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Su XY, Gao F, Wang SY, Li J, Wang ZQ, Zhang X. Annexin gene family in Spirometra mansoni (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) and its phylogenetic pattern among Platyhelminthes of medical interest. Parasite 2024; 31:32. [PMID: 38912916 PMCID: PMC11195529 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The plerocercoid larvae of Spirometra mansoni are etiological agents of human and animal sparganosis. Annexins are proteins with important roles in parasites. However, our knowledge of annexins in S. mansoni is still inadequate. In this study, 18 new members of the Annexin (ANX) family were characterized in S. mansoni. The clustering analysis demonstrated that all the SmANXs were divided into two main classes, consistent with the patterns of conserved motif organization. The 18 SmANXs were detected at all developmental stages (plerocercoid, adult, and egg) and displayed ubiquitous but highly variable expression patterns in all tissues/organs studied. The representative member rSmANX18 was successfully cloned and expressed. The protein was immunolocalized in the tegument and parenchyma of the plerocercoid and in the tegument, parenchyma, uterus and egg shell of adult worms. The recombinant protein can bind phospholipids with high affinity in a Ca2+-dependent manner, shows high anticoagulant activity and combines with FITC to recognize apoptotic cells. Annexin gene polymorphism and conservative core motif permutation were found in both cestodes and trematodes. SmANXs also revealed high genetic diversity among Platyhelminthes of medical interest. Our findings lay a foundation for further studies on the biological functions of ANXs in S. mansoni as well as other taxa in which ANXs occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450051 PR China
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2
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Chen Y, Hua R, Shao G, Zhu X, Hou W, Li S, Yang A, Yang G. Effects of annexin B18 from Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato on mouse macrophages. Exp Parasitol 2024; 260:108723. [PMID: 38432406 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease, caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s. l.), which posed significant public health concern globally. E. granulosus s. l. annexin B18 (EgANXB18) acts as a secretory protein, exerting a crucial influence in mediating host-parasite interactions. Recombinant annexin B18 (rEgANXB18) was expressed by Escherichia coli and the immunoreactivity was assessed by western blotting. The binding affinity between rEgANXB18 and total protein of RAW264.7 cells was assessed by ELISA. The impact of rEgANXB18 on the metabolic activity of RAW264.7 cells was assayed by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The mRNA levels of polarization markers (inducible nitrous oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase 1 (Arg1)) and key cellular factors (IL-1β,IL-6,IL-10 and TNFα) were evaluated by qRT-PCR. rEgANXB18 was successfully expressed and recognized by E. granulosus s.l. infected canine sera, as well as could bind to the total protein of RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, rEgANXB18 could promote metabolic activity at 5, 10, 20, and 40 μg/mL while no significant impact on metabolic activity was observed at 80 μg/mL. Co-culture RAW264.7 cells with rEgANXB18 resulted in significantly upregulation of the transcript levels of polarization markers iNOS and Arg1. Moreover, rEgANXB18 significantly upregulated the transcript levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-10, while dose-effect relationship was observed in IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10. Our results indicated that EgANXB18 showed the potential to regulate immune response of macrophages by shifting the cell polarization and cytokine profile, thereby promoting the parasitism of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Ruiqi Hua
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Wei Hou
- Sichuan Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Shengqiong Li
- Sichuan Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Sichuan Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan Province, PR China.
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, PR China.
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3
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Brann T, Beltramini A, Chaparro C, Berriman M, Doyle SR, Protasio AV. Subtelomeric plasticity contributes to gene family expansion in the human parasitic flatworm Schistosoma mansoni. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:217. [PMID: 38413905 PMCID: PMC10900676 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genomic region that lies between the telomere and chromosome body, termed the subtelomere, is heterochromatic, repeat-rich, and frequently undergoes rearrangement. Within this region, large-scale structural changes enable gene diversification, and, as such, large multicopy gene families are often found at the subtelomere. In some parasites, genes associated with proliferation, invasion, and survival are often found in these regions, where they benefit from the subtelomere's highly plastic, rapidly changing nature. The increasing availability of complete (or near complete) parasite genomes provides an opportunity to investigate these typically poorly defined and overlooked genomic regions and potentially reveal relevant gene families necessary for the parasite's lifestyle. RESULTS Using the latest chromosome-scale genome assembly and hallmark repeat richness observed at chromosome termini, we have identified and characterised the subtelomeres of Schistosoma mansoni, a metazoan parasitic flatworm that infects over 250 million people worldwide. Approximately 12% of the S. mansoni genome is classified as subtelomeric, and, in line with other organisms, we find these regions to be gene-poor but rich in transposable elements. We find that S. mansoni subtelomeres have undergone extensive interchromosomal recombination and that these sites disproportionately contribute to the 2.3% of the genome derived from segmental duplications. This recombination has led to the expansion of subtelomeric gene clusters containing 103 genes, including the immunomodulatory annexins and other gene families with unknown roles. The largest of these is a 49-copy plexin domain-containing protein cluster, exclusively expressed in the tegument-the tissue located at the host-parasite physical interface-of intramolluscan life stages. CONCLUSIONS We propose that subtelomeric regions act as a genomic playground for trial-and-error of gene duplication and subsequent divergence. Owing to the importance of subtelomeric genes in other parasites, gene families implicated in this subtelomeric expansion within S. mansoni warrant further characterisation for a potential role in parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brann
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 2PQ, UK
| | - A Beltramini
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 2PQ, UK
| | - C Chaparro
- IHPE, CNRS, IFREMER, UPVD, University Montpellier, Perpignan, F-66860, France
| | - M Berriman
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - S R Doyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A V Protasio
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 2PQ, UK.
- Christ's College, Cambridge, CB2 3BU, UK.
