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Hildebrandt ER, Sarkar A, Ravishankar R, Kim JH, Schmidt WK. Evaluating protein prenylation of human and viral CaaX sequences using a humanized yeast system. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050516. [PMID: 38818856 PMCID: PMC11152559 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Prenylated proteins are prevalent in eukaryotic biology (∼1-2% of proteins) and are associated with human disease, including cancer, premature aging and infections. Prenylated proteins with a C-terminal CaaX sequence are targeted by CaaX-type prenyltransferases and proteases. To aid investigations of these enzymes and their targets, we developed Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that express these human enzymes instead of their yeast counterparts. These strains were developed in part to explore human prenyltransferase specificity because of findings that yeast FTase has expanded specificity for sequences deviating from the CaaX consensus (i.e. atypical sequence and length). The humanized yeast strains displayed robust prenyltransferase activity against CaaX sequences derived from human and pathogen proteins containing typical and atypical CaaX sequences. The system also recapitulated prenylation of heterologously expressed human proteins (i.e. HRas and DNAJA2). These results reveal that substrate specificity is conserved for yeast and human farnesyltransferases but is less conserved for type I geranylgeranyltransferases. These yeast systems can be easily adapted for investigating the prenylomes of other organisms and are valuable new tools for helping define the human prenylome, which includes physiologically important proteins for which the CaaX modification status is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Hildebrandt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Anushka Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rajani Ravishankar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - June H. Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Walter K. Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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2
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Biasini L, Zamperin G, Pascoli F, Abbadi M, Buratin A, Marsella A, Panzarin V, Toffan A. Transcriptome Profiling of Oncorhynchus mykiss Infected with Low or Highly Pathogenic Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV). Microorganisms 2023; 12:57. [PMID: 38257883 PMCID: PMC10821180 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is the most important produced species in freshwater within the European Union, usually reared in intensive farming systems. This species is highly susceptible to viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), a severe systemic disease widespread globally throughout the world. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is the etiological agent and, recently, three classes of VHSV virulence (high, moderate, and low) have been proposed based on the mortality rates, which are strictly dependent on the viral strain. The molecular mechanisms that regulate VHSV virulence and the stimulated gene responses in the host during infection are not completely unveiled. While some preliminary transcriptomic studies have been reported in other fish species, to date there are no publications on rainbow trout. Herein, we report the first time-course RNA sequencing analysis on rainbow trout juveniles experimentally infected with high and low VHSV pathogenic Italian strains. Transcriptome analysis was performed on head kidney samples collected at different time points (1, 2, and 5 days post infection). A large set of notable genes were found to be differentially expressed (DEGs) in all the challenged groups (e.s. trim63a, acod1, cox-2, skia, hipk1, cx35.4, ins, mtnr1a, tlr3, tlr7, mda5, lgp2). Moreover, the number of DEGs progressively increased especially during time with a greater amount found in the group infected with the high VHSV virulent strain. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis highlighted that functions related to inflammation were modulated in rainbow trout during the first days of VHSV infection, regardless of the pathogenicity of the strain. While some functions showed slight differences in enrichments between the two infected groups, others appeared more exclusively modulated in the group challenged with the highly pathogenic strain.
