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Pramanik A, Das S, Kumar B, Ganguly S, Singh M, Guleria K, Shenoy S, Singh S. Supplemental aerobic, anaerobic and strength training positively affects autonomic functioning, anaerobic capacity, and immune cell homeostasis of male judo athletes. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep210018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of additional package of aerobic, anaerobic and strength training (AAS training), along with the conventional judo specific training, on autonomic nervous system balance, anaerobic capacity, exercise adaptation, phenotype of different blood mononuclear cells and cellular inflammatory signalling of university judo athletes. Thirty male judokas were randomly allocated to a control group/conventional judo specific training group (performing Uchi-komi, Nage komi, and Randori) or to an experimental group/conventional judo specific training + additional AAS training group. Physiological data including recovery ANS variables and anaerobic capacity were obtained by using wireless heart rate variability and anaerobic cycle ergometer, respectively, at two different time points (T1-pre, T3-post). Serum and primary mononuclear cells were prepared at three different time points (T1-pre, T2-acute, T3-post) and processed further as per the experimental requirement. For measuring the expression level of genes, and proteins biomarkers related to immune health, we have performed advanced qPCR array technique, flow cytometry, ELISA and zymosan-fluorescein assays. The additional training modality enhanced athletes’ anaerobic performance, parasympathetic functioning, and exercise adaptation. On the other hand, it decreased fatigue index, stress index, number of reactive immune cells, and intensity of inflammatory signalling. Overall, the present study, for the very first time, exhibited the positive effect of four weeks long additional AAS training on autonomic functioning, anaerobic capacity, and immune cell homeostasis of male judo athletes. This additional training package might also help the judo coaches to optimise training schedule for the competitive session.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Pramanik
- MYAS-GNDU, Department of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - S. Das
- University of Delhi, South Moti Bagh, New Delhi, Delhi 110021, India
| | - B.A. Kumar
- MYAS-GNDU, Department of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - S. Ganguly
- MYAS-GNDU, Department of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - M. Singh
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - K. Guleria
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - S. Shenoy
- MYAS-GNDU, Department of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - S.B. Singh
- NIPER, Hyderabad, Balanagar, Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
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Souza D, Vale AF, Silva A, Araújo MAS, de Paula Júnior CA, de Lira CAB, Ramirez-Campillo R, Martins W, Gentil P. Acute and Chronic Effects of Interval Training on the Immune System: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090868. [PMID: 34571745 PMCID: PMC8465842 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Interval training (IT) is a popular training strategy recognized by its positive effects on metabolic and cardiovascular system. However, there seems no consensus regarding the effects of IT on immune system parameters. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the evidence regarding the effects of IT on the immune system. As our many findings, an IT acutely promote a transitory change on immune cell count followed by reduced function. The magnitude of these changes seems to vary in accordance with IT type. On the other hand, the regular practice of IT might contribute to improve immune function without apparent change on immune cell count. Abstract Purpose: To summarize the evidence regarding the acute and chronic effects of interval training (IT) in the immune system through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Data source: English, Portuguese and Spanish languages search of the electronic databases Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and SciELO. Eligibility criteria: Studies such as clinical trials, randomized cross-over trials and randomized clinical trials, investigating the acute and chronic effects of IT on the immune outcomes in humans. Results: Of the 175 studies retrieved, 35 were included in the qualitative analysis and 18 in a meta-analysis. Within-group analysis detected significant acute decrease after IT on immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretory rate (n = 115; MD = −15.46 µg·min−1; 95%CI, −28.3 to 2.66; p = 0.02), total leucocyte count increase (n = 137; MD = 2.58 × 103 µL−1; 95%CI, 1.79 to 3.38; p < 0.001), increase in lymphocyte count immediately after exercise (n = 125; MD = 1.3 × 103 µL−1; 95%CI, 0.86 to 1.75; p < 0.001), and decrease during recovery (30 to 180 min post-exercise) (n = 125; MD = −0.36 × 103 µL−1;−0.57 to −0.15; p < 0.001). No effect was detected on absolute IgA (n = 127; MD = 47.5 µg·mL−1; 95%CI, −10.6 to 105.6; p = 0.11). Overall, IT might acutely reduce leucocyte function. Regarding chronic effects IT improved immune function without change leucocyte count. Conclusion: IT might provide a transient disturbance on the immune system, followed by reduced immune function. However, regular IT performance induces favorable adaptations on immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Souza
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | - Arthur F. Vale