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Maruszewska-Cheruiyot M, Szewczak L, Krawczak-Wójcik K, Kierasińska M, Stear M, Donskow-Łysoniewska K. The Impact of Intestinal Inflammation on Nematode's Excretory-Secretory Proteome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14127. [PMID: 37762428 PMCID: PMC10531923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes and their products are promising candidates for therapeutics against inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Two species of nematodes, the hookworm Necator americanus and the whipworm Trichuis suis, are being used in clinical treatment trials of IBD referred to as "helminth therapy". Heligmosomoides polygyrus is a well-known model for human hookworm infections. Excretory-secretory (ES) products of H. polygyrus L4 stage that developed during colitis show a different immunomodulatory effect compared to the ES of H. polgyrus from healthy mice. The aim of the study was to evaluate excretory-secretory proteins produced by H. polygyrus L4 stage males and females that developed in the colitic milieu. Mass spectrometry was used to identify proteins. Blast2GO was used to investigate the functions of the discovered proteins. A total of 387 proteins were identified in the ES of H. polygyrus L4 males (HpC males), and 330 proteins were identified in the ES of L4 females that developed in the colitic milieu (HpC females). In contrast, only 200 proteins were identified in the ES of L4 males (Hp males) and 218 in the ES of L4 females (Hp females) that developed in control conditions. Most of the proteins (123) were detected in all groups. Unique proteins identified in the ES of HpC females included annexin, lysozyme-2, apyrase, and galectin. Venom allergen/Ancylostoma-secreted protein-like, transthyretin-like family proteins, and galectins were found in the secretome of HpC males but not in the secretome of control males. These molecules may be responsible for the therapeutic effects of nematodes in DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maruszewska-Cheruiyot
- Department of Experimental Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ludmiła Szewczak
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 00-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Krawczak-Wójcik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Kierasińska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michael Stear
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Katarzyna Donskow-Łysoniewska
- Department of Experimental Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland;
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He R, Zhang Q, Xu L, Guo M, Gu X, Xie Y, Xu J, Shen Z. Characterization of a novel galectin in Sarcoptes scabiei and its role in regulating macrophage functions. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1251475. [PMID: 37692380 PMCID: PMC10484005 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1251475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoptes scabiei (S. scabiei) endangers human and other mammalian health. There has been limited research into S. scabiei pathogenic mechanisms and the immunological interaction between S. scabiei and hosts. Galectins have critical roles in biological processes such as cell adhesion, signal transduction, and immune response mediation. Galectins of S. scabiei (SsGalectins) were cloned, expressed, and identified, and their transcriptional levels in S. scabiei were measured at various developmental stages. Fluorescent tissue localization was performed on SsGalectins of S. scabiei and scabies skin. A mouse AD model was constructed to evaluate the effect of rSsGalectins on skin pathogenic changes. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunoassay were used to identify macrophage polarization-related components and investigate the immunoregulatory effect of rSsGalectins on mouse macrophages. The results demonstrated that the S. scabiei infection causes macrophage infiltration in the scabies skin. The rSsGalectins displayed strong reactogenicity, and distinct genes of the SsGalectins were differently expressed in different developmental stages of S. scabiei. Fluorescence tissue localization revealed that the SsGalectins were mainly in the mouthparts, intestines, and body surface. Additionally, S. scabiei could secrete SsGalectins into the infected skin, proving that SsGalectins were excretion and secretion proteins of S. scabiei. In the mouse atopic dermatitis model, cutaneous macrophage infiltration and inflammation increase after rSsGalectins injection. Simultaneously, when rSsGalectins acted on bone marrow-derived macrophages, M1 macrophage-related polarization factors IL-1β, IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase all increased, demonstrating that rSsGalectins can induce M1 polarization and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, the SsGalectins are involved in the pathogenic process of S. scabiei by regulating the polarization of host macrophages to the M1 type when S. scabiei invade the host and promoting the incidence and development of the host's inflammatory response. This study offers fresh light on the pathogenic process of scabies mites, investigates the immunological interaction mechanism between S. scabiei and the host, and offers new insights into S. scabiei prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luyang Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Maochuan Guo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaoli Shen
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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6
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Rashidi S, Mansouri R, Ali-Hassanzadeh M, Muro A, Nguewa P, Manzano-Román R. The most prominent modulated annexins during parasitic infections. Acta Trop 2023; 243:106942. [PMID: 37172709 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Annexins (ANXs) exert different functions in cell biological and pathological processes and are thus known as double or multi-faceted proteins. These sophisticated proteins might express on both parasite structure and secretion and in parasite-infected host cells. In addition to the characterization of these pivotal proteins, describing their mechanism of action can be also fruitful in recognizing their roles in the pathogenesis of parasitic infections. Accordingly, this study presents the most prominent ANXs thus far identified and their relevant functions in parasites and infected host cells during pathogenesis, especially in the most important intracellular protozoan parasitic infections including leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, malaria and trypanosomiasis. The data provided in this study demonstrate that the helminth parasites most probably express and secret ANXs to develop pathogenesis while the modulation of the host-ANXs could be employed as a crucial strategy by intracellular protozoan parasites. Moreover, such data highlight that the use of analogs of both parasite and host ANX peptides (which mimic or regulate ANXs physiological functions through various strategies) might suggest novel therapeutic insights into the treatment of parasitic infections. Furthermore, due to the prominent immunoregulatory activities of ANXs during most parasitic infections and the expression levels of these proteins in some parasitic infected tissues, such multifunctional proteins might be also potentially relevant as vaccine and diagnostic biomarkers. We also suggest some prospects and insights that could be useful and applicable to form the basis of future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Rashidi
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Reza Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Antonio Muro
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paul Nguewa
- University of Navarra, ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology. IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), c/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
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7
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Liver Proteome Alterations in Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus) Infected by the Giant Liver Fluke Fascioloides magna. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121503. [PMID: 36558836 PMCID: PMC9786150 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fluke infections are recognised as diseases with worldwide distribution and considerable veterinary and public health importance. The giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, is an important non-native parasite which has been introduced to Europe, posing a threat to the survival of local wildlife populations such as red deer (Cervus elaphus). The aim of the study was to analyse differences in liver proteomes between F. magna-infected and control red deer groups using a label-based high-throughput quantitative proteomics approach. The proteomics analysis identified 234 proteins with differential abundance between the control and infected groups. Our findings showed that F. magna infection in this definitive host is associated with changes in the metabolism of proteins and fatty acids, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and signaling pathways. The identified proteins and associated biological pathways represent a valuable contribution to the understanding of host-parasite interactions and the pathogenesis of liver fluke infection.
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8
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Kaur R, Arora N, Nair MG, Prasad A. The interplay of helminthic neuropeptides and proteases in parasite survival and host immunomodulation. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:107-118. [PMID: 35076687 PMCID: PMC9042389 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides comprise a diverse and broad group of neurotransmitters in vertebrates and invertebrates, with critical roles in neuronal signal transduction. While their role in controlling learning and memory in the brains of mammals is known, their extra-synaptic function in infection and inflammation with effects on distinct tissues and immune cells is increasingly recognized. Helminth infections especially of the central nervous system (CNS), such as neurocysticercosis, induce neuropeptide production by both host and helminth, but their role in host-parasite interplay or host inflammatory response is unclear. Here, we review the neurobiology of helminths, and discuss recent studies on neuropeptide synthesis and function in the helminth as well as the host CNS and immune system. Neuropeptides are summarized according to structure and function, and we discuss the complex enzyme processing for mature neuropeptides, focusing on helminth enzymes as potential targets for novel anthelminthics. We next describe known immunomodulatory effects of mammalian neuropeptides discovered from mouse infection models and draw functional parallels with helminth neuropeptides. Last, we discuss the anti-microbial properties of neuropeptides, and how they may be involved in host-microbiota changes in helminth infection. Overall, a better understanding of the biology of helminth neuropeptides, and whether they affect infection outcomes could provide diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Naina Arora
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Meera G. Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
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9
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Proteomic Profiling and In Silico Characterization of the Secretome of Anisakis simplex Sensu Stricto L3 Larvae. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020246. [PMID: 35215189 PMCID: PMC8879239 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) L3 larvae are one of the major etiological factors of human anisakiasis, which is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases. Nevertheless, to date, Anisakis secretome proteins, with important functions in nematode pathogenicity and host-parasite interactions, have not been extensively explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and characterize the excretory-secretory (ES) proteins of A. simplex L3 larvae. ES proteins of A. simplex were subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and the identified proteins were then analyzed using bioinformatics tools. A total of 158 proteins were detected. Detailed bioinformatic characterization of ES proteins was performed, including Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, identification of enzymes, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis, protein family classification, secretory pathway prediction, and detection of essential proteins. Furthermore, of all detected ES proteins, 1 was identified as an allergen, which was Ani s 4, and 18 were potential allergens, most of which were homologs of nematode and arthropod allergens. Nine potential pathogenicity-related proteins were predicted, which were predominantly homologs of chaperones. In addition, predicted host-parasite interactions between the Anisakis ES proteins and both human and fish proteins were identified. In conclusion, this study represents the first global analysis of Anisakis ES proteins. The findings provide a better understanding of survival and invasion strategies of A. simplex L3 larvae.
