1
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Al-Qahtani SD, Al-Senani GM. Green and sustainable smart wooden system integrated with cellulose nanowhiskers-supported polyvinyl alcohol and anthocyanin biomolecules to monitor food freshness. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 318:124497. [PMID: 38795527 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Smart packaging materials have been used to protect human health from environmental hazards by sending real-time colorimetric signals for changes in the food packaging environment. However, the colorimetric material sensors use synthetic sensor dyes, which are toxic, expensive, non-biodegradable, and difficult to prepare. Herein, a simple strategy is presented for the development of an environmentally-friendly halochromic wood able to change color upon exposure to spoilage of food. A combination of anthocyanin (Ac)/aluminum (Al) mordant (Ac/Al) nanoparticles and cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW)-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was infiltrated into a delignified wood to produce a translucent wood with halochromic properties. CNW were employed as reinforcement agent to improve the mechanical performance of PVA. Additionally, CNW function as a dispersing agent to prevent agglomeration of Ac/Al nanoparticles. The diameters of CNW are in the range of 12-19 nm, whereas Ac/Al particles showed diameters of 9-22 nm. The smart wood changed color from purplish to colorless when exposed to food spoilage. A hypsochromic change from 539 nm to 370 nm was shown by the anthocyanin receptor when the spoilage level of food increased. This could be attributed to the pH-driven molecular switching of anthocyanin, leading to charge delocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salhah D Al-Qahtani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadah M Al-Senani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Ritter M, Stricker L, Burgert I, Panzarasa G. Chemiluminescent wood. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122166. [PMID: 38823895 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Wood materials incorporating new properties are of great interest, especially for advanced applications such as sustainable optics and photonics. In this work we describe a wood functionalization approach, comprising the incorporation of artificial chemiluminescent systems (phenyl oxalate ester‑hydrogen peroxide-fluorophore, and luminol-ferricyanide), resulting in light-emitting wood. By a detailed characterisation of the light emission features we point out the complex interaction between wood scaffold and chemiluminescent systems, especially the quenching effect of wood extractives (for the TCPO-H2O2-fluorophore system) and lignin (for the luminol-ferricyanide system). Moreover, we take advantage of the intrinsic anisotropic porosity and capillarity of wood tissue to study the chemiluminescent front propagation. Our results may inspire the development of novel light-emitting wood materials for a variety of applications, from fundamental studies of water uptake in wood to sensors and even design elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Ritter
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; WoodTec group, Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Laura Stricker
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; WoodTec group, Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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3
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Albalawi MA. Modification of wood lignin and integration with multifunctional polyester nanocomposite. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131466. [PMID: 38599420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
A simple strategy was introduced to develop fluorescent wood with the ability to alter its color when exposed to both visible and ultraviolet lights. Injecting a combination of europium and dysprosium doped aluminate (EDA; 7-12 nm) nanoparticles and polyester resin (PET) into a lignin-modified wood (LMW) produced a translucent smart wooden window with fluorescence and afterglow emission properties. In order to prevent formation of aggregates and improve the preparation process of transparent woods, EDA must be properly disseminated in the polyester matrix. We analyzed the fluorescent wood samples using a variety of spectroscopic and microscopic methods, including energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence spectra, and hardness tests. We found that the photoluminescent woods had an excitation peak at 365 nm and emission peaks at 437 nm and 517 nm. The translucent luminous woods showed rapid and reversible emission response to ultraviolet light. Fluorescence emission was detected for samples with lower EDA content, and afterglow emission was detected for wood samples with higher EDA content. Increases in EDA content were associated with improvements in water resistance and ultraviolet radiation protection in the EDA@PET-infiltrated wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzough Aziz Albalawi
