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Martin C, Evrard B, Percevault F, Ryder K, Darde T, Lardenois A, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Chalmel F, Le Dréan Y, Habauzit D. Transcriptional landscape of human keratinocyte models exposed to 60-GHz millimeter-waves. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 97:105808. [PMID: 38484921 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The use of millimeter waves (MMW) will exponentially grow in the coming years due to their future utilization in 5G/6G networks. The question of possible biological effects at these frequencies has been raised. In this present study, we aimed to investigate gene expression changes under exposure to MMW using the Bulk RNA Barcoding and sequencing (BRB-seq) technology. To address this issue, three exposure scenarios were performed aiming at: i) comparing the cellular response of two primary culture of keratinocytes (HEK and NHEK) and one keratinocyte derivate cell line (HaCaT) exposed to MMW; ii) exploring the incident power density dose-effect on gene expression in HaCaT cell line; and, iii) studying the exposure duration at the new ICNIRP exposure limit for the general population. With the exception of heat effect induced by high power MMW (over 10 mW/cm2), those exposure scenarios have not enabled us to demonstrate important gene expression changes in the different cell populations studied. Very few differentially genes were observed between MMW exposed samples and heat shock control, and most of them were significantly associated with heat shock response that may reflect small differences in the heat generation. Together these results show that acute exposure to MMW has no effects on the transcriptional landscape of human keratinocyte models under athermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Martin
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Bertrand Evrard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Percevault
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Kate Ryder
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Darde
- SciLicium, 10 rue de la Sauvaie, 35200 Rennes, France
| | - Aurélie Lardenois
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du Numérique), UMR 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du Numérique), UMR 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Denis Habauzit
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères, France.
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2
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Lawler NB, Evans CW, Romanenko S, Chaudhari N, Fear M, Wood F, Smith NM, Wallace VP, Swaminathan Iyer K. Millimeter waves alter DNA secondary structures and modulate the transcriptome in human fibroblasts. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:3131-3144. [PMID: 35774325 PMCID: PMC9203081 DOI: 10.1364/boe.458478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As millimetre wave (MMW) frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum are increasingly adopted in modern technologies such as mobile communications and networking, characterising the biological effects is critical in determining safe exposure levels. We study the exposure of primary human dermal fibroblasts to MMWs, finding MMWs trigger genomic and transcriptomic alterations. In particular, repeated 60 GHz, 2.6 mW cm-2, 46.8 J cm-2 d-1 MMW doses induce a unique physiological response after 2 and 4 days exposure. We show that high dose MMWs induce simultaneous non-thermal alterations to the transcriptome and DNA structural dynamics, including formation of G-quadruplex and i-motif secondary structures, but not DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Lawler
- Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Cameron W Evans
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Sergii Romanenko
- Department of Sensory Signaling, O.O. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Nutan Chaudhari
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mark Fear
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Fiona Wood
- Fiona Stanley and Princess Margaret Hospitals, Burns Service of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole M Smith
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Vincent P Wallace
- Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - K Swaminathan Iyer
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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3
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Kim K, Lee YS, Kim N, Choi HD, Kang DJ, Kim HR, Lim KM. Effects of Electromagnetic Waves with LTE and 5G Bandwidth on the Skin Pigmentation In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E170. [PMID: 33375304 PMCID: PMC7794711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid growth of wireless communication devices, the influences of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on human health are gathering increasing attention. Since the skin is the largest organ of the body and is located at the outermost layer, it is considered a major target for the health effects of EMF. Skin pigmentation represents one of the most frequent symptoms caused by various non-ionizing radiations, including ultraviolet radiation, blue light, infrared, and extremely low frequency (ELF). Here, we investigated the effects of EMFs with long-term evolution (LTE, 1.762 GHz) and 5G (28 GHz) bandwidth on skin pigmentation in vitro. Murine and Human melanoma cells (B16F10 and MNT-1) were exposed to either LTE or 5G for 4 h per day, which is considered the upper bound of average smartphone use time. It was shown that neither LTE nor 5G exposure induced significant effects on cell viability or pigmentation. The dendrites of MNT-1 were neither lengthened nor regressed after EMF exposure. Skin pigmentation effects of EMFs were further examined in the human keratinocyte cell line (MNT-1-HaCaT) co-culture system, which confirmed the absence of significant hyper-pigmentation effects of LTE and 5G EMFs. Lastly, MelanoDerm™, a 3D pigmented human epidermis model, was irradiated with LTE (1.762 GHz) or 5G (28 GHz), and image analysis and special staining were performed. No changes in the brightness of MelanoDerm™ tissues were observed in LTE- or 5G-exposed tissues, except for only minimal changes in the size of melanocytes. Collectively, these results imply that exposure to LTE and 5G EMFs may not affect melanin synthesis or skin pigmentation under normal smartphone use condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuri Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemungu, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Young Seung Lee
- Radio & Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea; (Y.S.L.); (H.-D.C.)