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Lu Y, Sun JH, Lu LL, Chen JX, Song P, Ai L, Cai YC, Li LH, Chen SH. Proteomic and Immunological Identification of Diagnostic Antigens from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Plerocercoid. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:615-623. [PMID: 34974668 PMCID: PMC8721309 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human sparganosis is a food-borne parasitic disease caused by the plerocercoids of Spirometra species. Clinical diagnosis of sparganosis is crucial for effective treatment, thus it is important to identify sensitive and specific antigens of plerocercoids. The aim of the current study was to identify and characterize the immunogenic proteins of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids that were recognized by patient sera. Crude soluble extract of the plerocercoids were separated using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with immunoblot and mass spectrometry analysis. Based on immunoblotting patterns and mass spectrometry results, 8 antigenic proteins were identified from the plerocercoid. Among the proteins, cysteine protease protein might be developed as an antigen for diagnosis of sparganosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention); National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai,
P. R. China
| | - Jia-Hui Sun
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention); National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai,
P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Lu
- The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang,
P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention); National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai,
P. R. China
| | - Peng Song
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention); National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai,
P. R. China
| | - Lin Ai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention); National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai,
P. R. China
| | - Yu-Chun Cai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention); National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai,
P. R. China
| | - Lan-Hua Li
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang,
P. R. China
| | - Shao-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention); National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai,
P. R. China
- Corresponding author ()
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11
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Kim TK, Tirloni L, Bencosme-Cuevas E, Kim TH, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Mulenga A. Borrelia burgdorferi infection modifies protein content in saliva of Ixodes scapularis nymphs. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:152. [PMID: 33663385 PMCID: PMC7930271 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme disease (LD) caused by Borrelia burgdorferi is the most prevalent tick-borne disease. There is evidence that vaccines based on tick proteins that promote tick transmission of B. burgdorferi could prevent LD. As Ixodes scapularis nymph tick bites are responsible for most LD cases, this study sought to identify nymph tick saliva proteins associated with B. burgdorferi transmission using LC-MS/MS. Tick saliva was collected using a non-invasive method of stimulating ticks (uninfected and infected: unfed, and every 12 h during feeding through 72 h, and fully-fed) to salivate into 2% pilocarpine-PBS for protein identification using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS We identified a combined 747 tick saliva proteins of uninfected and B. burgdorferi infected ticks that were classified into 25 functional categories: housekeeping-like (48%), unknown function (18%), protease inhibitors (9%), immune-related (6%), proteases (8%), extracellular matrix (7%), and small categories that account for <5% each. Notably, B. burgdorferi infected ticks secreted high number of saliva proteins (n=645) than uninfected ticks (n=376). Counter-intuitively, antimicrobial peptides, which function to block bacterial infection at tick feeding site were suppressed 23-85 folds in B. burgdorferi infected ticks. Similar to glycolysis enzymes being enhanced in mammalian cells exposed to B. burgdorferi : eight of the 10-glycolysis pathway enzymes were secreted at high abundance by B. burgdorferi infected ticks. Of significance, rabbits exposed to B. burgdorferi infected ticks acquired potent immunity that caused 40-60% mortality of B. burgdorferi infected ticks during the second infestation compared to 15-28% for the uninfected. This might be explained by ELISA data that show that high expression levels of immunogenic proteins in B. burgdorferi infected ticks. CONCLUSION Data here suggest that B. burgdorferi infection modified protein content in tick saliva to promote its survival at the tick feeding site. For instance, enzymes; copper/zinc superoxide dismutase that led to production of H2O2 that is toxic to B. burgdorferi were suppressed, while, catalase and thioredoxin that neutralize H2O2, and pyruvate kinase which yields pyruvate that protects Bb from H2O2 killing were enhanced. We conclude data here is an important resource for discovery of effective antigens for a vaccine to prevent LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Emily Bencosme-Cuevas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tae Heung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
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12
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Song H, He X, Du X, Hua R, Xu J, He R, Xie Y, Gu X, Peng X, Yang G. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of annexin B3 and B38 as secretory proteins in Echinococcus granulosus. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:103. [PMID: 33557917 PMCID: PMC7869467 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis is a parasitic zoonotic disease, which poses a threat to public health and animal husbandry, and causes significant economic losses. Annexins are a family of phospholipid-binding proteins with calcium ion-binding activity, which have many functions. Methods Two annexin protein family genes [Echinococcus granulosus annexin B3 (EgAnxB3) and EgAnxB38] were cloned and molecularly characterized using bioinformatic analysis. The immunoreactivity of recombinant EgAnxB3 (rEgAnxB3) and rEgAnxB38 was investigated using western blotting. The distribution of EgAnxB3 and EgAnxB38 in protoscoleces (PSCs), the germinal layer, 18-day strobilated worms and 45-day adult worms was analyzed by immunofluorescence localization, and their secretory characteristics were analyzed preliminarily; in addition, quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze their transcript levels in PSCs and 28-day strobilated worms stages. The phospholipid-binding activities of rEgAnxB3 and rEgAnxB38 were also analyzed. Results EgAnxB3 and EgAnxB38 are conserved and contain calcium-binding sites. Both rEgAnxB3 and rEgAnxB38 could be specifically recognized by the serum samples from E. granulosus-infected sheep, indicating that they had strong immunoreactivity. EgAnxB3 and EgAnxB38 were distributed in all stages of E. granulosus, and their transcript levels were high in the 28-day strobilated worms. They were found in liver tissues near the cysts. In addition, rEgAnxB3 has Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding properties. Conclusions EgAnxB3 and EgAnxB38 contain calcium-binding sites, and rEgAnxB3 has Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding properties. EgAnxB3 and EgAnxB38 were transcribed in PSCs and 28-day strobilated worms. They were expressed in all stages of E. granulosus, and distributed in the liver tissues near the hydatid cyst, indicating that they are secreted proteins that play a crucial role in the development of E. granulosus. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Xue He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Xiaodi Du
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Ruiqi Hua
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China.
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13
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Zheng WB, Zou Y, Zhu XQ, Liu GH. Toxocara "omics" and the promises it holds for medicine and veterinary medicine. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 109:89-108. [PMID: 32381233 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is one of the most neglected worldwide zoonoses that is caused by larval nematode parasites of the genus Toxocara, Toxocara canis, and to a lesser extent, Toxocara cati, whose migration mechanism is still largely unknown. Fortunately, some advanced tools have been employed, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, to better understand the molecular biology and regulatory mechanisms of Toxocara. Using genomics and transcriptomics, we can identify a large number of genes that participate in the development of Toxocara and the interaction of parasites and their hosts and can predict the functions of unknown genes by comparing them with other relevant species. Using proteomics, we can identify somatic proteins and excretory and secretory (ES) proteins that perform specific biological functions in tissue degradation, pathogen invasion, immune evasion or modulation. These "omics" techniques also can contribute enormously to the development of new drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tools for toxocariasis. In a word, by utilizing "omics", we can better understand the Toxocara and toxocariasis. In this review, we summarized the representative achievements in Toxocara and the interaction between Toxocara spp. and their hosts based on expressed sequence tags (ESTs), microarray gene expression, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), hoping to better understand the molecular biology of Toxocara, and contribute to new progress in the application areas of new drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tool for toxocariasis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
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14
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Leow CY, Willis C, Chuah C, Leow CH, Jones M. Immunogenicity, antibody responses and vaccine efficacy of recombinant annexin B30 against Schistosoma mansoni. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12693. [PMID: 31880816 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Schistosomes infect approximately 250 million people worldwide. To date, there is no effective vaccine available for the prevention of schistosome infection in endemic regions. There remains a need to develop means to confer long-term protection of individuals against reinfection. In this study, an annexin, namely annexin B30, which is highly expressed in the tegument of Schistosoma mansoni was selected to evaluate its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in a mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis showed that there were three potential linear B-cell epitopes and four conformational B-cell epitopes predicted from annexin B30, respectively. Full-length annexin B30 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). In the presence of adjuvants, the soluble recombinant protein was evaluated for its protective efficacy in two independent vaccine trials. Immunization of CBA mice with recombinant annexin B30 formulated either in alum only or alum/CpG induced a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine profile but no significant protection against schistosome infection was detected. CONCLUSION Recombinant annexin B30 did not confer significant protection against the parasite. The molecule may not be suitable for vaccine development. However, it could be an ideal biomarker recommended for immunodiagnostics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiuan Yee Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Charlene Willis
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld, Australia
| | - Candy Chuah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Chiuan Herng Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Malcolm Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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15