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Hildebrandt ER, Sarkar A, Ravishankar R, Kim JH, Schmidt WK. A Humanized Yeast System for Evaluating the Protein Prenylation of a Wide Range of Human and Viral CaaX Sequences. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.19.558494. [PMID: 37786692 PMCID: PMC10541624 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.19.558494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The C-terminal CaaX sequence (cysteine-aliphatic-aliphatic-any of several amino acids) is subject to isoprenylation on the conserved cysteine and is estimated to occur in 1-2% of proteins within yeast and human proteomes. Recently, non-canonical CaaX sequences in addition to shorter and longer length CaX and CaaaX sequences have been identified that can be prenylated. Much of the characterization of prenyltransferases has relied on the yeast system because of its genetic tractability and availability of reporter proteins, such as the a-factor mating pheromone, Ras GTPase, and Ydj1 Hsp40 chaperone. To compare the properties of yeast and human prenyltransferases, including the recently expanded target specificity of yeast farnesyltransferase, we have developed yeast strains that express human farnesyltransferase or geranylgeranyltransferase-I in lieu of their yeast counterparts. The humanized yeast strains display robust prenyltransferase activity that functionally replaces yeast prenyltransferase activity in a wide array of tests, including the prenylation of a wide variety of canonical and non-canonical human CaaX sequences, virus encoded CaaX sequences, non-canonical length sequences, and heterologously expressed human proteins HRas and DNAJA2. These results reveal highly overlapping substrate specificity for yeast and human farnesyltransferase, and mostly overlapping substrate specificity for GGTase-I. This yeast system is a valuable tool for further defining the prenylome of humans and other organisms, identifying proteins for which prenylation status has not yet been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anushka Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia
| | | | - June H. Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia
| | - Walter K. Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia
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4
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Jung D, Bachmann HS. Regulation of protein prenylation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114915. [PMID: 37236024 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenyltransferases (PTases) are known to play a role in embryonic development, normal tissue homeostasis and cancer by posttranslationally modifying proteins involved in these processes. They are being discussed as potential drug targets in an increasing number of diseases, ranging from Alzheimer's disease to malaria. Protein prenylation and the development of specific PTase inhibitors (PTIs) have been subject to intense research in recent decades. Recently, the FDA approved lonafarnib, a specific farnesyltransferase inhibitor that acts directly on protein prenylation; and bempedoic acid, an ATP citrate lyase inhibitor that might alter intracellular isoprenoid composition, the relative concentrations of which can exert a decisive influence on protein prenylation. Both drugs represent the first approved agent in their respective substance class. Furthermore, an overwhelming number of processes and proteins that regulate protein prenylation have been identified over the years, many of which have been proposed as molecular targets for pharmacotherapy in their own right. However, certain aspects of protein prenylation, such as the regulation of PTase gene expression or the modulation of PTase activity by phosphorylation, have attracted less attention, despite their reported influence on tumor cell proliferation. Here, we want to summarize the advances regarding our understanding of the regulation of protein prenylation and the potential implications for drug development. Additionally, we want to suggest new lines of investigation that encompass the search for regulatory elements for PTases, especially at the genetic and epigenetic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Jung
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Hagen S Bachmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
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5
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Zheng X, Nie S, Feng WH. Regulation of antiviral immune response by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Virol Sin 2022; 37:157-167. [PMID: 35278697 PMCID: PMC9170969 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and acute hemorrhagic viral disease with a high mortality approaching 100% in domestic pigs. ASF is an endemic in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Now, it has been spreading to many countries, especially in Asia and Europe. Due to the fact that there is no commercial vaccine available for ASF to provide sustainable prevention, the disease has spread rapidly worldwide and caused great economic losses in swine industry. The knowledge gap of ASF virus (ASFV) pathogenesis and immune evasion is the main factor to limit the development of safe and effective ASF vaccines. Here, we will summarize the molecular mechanisms of how ASFV interferes with the host innate and adaptive immune responses. An in-depth understanding of ASFV immune evasion strategies will provide us with rational design of ASF vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shengming Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Munoz MA, Fletcher EK, Skinner OP, Jurczyluk J, Kristianto E, Hodson MP, Sun S, Ebetino FH, Croucher DR, Hansbro PM, Center JR, Rogers MJ. Bisphosphonate drugs have actions in the lung and inhibit the mevalonate pathway in alveolar macrophages. eLife 2021; 10:e72430. [PMID: 34967731 PMCID: PMC8718110 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates drugs target the skeleton and are used globally for the treatment of common bone disorders. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates act by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway in bone-resorbing osteoclasts but, surprisingly, also appear to reduce the risk of death from pneumonia. We overturn the long-held belief that these drugs act only in the skeleton and show that a fluorescently labelled bisphosphonate is internalised by alveolar macrophages and large peritoneal macrophages in vivo. Furthermore, a single dose of a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (zoledronic acid) in mice was sufficient to inhibit the mevalonate pathway in tissue-resident macrophages, causing the build-up of a mevalonate metabolite and preventing protein prenylation. Importantly, one dose of bisphosphonate enhanced the immune response to bacterial endotoxin in the lung and increased the level of cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar fluid. These studies suggest that bisphosphonates, as well as preventing bone loss, may boost immune responses to infection in the lung and provide a mechanistic basis to fully examine the potential of bisphosphonates to help combat respiratory infections that cause pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia A Munoz