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | - Anderson Silva
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | - Murilo A. S. Araújo
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | | | - Claudio A. B. de Lira
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | | | - Wagner Martins
- Faculdade de Fisioterapia, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-62-3521-1021
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Campos BT, Penna EM, Katsuragi AT, Porto L, Miyata FK, Albuquerque MR, Coswig VS, Wilke CF, Prado LS. Neuromuscular and physiological responses to different training loads in Randori of elite judo athletes. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574202000020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno T. Campos
- Minas Tênis Clube, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Eduardo M. Penna
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carolina F. Wilke
- Minas Tênis Clube, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Torres-Luque G, Hernández-García R, Escobar-Molina R, Garatachea N, Nikolaidis PT. Physical and Physiological Characteristics of Judo Athletes: An Update. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4010020. [PMID: 29910268 PMCID: PMC5968945 DOI: 10.3390/sports4010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Judo competition is characterized structurally by weight category, which raises the importance of physiological control training in judo. The aim of the present review was to examine scientific papers on the physiological profile of the judokas, maintenance or loss of weight, framing issues, such as anthropometric parameters (body fat percentage), heart rate responses to training and combat, maximal oxygen uptake, hematological, biological and hormones indicators. The values shown in this review should be used as a reference for the evaluation of physical fitness and the effectiveness of training programs. Hence, this information is expected to contribute to the development of optimal training interventions aiming to achieve maximum athletic performance and to maintain the health of judokas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Torres-Luque
- Faculty of Humanities and Science Education, University of Jaen, Jaen 23071, Spain.
| | | | | | - Nuria Garatachea
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 22002, Spain.
| | - Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical and Cultural Education, Hellenic Army Academy, Athens 16673, Greece.
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia 18450, Greece.
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Lee N, Kim J, Hyung GA, Park JH, Kim SJ, Kim HB, Jung HS. Training Effects on Immune Function in Judoists. Asian J Sports Med 2015; 6:e24050. [PMID: 26448852 PMCID: PMC4594140 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.24050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that high intensity long term training in elite athletes may increase risk of immune function. OBJECTIVES This study is to examine training effects on immunoglobulin and changes of physiological stress and physical fitness level induced by increased cold stress during 12-week winter off-season training in elite Judoists. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-nine male participants (20 ± 1 years) were assigned to only Judo training (CG, n = 9), resistance training combined with Judo training (RJ, n = 10), and interval training combined with Judo training (IJ, n = 10). Blood samples collected at rest, immediately after all-out exercise, and 30-minute recovery period were analyzed for testing IgA, IgG, and IgM, albumin and catecholamine levels. RESULTS VO2max and anaerobic mean power in IJ (P < 0.05) and anaerobic power in RJ (P < 0.05) were significantly increased after 12-week training compared to CG. There was no significant interaction effect (group × period) in albumin after 12-week training; however, there was a significant interaction effect (group × period) in epinephrine after 12-week training (F (4, 52) = 3.216, P = 0.002) and immediately after all-out exercise and at 30-minute recovery (F (2, 26) = 14.564, P = 0.008). There was significantly higher changes in epinephrine of RJ compared to IJ at 30-minute recovery (P = 0.045). There was a significant interaction effect (group × period) in norepinephrine after 12-week training (F (4, 52) = 8.141, P < 0.0001), at rest and immediately after all-out exercise (F (2, 26) = 9.570, P = 0.001), and immediately after all-out exercise and at 30-minute recovery (F (2, 26) = 8.862, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Winter off-season training of IJ increased physical fitness level as well as physical stress induced by overtraining. Along with increased physical stress, all groups showed reduced trend of IgA; however, there was no group difference based on different training methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namju Lee
- Department of Sports Health Medicine, College of Health Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkyu Kim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Yongin University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author: Jongkyu Kim, Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Yongin University, P. O. Box: 449714, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea. E-mail:
| | - Gu Am Hyung
- Department of Living Sports, Jangan University, Hwaseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Park
- Division of Sports Science, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Kim
- Department of Law, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Byeol Kim