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Neves LX, Wilson RA, Brownridge P, Harman VM, Holman SW, Beynon RJ, Eyers CE, DeMarco R, Castro-Borges W. Quantitative Proteomics of Enriched Esophageal and Gut Tissues from the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma mansoni Pinpoints Secreted Proteins for Vaccine Development. J Proteome Res 2019; 19:314-326. [PMID: 31729880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomes are blood-dwelling helminth parasites that cause schistosomiasis, a debilitating disease resulting in inflammation and, in extreme cases, multiple organ damage. Major challenges to control the transmission persist, and the discovery of protective antigens remains of critical importance for vaccine development. Rhesus macaques can self-cure following schistosome infection, generating antibodies that target proteins from the tegument, gut, and esophagus, the last of which is the least investigated. We developed a dissection technique that permitted increased sensitivity in a comparative proteomics profiling of schistosome esophagus and gut. Proteome analysis of the male schistosome esophagus identified 13 proteins encoded by microexon genes (MEGs), 11 of which were uniquely located in the esophageal glands. Based on this and transcriptome information, a QconCAT was designed for the absolute quantification of selected targets. MEGs 12, 4.2, and 4.1 and venom allergen-like protein 7 were the most abundant, spanning over 245 million to 6 million copies per cell, while aspartyl protease, palmitoyl thioesterase, and galactosyl transferase were present at <1 million copies. Antigenic variation by alternative splicing of MEG proteins was confirmed together with a specialized machinery for protein glycosylation/secretion in the esophagus. Moreover, some gastrodermal secretions were highly enriched in the gut, while others were more uniformly distributed throughout the parasite, potentially indicating lysosomal activity. Collectively, our findings provide a more rational, better-oriented selection of schistosome vaccine candidates in the context of a proven model of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro X Neves
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Campus Morro do Cruzeiro , Ouro Preto 35400-000 , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - R Alan Wilson
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology , University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD , United Kingdom
| | - Philip Brownridge
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZB , United Kingdom
| | - Victoria M Harman
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZB , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen W Holman
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZB , United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Beynon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZB , United Kingdom
| | - Claire E Eyers
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZB , United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo DeMarco
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , São Carlos 13566-590 , Brazil
| | - William Castro-Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Campus Morro do Cruzeiro , Ouro Preto 35400-000 , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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16
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Leow CY, Willis C, Leow CH, Hofmann A, Jones M. Molecular characterization of Schistosoma mansoni tegument annexins and comparative analysis of antibody responses following parasite infection. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 234:111231. [PMID: 31628972 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2019.111231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomes are parasitic blood flukes that infect approximately 250 million people worldwide. The disease known as schistosomiasis, is the second most significant tropical parasitic disease after malaria. Praziquantel is the only effective drug currently licensed for schistosomiasis and there are concerns about resistance to the drug. There has been much effort to develop vaccines against schistosomiasis to produce long-term protection in endemic regions. Surface-associated proteins, and in particular, those expressed in the body wall, or tegument, have been proposed as potential vaccine targets. Of these, annexins are thought to be of integral importance for the stability of this apical membrane system. Here, we present the structural and immunobiochemical characterization of four homologous annexins namely annexin B30, annexin B5a, annexin B7a and annexin B5b from S. mansoni. Bioinformatics analysis showed that there was no signal peptide predicted for any annexin in this study. Further analysis showed that each of all four annexin protein possesses a primary structure consisting of a short but variable N-terminal region and a long C-terminal core containing four homologous annexin repeats (I-IV), which contain five alpha-helices. The life cycle expression profile of each annexin was assessed using quantitative PCR. The results showed that the overall transcript levels of the each of four homologous annexins were relatively low in the egg stage, but increased gradually after the transition of cercariae (the invasive schistosome larvae) to schistosomula (the post-invasive larvae). Circular dichroism (CD) demonstrated that rAnnexin B30, rAnnexin B5a and rAnnexin 7a were folded, showing a secondary structure content rich in alpha-helices. The membrane binding affinity was enhanced when rAnnexin B30, rAnnexin B5a and rAnnexin 7a was incubated in the presence of Ca2+. All annexin members evaluated in this study were immunolocalized to the tegument, with immunoreactivity also occurring in cells and in muscle of adult parasites. All four recombinant annexins were immunoreactive and they were recognized by the sera of mice infected with S. mansoni. In conclusion, the overall results present the molecular characterization of annexin B30, annexin B5a, annexin B7a and annexin B5b from S. mansoni in host-parasite interactions and strongly suggest that the molecules could be useful candidates for vaccine or diagnostic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiuan Yee Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Charlene Willis
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chiuan Herng Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Malcolm Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
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17
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Rashidi S, Mojtahedi Z, Shahriari B, Kalantar K, Ghalamfarsa G, Mohebali M, Hatam G. An immunoproteomic approach to identifying immunoreactive proteins in Leishmania infantum amastigotes using sera of dogs infected with canine visceral leishmaniasis. Pathog Glob Health 2019; 113:124-132. [PMID: 31099725 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2019.1616952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the most severe form of leishmaniasis, is caused by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum. The infected dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) are important reservoirs for VL in humans, so the diagnosis, treatment and vaccination of the infected dogs will ultimately decrease the rate of human VL. Proteomics and immunoproteomics techniques have facilitated the introduction of novel drug, vaccine and diagnostic targets. Our immunoproteomic study was conducted to identify new immunoreactive proteins in amastigote form of L. infantum. The strain of L. infantum (MCAN/IR/07/Moheb-gh) was obtained from CVL-infected dogs. J774 macrophage cells were infected with the L. infantum promastigotes. The infected macrophages were ruptured, and pure amastigotes were extracted from the macrophages. After protein extraction, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was employed for protein separation followed by Western blotting. Western blotting was performed, using symptomatic and asymptomatic sera of the infected dogs with CVL. Thirteen repeatable immunoreactive spots were identified by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Some, including prohibitin, ornithine aminotransferase, annexin A4, and apolipoprotein A-I, have been critically involved in metabolic pathways, survival, and pathogenicity of Leishmania parasites. Further investigations are required to confirm our identified immunoreactive proteins as a biomarker for CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Rashidi
- a Department of Parasitology and Mycology , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Zahra Mojtahedi
- b Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Bahador Shahriari
- c Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Kurosh Kalantar
- d Department of Immunology , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- e Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Medicine , Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- f Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hatam
- c Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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18
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Chuah C, Gobert GN, Latif B, Heo CC, Leow CY. Schistosomiasis in Malaysia: A review. Acta Trop 2019; 190:137-143. [PMID: 30448471 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by the trematode flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, affects approximately 207 million people worldwide. Among the five main species infecting humans, Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum are responsible for the majority of hepatointestinal schistosomiasis. Human settlements near fresh water sites that lack proper sanitary systems often contribute to the transmission of disease. This risk particularly impacts on travellers or immigrants who come into contact with larvae-contaminated water. This review discusses the central features of schistosomiasis; including clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatments, and the preventive measures available for the control of this disease. The description of the Malaysian schistosome species Schistosoma malayensis and the current status of schistosomiasis in Malaysia including the compilation of cases diagnosed from 1904 to 2015 are also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy Chuah
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Baha Latif
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chong Chin Heo
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Pathology, Laboratory & Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Level 4, Academic Building, Faculty of Medicine, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chiuan Yee Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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19
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Molecular Characterization of Annexin B2, B3 and B12 in Taenia multiceps. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9110559. [PMID: 30463204 PMCID: PMC6267623 DOI: 10.3390/genes9110559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenurus cerebralis, the metacestode of Taenia multiceps, causes coenurosis, a disease severely affecting goat, sheep, cattle and yak farming and resulting in huge economic losses annually. Annexins bind calcium ions and play an important role in flatworm parasite development. To explore potential functions of annexins in T. multiceps, three homologous genes, namely, TmAnxB2, TmAnxB3 and TmAnxB12, were screened from the transcriptome dataset, amplified from C. cerebralis cDNA and subjected to bioinformatics analysis. Then, polyclonal antibodies recognizing the recombinant TmAnxB2 (rTmAnxB2) and rTmAnxB3 were prepared for localization of TmAnxB2 and TmAnxB3 in different tissues and developmental stages by immunofluorescence. The transcription of all three genes was also measured by relative fluorescent quantitative PCR. The sizes of rTmAnxB2, rTmAnxB3 and rTmAnxB12 were 58.00, 53.06 and 53.51 kDa, respectively, and rTmAnxB12 was unstable. Both rTmAnxB2 and rTmAnxB3 were recognized by goat-positive T. multiceps sera in Western blots. Immunofluorescence revealed that TmAnxB2 and TmAnxB3 were localized in the protoscolex and cyst wall and TmAnxB3 was also detected in adult cortex. TmAnxB2 and TmAnxB12 mRNA levels were determined to be highest in oncospheres and protoscolex, whereas transcription of TmAnxB3 was highest in scolex and immature segments. Taken together, these findings indicate that TmAnxB2 and TmAnxB12 may play critical roles in T. multiceps larvae, while TmAnxB3 may have important functions in adults. These results will lay the foundation for functional research of annexins in T. multiceps.