- Department of Chemistry, Alwajh College, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Anish MC, Pandey KK, Kumar R. Transparent wood composite prepared from two commercially important tropical timber species. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14915. [PMID: 37689764 PMCID: PMC10492833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transparent wood (TW) has garnered significant global attention due to its unique properties. In this study, TW composites were fabricated using two timber species of different density classes: Ailanthus triphysa (common name: Ailanthus wood) and Hevea brasiliensis (common name: Rubberwood). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Hydrogen peroxide-based alkali method was used to modify the lignin in these veneer samples, producing a white cellulose template with a fully intact hierarchical cell structure. Subsequently, a cost-effective thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) was infiltrated into the redesigned framework and polymerized to create rigid nanostructured transparent composites. High optical haze (of 94% and 89%) and favourable light transmittance of 59 and 55 percent were exhibited by the UPR-TW composites made from rubberwood and ailanthus wood, respectively. TW was characterised using Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The mechanical properties of TW were measured and compared with those of natural wood and pure-polymer. Furthermore, the anisotropic light diffusion behaviour displayed by TW in accordance with the fibre orientation indicates the utility of material as a potential light shaping device. Therefore, a cost-effective and commercially viable strategy to fabricate multipurpose TW composites using a combination of lesser-known timber species (LKTS) and UPR resin was successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Anish
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
| | - Krishna K Pandey
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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5
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Andrady AL, Heikkilä AM, Pandey KK, Bruckman LS, White CC, Zhu M, Zhu L. Effects of UV radiation on natural and synthetic materials. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1177-1202. [PMID: 37039962 PMCID: PMC10088630 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation on construction materials, especially wood and plastics, and the consequent impacts on their useful lifetimes, are well documented in scientific literature. Any future increase in solar UV radiation and ambient temperature due to climate change will therefore shorten service lifetimes of materials, which will require higher levels of stabilisation or other interventions to maintain their lifetimes at the present levels. The implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments on substances that deplete the ozone layer, controls the solar UV-B radiation received on Earth. This current quadrennial assessment provides a comprehensive update on the deleterious effects of solar UV radiation on the durability of natural and synthetic materials, as well as recent innovations in better stabilising of materials against solar UV radiation-induced damage. Pertinent emerging technologies for wood and plastics used in construction, composite materials used in construction, textile fibres, comfort fabric, and photovoltaic materials, are addressed in detail. Also addressed are the trends in technology designed to increase sustainability via replacing toxic, unsustainable, legacy additives with 'greener' benign substitutes that may indirectly affect the UV stability of the redesigned materials. An emerging class of efficient photostabilisers are the nanoscale particles that include oxide fillers and nanocarbons used in high-performance composites, which provide good UV stability to materials. They also allow the design of UV-shielding fabric materials with impressive UV protection factors. An emerging environmental issue related to the photodegradation of plastics is the generation of ubiquitous micro-scale particles from plastic litter exposed to solar UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | | | - K. K. Pandey
- Indian Academy of Wood Science, Bangalore, India
| | - L. S. Bruckman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | | | - M. Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - L. Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibres and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Shikder AAR, Mamun MAA, Islam T, Khan MHK, Uddin MZ. Fire retardant properties enhancement of cotton twill fabric using pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) extract. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14806. [PMID: 37035358 PMCID: PMC10073890 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Health hazards and environmental pollution are major concerns in present world. So, it is high time to think about ecofriendly and sustainable production. In this study, pumpkin juice has been used as an ecofriendly flame retardant finish to enhance the functionality of cotton twill fabric. The pumpkin juice extracted from the fresh pumpkin without any chemicals. The cotton fabric was treated with pumpkin juice in exhaust method. The treated and untreated samples were characterized by TGA, FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The flame-retardant property of the samples were evaluated based on the LOI and vertical flame tester. The result demonstrated that the treated samples exhibited high fire-retardant properties after being finished with pumpkin juice. The LOI value of the treated samples increased to 29 from 19 after treatment. The main reason behind the increased flammability is the dehydration of pumpkin juice-treated fabric which was clarified from the TG analysis. Moreover, the FTIR, SEM, and EDX report ensured the presence of bound and unbound water molecules, different salt, and several atoms in the samples treated with pumpkin juice that enhanced the protection against the spreading of the fire and thus improved fire-retardant properties of the treated samples.