- Sports Science Institute, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Jung
- College of Sports Science, Kangnam University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
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Caloric Restriction Effect on Proinflammatory Cytokines, Growth Hormone, and Steroid Hormone Concentrations during Exercise in Judokas. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:809492. [PMID: 26075039 PMCID: PMC4446567 DOI: 10.1155/2015/809492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of caloric restriction on the immune and hormonal responses during exercise in judo athletes. In a randomised order, 11 male judokas (age: 20.45 ± 0.51; height: 1.71 ± 0.3 m; and body weight: 75.9 ± 3.1 kg) participate in this study during a period of weight maintenance (baseline) and after 7 days of caloric restriction (CR). All subjects performed the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) during the two conditions. Values for nutrient intakes were obtained from a 7 d food record kept during a period of weight maintenance and after a 7-day food restriction (−5~6 MJ/day). Our results showed that CR resulted in significant decreases in body weight (P < 0.05) and performance (P < 0.05). However, heart rate and SJFT index (P < 0.05) increase significantly during CR in comparison to baseline. Moreover, exercise leads to a significant increase in testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone (GH), leukocytes, neutrophils, TNF-α, and IL-6, in both CR and baseline conditions. Compared to baseline, TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly higher during CR condition (P < 0.05). Additionally, CR leads to an increase in cortisol and GH (P < 0.05) and a decrease in testosterone concentrations (P < 0.05).
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Ueno Y, Umeda T, Takahashi I, Iwane K, Okubo N, Kuroiwa J, Miyazawa M, Osato R, Yoneda K, Nakaji S. Changes in immune functions during a peaking period in male university soccer players. LUMINESCENCE 2013; 28:574-81. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Umeda
- Department of Social Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Japan
| | - Ippei Takahashi
- Department of Social Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Japan
| | - Kaori Iwane
- Department of Social Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Japan
| | - Noriyuki Okubo
- Department of Social Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Japan
| | | | - Maki Miyazawa
- Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health; Japan
| | | | | | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Department of Social Medicine; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Japan
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Koga T, Umeda T, Kojima A, Tanabe M, Yamamoto Y, Takahashi I, Iwasaki H, Iwane K, Matsuzaka M, Nakaji S. Influence of a 3-month training program on muscular damage and neutrophil function in male university freshman judoists. LUMINESCENCE 2012; 28:136-42. [PMID: 22407581 DOI: 10.1002/bio.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of a high intensity and high frequency 3-month training program on muscle damage and neutrophil function in male judoists. The study included 15 male judoists who started intensive judo training program after a 6-month break. Creatine kinase (CK), neutrophil counts and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability as well as phagocytic activity (PA) of neutrophils were measured at 2 stages; entering university (pre-training) and after 3-month training (post-training). At both points, we investigated parameters three times: just before, immediately after and 24 h after a 2-h practice session. Practice-mediated change in CK was lower at post-training than at pre-training. Neutrophil count significantly increased after 2-h practice but recovered 24 h later whereas it showed no subsequent and further increased at 24 h post-practice. Although neutrophil ROS production capability and PA both decreased (breakdown) after practice session, ROS production capability increased and PA decreased (well-adapted) at the post-training. Long-term training strengthened muscular function and improved neutrophil reaction against practice-mediated stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Koga
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Tsubakihara T, Umeda T, Takahashi I, Matsuzaka M, Iwane K, Tanaka M, Matsuda M, Oyamada K, Aruga R, Nakaji S. Effects of soccer matches on neutrophil and lymphocyte functions in female university soccer players. LUMINESCENCE 2012; 28:129-35. [PMID: 22371387 DOI: 10.1002/bio.2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, changes in physical fatigue and biological functions of Japanese female soccer players were investigated by determining changes in neutrophil and lymphocyte functions. Study subjects included 18 female soccer players. Body composition, serum myogenic enzymes, neutrophil function, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability, phagocytic activity (PA) and serum opsonic activity, as well as lymphocyte subpopulation were measured before and after a soccer match. Levels of myogenic enzymes (AST, ALT, CK and LDH) and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) and complements (C3) increased significantly after the match. In addition, leukocyte, neutrophils and lymphocyte counts increased whereas total PA decreased significantly. The number of T and Th1 cells (subsets of T helper cells) decreased whereas Th2 increased significantly. In addition, the number of B cells increased and NK cells decreased significantly after the match. The match was found to result in degenerative changes in and damage to athlete muscle tissues together with damage- and change-mediated stress. These data also suggest a post-match accelerated inflammatory reaction and potential immunosuppression as indicated by reductions in neutrophil PA and lymphocyte functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tsubakihara