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Emma K Fletcher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Oliver P Skinner
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Julie Jurczyluk
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Esther Kristianto
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Innovation CentreSydneyAustralia
| | - Mark P Hodson
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Innovation CentreSydneyAustralia
- School of Pharmacy, University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaAustralia
| | - Shuting Sun
- BioVincPasadenaUnited States
- University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | | | - David R Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Jacqueline R Center
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Michael J Rogers
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
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Sharifi Y, Payab M, Mohammadi-Vajari E, Aghili SMM, Sharifi F, Mehrdad N, Kashani E, Shadman Z, Larijani B, Ebrahimpur M. Association between cardiometabolic risk factors and COVID-19 susceptibility, severity and mortality: a review. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:1743-1765. [PMID: 34222055 PMCID: PMC8233632 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, which began spreading from China Wuhan and gradually spreaded to most countries, led to the announcement by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, as a new pandemic. The most important point presented by the World Health Organization about this disease is to better understand the risk factors that exacerbate the course of the disease and worsen its prognosis. Due to the high majority of cardio metabolic risk factors like obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia among the population over 60 years old and higher, these cardio metabolic risk factors along with the age of these people could worsen the prognosis of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) and its mortality. In this study, we aimed to review the articles from the beginning of the pandemic on the impression of cardio metabolic risk factors on COVID-19 and the effectiveness of COVID-19 on how to manage these diseases. All the factors studied in this article, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and obesity exacerbate the course of Covid-19 disease by different mechanisms, and the inflammatory process caused by coronavirus can also create a vicious cycle in controlling these diseases for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Sharifi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Yaas Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 US
| | - Moloud Payab
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Mohammadi-Vajari
- Student of Medicine, School of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Seyed Morsal Mosallami Aghili
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Sharifi
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Mehrdad
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Kashani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Zhaleh Shadman
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahbube Ebrahimpur
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Malhi M, Norris MJ, Duan W, Moraes TJ, Maynes JT. Statin-mediated disruption of Rho GTPase prenylation and activity inhibits respiratory syncytial virus infection. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1239. [PMID: 34716403 PMCID: PMC8556396 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe respiratory tract infections in children. To uncover new antiviral therapies, we developed a live cell-based high content screening approach for rapid identification of RSV inhibitors and characterized five drug classes which inhibit the virus. Among the molecular targets for each hit, there was a strong functional enrichment in lipid metabolic pathways. Modulation of lipid metabolites by statins, a key hit from our screen, decreases the production of infectious virus through a combination of cholesterol and isoprenoid-mediated effects. Notably, RSV infection globally upregulates host protein prenylation, including the prenylation of Rho GTPases. Treatment by statins or perillyl alcohol, a geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitor, reduces infection in vitro. Of the Rho GTPases assayed in our study, a loss in Rac1 activity strongly inhibits the virus through a decrease in F protein surface expression. Our findings provide new insight into the importance of host lipid metabolism to RSV infection and highlight geranylgeranyltransferases as an antiviral target for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Malhi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Norris
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wenming Duan
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason T Maynes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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9
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Ianevski A, Yao R, Zusinaite E, Lysvand H, Oksenych V, Tenson T, Bjørås M, Kainov D. Active Components of Commonly Prescribed Medicines Affect Influenza A Virus-Host Cell Interaction: A Pilot Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081537. [PMID: 34452402 PMCID: PMC8402715 DOI: 10.3390/v13081537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Every year, millions of people are hospitalized and thousands die from influenza A virus (FLUAV) infection. Most cases of hospitalizations and death occur among the elderly. Many of these elderly patients are reliant on medical treatment of underlying chronic diseases, such as arthritis, diabetes, and hypertension. We hypothesized that the commonly prescribed medicines for treatment of underlying chronic diseases can affect host responses to FLUAV infection and thus contribute to the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether commonly prescribed medicines could affect host responses to virus infection in vitro. Methods: We first identified 45 active compounds from a list of commonly prescribed medicines. Then, we constructed a drug-target interaction network and identified the potential implication of these interactions for FLUAV-host cell interplay. Finally, we tested the effect of 45 drugs on the viability, transcription, and metabolism of mock- and FLUAV-infected human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Results: In silico drug-target interaction analysis revealed that drugs such as atorvastatin, candesartan, and hydroxocobalamin could target and modulate FLUAV-host cell interaction. In vitro experiments showed that at non-cytotoxic concentrations, these compounds affected the transcription and metabolism of FLUAV- and mock-infected cells. Conclusion: Many commonly prescribed drugs were found to modulate FLUAV-host cell interactions in silico and in vitro and could therefore affect their interplay in vivo, thus contributing to the morbidity and mortality of patients with influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Ianevski