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20
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da Silva MB, Urrego A JR, Oviedo Y, Cooper PJ, Pacheco LGC, Pinheiro CS, Ferreira F, Briza P, Alcantara-Neves NM. The somatic proteins of Toxocara canis larvae and excretory-secretory products revealed by proteomics. Vet Parasitol 2018; 259:25-34. [PMID: 30056980 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a widespread helminth infection of dogs and cats, caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati larvae, respectively. Toxocara spp. can cause zoonotic infections in humans by invading tissues and organs causing pathology. Toxocara spp. larvae release excretory-secretory molecules (TES) into the body of their host that are fundamental to the host-parasite interaction and could be used as targets for novel diagnostics and vaccines. In the present study, we identified 646 T. canis proteins from TES and larval extract using 1D-SDS PAGE followed by mass spectrometry. A wide range of proteins was identified that may play a role both in the induction of the host immune response and host pathology, and in parasite metabolism and survival. Among these proteins there are potential candidates for novel diagnostics and vaccines for dogs and cats toxocariases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia B da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Juan R Urrego A
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
| | - Yisela Oviedo
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Philip J Cooper
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, de la Salud y la Vida, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Insitute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Luis G C Pacheco
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Carina S Pinheiro
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Fátima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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Zheng Y, Guo X, Su M, Guo A, Ding J, Yang J, Xiang H, Cao X, Zhang S, Ayaz M, Luo X. Regulatory effects of Echinococcus multilocularis extracellular vesicles on RAW264.7 macrophages. Vet Parasitol 2017; 235:29-36. [PMID: 28215864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in intercellular communications via exchanging biological molecules, being involved in host-parasite interplay. Little is to date known about E. multilocularis EVs and their biological activities. Here spherical EVs secreted by E. multilocularis metacestodes were shown to range predominately from 34nm to 95nm in diameter. A total of 433 proteins were identified in the EVs, and the proteins involved in binding (42%) and catalytic activity (41%) were most frequently represented. Moreover, the proteins associated with EV biogenesis and trafficking, including annexin, 14-3-3, tetraspanin and heat shock protein 70kDa, were highly enriched. It was shown that the EVs remarkably suppressed NO produced by activated RAW macrophages via downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression (p <0.01). Suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1α and IL-1β, was also observed post treatment with the EVs. Conversely, increased expression of the majority (10/11) of key components involved in the LPS/TLR4 pathway was induced by the EVs. These results demonstrate a regulatory effect of E. multilocularis EVs on macrophages, suggesting a role in parasite-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xiaola Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Meng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Aijiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Juntao Ding
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Haitao Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Mazhar Ayaz
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Xuenong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Mathé-Hubert H, Colinet D, Deleury E, Belghazi M, Ravallec M, Poulain J, Dossat C, Poirié M, Gatti JL. Comparative venomics of Psyttalia lounsburyi and P. concolor, two olive fruit fly parasitoids: a hypothetical role for a GH1 β-glucosidase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35873. [PMID: 27779241 PMCID: PMC5078806 DOI: 10.1038/srep35873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Venom composition of parasitoid wasps attracts increasing interest - notably molecules ensuring parasitism success on arthropod pests - but its variation within and among taxa is not yet understood. We have identified here the main venom proteins of two braconid wasps, Psyttalia lounsburyi (two strains from South Africa and Kenya) and P. concolor, olive fruit fly parasitoids that differ in host range. Among the shared abundant proteins, we found a GH1 β-glucosidase and a family of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins. Olive is extremely rich in glycoside compounds that are hydrolyzed by β-glucosidases into defensive toxic products in response to phytophagous insect attacks. Assuming that Psyttalia host larvae sequester ingested glycosides, the injected venom GH1 β-glucosidase could induce the release of toxic compounds, thus participating in parasitism success by weakening the host. Venom LRR proteins are similar to truncated Toll-like receptors and may possibly scavenge the host immunity. The abundance of one of these LRR proteins in the venom of only one of the two P. lounsburyi strains evidences intraspecific variation in venom composition. Altogether, venom intra- and inter-specific variation in Psyttalia spp. were much lower than previously reported in the Leptopilina genus (Figitidae), suggesting it might depend upon the parasitoid taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maya Belghazi
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7286, CRN2M, Centre d’Analyses Protéomiques de Marseille (CAPM), Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- INRA, Univ. Montpellier, UMR 1333 « Microorganism & Insect Diversity, Genomes & Interactions » (DGIMI), CC101, Montpellier Cedex 34095, France
| | - Julie Poulain
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Génoscope, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Carole Dossat
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Génoscope, 91000, Evry, France
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de la Torre-Escudero E, Pérez-Sánchez R, Manzano-Román R, Oleaga A. Schistosoma bovis-host interplay: Proteomics for knowing and acting. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 215:30-39. [PMID: 27485556 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Schistosoma bovis is a parasite of ruminants that causes significant economic losses to farmers throughout Africa, Southwestern Asia and the Mediterranean. Additionally, recent studies have reported its zoonotic potential through the formation of S. bovis×Schistosoma haematobium hybrids. As observed in the Schistosoma species infecting humans, it is assumed that S. bovis has also evolved host regulatory molecules that ensure its long-term survival in the bloodstream of its host. Since these molecules could be potential targets for the development of new drugs and anti-schistosome vaccines, their identification and functional characterization were undertaken. With this aim in mind, the molecular interface between S. bovis and its vertebrate host was subjected to a series of proteomic studies, which started with the analysis of the proteomes of the S. bovis moieties exposed to the host, namely, the excretory/secretory products and the tegument surface. Thus, a wealth of novel molecular information of S. bovis was obtained, which in turn allowed the identification of several parasite proteins with fibrinolytic and anticoagulant activities that could be used by S. bovis to regulate the host defensive systems. Following on, the host interface was investigated by studying the proteome of the host vascular endothelium surface at two points along the infection: in the lung vessels during the schistosomula migration and in the portal vein after the parasites have reached adulthood and sexual maturity. These studies have provided original data regarding the proteomes of the endothelial cell surface of pulmonary vasculature and portal vein in S. bovis-infected animals, and have shown significant changes in these proteomes associated with infection. This review compiles current information and the analyses of all the proteomic data from S. bovis and the S. bovis-host interface, including the molecular and functional characterization of S. bovis proteins that were found to participate in the regulation of the host coagulation and fibrinolysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo de la Torre-Escudero
- Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez
- Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Oleaga
- Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
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Comparative Cell Biology and Evolution of Annexins in Diplomonads. mSphere 2016; 1:mSphere00032-15. [PMID: 27303715 PMCID: PMC4863580 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00032-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexins are proteins that associate with phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent fashion. These proteins have been intensely studied in animals and plants because of their importance in diverse cellular processes, yet very little is known about annexins in single-celled eukaryotes, which represent the largest diversity of organisms. The human intestinal parasite Giardia intestinalis is known to have more annexins than humans, and they contribute to its pathogenic potential. In this study, we investigated the annexin complement in the salmon pathogen Spironucleus salmonicida, a relative of G. intestinalis. We found that S. salmonicida has a large repertoire of annexins and that the gene family has expanded separately across diplomonads, with members showing sequence diversity similar to that seen across kingdom-level groups such as plants and animals. S. salmonicida annexins are prominent components of the cytoskeleton and membrane. Two annexins are associated with a previously unrecognized structure in the anterior of the cell. Annexins are multifunctional, calcium-binding proteins found in organisms across all kingdoms. Most studies of annexins from single-celled eukaryotes have focused on the alpha-giardins, proteins assigned to the group E annexins, expressed by the diplomonad Giardia intestinalis. We have characterized the annexin gene family in another diplomonad parasite, Spironucleus salmonicida, by phylogenetic and experimental approaches. We constructed a comprehensive phylogeny of the diplomonad group E annexins and found that they are abundant across the group with frequent gene duplications and losses. The annexins of S. salmonicida were found to be related to alpha-giardins but with better-preserved type II Ca2+ coordination sites. Two annexins were confirmed to bind phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent fashion but with different specificities. Superresolution and confocal microscopy of epitope-tagged S. salmonicida annexins revealed localization to distinct parts of the cytoskeleton and membrane. The ultrastructural details of the localization of several annexins were determined by proximity labeling and transmission electron microscopy. Two annexins localize to a novel cytoskeletal structure in the anterior of the cell. Our results show that the annexin gene family is expanded in diplomonads and that these group E annexins are associated mostly with cytoskeletal and membrane structures. IMPORTANCE Annexins are proteins that associate with phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent fashion. These proteins have been intensely studied in animals and plants because of their importance in diverse cellular processes, yet very little is known about annexins in single-celled eukaryotes, which represent the largest diversity of organisms. The human intestinal parasite Giardia intestinalis is known to have more annexins than humans, and they contribute to its pathogenic potential. In this study, we investigated the annexin complement in the salmon pathogen Spironucleus salmonicida, a relative of G. intestinalis. We found that S. salmonicida has a large repertoire of annexins and that the gene family has expanded separately across diplomonads, with members showing sequence diversity similar to that seen across kingdom-level groups such as plants and animals. S. salmonicida annexins are prominent components of the cytoskeleton and membrane. Two annexins are associated with a previously unrecognized structure in the anterior of the cell.