| | - Nam Kim
- Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Hyung-Do Choi
- Radio & Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea; (Y.S.L.); (H.-D.C.)
| | - Dong-Jun Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Korea; (D.-J.K.); (H.R.K.)
| | - Hak Rim Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Korea; (D.-J.K.); (H.R.K.)
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemungu, Seoul 03760, Korea;
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Leszczynski D. Physiological effects of millimeter-waves on skin and skin cells: an overview of the to-date published studies. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2020; 35:493-515. [PMID: 32829319 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The currently ongoing deployment if the fifth generation of the wireless communication technology, the 5G technology, has reignited the health debate around the new kind of radiation that will be used/emitted by the 5G devices and networks - the millimeter-waves. The new aspect of the 5G technology, that is of concern to some of the future users, is that both, antennas and devices will be continuously in a very close proximity of the users' bodies. Skin is the only organ of the human body, besides the eyes, that will be directly exposed to the mm-waves of the 5G technology. However, the whole scientific evidence on the possible effects of millimeter-waves on skin and skin cells, currently consists of only some 99 studies. This clearly indicates that the scientific evidence concerning the possible effects of millimeter-waves on humans is insufficient to devise science-based exposure limits and to develop science-based human health policies. The sufficient research has not been done and, therefore, precautionary measures should be considered for the deployment of the 5G, before the sufficient number of quality research studies will be executed and health risk, or lack of it, scientifically established.
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Gao Z, Xie W, Fan C, Cao Y. Non-ionizing radiofrequency field induces unfolded protein response (UPR) in endoplasmic reticulum of mouse neuronal cells. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation on Gene Expression: A Study of Gene Expressions of Human Keratinocytes From Different Origins. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 41:552-557. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.22287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Habauzit D, Nugue G, Bourbon F, Martin C, Del Vecchio F, Maunoir-Regimbal S, Poyot T, Valente M, Jaoui R, Crouzier D, Le Dréan Y, Debouzy JC. Evaluation of the Effect of Chronic 94 GHz Exposure on Gene Expression in the Skin of Hairless Rats In Vivo. Radiat Res 2020; 193:351-358. [PMID: 32126188 DOI: 10.1667/rr15470.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Millimeter waves (MMW) are broadband frequencies that have recently been used in several applications in wireless communications, medical devices and nonlethal weapons [i.e., the nonlethal weapon, Active Denial Systems, (ADS) operating at 94-95 GHz, CW]. However, little information is available on their potential effects on humans. These radio-frequencies are absorbed and stopped by the first layer of the skin. In this study, we evaluated the effects of 94 GHz on the gene expression of skin cells. Two rat populations consisting of 17 young animals and 14 adults were subjected to chronic long-term 94 GHz MMW exposure. Each group of animals was divided into exposed and sham subgroups. The two independent exposure experiments were conducted for 5 months with rats exposed 3 h per day for 3 days per week to an incident power density of 10 mW/cm2, which corresponded to twice the ICNIRP limit of occupational exposure for humans. At the end of the experiment, skin explants were collected and RNA was extracted. Then, the modifications to the whole gene expression profile were analyzed with a gene expression microarray. Without modification of the animal's temperature, long-term chronic 94 GHz-MMW exposure did not significantly modify the gene expression of the skin on either the young or adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Habauzit
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Nugue
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), F-91223 Brétigny, France
| | - Frédéric Bourbon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), F-91223 Brétigny, France
| | - Catherine Martin
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Flavia Del Vecchio
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), F-91223 Brétigny, France
| | | | - Thomas Poyot
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), F-91223 Brétigny, France
| | - Marco Valente
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), F-91223 Brétigny, France
| | - Rachid Jaoui
- Direction générale de l'armement (DGA/TA), F-31131 Balma, France
| | - David Crouzier
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), F-91223 Brétigny, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jean Claude Debouzy
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), F-91223 Brétigny, France
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8