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Japan
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Chishaki T, Umeda T, Takahashi I, Matsuzaka M, Iwane K, Matsumoto H, Ishibashi G, Ueno Y, Kashiwa N, Nakaji S. Effects of dehydration on immune functions after a judo practice session. LUMINESCENCE 2012; 28:114-20. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Chishaki
- Department of Social MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine 5 Zaifu‐cho Hirosaki 036‐8562 Japan
- Matsuyama University 4‐2 Bunkyo‐cho Matsuyama 790‐8587 Japan
| | - Takashi Umeda
- Department of Social MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine 5 Zaifu‐cho Hirosaki 036‐8562 Japan
| | - Ippei Takahashi
- Department of Social MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine 5 Zaifu‐cho Hirosaki 036‐8562 Japan
| | - Masashi Matsuzaka
- Department of Social MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine 5 Zaifu‐cho Hirosaki 036‐8562 Japan
| | - Kaori Iwane
- Department of Social MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine 5 Zaifu‐cho Hirosaki 036‐8562 Japan
| | - Hidehiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine 5 Zaifu‐cho Hirosaki 036‐8562 Japan
- Department of Physical EducationNippon Sports Science University 7‐1‐1 Fukasawa Setagaya Tokyo 158‐8508 Japan
| | - Goshi Ishibashi
- Department of Social MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine 5 Zaifu‐cho Hirosaki 036‐8562 Japan
- Kumamoto Gakuen University 2‐5‐1 Ohe Kumamoto 862‐8680 Japan
| | - Yuichi Ueno
- Department of Social MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine 5 Zaifu‐cho Hirosaki 036‐8562 Japan
- Faculty of Health and Sports SciencesRyutsu Keizai University Ryugasaki Ibaraki Japan
| | - Naohiro Kashiwa
- Department of Social MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine 5 Zaifu‐cho Hirosaki 036‐8562 Japan
- Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts Okyama Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Department of Social MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine 5 Zaifu‐cho Hirosaki 036‐8562 Japan
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Suda Y, Umeda T, Watanebe K, Kuroiwa J, Sasaki E, Tsukamoto T, Takahashi I, Matsuzaka M, Iwane K, Nakaji S. Changes in neutrophil functions during a 10-month soccer season and their effects on the physical condition of professional Japanese soccer players. LUMINESCENCE 2012; 28:121-8. [PMID: 22362645 DOI: 10.1002/bio.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We examined changes in neutrophil function of soccer players over a 10-month period and determined its effectiveness as an index for athlete physical condition. Subjects included 21 male professional Japanese soccer players. Data on body composition, myogenic enzymes and neutrophil function were obtained before and after 2 h of training at 3 investigation points: one week before opening season, at season mid-point, and one week before the last game of the season. As a result, change ratios of myogenic enzyme levels before and after the 2-hr training session at the third investigation point were significantly higher compared to the two other points. Reactive oxygen species production and phagocytic activity significantly increased after 2-hr training session at point 1, although the extent of the increase became smaller over time and ROS production capability decreased significantly by point 3 assessment. Fatigue, especially muscle fatigue, chronically accumulated along with a gradual decrease in neutrophil immune function over the 10-month season. Therefore, determination of neutrophil function can be used as a useful index to assess and understand an athlete's physical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Suda
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Mikami M, Takahashi I, Matsuzaka M, Danjo K, Yamai K, Inoue R, Iwane K, Umeda T, Nakaji S. The relationship between exhaled carbon monoxide and human neutrophil function in the Japanese general population. LUMINESCENCE 2011; 26:162-6. [PMID: 21681908 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated the relationship between exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) level and neutrophil-related functions such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability, phagocytic activity and serum opsonic activity in the general population. Serum opsonic activity was determined by measuring the effects of serum on neutrophil ROS production capability using lucigenin- and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LgCL, LmCL). LgCL is associated with the detection of O(2)(-) , whereas LmCL mainly detects H(2)O(2) and HOCl, which are higher reactive oxygen radicals. In females, exhaled CO level was found to have positive associations with ROS production capability and LgCL. However, the opposite tendency was seen between exhaled CO level and LmCL in both genders. This result suggests that neutrophil ROS production in females may have contributed to oxidative stress, which led to the increases in intrinsic CO and exhaled CO consequently. Such changes then may have inhibited the process of changing reactive oxygen radicals into higher oxidizing potential levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Mikami