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Song X, Hu D, Zhong X, Wang N, Gu X, Wang T, Peng X, Yang G. Characterization of a Secretory Annexin in Echinococcus granulosus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:626-33. [PMID: 26787154 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a widespread parasitic zoonosis causing economic loss and public health problems. Annexins are important proteins usually present in the plasma membrane, but previous studies have shown that an annexin B33 protein of E. granulosus (Eg-ANX) could be detected in the excretory/secretory products and cyst fluid. In this study, we cloned and characterized Eg-ANX. In silico analysis showed that the amino acid sequence of Eg-ANX was conserved and lacked any signal peptides. The phospholipid-binding activity of recombinant Eg-ANX (rEg-ANX) was tested; liposomes could bind to rEg-ANX only in the presence of Ca(2+). In addition, we performed western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses to further validate the secretory properties of Eg-ANX. The protein could be detected in the cyst fluid of E. granulosus and was also present in the intermediate host tissues, which suggested that Eg-ANX might play an important role in parasite-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingju Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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26
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Specific humoral response of hosts with variable schistosomiasis susceptibility. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:52-65. [PMID: 26044065 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The schistosome blood flukes are some of the largest global causes of parasitic morbidity. Further study of the specific antibody response during schistosomiasis may yield the vaccines and diagnostics needed to combat this disease. Therefore, for the purposes of antigen discovery, sera and antibody-secreting cell (ASC) probes from semi-permissive rats and sera from susceptible mice were used to screen a schistosome protein microarray. Following Schistosoma japonicum infection, rats had reduced pathology, increased antibody responses and broader antigen recognition profiles compared with mice. With successive infections, rat global serological reactivity and the number of recognized antigens increased. The local antibody response in rat skin and lung, measured with ASC probes, increased after parasite migration and contributed antigen-specific antibodies to the multivalent serological response. In addition, the temporal variation of anti-parasite serum antibodies after infection and reinfection followed patterns that appear related to the antigen driving the response. Among the 29 antigens differentially recognized by the infected hosts were numerous known vaccine candidates, drug targets and several S. japonicum homologs of human schistosomiasis resistance markers-the tegument allergen-like proteins. From this set, we prioritized eight proteins that may prove to be novel schistosome vaccine and diagnostic antigens.
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27
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Leow CY, Willis C, Hofmann A, Jones MK. Structure-function analysis of apical membrane-associated molecules of the tegument of schistosome parasites of humans: prospects for identification of novel targets for parasite control. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1653-63. [PMID: 25176442 PMCID: PMC4376446 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases are a group of some 17 diseases that afflict poor and predominantly rural people in developing nations. One significant disease that contributes to substantial morbidity in endemic areas is schistosomiasis, caused by infection with one of five species of blood fluke belonging to the trematode genus Schistosoma. Although there is one drug available for treatment of affected individuals in clinics, or for mass administration in endemic regions, there is a need for new therapies. A prominent target organ of schistosomes, either for drug or vaccine development, is the peculiar epithelial syncytium that forms the body wall (tegument) of this parasite. This dynamic layer is maintained and organized by concerted activity of a range of proteins, among which are the abundant tegumentary annexins. In this review, we will outline advances in structure-function analyses of these annexins, as a means to understanding tegument cell biology in host-parasite interaction and their potential exploitation as targets for anti-schistosomiasis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiuan Yee Leow
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of QueenslandGatton, Queensland, Australia
- Infectious Diseases, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerston, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains MalaysiaPenang, Malaysia
| | - Charlene Willis
- Infectious Diseases, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerston, Queensland, Australia
- Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute, Griffith UniversityBrisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute, Griffith UniversityBrisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of MelbourneParkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of QueenslandGatton, Queensland, Australia
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Toet H, Piedrafita DM, Spithill TW. Liver fluke vaccines in ruminants: strategies, progress and future opportunities. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:915-27. [PMID: 25200351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of a vaccine for Fasciola spp. in livestock is a challenge and would be advanced by harnessing our knowledge of acquired immune mechanisms expressed by resistant livestock against fluke infection. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity directed to the surface tegument of juvenile/immature flukes is a host immune effector mechanism, suggesting that antigens on the surface of young flukes may represent prime candidates for a fluke vaccine. A Type 1 immune response shortly after fluke infection is associated with resistance to infection in resistant sheep, indicating that vaccine formulations should attempt to induce Type 1 responses to enhance vaccine efficacy. In cattle or sheep, an optimal fluke vaccine would need to reduce mean fluke burdens in a herd below the threshold of 30-54 flukes to ensure sustainable production benefits. Fluke infection intensity data suggest that vaccine efficacy of approximately 80% is required to reduce fluke burdens below this threshold in most countries. With the increased global prevalence of triclabendazole-resistant Fasciolahepatica, it may be commercially feasible in the short term to introduce a fluke vaccine of reasonable efficacy that will provide economic benefits for producers in regions where chemical control of new drug-resistant fluke infections is not viable. Commercial partnerships will be needed to fast-track new candidate vaccines using acceptable adjuvants in relevant production animals, obviating the need to evaluate vaccine antigens in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Toet
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - David M Piedrafita
- School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria 3842, Australia
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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He L, Ren M, Chen X, Wang X, Li S, Lin J, Liang C, Liang P, Hu Y, Lei H, Bian M, Huang Y, Wu Z, Li X, Yu X. Biochemical and immunological characterization of annexin B30 from Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory products. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2743-55. [PMID: 24861011 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis has been classified as group I biological carcinogen for cholangiocarcinoma by the World Health Organization. Biological studies on excretory/secretory products (ESPs) enabled us to understand the pathogenesis mechanism of C. sinensis and develop new strategies for the prevention of clonorchiasis. In this study, sequence analysis showed that annexin B30 from C. sinensis (CsANXB30) is composed of four annexin repeats which were characterized by type II and III Ca(2+)-binding sites or KGD motif with the capability of Ca(2+)-binding. In addition, immunoblot assay revealed that recombinant CsANXB30 (rCsANXB30) could be recognized by the sera from rats infected with C. sinensis and the sera from rats immunized by CsESPs. Real-time PCR showed that its transcriptional level was the highest at the stage of metacercaria. Immunofluorescence assay was employed to confirm that CsANXB30 was distributed in the tegument, intestine, and egg of adult worms, as well as the tegument and vitellarium of metacercaria. rCsANXB30 was able to bind phospholipid in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner and human plasminogen in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, cytokine and antibody measurements indicated that rats subcutaneously immunized with rCsANXB30 developed a strong IL-10 production in spleen cells and a high level of IgG1 isotype, indicating that rCsANXB30 could trigger specific humoral and cellular immune response in rats. The present results implied that CsANXB30 might be involved in a host-parasite interaction and affected the immune response of the host during C. sinensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China,
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Chen W, Zhang HJ, Gu X, Shi Y, Qian Q, Yao DF, Lu SL. Overexpression of annexin A2 in hepatic tissue and serum of patients with HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1207-1213. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i9.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of annexin A2 (ANXA2) in hepatic tissue and serum of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: ANXA2 expression in HCC, tumor-adjacent precancerous and distal normal tissues was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. The cellular localization of ANXA2 in these specimens was detected by immunohistochemistry, and hepatic HBV DNA was detected by in situ hybridization technique. Levels of serum ANXA2 in patients with HCC or benign liver diseases were quantitatively detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS: Hepatic ANXA2 expression was localized in the cytoplasm and membrane of cells in cancerous tissues, and cytoplasm of cells in tumor adjacent cancerous tissues, but was undetectable in distal normal tissues (F = 498.221, P < 0.001). Overexpression of ANXA2 mRNA in cancerous tissues was significantly higher than that in tumor adjacent cancerous or distal normal tissues. ANXA expression was moderate to strong in cancerous tissues with HBV replication, but low in cancerous tissues without HBV replication (Z = 4.933, P < 0.001). Circulating ANXA2 levels in HCC patients were significantly higher than those in any group of other liver diseases (P < 0.01) except the metastatic liver cancer group. Serum levels of ANXA2 in patients with HCC were associated with HBV infection (t = 6.820, P < 0.001), extrahepatic metastasis (t = 3.191, P = 0.002), presence of portal vein thrombus (t = 2.859, P = 0.005), lower differentiation degree and TNM stage (P < 0.01), but not with patient sex, age, size or AFP level. Combined detection of serum ANXA2 and AFP substantially improved the diagnostic efficiency (96.5%).