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Millimeter-wave pulsed heating in vitro: cell mortality and heat shock response. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15249. [PMID: 31649300 PMCID: PMC6813304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Millimeter wave (MMW)-induced heating represents a promising alternative for non-invasive hyperthermia of superficial skin cancer, such as melanoma. Pulsed MMW-induced heating of tumors allows for reaching high peak temperatures without overheating surrounding tissues. Herein, for the first time, we evaluate apoptotic and heat shock responses of melanoma cells exposed in vitro to continuous (CW) or pulsed-wave (PW) amplitude-modulated MMW at 58.4 GHz with the same average temperature rise. Using an ad hoc exposure system, we generated 90 min pulse train with 1.5 s pulse duration, period of 20 s, amplitude of 10 °C, and steady-state temperature at the level of cells of 49.2 °C. The activation of Caspase-3 and phosphorylation of HSP27 were investigated using fluorescence microscopy to monitor the spatial variation of cellular response. Our results demonstrate that, under the considered exposure conditions, Caspase-3 activation was almost 5 times greater following PW exposure compared to CW. The relationship between the PW-induced cellular response and SAR-dependent temperature rise was non-linear. Phosphorylation of HSP27 was 58% stronger for PW compared to CW. It exhibits a plateau for the peak temperature ranging from 47.7 to 49.2 °C. Our results provide an insight into understanding of the cellular response to MMW-induced pulsed heating.
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Orlacchio R, Zhadobov M, Alekseev SI, Nikolayev D, Sauleau R, Le Page Y, Le Dréan Y. Millimeter-Wave Heating in In Vitro Studies: Effect of Convection in Continuous and Pulse-Modulated Regimes. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 40:553-568. [PMID: 31579965 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shallow penetration of millimeter waves (MMW) and non-uniform illumination in in vitro experiments result in a non-uniform distribution of the specific absorption rate (SAR). These SAR gradients trigger convective currents in liquids affecting transient and steady-state temperature distributions. We analyzed the effect of convection on temperature dynamics during MMW exposure in continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed-wave (PW) amplitude-modulated regimes using micro-thermocouples. Temperature rise kinetics are characterized by the occurrence of a temperature peak that shifts to shorter times as the SAR of the MMW exposure increases and precedes initiation of convection in bulk. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the liquid volume impacts convection. Increasing the volume results in earlier triggering of convection and in a greater cooling rate after the end of the exposure. In PW regimes, convection strongly depends on the pulse duration that affects the heat pulse amplitude and cooling rate. The latter results in a change of the average temperature in PW regime. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:553-568. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Orlacchio
- CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes)-UMR 6164, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes)-UMR 6164, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Stanislav I Alekseev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denys Nikolayev
- Microwaves and Antennas Group (MAG), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes)-UMR 6164, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
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10
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Simkó M, Mattsson MO. 5G Wireless Communication and Health Effects-A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100 GHz. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3406. [PMID: 31540320 PMCID: PMC6765906 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication will increase the number of high-frequency-powered base stations and other devices. The question is if such higher frequencies (in this review, 6-100 GHz, millimeter waves, MMW) can have a health impact. This review analyzed 94 relevant publications performing in vivo or in vitro investigations. Each study was characterized for: study type (in vivo, in vitro), biological material (species, cell type, etc.), biological endpoint, exposure (frequency, exposure duration, power density), results, and certain quality criteria. Eighty percent of the in vivo studies showed responses to exposure, while 58% of the in vitro studies demonstrated effects. The responses affected all biological endpoints studied. There was no consistent relationship between power density, exposure duration, or frequency, and exposure effects. The available studies do not provide adequate and sufficient information for a meaningful safety assessment, or for the question about non-thermal effects. There is a need for research regarding local heat developments on small surfaces, e.g., skin or the eye, and on any environmental impact. Our quality analysis shows that for future studies to be useful for safety assessment, design and implementation need to be significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrtill Simkó
- SciProof International AB, Vaktpoststigen 4, 83132 Östersund, Sweden.