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, 036-8562 Aomori, Japan
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Umeda T, Takahashi I, Danjo K, Matsuzaka M, Nakaji S. [Changes in neutrophil immune functions under different exercise stresses]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2011; 66:533-542. [PMID: 21701084 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.66.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the known effects of exercise on neutrophil immune functions of athletes. We measured three neutrophil immune functions (i.e., phagocytic activity (PA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and serum opsonic activity (SOA)) in various types of exercise. The following is our recent findings. (1) A regular exercise increases ROS production and decreases PA. We call this change a normal pattern, and an abnormal pattern except this change. (2) A prolonged, strenuous activity (e.g., rugby match and marathon) decreases both ROS production and PA. This is one of the abnormal pattern. (3) The exercise loading performed after a camp training decreases ROS production whereas PA does not change. This is another abnormal pattern. (4) When judoists who had stopped judo training for 6 months restarted their training, the exercise loading at the beginning of their training decreases PA whereas ROS production does not change. This is another abnormal pattern. (5) A regular exercise 2 months after the beginning of their training increases ROS production and decreases PA. This change is a normal pattern. SOA showed a similar pattern of changes to ROS under all conditions. The changes in neutrophil immune functions after performing various exercises might result from the balance between external factors (intensity and style of exercise) and internal factors (e.g., fatigue and physical pain). Therefore, the changes in three neutrophil immune functions after exercise might be an index of athletes' condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Umeda
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan.
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Feng J, Zhang D, Chen B. Endothelial mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2011; 16:283-94. [PMID: 21479903 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-011-0519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs in 2% of middle-aged women and 4% of middle-aged men in the general population and the prevalence is much higher in specific patient groups. Intermittent hypoxia (IH, oxygen desaturation and re-oxygenation) cycle, a major pathophysiologic character of OSA, and the physiological responses this evokes are thought to be responsible for its association with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Endothelial dysfunction, resulting from IH and as a key early event in atherosclerosis, was demonstrated repeatedly in patients with OSA and in animal models of IH, providing an important mechanistic link between the acute cyclical IH during sleep and the increased prevalence of chronic vascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS From this work, we conclude that IH from OSA may result in endothelial dysfunction, as a potential promoter of atherosclerosis, through nitric oxide unavailability, oxidative stress and inflammation, cell apoptosis, the crosstalk between endothelial cells and circulating inflammatory cells, microparticles, and damage repairing process. Though effective continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may specifically improve endothelial function, more controlled larger interventional trials that will include multiple centers and randomized allocation of CPAP therapy are needed to see if such changes are reversible before cause and effect can be implied finally, while further studies on cellular and animal level are also needed to elucidate molecular biologic/pathologic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- Respiratory Department of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
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The effect of an adventure race on lymphocyte and neutrophil death. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:447-53. [PMID: 20143084 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of an adventure race (Ecomotion Pró), which lasted for 4-5 days, on neutrophil and lymphocyte death from elite athletes was investigated. Blood was collected from 11 athletes at rest and after the adventure race. The following parameters of cell death were measured in neutrophils and lymphocytes: cell membrane integrity, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial transmembrane depolarization and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Phagocytosis capacity was also evaluated in neutrophils. The adventure race raised the proportion of cells with the loss of membrane integrity; lymphocytes by 14% and neutrophils by 16.4%. The proportion of lymphocytes with DNA fragmentation (2.9-fold) and mitochondrial transmembrane depolarization (1.5-fold) increased. However, these parameters did not change in neutrophils. ROS production remained unchanged in lymphocytes, whereas an increase by 2.2-fold was found in neutrophils due to the race. Despite these changes, the phagocytosis capacity did not change in neutrophils after the race. In conclusion, the Ecomotion Pró race-induced neutrophil death by necrosis (as indicated by the loss of membrane integrity) and led to lymphocyte death by apoptosis (as indicated by increase DNA fragmentation and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane).