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rouan Yao
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eva Zusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hilde Lysvand
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Denis Kainov
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Suazo KF, Park KY, Distefano MD. A Not-So-Ancient Grease History: Click Chemistry and Protein Lipid Modifications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7178-7248. [PMID: 33821625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein lipid modification involves the attachment of hydrophobic groups to proteins via ester, thioester, amide, or thioether linkages. In this review, the specific click chemical reactions that have been employed to study protein lipid modification and their use for specific labeling applications are first described. This is followed by an introduction to the different types of protein lipid modifications that occur in biology. Next, the roles of click chemistry in elucidating specific biological features including the identification of lipid-modified proteins, studies of their regulation, and their role in diseases are presented. A description of the use of protein-lipid modifying enzymes for specific labeling applications including protein immobilization, fluorescent labeling, nanostructure assembly, and the construction of protein-drug conjugates is presented next. Concluding remarks and future directions are presented in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiall F Suazo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Keun-Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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11
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Pronin AV, Narovlyansky AN, Sanin AV. New Approaches to the Prevention and Treatment of Viral Diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2021; 69:10. [PMID: 33811524 PMCID: PMC8019082 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00613-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The review discusses a new approach to the prevention and treatment of viral infections based on the use of pine needles polyprenyl phosphate (PPP) and associated with the infringement of prenylation process-the attachment of farnesol or geranyl geraniol to the viral protein. Currently, prenylation has been detected in type 1 adenovirus, hepatitis C virus, several herpes viruses, influenza virus, HIV. However, this list is far from complete, given that prenylated proteins play an extremely important role in the activity of the virus. We assume that the interferon produced in response to PPP may suppress expression of the SREBP2 transcription factor. As a result, the mevalonic acid pathway is violated and, as a result, the formation of early polyprenols precursors (geraniol, geranyl geraniol, farnesol), which are necessary for the prenylation of viral proteins, is blocked and the formation of mature, virulent virus particles is broken. As a consequence, the maturation of viral particles is inhibited, and defective particles are formed. Polyprenol was extracted from greenery (pine, fir and spruce needles, mulberry leaves, etc.), purified by chromatography, phosphorylated and identified by HPLC and NMR. Obtained PPP was used as antiviral in some experimental models in vitro and in vivo. During numerous studies, it was found that PPP manifested versatile antiviral effects, both in vitro and in vivo. The maximum effect was observed with viruses in which the presence of prenylated proteins was established, namely influenza A virus, HIV-1, tick-borne encephalitis virus, hepatitis A and C viruses, herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2, some coronavirus. The available data obtained both in the experimental conditions and during clinical trials allow us to regard PPPs as safe and effective medicine for prevention and treatment of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Pronin
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Gamaleya 18, Moscow, Russia, 123098.
| | - Alexander N Narovlyansky
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Gamaleya 18, Moscow, Russia, 123098
| | - Alexander V Sanin
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Gamaleya 18, Moscow, Russia, 123098
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12
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Losada de la Lastra A, Hassan S, Tate EW. Deconvoluting the biology and druggability of protein lipidation using chemical proteomics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 60:97-112. [PMID: 33221680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are indispensable cellular building blocks, and their post-translational attachment to proteins makes them important regulators of many biological processes. Dysfunction of protein lipidation is also implicated in many pathological states, yet its systematic analysis presents significant challenges. Thanks to innovations in chemical proteomics, lipidation can now be readily studied by metabolic tagging using functionalized lipid analogs, enabling global profiling of lipidated substrates using mass spectrometry. This has spearheaded the first deconvolution of their full scope in a range of contexts, from cells to pathogens and multicellular organisms. Protein N-myristoylation, S-acylation, and S-prenylation are the most well-studied lipid post-translational modifications because of their extensive contribution to the regulation of diverse cellular processes. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the study of these post-translational modifications, with an emphasis on how novel mass spectrometry methods have elucidated their roles in fundamental biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Losada de la Lastra