CONCLUSION: Abnormal expression of ANXA2 in HBV-related HCC is useful for diagnosing HCC and understanding its pathogenesis.
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Leow CY, Willis C, Osman A, Mason L, Simon A, Smith BJ, Gasser RB, Jones MK, Hofmann A. Crystal structure and immunological properties of the first annexin from Schistosoma mansoni: insights into the structural integrity of the schistosomal tegument. FEBS J 2014; 281:1209-25. [PMID: 24428567 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major parasitic disease of humans, second only to malaria in its global impact. The disease is caused by digenean trematodes that infest the vasculature of their human hosts. These flukes are limited externally by a body wall composed of a syncytial epithelium, the apical surface membrane of which is a parasitism-adapted dual membrane complex. Annexins are thought to be of integral importance for the stability of this apical membrane system. Here, we present the first structural and immunobiochemical characterization of an annexin from Schistosoma mansoni. The crystal structure of annexin B22 confirms the presence of the previously predicted α-helical segment in the II/III linker and reveals a covalently linked head-to-head dimer. From the calcium-bound crystal structure of this protein, canonical type II, type III and B site positions are occupied, and a novel binding site has been identified. The dimer arrangement observed in the crystal structure suggests the presence of two prominent features, a potential non-canonical membrane binding site and a potential binding groove opposite to the former. Results from transcriptional profiling during development show that annexin B22 expression is correlated with life stages of the parasite that possess the syncytial tegument layer, and ultrastructural localization by immuno-electron microscopy confirms the occurrence of annexins in the tegument of S. mansoni. Data from membrane binding and aggregation assays indicate the presence of differential molecular mechanisms and support the hypothesis of annexin B22 providing structural integrity in the tegument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiuan Yee Leow
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia; Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia; Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Jia X, Schulte L, Loukas A, Pickering D, Pearson M, Mobli M, Jones A, Rosengren KJ, Daly NL, Gobert GN, Jones MK, Craik DJ, Mulvenna J. Solution structure, membrane interactions, and protein binding partners of the tetraspanin Sm-TSP-2, a vaccine antigen from the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7151-7163. [PMID: 24429291 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.531558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tetraspanins (TSPs) are a family of integral membrane proteins that are ubiquitously expressed at the surface of eukaryotic cells. TSPs mediate a range of processes at the surface of the plasma membrane by providing a scaffold for the assembly of protein complexes known as tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs). We report here the structure of the surface-exposed EC2 domain from Sm-TSP-2, a TSP from Schistosoma mansoni and one of the better prospects for the development of a vaccine against schistosomiasis. This is the first solution structure of this domain, and our investigations of its interactions with lipid micelles provide a general model for interactions between TSPs, membranes, and other proteins. Using chemical cross-linking, eight potential protein constituents of Sm-TSP-2-mediated TEMs were also identified. These include proteins important for membrane maintenance and repair, providing further evidence for the functional role of Sm-TSP-2- and Sm-TSP-2-mediated TEMs. The identification of calpain, Sm29, and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, themselves potential vaccine antigens, suggests that the Sm-TSP-2-mediated TEMs could be disrupted via multiple targets. The identification of further Sm-TSP-2-mediated TEM proteins increases the available candidates for multiplex vaccines and/or novel drugs targeting TEMs in the schistosome tegument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Jia
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Leigh Schulte
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Sciences, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Darren Pickering
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Mark Pearson
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Advanced Imaging, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alun Jones
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Karl J Rosengren
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Norelle L Daly
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Sciences, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jason Mulvenna
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Mason L, Amani P, Cross M, Baker J, Bailey UM, Jones MK, Gasser RB, Hofmann A. The Relevance of Structural Biology in Studying Molecules Involved in Parasite–Host Interactions: Potential for Designing New Interventions. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
New interventions against infectious diseases require a detailed knowledge and understanding of pathogen–host interactions and pathogeneses at the molecular level. The combination of the considerable advances in systems biology research with methods to explore the structural biology of molecules is poised to provide new insights into these areas. Importantly, exploring three-dimensional structures of proteins is central to understanding disease processes, and establishing structure–function relationships assists in identification and assessment of new drug and vaccine targets. Frequently, the molecular arsenal deployed by invading pathogens, and in particular parasites, reveals a common theme whereby families of proteins with conserved three-dimensional folds play crucial roles in infectious processes, but individual members of such families show high levels of specialisation, which is often achieved through grafting particular structural features onto the shared overall fold. Accordingly, the applicability of predictive methodologies based on the primary structure of proteins or genome annotations is limited, particularly when thorough knowledge of molecular-level mechanisms is required. Such instances exemplify the need for experimental three-dimensional structures provided by protein crystallography, which remain an essential component of this area of research. In the present article, we review two examples of key protein families recently investigated in our laboratories, which could represent intervention targets in the metabolome or secretome of parasites.