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Kojima A, Umeda T, Saito K, Ookubo Y, Sato J, Nakaji S, Matsuzaka M, Yaegaki M, Ohnishi M, Miyazawa M, Takahashi I. Effects of 2.5-hour sumo training on serum opsonic activity. LUMINESCENCE 2009; 24:224-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Umeda T, Suzukawa K, Takahashi I, Yamamoto Y, Tanabe M, Kojima A, Katagiri T, Matsuzaka M, Totsuka M, Nakaji S, Sugawara N. Effects of intense exercise on the physiological and mental condition of female university judoists during a training camp. J Sports Sci 2008; 26:897-904. [PMID: 18569555 DOI: 10.1080/02640410801885917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the physical and mental fatigue caused by intense exercise and the relationship between the two types of fatigue, we examined changes in anthropometric and biochemical variables, neutrophil function, and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire in 13 female university judoists attending a one-week training camp. Blood glucose, total cholesterol, haemoglobin, leukocyte count, IgG, and phagocytic activity all decreased after the training camp compared with baseline (P < or = 0.046). Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and neutrophil oxidative burst activity increased after the training camp (P < or = 0.007). Of the POMS scores, that for Fatigue increased after the training camp (P = 0.041) and that for Vigour decreased (P = 0.042). The changes in several POMS scores correlated with the changes in blood biochemical variables. In particular, the change in Total mood disturbance was negatively associated with changes in myogenic enzymes (P < or = 0.032). Our results suggest that intense exercise during training camps for female judoists leads to the appearance and accumulation of mental and physical fatigue, which are related to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Umeda
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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18
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Yaegaki M, Umeda T, Takahashi I, Yamamoto Y, Kojima A, Tanabe M, Yamai K, Matsuzaka M, Sugawara N, Nakaji S. Measuring neutrophil functions might be a good predictive marker of overtraining in athletes. LUMINESCENCE 2008; 23:281-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Yamamoto Y, Nakaji S, Umeda T, Matsuzaka M, Takahashi I, Tanabe M, Danjo K, Kojima A, Oyama T. Effects of long-term training on neutrophil function in male university judoists. Br J Sports Med 2008; 42:255-9. [PMID: 18390768 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.032011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To clarify the effects of high-intensity and high-frequency long-term/chronic training on neutrophil function and serum levels of myogenic enzymes in male university judoists. METHODS The subjects were 24 male judoists who had stopped judo training for 6 months and then restarted their training. The following parameters were examined before and after a 2 h unified exercise loading (UEL) at the beginning of the restarted quotidian training (pre-training) and at 2 months, 4 months and 6 months thereafter: myogenic enzymes, neutrophil and leucocyte counts, and neutrophil phagocytic activity (PA) and oxidative burst activity as a measure of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability. RESULTS Myogenic enzymes that were measured after UEL at all four points significantly increased except for creatine kinase at the 2-month point (p<0.01 in each) and neutrophil counts significantly increased after UEL at the pre-training, 2-month and 4-month points (p<0.01 in each), but these changes became smaller from the 2-month point. PA significantly decreased after UEL at the pre-training and 2-month points (p<0.01 in each), but no change was seen at the 4-month and 6-month points. On the other hand, no change in ROS production per cell after UEL was seen at the pre-training point, but it significantly increased after UEL at the 2-month, 4-month and 6-month points (p<0.01 in each). CONCLUSION The changing rate of the levels of UEL-mediated myogenic enzymes, neutrophil mobilisation and neutrophil function was seen to decrease at the 2-month, 4-month and 6-month assessments, compared with the pre-training point: these may comprise at least some of the long-term training effects.
