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Liu S, Wang Y, Huang F, Wang H, Yang R, Yang Q, He G, Chen B, Dong R. Associations of exposure to melamine, cyanuric acid, phthalates with markers of early kidney impairment, and their interactions in US adults: analyses of NHANES 2003-2004 data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:79516-79528. [PMID: 35715676 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (MEL), cyanuric acid (CYA), and phthalates have kidney toxicity, respectively. Still, no study has explored whether there is an interaction of co-exposure to MEL, CYA, and phthalates on early kidney impairment, including cystatin C (CYST), beta 2-microglobulin (β2-MG), albumin creatinine ratio (ACR), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Urine samples were collected from 333 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004, and urinary MEL, CYA, and ten metabolites of phthalates were quantified. The multiple markers of early kidney impairment were also measured, including serum CYST, β2-MG, urinary ACR, and eGFR. Their associations were explored by multiple linear and multivariate logistic regression models. Meanwhile, the interactions of co-exposure to MEL, CYA, and phthalates on early kidney impairment were analyzed by Wilcoxon rank-sum test combined with the LSD test. In the multiple linear regression model, urinary concentrations of monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), and mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) were positively associated with urinary ACR, serum β2-MG, and CYST, respectively. Urinary concentrations of MBzP and MCPP were negatively associated with eGFR. In the multivariate logistic regression model, increased urinary CYA concentration was the risk factor of CYST abnormality with an odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval, 95% CI) of 2.38 (1.01, 5.60) (P = 0.047) and increased urinary MBzP concentration was the risk factor of ACR abnormality with an OR of 2.59 (1.41, 4.75) (P = 0.002). The co-exposure to MEL, CYA, and four phthalate metabolites (MEHP, MBzP, MCPP, and MECPP) presented significantly interactive effects on the markers of early kidney impairment, respectively. There were the independent and interactive effects of exposure to MEL, CYA, and specific phthalate metabolites on early kidney impairment. Due to co-exposure to multiple environmental chemicals in our daily life, more attention should be paid to the health damage raised by the synergistic effects of environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Feifei Huang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hangwei Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ruoru Yang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qifan Yang
- Chemical Laboratory, Jing'an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200041, China
| | - Gengsheng He
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ruihua Dong
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Kim S, Wand J, Magana-Ramirez C, Fraij J. Logistic Regression Models with Unspecified Low Dose-Response Relationships and Experimental Designs for Hormesis Studies. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2021; 41:92-109. [PMID: 32885437 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hormesis refers to a nonmonotonic (biphasic) dose-response relationship in toxicology, environmental science, and related fields. In the presence of hormesis, a low dose of a toxic agent may have a lower risk than the risk at the control dose, and the risk may increase at high doses. When the sample size is small due to practical, logistic, and ethical considerations, a parametric model may provide an efficient approach to hypothesis testing at the cost of adopting a strong assumption, which is not guaranteed to be true. In this article, we first consider alternative parameterizations based on the traditional three-parameter logistic regression. The new parameterizations attempt to provide robustness to model misspecification by allowing an unspecified dose-response relationship between the control dose and the first nonzero experimental dose. We then consider experimental designs including the uniform design (the same sample size per dose group) and the c -optimal design (minimizing the standard error of an estimator for a parameter of interest). Our simulation studies showed that (1) the c -optimal design under the traditional three-parameter logistic regression does not help reducing an inflated Type I error rate due to model misspecification, (2) it is helpful under the new parameterization with three parameters (Type I error rate is close to a fixed significance level), and (3) the new parameterization with four parameters and the c -optimal design does not reduce statistical power much while preserving the Type I error rate at a fixed significance level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kim
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, California State University, Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wand
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, California State University, Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, USA
| | - Christina Magana-Ramirez
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, California State University, Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, USA
| | - Jenel Fraij
- Department of Mathematics, Hartnell College, Salinas, CA, USA
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Wang L, Dou T, Li S, Liu Y. Transcriptome profiling and pathway analysis of the effects of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in mouse Sertoli cells. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2821-2829. [PMID: 30906470 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are confirmed to have toxic effects on the reproductive system and are likely to have further damaging actions in humans. The present study explored the molecular mechanisms of the toxic effect of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) on mouse Sertoli cells. Cell apoptosis and proliferation assays were used to assess the effects of MEHP on the TM4 Sertoli cell line derived from mouse testes. TM4 cells were treated with two doses of MEHP or left untreated as a control group, followed by RNA extraction and analysis using high-throughput transcriptome sequencing technology. The gene expression profile obtained was then subjected to a bioinformatics analysis to explore the molecular mechanisms of reproductive toxicity. The results revealed that 528 and 269 genes were upregulated in the high- and low-dose MEHP groups of cells compared with the control group, while 148 and 173 genes were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that the differently expressed genes were associated with the GO term 'extracellular region' of the cellular component domain in the high and low MEHP groups. Compared with the control group, eight common pathway changes were identified in the high- and low-dose MEHP groups, including 'terpenoid backbone biosynthesis'. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to validation, and hermetic effects were observed for certain genes. These results provide an important basis and experimental data for further research into the mechanisms of phthalate-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of The Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