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7
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Chutturi M, Gillela S, Yadav SM, Wibowo ES, Sihag K, Rangppa SM, Bhuyar P, Siengchin S, Antov P, Kristak L, Sinha A. A comprehensive review of the synthesis strategies, properties, and applications of transparent wood as a renewable and sustainable resource. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161067. [PMID: 36565890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The uncertainties of the environment and the emission levels of nonrenewable resources have compelled humanity to develop sustainable energy savers and sustainable materials. One of the most abundant and versatile bio-based structural materials is wood. Wood has several promising advantages, including high toughness, low thermal conductivity, low density, high Young's modulus, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. Furthermore, while wood has many ecological and structural advantages, it does not meet optical transparency requirements. Transparent wood is ideal for use in various industries, including electronics, packaging, automotive, and construction, due to its high transparency, haze, and environmental friendliness. As a necessary consequence, current research on developing fine wood is summarized in this review. This review begins with an explanation of the history of fine wood. The concept and various synthesis strategies, such as delignification, refractive index measurement methods, and transparent lumber polymerization, are discussed. Approaches and techniques for the characterization of transparent wood are outlined, including microscopic, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Furthermore, the characterization, physical properties, mechanical properties, optical properties, and thermal conductivity of transparent wood are emphasized. Eventually, a brief overview of the various applications of fine wood is presented. The present review summarized the first necessary actions toward future transparent wood applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Chutturi
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad 502279, Telangana, India
| | - Swetha Gillela
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad 502279, Telangana, India
| | - Sumit Manohar Yadav
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad 502279, Telangana, India; Centre of Advanced Materials, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Eko Setio Wibowo
- Research Center for Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation of Indonesia, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; Department of Wood and Paper Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kapil Sihag
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad 502279, Telangana, India
| | - Sanjay Mavinkere Rangppa
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), 10800 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prakash Bhuyar
- International College (MJU-IC), Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), 10800 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lubos Kristak
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Arijit Sinha
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, 234 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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8
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Alenazi DA. Development of color-tunable photoluminescent polycarbonate smart window immobilized with silica-coated lanthanide-activated strontium aluminum oxide nanoparticles. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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9
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Dong S, Jiang H, Hou B, Du Y, Jin C, Yan Y. High efficient fire-retardant coatings on wood fabricated by divalent metal ion cross-linked multilayer polyethyleneimine and ammonium polyphosphate polyelectrolytes. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Al-Nami SY, Al-Qahtani SD, Snari RM, Ibarhiam SF, Alfi AA, Aldawsari AM, El-Metwaly NM. Preparation of photoluminescent and anticorrosive epoxy paints immobilized with nanoscale graphene from sugarcane bagasse agricultural waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:60173-60188. [PMID: 35419683 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse agricultural waste has been one of the most common solid pollutants worldwide. Thus, introducing a simple method to convert sugarcane bagasse into value-added materials has been highly significant. Herein, we develop a simple and green strategy to reprocess sugarcane bagasse as a starting material for the preparation of graphene oxide nanosheets toward the preparation of novel photoluminescent, hydrophobic, and anticorrosive epoxy nanocomposite coatings integrated with lanthanide-doped aluminate nanoparticles. Environmentally friendly graphene oxide (GO) nanostructures were provided by a single-step preparation procedure from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) agricultural waste using ferrocene-based oxidation under muffled conditions. The oxidized SCB nanostructures were applied as a drier, anticorrosion, and crosslinking agent for epoxy coatings. Different concentrations of pigment phosphor were applied onto the epoxy coating. The generated epoxy-graphene-aluminate (EGA) paints were then coated onto mild steel. The hydrophobic properties and hardness as well as resistance to scratch of the EGA paints were examined. The transparency and colorimetric screening of the EGA nanocomposite paints were determined by the absorption spectral analysis and CIE Lab parameters. The luminescent translucent paints demonstrated a bright green emission at 520 nm when excited at 372 nm. The anticorrosion properties of the painted steel submerged in NaCl(aq) were inspected by the electrochemical impedance spectral (EIS) method. The EGA paints with phosphor (11% w/w) exhibited the most distinct anti-corrosion properties and long-persistent luminescence. The produced paints displayed high durability and photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Y Al-Nami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salhah D Al-Qahtani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan M Snari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saham F Ibarhiam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alia Abdulaziz Alfi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrah M Aldawsari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa M El-Metwaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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11