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Umeda T, Yamai K, Takahashi I, Kojima A, Yamamoto Y, Tanabe M, Totsuka M, Nakaji S, Sugawara N, Matsuzaka M. The effects of a two-hour judo training session on the neutrophil immune functions in university judoists. LUMINESCENCE 2008; 23:49-53. [PMID: 18175295 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of judo training on neutrophil and related functions. We measured and studied changes in the neutrophil and its related functions in 22 male university judoists immediately before (Pre values) and immediately after (Post values) a 2 h training session: reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability, phagocytic activities (PA) and serum opsonic activity (SOA). Neutrophil count in whole blood, myogenic enzymes (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase), immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) and complements (C3 and C4) in serum were also measured. The Post values of the neutrophil count, myogenic enzymes and IgG increased significantly compared with the Pre values. ROS production capability and SOA also significantly increased following training, although PA showed a slight decrease (but not statistically significant). Taking the findings of our previous studies into consideration, three major neutrophil or related functions, namely ROS production capability, PA and SOA, might compensate for each other to maintain the overall integrity of the neutrophil immune function, in that ROS and SOA increased to compensate for the slight decrease in PA, or PA slightly decreased to compensate for the increase in ROA and SOA after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Umeda
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562 Aomori, Japan
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Dyugovskaya L, Polyakov A, Lavie P, Lavie L. Delayed Neutrophil Apoptosis in Patients with Sleep Apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:544-54. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200705-675oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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22
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Umeda T, Saito K, Matsuzaka M, Nakaji S, Totsuka M, Okumura T, Tsukamoto T, Yaegaki M, Kudoh U, Takahashi I. Effects of a bout of traditional and original sumo training on neutrophil immune function in amateur university sumo wrestlers. LUMINESCENCE 2008; 23:115-20. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Matsuzaka M, Fukuda S, Yamai K, Tsuya R, Fukuoka Y, Takahashi I, Yaegaki M, Shimoyama T, Sakamoto J, Umeda T, Nakaji S. Are individuals with lower neutrophil oxidative burst activity more prone toHelicobacter pyloriinfection? LUMINESCENCE 2008; 23:132-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lagranha CJ, Levada-Pires AC, Sellitti DF, Procopio J, Curi R, Pithon-Curi TC. The effect of glutamine supplementation and physical exercise on neutrophil function. Amino Acids 2007; 34:337-46. [PMID: 17928941 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Lagranha
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Yaegaki M, Umeda T, Takahashi I, Matsuzaka M, Sugawara N, Shimaya S, Tanabe M, Kojima A, Mochida N, Yamamoto Y, Nakaji S. Change in the capability of reactive oxygen species production by neutrophils following weight reduction in female judoists. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41:322-7. [PMID: 17224442 PMCID: PMC2659074 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.032029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Athletes undergoing weight reduction are recognised as being more prone to infection. Few studies exist for athletes on the weight reduction-mediated changes in neutrophil function and related activities such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability, phagocytic activity (PA) and serum opsonic activity (SOA). METHODS 16 Japanese female university judoists were examined in the early morning of the first day (pre-values) and the last day (post-values) of a 20-day pre-competition training period. Of the 16 subjects, 8 needed to reduce weight (WR group) and the other 8 did not (control group). The parameters assessed were the neutrophil count, serum immunoglobulins and complements, myogenic enzymes, ROS production capability, PA and SOA. RESULTS Comparing the post-values with the pre-values, ROS production significantly increased in both groups (p<0.01 for both). PA significantly decreased in the WR group (p<0.05); it also decreased in the control group but the decrease was not significant. SOA significantly increased in the control group (p<0.05), but showed no significant change in the WR group. CONCLUSIONS The changes in the WR group were probably a direct consequence of the weight-reduction regimen coupled with the exercise regimen, suggesting that neutrophil parameters (ROS production, PA and SOA) had tended to deviate from their typical compensatory changes to maintain immune system homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yaegaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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Takahashi I, Umeda T, Mashiko T, Chinda D, Oyama T, Sugawara K, Nakaji S. Effects of rugby sevens matches on human neutrophil-related non-specific immunity. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41:13-8. [PMID: 17035481 PMCID: PMC2465143 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.027888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the influences of the accumulative effect of two consecutive rugby sevens matches (Sevens) on aspects of human neutrophil-related non-specific immunity. METHODS In seven players participating in the Japan Sevens, neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability and phagocytic activity were measured using flow cytometry, and serum opsonic activity (SOA) was assessed by measuring neutrophil ROS using the peak height of lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence before and after two consecutive matches. RESULTS ROS showed no change immediately after the first match, and had significantly (P<0.05) increased 4 h later, but showed a decrease after the second match. Phagocytic activity showed no change immediately after the first match, but had significantly (P<0.01) decreased 4 h later, and showed a further decrease after the second match, although it was not significant. SOA significantly (P<0.01) increased after the first match, and still maintained its high 4 h later, but decreased after the second match. ROS production capability, phagocytic activity and SOA significantly (P<0.01) decreased after the second match. CONCLUSIONS When rugby players play two consecutive Sevens matches, the exercise loading is thought to be hard, similar to that experienced during a marathon race and intensive or long training in a training camp, although the expected changes were not seen after the first match. Differences between after the first and the second matches may be due to the "cumulative effect".
