10.1186/1478-4505-8-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ongoing discussion whether the mobile phone radiation causes any health effects. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, the International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety and the World Health Organization are assuring that there is no proven health risk and that the present safety limits protect all mobile phone users. However, based on the available scientific evidence, the situation is not as clear. The majority of the evidence comes from in vitro laboratory studies and is of very limited use for determining health risk. Animal toxicology studies are inadequate because it is not possible to "overdose" microwave radiation, as it is done with chemical agents, due to simultaneous induction of heating side-effects. There is a lack of human volunteer studies that would, in unbiased way, demonstrate whether human body responds at all to mobile phone radiation. Finally, the epidemiological evidence is insufficient due to, among others, selection and misclassification bias and the low sensitivity of this approach in detection of health risk within the population. This indicates that the presently available scientific evidence is insufficient to prove reliability of the current safety standards. Therefore, we recommend to use precaution when dealing with mobile phones and, whenever possible and feasible, to limit body exposure to this radiation. Continuation of the research on mobile phone radiation effects is needed in order to improve the basis and the reliability of the safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Leszczynski
- STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, FIN-00880 Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research findings indicate that the use of mobile phones may lead to a number of symptoms such as headache, impaired concentration and memory, and also fatigue. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was designed to investigate whether the symptoms of ill health reported by young people may be associated with the use of mobile phone (MP) and to analyze its influence on health and development of medical students. The questionnaire was designed specifically for this study and contained items regarding health condition and health complaints as well as the frequency of MP use. The response rate was 86.6% (286 of 330 forms, completed by 73.77% males and 26.22% females). RESULTS Most of the subjects (83.57%) had some knowledge about the adverse effects of MP use. 76.92% of the students carried one mobile, and 23.08% more than one. 55.94%, of the subjects reported the average daily MP use of less than 30 min, 27.97%, of 30-60 min, 11.53%, of 60-90 min and 4.54% of more than 90 min. 16.08% of the subjects complained of headache and 24.48% of fatigue. Impaired concentration was reported by 34.27% of respondents, memory disturbances by 40.56%, sleeplessness by 38.8%, hearing problems by 23.07%, and facial dermatitis by 16.78%. The sensation of warmth within the auricle and behind/around the ear was reported by 28.32%. Out of 286 subjects who participated in this study, 44.4% related their symptoms to mobile phone use. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study indicate that mobile phones play a large part in the daily life of medical students. Therefore, its impact on psychology and health should be discussed among the students to prevent the harmful effects of mobile phone use.
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Bas O, Odaci E, Kaplan S, Acer N, Ucok K, Colakoglu S. 900 MHz electromagnetic field exposure affects qualitative and quantitative features of hippocampal pyramidal cells in the adult female rat. Brain Res 2009; 1265:178-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Schüz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4389. [PMID: 19194493 PMCID: PMC2632742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate a possible link between cellular telephone use and risks for various diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). We conducted a large nationwide cohort study of 420 095 persons whose first cellular telephone subscription was between 1982 and 1995, who were followed through 2003 for hospital contacts for a diagnosis of a CNS disorder. Standardized hospitalization ratios (SHRs) were derived by dividing the number of hospital contacts in the cohort by the number expected in the Danish population. The SHRs were increased by 10–20% for migraine and vertigo. No associations were seen for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis or epilepsy in women. SHRs decreased by 30–40% were observed for dementia (Alzheimer disease, vascular and other dementia), Parkinson disease and epilepsy among men. In analyses restricted to subscribers of 10 years or more, the SHRs remained similarly increased for migraine and vertigo and similarly decreased for Alzheimer disease and other dementia and epilepsy (in men); the other SHRs were close to unity. In conclusion, the excesses of migraine and vertigo observed in this first study on cellular telephones and CNS disease deserve further attention. An interplay of a healthy cohort effect and reversed causation bias due to prodromal symptoms impedes detection of a possible association with dementia and Parkinson disease. Identification of the factors that result in a healthy cohort might be of interest for elucidation of the etiology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schüz