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Fan C, Gao Y, Li Y, Yan L, Zhuang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z. A flame‐retardant and optically transparent wood composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuangang Fan
- School of Civil Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yuxin Gao
- School of Civil Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yuhao Li
- School of Civil Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Long Yan
- School of Civil Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yanzhen Zhuang
- School of Civil Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Zhengyang Wang
- School of Civil Engineering Central South University Changsha China
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12
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Elsawy H, Sedky A, Abou Taleb MF, El-Newehy MH. Color-switchable and photoluminescent poly (vinyl chloride) for multifunctional smart applications. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1504-1513. [PMID: 35801362 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recycled poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) waste was used to prepare transparent material with long-lasting phosphorescence, photochromic activity, hydrophobicity, strong optical transmission, ultraviolet (UV) protection, and stiffness. Lanthanide-activated aluminate (LaA) microparticles were prepared via the high temperature solid state procedure, which were subjected to the top-down grinding technology to afford LaA nanoparticles (LaAN). Laminated poly (vinyl chloride) bottles were shredded into a transparent plastic matrix, which was combined with LaAN and drop-casted to produce smart materials for a variety of applications. Smart window and photochromic film for smart packaging can be made from recycled poly (vinyl chloride) waste by immobilizing it with various ratios of LaAN. Long-lasting phosphorescent translucent poly (vinyl chloride) smart window and films need LaAN to be evenly dispersed in PVC without clumping. Different analytical methods were employed to assess the materials' morphological structure and chemical composition. Photoluminescence and decay spectra were all employed to investigate the luminescence characteristics. In addition, the mechanical performance was studied. According to CIE Lab (Commission Internationale de L'éclairage) color measurements, this transparent PVC smart material becomes a bright green under UV rays and turns a greenish-yellow in the dark. The PVC luminescence was observed to exhibit an apparent emission bands at 429 and 513 nm when excited at 367 nm. Improvements have been monitored in the UV shielding and hydrophobicity with increasing the phosphor concentration. LaAN-immobilized PVC exhibited reversible photochromism. The present approach can be applied for a variety of applications, such as anticounterfeiting films for smart packaging, smart window, and warning lightening marks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Elsawy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Azza Sedky
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Manal F Abou Taleb
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Polymer Chemistry, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H El-Newehy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Ahmed E, Maamoun D, Hassan TM, Khattab TA. Development of functional glow-in-the-dark photoluminescence linen fabrics with ultraviolet sensing and shielding. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1376-1386. [PMID: 35708545 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Linen fibres were coated with a glow-in-the-dark photoluminescence, flame-retarding, and hydrophobic smart nanocomposite using the pad-dry-curing process. Ecologically friendly ammonium polyphosphate and lanthanide-activated strontium aluminium oxide (LSAO) nanoparticles were immobilized into linen fabric using eco-friendly room-temperature-vulcanizing silicone rubber. Different analytical techniques were used to examine the morphological characteristics and elemental compositions of LSAO nanoparticles and treated linen textiles. The self-extinguishing properties of the treated linen textiles were tested for their fire resistance. After 24 washing cycles, the coated linen samples retained their flame-retarding properties. The treated linen's superhydrophobicity rose in direct proportion to the LSAO concentration. After being excited at 365 nm, the colourless luminescent film that was coated on linen surface gave out an emission wavelength of 519 nm. The photoluminescent linen was monitored to create a range of different colours, including off-white in daytime light and green under ultraviolet (UV) light radiation, according to the Commission Internationale de l'éclairage laboratory colorimetric coordinates and photoluminescence spectra. Emission, excitation, and lifetime spectral analysis of the treated linen revealed persistent phosphorescence. For mechanical and comfort evaluation, the coated linen textiles' bending length and air permeability were assessed. Good UV light shielding and enhanced antibacterial activity were detected in the treated linens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Ahmed
- Department of Technical and Industrial Education, Faculty of Education, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - Dalia Maamoun
- Printing, Dyeing and Finishing Department, Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Talaat M Hassan