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Affiliation(s)
- I Takahashi
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Aomori, Japan
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Miura M, Umeda T, Nakaji S, Liu Q, Tanabe M, Kojima A, Yamamoto Y, Sugawara K. Effect of 6 months' training on the reactive oxygen species production capacity of neutrophils and serum opsonic activity in judoists. LUMINESCENCE 2005; 20:1-7. [PMID: 15586397 DOI: 10.1002/bio.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of long-term training on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from neutrophils and serum opsonic activity (SOA) remain to date unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 months training on ROS production and SOA in judoists. Fifty-six judoists were enrolled this study. White blood cell counts, serum creatine kinase (CK), asparate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ROS production from neutrophils, and serum opsonic activity (SOA) using the lucigenin and luminol probes, were measured before and after daily judo exercise (2 h) in March and September. The subjects started their training from March after no exercise for three months, and continued it for 6 months (until September). In March, myogenic enzymes such as CK, ASAT, LDH and neutrophil counts increased and immunoglobulins, complements and SOA decreased after daily judo exercise. Such significant changes were not seen in September. On the other hand, ROS significantly increased after daily judo exercise in both March and September, with no significant difference in the rates of change. In conclusion, 6 month training minimized the changes in SOA as well as muscle enzymes, neutrophil counts, serum immunoglobulins and complements. This could be categorized as a long-term training effect. However, no such change was seen in ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Miura
- Department of Hygiene, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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Takahashi I, Umeda T, Oyama T, Shimaya S, Yaegaki M, Matsuzaka M, Totsuka M, Nakaji S, Sugawara K, Suzuki K, Kumae T, Fukuda S. EFFECTS OF LOW INCIDENT LEVELS OF LASER IRRADIATION AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE PRODUCTION CAPABILITY OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES FROM HUMAN NEUTROPHILS. Laser Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.5978/islsm.14.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chinda D, Nakaji S, Umeda T, Shimoyama T, Kurakake S, Okamura N, Kumae T, Sugawara K. A competitive marathon race decreases neutrophil functions in athletes. LUMINESCENCE 2003; 18:324-9. [PMID: 14694421 DOI: 10.1002/bio.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A full marathon is the longest running race in official track events and is a form of acute exercise. However, no studies have examined the acute neutrophil function response to a competitive marathon race. Thirty-six male athletes who had just completed the 42.195 km course of the 50th Beppu-Oita Mainichi Marathon were enrolled in this study. Neutrophil oxidative burst activity, phagocytic activity and expression of CD11b and CD16 per cell were measured by flow cytometry immediately before and after the marathon. Total leukocyte/neutrophil counts increased significantly (p < 0.001), whereas total oxidative burst activity per neutrophil cell decreased significantly after the race (p < 0.001). Furthermore, total phagocytic activity per neutrophil cell also decreased after the race, although it was not significant (p = 0.08). Although CD11b expression per cell did not change, the expression of CD16 per cell significantly decreased (p < 0.001) after the race. In conclusion, a competitive marathon race decreased neutrophil functions (oxidative burst activity and phagocytic activity), which may be partly due to a decrease in CD16 expression. The increase in total neutrophil counts might reflect a compensatory response to counteract the decrease in neutrophil functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Chinda
- Department of Hygiene, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 0368562, Japan
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