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Yang D, Chen L, Wu X, Zhou X, Li M, Chen Z, Nong X, Gu X, Peng X, Yang G. Expression of the Tpanxb1 gene from Taenia pisiformis and its potential diagnostic value by dot-ELISA. J Parasitol 2013; 100:246-50. [PMID: 24325657 DOI: 10.1645/13-304.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysticercosis, caused by the larvae of Taenia pisiformis, is a common disease in rabbits that results in economic losses. To date, there has been limited information available on the early detection of infection by this parasite. This study describes a dot-ELISA method based on an autologous antigen annexin B1 (Tpanxb1). Its potential for serodiagnosis of rabbit cysticercosis was also evaluated. Western blot analysis revealed that the recombinant Tpanxb1 (rTpanxb1) protein could be specifically recognized by rabbit anti-sera. In serum trials, the antibodies could be detected by dot-ELISA using rTpanxb1 at 14 days post-infection. The positive response was present for up to 49 days post-infection. Based on the necropsy results of 169 rabbit samples, the relative sensitivity and specificity of the dot-ELISA were 94.55% and 92.86%, respectively. This study provides a foundation for studying the immunological function of annexin and its application to control Taenia cestodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deying Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan Province, China
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Cantacessi C, Seddon JM, Miller TL, Leow CY, Thomas L, Mason L, Willis C, Walker G, Loukas A, Gasser RB, Jones MK, Hofmann A. A genome-wide analysis of annexins from parasitic organisms and their vectors. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2893. [PMID: 24113121 PMCID: PMC3795353 DOI: 10.1038/srep02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we conduct an in-depth analysis of annexin proteins from a diverse range of invertebrate taxa, including the major groups that contain the parasites and vector organisms that are harmful to humans and domestic animals. Using structure-based amino acid sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses, we present a classification for this protein group and assign names to sequences with ambiguous annotations in public databases. Our analyses reveal six distinct annexin clades, and the mapping of genes encoding annexins to the genome of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni supports the hypothesis of gene duplication as a major evolutionary event in annexin genesis. This study illuminates annexin diversity from a novel perspective using contemporary phylogenetic hypotheses of eukaryote evolution, and will aid the consolidation of annexin protein identities in public databases and provide a foundation for future functional analysis and characterisation of these proteins in parasites of socioeconomic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cantacessi
- 1] Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia [2]
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Silva LL, Marcet-Houben M, Nahum LA, Zerlotini A, Gabaldón T, Oliveira G. The Schistosoma mansoni phylome: using evolutionary genomics to gain insight into a parasite's biology. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:617. [PMID: 23148687 PMCID: PMC3534613 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma mansoni is one of the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that affects about 237 million people worldwide. Despite recent efforts, we still lack a general understanding of the relevant host-parasite interactions, and the possible treatments are limited by the emergence of resistant strains and the absence of a vaccine. The S. mansoni genome was completely sequenced and still under continuous annotation. Nevertheless, more than 45% of the encoded proteins remain without experimental characterization or even functional prediction. To improve our knowledge regarding the biology of this parasite, we conducted a proteome-wide evolutionary analysis to provide a broad view of the S. mansoni's proteome evolution and to improve its functional annotation. RESULTS Using a phylogenomic approach, we reconstructed the S. mansoni phylome, which comprises the evolutionary histories of all parasite proteins and their homologs across 12 other organisms. The analysis of a total of 7,964 phylogenies allowed a deeper understanding of genomic complexity and evolutionary adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle. In particular, the identification of lineage-specific gene duplications pointed to the diversification of several protein families that are relevant for host-parasite interaction, including proteases, tetraspanins, fucosyltransferases, venom allergen-like proteins, and tegumental-allergen-like proteins. In addition to the evolutionary knowledge, the phylome data enabled us to automatically re-annotate 3,451 proteins through a phylogenetic-based approach rather than solely sequence similarity searches. To allow further exploitation of this valuable data, all information has been made available at PhylomeDB (http://www.phylomedb.org). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we used an evolutionary approach to assess S. mansoni parasite biology, improve genome/proteome functional annotation, and provide insights into host-parasite interactions. Taking advantage of a proteome-wide perspective rather than focusing on individual proteins, we identified that this parasite has experienced specific gene duplication events, particularly affecting genes that are potentially related to the parasitic lifestyle. These innovations may be related to the mechanisms that protect S. mansoni against host immune responses being important adaptations for the parasite survival in a potentially hostile environment. Continuing this work, a comparative analysis involving genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data from other helminth parasites, other parasites, and vectors will supply more information regarding parasite's biology as well as host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lopes Silva
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou. Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-002, Brazil
- Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina Marcet-Houben
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laila Alves Nahum
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou. Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-002, Brazil
- Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Faculdade Infórium de Tecnologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-180, Brazil
| | - Adhemar Zerlotini
- Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Bioinformática, Embrapa Informática Agropecuária, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou. Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-002, Brazil
- Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Weeratunga SK, Osman A, Hu NJ, Wang CK, Mason L, Svärd S, Hope G, Jones MK, Hofmann A. Alpha-1 giardin is an annexin with highly unusual calcium-regulated mechanisms. J Mol Biol 2012; 423:169-81. [PMID: 22796298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-giardins constitute the annexin proteome (group E annexins) in the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia and, as such, represent the evolutionary oldest eukaryotic annexins. The dominance of alpha-giardins in the cytoskeleton of Giardia with its greatly reduced actin content emphasises the importance of the alpha-giardins for the structural integrity of the parasite, which is particularly critical in the transformation stage between cyst and trophozoite. In this study, we report the crystal structures of the apo- and calcium-bound forms of α1-giardin, a protein localised to the plasma membrane of Giardia trophozoites that has recently been identified as a vaccine target. The calcium-bound crystal structure of α1-giardin revealed the presence of a type III site in the first repeat as known from other annexin structures, as well as a novel calcium binding site situated between repeats I and IV. By means of comparison, the crystal structures of three different alpha-giardins known to date indicate that these proteins engage different calcium coordination schemes, among each other, as well as compared to annexins of groups A-D. Evaluation of the calcium-dependent binding to acidic phosphoplipid membranes revealed that this process is not only mediated but also regulated by the environmental calcium concentration. Uniquely within the large family of annexins, α1-giardin disengages from the phospholipid membrane at high calcium concentrations possibly due to formation of a dimeric species. The observed behaviour is in line with changing calcium levels experienced by the parasite during excystation and may thus provide first insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning the transformation and survival of the parasite in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroja K Weeratunga
- Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia
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Bandorowicz-Pikula J, Wos M, Pikula S. Do annexins participate in lipid messenger mediated intracellular signaling? A question revisited. Mol Membr Biol 2012; 29:229-42. [PMID: 22694075 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2012.693210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Annexins are physiologically important proteins that play a role in calcium buffering but also influence membrane structure, participate in Ca²⁺-dependent membrane repair events and in remodelling of the cytoskeleton. Thirty years ago several peptides isolated from lung perfusates, peritoneal leukocytes, neutrophiles and renal cells were proven inhibitory to the activity of phospholipase A₂. Those peptides were found to derive from structurally related proteins: annexins AnxA1 and AnxA2. These findings raised the question whether annexins may participate in regulation of the production of lipid second messengers and, therefore, modulate numerous lipid mediated signaling pathways in the cell. Recent advances in the field of annexins made also with the use of knock-out animal models revealed that these proteins are indeed important constituents of specific signaling pathways. In this review we provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that annexins, as membrane-binding proteins and organizers of the membrane lateral heterogeneity, may participate in lipid mediated signaling pathways by affecting the distribution and activity of lipid metabolizing enzymes (most of the reports point to phospholipase A₂) and of protein kinases regulating activity of these enzymes. Moreover, some experimental data suggest that annexins may directly interact with lipid metabolizing enzymes and, in a calcium-dependent or independent manner, with some of their substrates and products. On the basis of these observations, many investigators suggest that annexins are capable of linking Ca²⁺, redox and lipid signaling to coordinate vital cellular responses to the environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bandorowicz-Pikula
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PL 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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de la Torre-Escudero E, Manzano-Román R, Siles-Lucas M, Pérez-Sánchez R, Moyano JC, Barrera I, Oleaga A. Molecular and functional characterization of a Schistosoma bovis annexin: fibrinolytic and anticoagulant activity. Vet Parasitol 2011; 184:25-36. [PMID: 21889851 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Annexins belong to an evolutionarily conserved multigene family of proteins expressed throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. Although they are soluble cytosolic proteins that lack signal sequences, they have also been detected in extracellular fluids and have been associated with cell surface membranes, where they could be involved in anti-haemostatic and anti-inflammatory functions. Schistosome annexins have been identified on the parasite's tegument surface and excretory/secretory products, but their functions are still unknown. Here we report the cloning, sequencing, in silico analysis, and functional characterization of a Schistosoma bovis annexin. The predicted protein has typical annexin secondary and tertiary structures. Bioassays with the recombinant protein revealed that the protein is biologically active in vitro, showing fibrinolytic and anticoagulant properties. Finally, the expression of the native protein on the tegument surface of S. bovis schistosomula and adult worms is demonstrated, revealing the possibility of exposure to the host's immune system and thus offering a potential vaccine target for the control of schistosomiasis in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo de la Torre-Escudero
- Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca, Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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