- Department of Technical and Industrial Education, Faculty of Education, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - Tawfik A Khattab
- Dyeing, Printing and Auxiliaries Department, Textile Research and Technology Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Al-Qahtani S, Alkhamis K, Alfi AA, Alhasani M, El-Morsy MHE, Sedayo AA, El-Metwaly NM. Simple Preparation of Multifunctional Luminescent Textile for Smart Packaging. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:19454-19464. [PMID: 35721986 PMCID: PMC9202256 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Linen has been a significant material for textile packaging. Thus, the application of the simple spray-coating method to coat linen fibers with a flame-retardant, antimicrobial, hydrophobic, and anticounterfeiting luminescent nanocomposite is an innovative technique. In this new approach, the ecologically benign room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone rubber was employed to immobilize the environmentally friendly Exolit AP 422 (Ex) and lanthanide-doped strontium aluminum oxide (RESAO) nanoscale particles onto the linen fibrous surface. Both morphological properties and elemental compositions of RESAO and treated fabrics were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In the fire resistance test, the treated linen fabrics produced a char layer, giving them the property of self-extinguishing. Furthermore, the coated linen samples' fire-retardant efficacy remained intact after 35 washing cycles. As the concentration of RESAO increased, so did the treated linen superhydrophobicity. Upon excitation at 366 nm, an emission band of 519 nm was generated from a colorless luminescent film deposited onto the linen surface. The coated linen displayed a luminescent activity by changing color from off-white beneath daylight to green beneath UV source, which was proved by CIE Lab parameters and photoluminescence spectral analysis. The photoluminescence effect was identified in the treated linen as reported by emission, excitation, and decay time spectral analysis. The comfort properties of coated linen fabrics were measured to assess their mechanical and comfort features. The treated linen exhibited excellent UV shielding and improved antimicrobial performance. The current simple strategy could be useful for large-scale production of multifunctional smart textiles such as packaging textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salhah
D. Al-Qahtani
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholood Alkhamis
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alia Abdulaziz Alfi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 24230, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alhasani
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 24230, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H. E. El-Morsy
- Deanship
of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
- Plant
Ecology and Range Management Department, Desert Research, Center, Cairo 11753, Egypt
| | - Anas Abdulhamid Sedayo
- Department
of Medical Physics, Maternity and Children Hospital Makkah, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12613, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa M. El-Metwaly
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 24230, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura
University, El-Gomhoria
Street, Dakahlia Governorate 35516, Egypt
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15
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Hameed A, Snari RM, Alaysuy O, Alluhaybi AA, Alhasani M, Abumelha HM, El-Metwaly NM. Development of photoluminescent artificial nacre-like nanocomposite from polyester resin and graphene oxide. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3104-3114. [PMID: 35621710 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Long-lasting phosphorescent nacre-like material was simply prepared from a nanocomposite of inorganic and organic materials. Low molecular weight unsaturated polyester (PET), graphene oxide (GO), and nanoparticles of rare-earth activated aluminate pigment were used in the preparation process of an organic/inorganic hybrid nanocomposite. Using methylethylketone peroxide (MEKP) as a hardener, we were able to develop a fluid solution that hardens within minutes at room temperature. Covalent and hydrogen bonds were introduced between the polyester resin and graphene oxide nanosheets. The interface interactions of those bonds resulted in toughness, excellent tensile strength, and high durability. The produced nacre substrates demonstrated long-persistent and reversible luminescence. The excitation of the produced nacre substrates at 365 nm resulted in a 524 nm emission. After being exposed to UV light, the photoluminescent nacre substrates became green. The increased superhydrophobic activity of the produced nacre substrates was achieved without affecting their physico-mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan M Snari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omaymah Alaysuy
- Depertment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alluhaybi
- Department of Chemistry, Rabigh College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alhasani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hana M Abumelha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa M El-Metwaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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16