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11
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Le Pogam P, Le Page Y, Habauzit D, Doué M, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y, Rondeau D. Untargeted metabolomics unveil alterations of biomembranes permeability in human HaCaT keratinocytes upon 60 GHz millimeter-wave exposure. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9343. [PMID: 31249327 PMCID: PMC6597695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A joint metabolomic and lipidomic workflow is used to account for a potential effect of millimeter waves (MMW) around 60 GHz on biological tissues. For this purpose, HaCaT human keratinocytes were exposed at 60.4 GHz with an incident power density of 20 mW/cm², this value corresponding to the upper local exposure limit for general public in the context of a wide scale deployment of MMW technologies and devices. After a 24h-exposure, endo- and extracellular extracts were recovered to be submitted to an integrative UPLC-Q-Exactive metabolomic and lipidomic workflow. R-XCMS data processing and subsequent statistical treatment led to emphasize a limited number of altered features in lipidomic sequences and in intracellular metabolomic analyses, whatever the ionization mode (i.e 0 to 6 dysregulated features). Conversely, important dysregulations could be reported in extracellular metabolomic profiles with 111 and 99 frames being altered upon MMW exposure in positive and negative polarities, respectively. This unexpected extent of modifications can hardly stem from the mild changes that could be reported throughout transcriptomics studies, leading us to hypothesize that MMW might alter the permeability of cell membranes, as reported elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Le Pogam
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes), UMR 6164, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Denis Habauzit
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Mickael Doué
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes), UMR 6164, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes), UMR 6164, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes), UMR 6164, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - David Rondeau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes), UMR 6164, F-35000, Rennes, France.
- Département de Chimie, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238, Brest, Cedex, France.
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12
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Romanenko S, Harvey AR, Hool L, Fan S, Wallace VP. Millimeter Wave Radiation Activates Leech Nociceptors via TRPV1-Like Receptor Sensitization. Biophys J 2019; 116:2331-2345. [PMID: 31103236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that millimeter waves (MMWs) can have an impact on cellular function, including neurons. Earlier in vitro studies have shown that exposure levels well below the recommended safe limit of 1 mW/cm2 cause changes in the action potential (AP) firing rate, resting potential, and AP pulse shape of sensory neurons in leech preparations as well as alter neuronal properties in rat cortical brain slices; these effects differ from changes induced by direct heating. In this article, we compare the responses of thermosensitive primary nociceptors of the medicinal leech under thermal heating and MMW irradiation (80-170 mW/cm2 at 60 GHz). The results show that MMW exposure causes an almost twofold decrease in the threshold for activation of the AP compared with thermal heating (3.9 ± 0.4 vs. 8.3 ± 0.4 mV, respectively). Our analysis suggests that MMWs-mediated threshold alterations are not caused by the enhancement of voltage-gated sodium and potassium conductance. We propose that the reduction in AP threshold can be attributed to the sensitization of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1-like receptor in the leech nociceptor. In silico modeling supported our experimental findings. Our results provide evidence that MMW exposure stimulates specific receptor responses that differ from direct thermal heating, fostering the need for additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Romanenko
- Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Alan R Harvey
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Livia Hool
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shuting Fan
- Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Vincent P Wallace
- Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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13
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Di Ciaula A. Towards 5G communication systems: Are there health implications? Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:367-375. [PMID: 29402696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The spread of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) is rising and health effects are still under investigation. RF-EMF promote oxidative stress, a condition involved in cancer onset, in several acute and chronic diseases and in vascular homeostasis. Although some evidences are still controversial, the WHO IARC classified RF-EMF as "possible carcinogenic to humans", and more recent studies suggested reproductive, metabolic and neurologic effects of RF-EMF, which are also able to alter bacterial antibiotic resistance. In this evolving scenario, although the biological effects of 5G communication systems are very scarcely investigated, an international action plan for the development of 5G networks has started, with a forthcoming increment in devices and density of small cells, and with the future use of millimeter waves (MMW). Preliminary observations showed that MMW increase skin temperature, alter gene expression, promote cellular proliferation and synthesis of proteins linked with oxidative stress, inflammatory and metabolic processes, could generate ocular damages, affect neuro-muscular dynamics. Further studies are needed to better and independently explore the health effects of RF-EMF in general and of MMW in particular. However, available findings seem sufficient to demonstrate the existence of biomedical effects, to invoke the precautionary principle, to define exposed subjects as potentially vulnerable and to revise existing limits. An adequate knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms linking RF-EMF exposure to health risk should also be useful in the current clinical practice, in particular in consideration of evidences pointing to extrinsic factors as heavy contributors to cancer risk and to the progressive epidemiological growth of noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Bisceglie (ASL BAT), Bisceglie, Italy; International Society of Doctors for Environment (ISDE), Arezzo, Italy.