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Bormusov E, P Andley U, Sharon N, Schächter L, Lahav A, Dovrat A. Non-thermal electromagnetic radiation damage to lens epithelium. Open Ophthalmol J 2008; 2:102-6. [PMID: 19517034 PMCID: PMC2694600 DOI: 10.2174/1874364100802010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High frequency microwave electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones and other modern devices has the potential to damage eye tissues, but its effect on the lens epithelium is unknown at present. The objective of this study was to investigate the non-thermal effects of high frequency microwave electromagnetic radiation (1.1GHz, 2.22 mW) on the eye lens epithelium in situ. Bovine lenses were incubated in organ culture at 35°C for 10-15 days. A novel computer-controlled microwave source was used to investigate the effects of microwave radiation on the lenses. 58 lenses were used in this study. The lenses were divided into four groups: (1) Control lenses incubated in organ culture for 10 to15 days. (2) Electromagnetic radiation exposure group treated with 1.1 GHz, 2.22 mW microwave radiation for 90 cycles of 50 minutes irradiation followed by 10 minutes pause and cultured up to 10 days. (3) Electromagnetic radiation exposure group treated as group 2 with 192 cycles of radiation and cultured for 15 days. (4) Lenses exposed to 39.5ºC for 2 hours 3 times with 24 hours interval after each treatment beginning on the second day of the culture and cultured for 11 days. During the culture period, lens optical quality was followed daily by a computer-operated scanning laser beam. At the end of the culture period, control and treated lenses were analyzed morphologically and by assessment of the lens epithelial ATPase activity. Exposure to 1.1 GHz, 2.22 mW microwaves caused a reversible decrease in lens optical quality accompanied by irreversible morphological and biochemical damage to the lens epithelial cell layer. The effect of the electromagnetic radiation on the lens epithelium was remarkably different from those of conductive heat. The results of this investigation showed that electromagnetic fields from microwave radiation have a negative impact on the eye lens. The lens damage by electromagnetic fields was distinctly different from that caused by conductive heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Bormusov
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Söderqvist F, Carlberg M, Hardell L. Use of wireless telephones and self-reported health symptoms: a population-based study among Swedish adolescents aged 15-19 years. Environ Health 2008; 7:18. [PMID: 18495003 PMCID: PMC2430957 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-7-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the last years of rapid increase in use of wireless phones little data on the use of these devices has been systematically assessed among young persons. The aim of this descriptive cross-sectional study was to assess use of wireless phones and to study such use in relation to explanatory factors and self-reported health symptoms. METHODS A postal questionnaire comprising 8 pages of 27 questions with 75 items in total was sent to 2000 Swedish adolescents aged 15-19 years and selected from the population registry using a stratified sampling scheme. RESULTS The questionnaire was answered by 63.5% of the study subjects. Most participants reported access to a mobile phone (99.6%) and use increased with age; 55.6% of the 15-year-olds and 82.2% of the 19-year-olds were regular users. Girls generally reported more frequent use than boys. Use of wired hands-free equipment 'anytime' was reported by 17.4%. Cordless phones were used by 81.9%, and 67.3% were regular users. Watching TV increased the odds ratio for use of wireless phones, adjusted for age and gender. Some of the most frequently reported health complaints were tiredness, stress, headache, anxiety, concentration difficulties and sleep disturbances. Regular users of wireless phones had health symptoms more often and reported poorer perceived health than less frequent users. CONCLUSION Almost all adolescence in this study used a wireless phone, girls more than boys. The most frequent use was seen among the older adolescents, and those who watched TV extensively. The study further showed that perceived health and certain health symptoms seemed to be related to the use of wireless phones. However, this part of the investigation was explorative and should therefore be interpreted with caution since bias and chance findings due to multiple testing might have influenced the results. Potentially this study will stimulate more sophisticated studies that may also investigate directions of associations and whether, or to what degree, any mediation factors are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Söderqvist
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Örebro University, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Michael Carlberg
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lennart Hardell
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden
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Inyang I, Benke G, McKenzie R, Abramson M. Comparison of measuring instruments for radiofrequency radiation from mobile telephones in epidemiological studies: implications for exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2008; 18:134-41. [PMID: 17327852 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The debate on mobile telephone safety continues. Most epidemiological studies investigating health effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation emitted by mobile phone handsets have been criticised for poor exposure assessment. Most of these studies relied on the historical reconstruction of participants' phone use by questionnaires. Such exposure assessment methods are prone to recall bias resulting in misclassification that may lead to conflicting conclusions. Although there have been some studies using software-modified phones (SMP) for exposure assessment in the literature, until now there is no published work on the use of hardware modified phones (HMPs) or RF dosimeters for studies of mobile phones and health outcomes. We reviewed existing literature on mobile phone epidemiology with particular attention to exposure assessment methods used. Owing to the inherent limitations of these assessment methods, we suggest that the use of HMPs may show promise for more accurate exposure assessment of RF radiation from mobile phones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imo Inyang