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Alfi AA, Al-Qahtani SD, Alatawi NM, Attar RMS, Abu Al-Ola K, Habeebullah TM, El-Metwaly NM. Simple preparation of novel photochromic polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose security barcode incorporated with lanthanide-doped aluminate for anticounterfeiting applications. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1152-1161. [PMID: 35484850 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Forgery and low-quality products pose a danger to the society. Therefore, there are increasing demands for the production of easy to recognize and difficult to copy anti-counterfeiting materials. Products with smart photochromic and fluorescent properties can change color and emission spectra responding to a light source. In this context, we devised a straightforward preparation of luminescent polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose (PVA/CMC) nanocomposite to function as a transparent labeling film. The lanthanide-doped aluminate (LdA) was prepared in the nanoparticle form to indicate diameters of 35-115 nm. Different ratios of the lanthanide-doped aluminate (LdA) were physically dispersed in the PVA/CMC nanocomposite label film to provide photochromic, ultraviolet protection, antimicrobial activity and hydrophobic properties. Fluorescence peaks were detected at 365 and 519 nm to indicate a color change to green. As a result of increasing the phosphor ratio, improved superhydrophobic activity was achieved as the contact angle increased from 126.1° to 146.0° without affecting the film original physical and mechanical properties. Both UV protection and antibacterial activity were also investigated. The films showed quick and reversible photochromic response without fatigue. The current strategy reported the development of photochromic smart label that is transparent, cost-effective and flexible. As a result, numerous anticounterfeiting products can benefit from the current label for a better market. LdA-loaded PVA/CMC films demonstrated antibacterial activity between poor, good, very good and outstanding as the percentage of LdA in the film matrix increased. The current film can be applied as a transparent photochromic security barcode for anticounterfeiting applications and smart packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Abdulaziz Alfi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salhah D Al-Qahtani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada M Alatawi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roba M S Attar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 2360S, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulood Abu Al-Ola
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M Habeebullah
- Department of Environment and Health Research, Custodian of two holy mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah
| | - Nashwa M El-Metwaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Egypt
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17
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Al‐Qahtani SD, Snari RM, Alkhamis K, Alhasani M, Ibarhiam SF, Habeebullah TM, El‐Metwaly NM. Authentication of documents using polypropylene immobilized with rare‐earth doped aluminate nanoparticles. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2607-2617. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salhah D. Al‐Qahtani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan M. Snari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science Umm‐Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholood Alkhamis
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alhasani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science Umm‐Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Saham F. Ibarhiam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M. Habeebullah
- Department of Environment and Health Research Custodian of Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm Al Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa M. El‐Metwaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science Umm‐Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
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18
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Preparation of epoxy resin/rare earth doped aluminate nanocomposite toward photoluminescent and superhydrophobic transparent woods. J RARE EARTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Al-Qahtani S, Alshareef M, Aljohani M, Alhasani M, Felaly R, Habeebullah TM, El-Metwaly NM. Simple Preparation of Photoluminescent and Color-Tunable Polyester Resin Blended with Alkaline-Earth-Activated Aluminate Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10599-10607. [PMID: 35382282 PMCID: PMC8973151 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple inorganic/organic nanocomposite was used to generate long-lasting phosphorescent pebbles for easy commercial manufacturing of smart products. An organic/inorganic nanocomposite was made from low-molecular-weight unsaturated polyester and rare-earth-activated strontium aluminum oxide nanoparticles doped with europium and dysprosium. The polyester resin was mixed with phosphorescent strontium aluminate oxide nanoparticles and methylethyl ketone peroxide as a cross-linking agent to create a viscous mixture that can be hardened in a few minutes at room temperature. Before adding the hardener catalyst, the phosphorescent strontium aluminate nanoparticles were dispersed throughout the polyester resin in a homogeneous manner to ensure that the pigment did not accumulate. Long-lasting, reversible luminescence was shown by the photoluminescent substrates. The emission was reported at 515 nm upon exciting the pebble at 365 nm. In normal visible light, both blank and luminescent pebbles had a translucent appearance. As a result of UV irradiation, the photoluminescent pebbles produced an intense green color. The three-dimensional CIE Lab (International Commission on Illumination) color coordinates and luminescence spectra were used to investigate the color changing characteristics. Photophysical characteristics, including excitation, emission, and lifetime, were also investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis were employed to report the surface morphologies and elemental content. Without impairing the pebbles' original physico-mechanical characteristics, the pebbles showed improved superhydrophobic activity. The current simple colorless long-lasting phosphorescent nanocomposite can be applied to a variety of surfaces, like ceramics, glassware, tiles, and metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salhah
D. Al-Qahtani
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess
Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubark Alshareef