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14
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Le Pogam P, Doué M, Le Page Y, Habauzit D, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y, Rondeau D. Untargeted Metabolomics Reveal Lipid Alterations upon 2-Deoxyglucose Treatment in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1146-1157. [PMID: 29430917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) impedes cancer progression in animal models and is currently being assessed as an anticancer therapy, yet the mode of action of this drug of high clinical significance has not been fully delineated. In an attempt to better characterize its pharmacodynamics, an integrative UPLC-Q-Exactive-based joint metabolomic and lipidomic approach was undertaken to evaluate the metabolic perturbations induced by this drug in human HaCaT keratinocyte cells. R-XCMS data processing and subsequent multivariate pattern recognition, metabolites identification, and pathway analyses identified eight metabolites that were most significantly changed upon a 3 h 2-DG exposure. Most of these dysregulated features were emphasized in the course of lipidomic profiling and could be identified as ceramide and glucosylceramide derivatives, consistently with their involvement in cell death programming. Even though metabolomic analyses did not generally afford such clear-cut dysregulations, some alterations in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine derivatives could be highlighted as well. Overall, these results support the adequacy of the proposed analytical workflow and might contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the promising effects of 2-DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Le Pogam
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Mickael Doué
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, University of Rennes 1 , 9 avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Denis Habauzit
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, University of Rennes 1 , 9 avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, University of Rennes 1 , 9 avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - David Rondeau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.,Département de Chimie, Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest Cedex, France
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15
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Soubere Mahamoud Y, Aite M, Martin C, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y, Habauzit D. Additive Effects of Millimeter Waves and 2-Deoxyglucose Co-Exposure on the Human Keratinocyte Transcriptome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160810. [PMID: 27529420 PMCID: PMC4986955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Millimeter Waves (MMW) will be used in the next-generation of high-speed wireless technologies, especially in future Ultra-Broadband small cells in 5G cellular networks. Therefore, their biocompatibilities must be evaluated prior to their massive deployment. Using a microarray-based approach, we analyzed modifications to the whole genome of a human keratinocyte model that was exposed at 60.4 GHz-MMW at an incident power density (IPD) of 20 mW/cm2 for 3 hours in athermic conditions. No keratinocyte transcriptome modifications were observed. We tested the effects of MMWs on cell metabolism by co-treating MMW-exposed cells with a glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose (2dG, 20 mM for 3 hours), and whole genome expression was evaluated along with the ATP content. We found that the 2dG treatment decreased the cellular ATP content and induced a high modification in the transcriptome (632 coding genes). The affected genes were associated with transcriptional repression, cellular communication and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. The MMW/2dG co-treatment did not alter the keratinocyte ATP content, but it did slightly alter the transcriptome, which reflected the capacity of MMW to interfere with the bioenergetic stress response. The RT-PCR-based validation confirmed 6 MMW-sensitive genes (SOCS3, SPRY2, TRIB1, FAM46A, CSRNP1 and PPP1R15A) during the 2dG treatment. These 6 genes encoded transcription factors or inhibitors of cytokine pathways, which raised questions regarding the potential impact of long-term or chronic MMW exposure on metabolically stressed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonis Soubere Mahamoud
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,University of Djibouti, Djibouti City, Djibouti
| | - Meziane Aite
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Martin
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Denis Habauzit
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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16
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Koyama S, Narita E, Shimizu Y, Suzuki Y, Shiina T, Taki M, Shinohara N, Miyakoshi J. Effects of Long-Term Exposure to 60 GHz Millimeter-Wavelength Radiation on the Genotoxicity and Heat Shock Protein (Hsp) Expression of Cells Derived from Human Eye. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13080802. [PMID: 27509516 PMCID: PMC4997488 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) and human lens epithelial (SRA01/04) cells derived from the human eye were exposed to 60 gigahertz (GHz) millimeter-wavelength radiation for 24 h. There was no statistically significant increase in the micronucleus (MN) frequency in cells exposed to 60 GHz millimeter-wavelength radiation at 1 mW/cm² compared with sham-exposed controls and incubator controls. The MN frequency of cells treated with bleomycin for 1 h provided positive controls. The comet assay, used to detect DNA strand breaks, and heat shock protein (Hsp) expression also showed no statistically significant effects of exposure. These results indicate that exposure to millimeter-wavelength radiation has no effect on genotoxicity in human eye cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Koyama
- Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Eijiro Narita
- Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Yoko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Yukihisa Suzuki
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Graduate Schools of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Takeo Shiina
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Graduate Schools of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Masao Taki
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Graduate Schools of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Naoki Shinohara
- Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Junji Miyakoshi
- Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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17
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Manna D, Ghosh R. Effect of radiofrequency radiation in cultured mammalian cells: A review. Electromagn Biol Med 2016; 35:265-301. [PMID: 27053138 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1092158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of mobile phone related technologies will continue to increase in the foreseeable future worldwide. This has drawn attention to the probable interaction of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation with different biological targets. Studies have been conducted on various organisms to evaluate the alleged ill-effect on health. We have therefore attempted to review those work limited to in vitro cultured cells where irradiation conditions were well controlled. Different investigators have studied varied endpoints like DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, cellular morphology and viability to weigh the genotoxic effect of such radiation by utilizing different frequencies and dose rates under various irradiation conditions that include continuous or pulsed exposures and also amplitude- or frequency-modulated waves. Cells adapt to change in their intra and extracellular environment from different chemical and physical stimuli through organized alterations in gene or protein expression that result in the induction of stress responses. Many studies have focused on such effects for risk estimations. Though the effects of microwave radiation on cells are often not pronounced, some investigators have therefore combined radiofrequency radiation with other physical or chemical agents to observe whether the effects of such agents were augmented or not. Such reports in cultured cellular systems have also included in this review. The findings from different workers have revealed that, effects were dependent on cell type and the endpoint selection. However, contradictory findings were also observed in same cell types with same assay, in such cases the specific absorption rate (SAR) values were significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashri Manna
- a Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics , University of Kalyani , Kalyani , India
| | - Rita Ghosh
- a Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics , University of Kalyani , Kalyani , India
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18
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Haas AJ, Le Page Y, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y. Effects of 60-GHz millimeter waves on neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells using high-content screening. Neurosci Lett 2016; 618:58-65. [PMID: 26921450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Technologies for wireless telecommunication systems using millimeter waves (MMW) will be widely deployed in the near future. Forthcoming applications in this band, especially around 60GHz, are mainly developed for high data-rate local and body-centric telecommunications. At those frequencies, electromagnetic radiations have a very shallow penetration into biological tissues, making skin keratinocytes, and free nerve endings of the upper dermis the main targets of MMW. Only a few studies assessed the impact of MMW on neuronal cells, and none of them investigated a possible effect on neuronal differentiation. We used a neuron-like cell line (PC12), which undergoes neuronal differentiation when treated with the neuronal growth factor (NGF). PC12 cells were exposed at 60.4GHz for 24h, at an incident power density averaged over the cell monolayer of 10mW/cm(2). Using a large scale cell-by-cell analysis based on high-content screening microscopy approach, we assessed potential effects of MMW on PC12 neurite outgrowth and cytoskeleton protein expression. No differences were found in protein expression of the neuronal marker β3-tubulin nor in internal expression control β-tubulin. On the other hand, our data showed a slight increase, although insignificant, in neurite outgrowth, induced by MMW exposure. However, experimental controls demonstrated that this increase was related to heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Haas
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
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