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Sarah Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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Zhang J, Peng Q, Zhao W, Sun W, Yang J, Liu N. Proteomics in Influenza Research: The Emerging Role of Posttranslational Modifications. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:110-121. [PMID: 33348980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses continue evolving and have the ability to cause a global pandemic, so it is very important to elucidate its pathogenesis and find new treatment methods. In recent years, proteomics has made important contributions to describing the dynamic interaction between influenza viruses and their hosts, especially in posttranslational regulation of a variety of key biological processes. Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) increase the diversity of functionality of the organismal proteome and affect almost all aspects of pathogen biology, primarily by regulating the structure, function, and localization of the modified proteins. Considerable technical achievements in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have been made in a large number of proteome-wide surveys of PTMs in many different organisms. Herein we specifically focus on the proteomic studies regarding a variety of PTMs that occur in both the influenza viruses, mainly influenza A viruses (IAVs), and their hosts, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modification, glycosylation, methylation, acetylation, and some types of acylation. Integration of these data sets provides a unique scenery of the global regulation and interplay of different PTMs during the interaction between IAVs and their hosts. Various techniques used to globally profiling these PTMs, mostly MS-based approaches, are discussed regarding their increasing roles in mechanical regulation of interaction between influenza viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Qisheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Weizheng Zhao
- Clinical Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Wanchun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Jingbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Central Laboratory, Jilin University Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
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Sun H, Wang J, Xing Y, Pan YH, Mao X. Gut transcriptomic changes during hibernation in the greater horseshoe bat ( Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Front Zool 2020; 17:21. [PMID: 32690984 PMCID: PMC7366455 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-00366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut is the major organ for nutrient absorption and immune response in the body of animals. Although effects of fasting on the gut functions have been extensively studied in model animals (e.g. mice), little is known about the response of the gut to fasting in a natural condition (e.g. hibernation). During hibernation, animals endure the long term of fasting and hypothermia. Results Here we generated the first gut transcriptome in a wild hibernating bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). We identified 1614 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during four physiological states (Torpor, Arousal, Winter Active and Summer Active). Gene co-expression network analysis assigns 926 DEGs into six modules associated with Torpor and Arousal. Our results reveal that in response to the stress of luminal nutrient deficiency during hibernation, the gut helps to reduce food intake by overexpressing genes (e.g. CCK and GPR17) that regulate the sensitivity to insulin and leptin. At the same time, the gut contributes energy supply by overexpressing genes that increase capacity for ketogenesis (HMGCS2) and selective autophagy (TEX264). Furthermore, we identified separate sets of multiple DEGs upregulated in Torpor and Arousal whose functions are involved in innate immunity. Conclusion This is the first gut transcriptome of a hibernating mammal. Our study identified candidate genes associated with regulation of food intake and enhance of innate immunity in the gut during hibernation. By comparing with previous studies, we found that two DEGs (CPE and HSPA8) were also significantly elevated during torpor in liver and brain of R. ferrumequinum and several DEGs (e.g. TXNIP and PDK1/4) were commonly upregulated during torpor in multiple tissues of different mammals. Our results support that shared expression changes may underlie the hibernation phenotype by most mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Sun
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Yutong Xing
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Yi-Hsuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Xiuguang Mao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
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15
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Schmidt NM, Wing PAC, McKeating JA, Maini MK. Cholesterol-modifying drugs in COVID-19. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 1:iqaa001. [PMID: 33047740 PMCID: PMC7337782 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrom coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is more likely to lead to poor outcomes in the elderly and those with cardiovascular disease, obesity or metabolic syndrome. Here, we consider mechanisms by which dyslipidaemia and the use of cholesterol-modifying drugs could influence the virus-host relationship. Cholesterol is essential for the assembly, replication and infectivity of enveloped virus particles; we highlight several cholesterol-modifying drugs with the potential to alter the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle that could be tested in in vitro and in vivo models. Although cholesterol is an essential component of immune cell membranes, excess levels can dysregulate protective immunity and promote exaggerated pulmonary and systemic inflammatory responses. Statins block the production of multiple sterols, oxysterols and isoprenoids, resulting in a pleiotropic range of context-dependent effects on virus infectivity, immunity and inflammation. We highlight antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of cholesterol-modifying drugs that merit further consideration in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Schmidt
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter A C Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
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16