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshari Aljohani
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alhasani
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Felaly
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M. Habeebullah
- Department
of Environment and Health Research, Custodian of Two Holy Mosques
Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm
Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa M. El-Metwaly
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura
University, El-Gomhoria
Street, Dakahlia 35516, Egypt
- ,
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20
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El-Newehy M, El-Hamshary H, Meera Moydeen A, Tawfeek AM. Immobilization of lanthanide doped aluminate phosphor onto recycled polyester toward the development of long-persistent photoluminescence smart window. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:610-621. [PMID: 35092144 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Smart window can be defined as switchable material whose light transmission is altered upon exposure to light, voltage, or heat. However, smart windows usually produced from expensive and breakable glass materials. Herein, transparent smart window with long-persistent phosphorescence, high optical transmittance, ultraviolet protection, rigid, high photostability and durability, and superhydrophobicity was developed from recycled polyester (PET). Recycled polyester waste (RBW) was simply immobilized with different ratios of lanthanide-doped aluminate nanoparticles (LdAN) to provide a long-persistent phosphorescent polyester smart window (LdAN@PET) with an ability to persist emitting light for extended time periods. The solid-state high temperature technique was used to prepare LdA micro-scale powder. Then, the top-down technique was applied to afford the corresponding LdA nanoparticles. Recycled shredded recycled polyester bottles were charged into a hot bath to provide a clear plastic shred bulk, which was then well-mixed with LdAN and drop-casted to provide long-persistent luminescent smart window. In order to improve the phosphor dispersion in the PET bulk, LdAN was synthesized in the nanoparticle form which was characterized utilizing transmission electron microscope (TEM). For better preparation of translucent smart window of long-persistent phosphorescent polyester, LdAN must be homogeneously dispersed in the PET matrix without agglomeration. The morphology and chemical composition were studied by infrared spectra (FT-IR), X-ray fluorescent (XRF) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersion X-ray analyzer (EDS). In addition, spectral profiles of excitation and emission, and decay and lifetime were used to better understand the photoluminescence properties. The hardness properties were also investigated. The developed phosphorescent transparent polyester smart window demonstrated a color switch to intense green underneath UV irradiation and greenish-yellow under darkness as verified by CIE Lab color parameters. The afterglow polyester smart window showed an absorption wavelength at 365 nm and two phosphorescence intensities at 442 and 512 nm. An enhanced UV protection, photostability and hydrophobic activity were detected. The luminescent polyester substrates with lower LdAN ratios demonstrated rapid and reversible fluorescent photochromic activity beneath the UV light. The luminescent polyester substrates with higher LdAN contents displayed long-persistent phosphorescence afterglow. The current strategy can be simply applied for the production of smart windows, low thickness anticounterfeiting films and warning signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Newehy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany El-Hamshary
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Meera Moydeen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Tawfeek
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Tavakoli M, Ghasemian A, Dehghani-Firouzabadi MR, Mazela B. Cellulose and Its Nano-Derivatives as a Water-Repellent and Fire-Resistant Surface: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:82. [PMID: 35009224 PMCID: PMC8746080 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The inevitable destructive effects of moisture and temperature are obvious in cellulosic and nanocellulosic substrates. These materials are the main foundations of interdependent industries that produce products such as currency notes or high-quality packaging for sanitary, cosmetics, or ammunition in the defense industry. Therefore, it is essential to develop procedures to eliminate problems arising from humidity and fire to improve the quality of these green and sustainable materials. The production of waterproof and flame-resistant cellulose-based substrates has drawn increasing attention to resolve these drawbacks. In this review paper, we have initially summarized the most accessible cellulosic substrates, different kinds of nanocellulose, and the general information about water repellents and intumescent fireproof surfaces. Then, the potential and necessity of using cellulosic biobased substrates are addressed for use in modified shapes as waterproof and fire inhibitor coatings. Cost-effective, eco-friendly, and durable, dual-function coatings are also introduced as future challenges, which are exploited as water-repellents and flame-retardant cellulose-based surfaces for pulp and paper applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Tavakoli
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan 4913815739, Iran or (M.T.); (A.G.); (M.R.D.-F.)
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ali Ghasemian
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan 4913815739, Iran or (M.T.); (A.G.); (M.R.D.-F.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Dehghani-Firouzabadi
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan 4913815739, Iran or (M.T.); (A.G.); (M.R.D.-F.)
| | - Bartłomiej Mazela
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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