| | - Tonghai Dou
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of The Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, National Quality Supervision and Inspection Center for Food Products (Shanghai), Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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Chen J, Zhou X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Cao C, Dong R, Yuan Y, Wang M, Lu Y, Wu M, Li S, Chen B. Association between urinary concentration of phthalate metabolites and impaired renal function in Shanghai adults. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:149-162. [PMID: 30415034 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to phthalates is reported to be associated with increased incidence of microalbuminuria and low-grade albuminuria in children and adolescents. However, this phenomenon of phthalate-related nephrotoxicity is unknown in adults. METHODS Urine samples of 1663 adults from the 2012 Shanghai Food Consumption Survey (SHFCS) were measured for 10 metabolites of 6 phthalates and for renal function parameters. Their associations were explored by linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that all three renal function parameters (albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), β2-microglobulin (B2M), and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG)) are positively associated with six metabolites, including mono-benzylphthalate (MBzP), mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyphthalate (MEOHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexylphthalate (MEHHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentylphthalate (MECPP), and mono-2-carboxymethyl-hexyl phthalate (MCMHP) (P < 0.05). Logistic analysis showed that the prevalence of hyperALBuria, hyperB2Muria, hyperNAGuria, or potentially impaired renal function (PIRF) were positively associated with urinary levels of MBzP, MEOHP, and MECPP, respectively (P < 0.05). Co-exposure to identified risk metabolites monoethylphthalate (MEP), MBzP, MEHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MEHHP, and MCMHP increased the risk of having impaired renal function. CONCLUSION Certain metabolites of phthalates, including bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and benzyle butyl phthalate (BBzP), were associated with impaired renal function in Shanghai adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yueming Liu
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chen Cao
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ruihua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yaqun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA.
| | - Min Wu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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A web-based tool for designing experimental studies to detect hormesis and estimate the threshold dose. Stat Pap (Berl) 2018; 59:1307-1324. [PMID: 30930546 DOI: 10.1007/s00362-018-1038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hormesis has been widely observed and debated in a variety of context in biomedicine and toxicological sciences. Detecting its presence can be an important problem with wide ranging implications. However, there is little work on constructing an efficient experiment to detect its existence or estimate the threshold dose. We use optimal design theory to develop a variety of locally optimal designs to detect hormesis, estimate the threshold dose and the zero-equivalent point (ZEP) for commonly used models in toxicology and risk assessment. To facilitate use of more efficient designs to detect hormesis, estimate threshold dose and estimate the ZEP in practice, we implement computer algorithms and create a user-friendly web site to help the biomedical researcher generate different types of optimal designs. The online tool facilitates the user to evaluate robustness properties of a selected design to various model assumptions and compare designs before implementation.
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Kim SB, Bartell SM, Gillen DL. Inference for the existence of hormetic dose-response relationships in toxicology studies. Biostatistics 2016; 17:523-36. [PMID: 26873961 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In toxicology studies hormesis refers to a dose-response relationship with a stimulatory response at low doses and an inhibitory response at high doses. In this manuscript, we particularly focus on a J-shaped dose-response relationship for binary cancer responses. We propose and examine two new flexible models for testing the hypothesis of hormesis in a Bayesian framework. The first model is parametric and enhances the flexibility of modeling a hormetic zone by using a non-linear predictor in a multistage model. The second model is non-parametric and allows multiple model specifications, weighting the contribution of each model via Bayesian model averaging (BMA). Simulation studies show that the non-parametric modeling approach with BMA provides robust sensitivity and specificity for detecting hormesis relative to the parametric approach, regardless of the shape of a hormetic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Kim
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, California State University, Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955, USA
| | - Scott M Bartell
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Daniel L Gillen
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Kim SB, Bartell SM, Gillen DL. Estimation of a benchmark dose in the presence or absence of hormesis using posterior averaging. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2015; 35:396-408. [PMID: 25384940 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
U.S. Environment Protection Agency benchmark doses for dichotomous cancer responses are often estimated using a multistage model based on a monotonic dose-response assumption. To account for model uncertainty in the estimation process, several model averaging methods have been proposed for risk assessment. In this article, we extend the usual parameter space in the multistage model for monotonicity to allow for the possibility of a hormetic dose-response relationship. Bayesian model averaging is used to estimate the benchmark dose and to provide posterior probabilities for monotonicity versus hormesis. Simulation studies show that the newly proposed method provides robust point and interval estimation of a benchmark dose in the presence or absence of hormesis. We also apply the method to two data sets on carcinogenic response of rats to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Kim
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Testing constancy in monotone response models. Comput Stat Data Anal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csda.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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