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Clemente GS, Rickmeier J, Antunes IF, Zarganes-Tzitzikas T, Dömling A, Ritter T, Elsinga PH. [ 18F]Atorvastatin: synthesis of a potential molecular imaging tool for the assessment of statin-related mechanisms of action. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:34. [PMID: 32296962 PMCID: PMC7158976 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Statins are lipid-lowering agents that inhibit cholesterol synthesis and are clinically used in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, a considerable group of patients does not respond to statin treatment, and the reason for this is still not completely understood. [18F]Atorvastatin, the 18F-labeled version of one of the most widely prescribed statins, may be a useful tool for statin-related research. Results [18F]Atorvastatin was synthesized via an optimized ruthenium-mediated late-stage 18F-deoxyfluorination. The defluoro-hydroxy precursor was produced via Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis and was followed by coordination of the phenol to a ruthenium complex, affording the labeling precursor in approximately 10% overall yield. Optimization and automation of the labeling procedure reliably yielded an injectable solution of [18F]atorvastatin in 19% ± 6% (d.c.) with a molar activity of 65 ± 32 GBq·μmol−1. Incubation of [18F]atorvastatin in human serum did not lead to decomposition. Furthermore, we have shown the ability of [18F]atorvastatin to cross the hepatic cell membrane to the cytosolic and microsomal fractions where HMG-CoA reductase is known to be highly expressed. Blocking assays using rat liver sections confirmed the specific binding to HMG-CoA reductase. Autoradiography on rat aorta stimulated to develop atherosclerotic plaques revealed that [18F]atorvastatin significantly accumulates in this tissue when compared to the healthy model. Conclusions The improved ruthenium-mediated 18F-deoxyfluorination procedure overcomes previous hurdles such as the addition of salt additives, the drying steps, or the use of different solvent mixtures at different phases of the process, which increases its practical use, and may allow faster translation to clinical settings. Based on tissue uptake evaluations, [18F]atorvastatin showed the potential to be used as a tool for the understanding of the mechanism of action of statins. Further knowledge of the in vivo biodistribution of [18F]atorvastatin may help to better understand the origin of off-target effects and potentially allow to distinguish between statin-resistant and non-resistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo S Clemente
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging - University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Rickmeier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Inês F Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging - University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tryfon Zarganes-Tzitzikas
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging - University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Liu B, Zhang X, Zhang W, Wu L, Jing S, Liu W, Xia B, Zou F, Lu L, Ma X, He D, Hu Q, Zhang Y, Deng K, Cai W, Tang X, Peng T, Zhang H, Li L. Lovastatin Inhibits HIV-1-Induced MHC-I Downregulation by Targeting Nef-AP-1 Complex Formation: A New Strategy to Boost Immune Eradication of HIV-1 Infected Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2151. [PMID: 31572371 PMCID: PMC6749138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Current combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) mainly targets 3 of the 15 HIV proteins leaving many potential viral vulnerabilities unexploited. To purge the HIV-1 latent reservoir, various strategies including “shock and kill” have been developed. A key question is how to restore impaired immune surveillance. HIV-1 protein Nef has long been known to mediate the downregulation of cell-surface MHC-I and assist HIV-1 to evade the immune system. Through high throughput screening of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs, we identified lovastatin, a statin drug, to significantly antagonize Nef to downregulate MHC-I, CD4, and SERINC5, and inhibit the intrinsic infectivity of virions. In addition, lovastatin boosted autologous CTLs to eradicate the infected cells and effectively inhibit the subsequent viral rebound in CD4+ T-lymphocytes isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals receiving suppressive cART. Furthermore, we found that lovastatin inhibits Nef-induced MHC-I downregulation by directly binding with Nef and disrupting the Nef–AP-1 complex. These results demonstrate that lovastatin is a promising agent for counteracting Nef-mediated downregulation of MHC-I, CD4, and SERINC5. Lovastatin could potentially be used in the clinic to enhance anti-HIV-1 immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuliang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baijin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Therapy, Qianyang Biomedical Research Institute, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Women and Children Hospital, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dalian He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Therapy, Qianyang Biomedical Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Therapy, Qianyang Biomedical Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linghua Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Guerra-De-Blas PDC, Torres-González P, Bobadilla-Del-Valle M, Sada-Ovalle I, Ponce-De-León-Garduño A, Sifuentes-Osornio J. Potential Effect of Statins on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7617023. [PMID: 30581876 PMCID: PMC6276473 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7617023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the 10 leading causes of death in the world. The current treatment is based on a combination of antimicrobials administered for six months. It is essential to find therapeutic agents with which the treatment time can be shortened and strengthen the host immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis needs cholesterol to infect and survive inside the host, but the progression of the infection depends to a large extent on the capacity of the immune response to contain the infection. Statins inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol and have pleiotropic effects on the immune system, which have been associated with better results in the treatment of several infectious diseases. Recently, it has been reported that cells treated with statins are more resistant to M. tuberculosis infection, and they have even been proposed as adjuvants in the treatment of M. tuberculosis infection. The aim of this review is to summarize the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis and its mechanisms of evasion and to compile the available scientific information on the effect of statins in the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Del Carmen Guerra-De-Blas
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pedro Torres-González
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam Bobadilla-Del-Valle
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Sada-Ovalle
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ponce-De-León-Garduño
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Sifuentes-Osornio
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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