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Kumlin T, Iivonen H, Miettinen P, Juvonen A, van Groen T, Puranen L, Pitkäaho R, Juutilainen J, Tanila H. Mobile Phone Radiation and the Developing Brain: Behavioral and Morphological Effects in Juvenile Rats. Radiat Res 2007; 168:471-9. [PMID: 17903040 DOI: 10.1667/rr1002.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of mobile phones by children and teenagers has raised concerns about their safety. Addressing such concerns is difficult, because no data are available on possible effects from long-term exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields during the development of the nervous system. Possible morphological and functional changes were evaluated in the central nervous system of young male Wistar rats exposed to 900 MHz mobile phone signal for 2 h/day on 5 days/week. After 5 weeks of exposure at whole-body average specific energy absorption rates of 0.3 or 3.0 W/kg or sham exposure, six rats per group were examined histologically, and the remaining 18 rats per group were subjected to behavioral tests. No degenerative changes, dying neurons, or effects on the leakage of the blood-brain barrier were detected. No group differences were observed in the open-field test, plus maze test or acoustic startle response tests. In the water maze test, however, significantly improved learning (P = 0.012) and memory (P = 0.01) were detected in rats exposed to RF fields. The results do not indicate a serious threat to the developing brain from mobile phone radiation at intensities relevant to human exposure. However, the interesting finding of improved learning and memory warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Kumlin
- University of Kuopio, Department of Environmental Science, Finland.
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Söderqvist F, Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K. Ownership and use of wireless telephones: a population-based study of Swedish children aged 7-14 years. BMC Public Health 2007; 7:105. [PMID: 17561999 PMCID: PMC1905911 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent years have seen a rapid increase in the use of mobile phones and other sources of microwave radiation, raising concerns about possible adverse health effects. As children have longer expected lifetime exposures to microwaves from these devices than adults, who started to use them later in life, they are a group of special interest. METHODS We performed a population-based study to assess ownership and use of mobile phones and cordless phones among children aged 7-14 years. A questionnaire comprising 24 questions was sent to 2000 persons selected from the Swedish population registry using a stratified sampling scheme. RESULTS The response rate was 71.2%. Overall, 79.1% of the respondents reported mobile phone access, and 26.7% of them talked for 2 minutes or more per day. Of those who reported mobile phone access, only 5.9% reported use of hands-free equipment. Use of cordless phones was reported by 83.8% of the respondents and 38.5% of them talked for 5 minutes or more per day. Girls generally reported more frequent use than boys. CONCLUSION This study showed that most children had access to and used mobile and cordless phones early in life and that there was a rapid increase in use with age. It also showed very low use of hands-free equipment among children with mobile phone access, and finally that girls talked significantly more minutes per day using mobile and cordless phones than boys did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Söderqvist
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine Örebro University, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lennart Hardell
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Michael Carlberg
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden
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Kheifets L, Repacholi M, Saunders R, van Deventer E. The sensitivity of children to electromagnetic fields. Pediatrics 2005; 116:e303-13. [PMID: 16061584 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In today's world, technologic developments bring social and economic benefits to large sections of society; however, the health consequences of these developments can be difficult to predict and manage. With rapid advances in electromagnetic field (EMF) technologies and communications, children are increasingly exposed to EMFs at earlier and earlier ages. Consistent epidemiologic evidence of an association between childhood leukemia and exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields has led to their classification by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a "possible human carcinogen." Concerns about the potential vulnerability of children to radio frequency (RF) fields have been raised because of the potentially greater susceptibility of their developing nervous systems; in addition, their brain tissue is more conductive, RF penetration is greater relative to head size, and they will have a longer lifetime of exposure than adults. To evaluate information relevant to children's sensitivity to both ELF and RF EMFs and to identify research needs, the World Health Organization held an expert workshop in Istanbul, Turkey, in June 2004. This article is based on discussions from the workshop and provides background information on the development of the embryo, fetus, and child, with particular attention to the developing brain; an outline of childhood susceptibility to environmental toxicants and childhood diseases implicated in EMF studies; and a review of childhood exposure to EMFs. It also includes an assessment of the potential susceptibility of children to EMFs and concludes with a recommendation for additional research and the development of precautionary policies in the face of scientific uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeka Kheifets
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA.
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