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Orbán Á, Schumacher JJ, Mucza S, Strinic A, Molnár P, Babai R, Halbritter A, Vértessy BG, Karl S, Krohns S, Kézsmárki I. Magneto-optical assessment of Plasmodium parasite growth via hemozoin crystal size. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14318. [PMID: 38906910 PMCID: PMC11192761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemozoin is a natural biomarker formed during the hemoglobin metabolism of Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria. The rotating-crystal magneto-optical detection (RMOD) has been developed for its rapid and sensitive detection both in cell cultures and patient samples. In the current article we demonstrate that, besides quantifying the overall concentration of hemozoin produced by the parasites, RMOD can also track the size distribution of the hemozoin crystals. We establish the relations between the magneto-optical signal, the mean parasite age and the median crystal size throughout one erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum parasites, where the latter two are determined by optical and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The significant correlation between the magneto-optical signal and the stage distribution of the parasites indicates that the RMOD method can be utilized for species-specific malaria diagnosis and for the quick assessment of drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Orbán
- Department of Physics, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary.
| | - Jan-Jonas Schumacher
- Experimental Physics 5, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Szilvia Mucza
- Department of Physics, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Ana Strinic
- Experimental Physics 5, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Petra Molnár
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Réka Babai
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - András Halbritter
- Department of Physics, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Stephan Karl
- Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province, 511, Papua New Guinea
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLS, Australia
| | - Stephan Krohns
- Experimental Physics 5, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - István Kézsmárki
- Experimental Physics 5, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany.
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Vianou B, Royo J, Dechavanne S, Bertin GI, Yessoufou A, Houze S, Faucher JF, Aubouy A. Monocytes, particularly nonclassical ones, lose their opsonic and nonopsonic phagocytosis capacity during pediatric cerebral malaria. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1358853. [PMID: 38835780 PMCID: PMC11148436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Innate immunity is crucial to reducing parasite burden and contributing to survival in severe malaria. Monocytes are key actors in the innate response and, like macrophages, are plastic cells whose function and phenotype are regulated by the signals from the microenvironment. In the context of cerebral malaria (CM), monocyte response constitutes an important issue to understand. We previously demonstrated that decreased percentages of nonclassical monocytes were associated with death outcomes in CM children. In the current study, we postulated that monocyte phagocytosis function is impacted by the severity of malaria infection. Methods To study this hypothesis, we compared the opsonic and nonopsonic phagocytosis capacity of circulant monocytes from Beninese children with uncomplicated malaria (UM) and CM. For the CM group, samples were obtained at inclusion (D0) and 3 and 30 days after treatment (D3, D30). The phagocytosis capacity of monocytes and their subsets was characterized by flow cytometry and transcriptional profiling by studying genes known for their functional implication in infected-red blood cell (iRBC) elimination or immune escape. Results Our results confirm our hypothesis and highlight the higher capacity of nonclassical monocytes to phagocyte iRBC. We also confirm that a low number of nonclassical monocytes is associated with CM outcome when compared to UM, suggesting a mobilization of this subpopulation to the cerebral inflammatory site. Finally, our results suggest the implication of the inhibitory receptors LILRB1, LILRB2, and Tim3 in phagocytosis control. Discussion Taken together, these data provide a better understanding of the interplay between monocytes and malaria infection in the pathogenicity of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertin Vianou
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
- Clinical Research Institute of Benin (IRCB), Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Jade Royo
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Dechavanne
- UMR261 Mère et Enfant en Milieu tropical (MERIT), Université Paris Cité, IRD, Paris, France
| | - Gwladys I Bertin
- UMR261 Mère et Enfant en Milieu tropical (MERIT), Université Paris Cité, IRD, Paris, France
| | - Akadiri Yessoufou
- Cell Biology and Physiology Laboratory, Abomey Calavi University (UAC), Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Sandrine Houze
- UMR261 Mère et Enfant en Milieu tropical (MERIT), Université Paris Cité, IRD, Paris, France
- French Malaria Reference Center, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
- Parasitology Laboratory, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Bichat-Claude-Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Faucher
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Department, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1094 EpiMaCT, Inserm, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - Agnes Aubouy
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
- Clinical Research Institute of Benin (IRCB), Abomey Calavi, Benin
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3
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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Neutrophils versus Protozoan Parasites: Plasmodium, Trichomonas, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Entameoba. Microorganisms 2024; 12:827. [PMID: 38674770 PMCID: PMC11051968 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant polymorphonuclear granular leukocytes in human blood and are an essential part of the innate immune system. Neutrophils are efficient cells that eliminate pathogenic bacteria and fungi, but their role in dealing with protozoan parasitic infections remains controversial. At sites of protozoan parasite infections, a large number of infiltrating neutrophils is observed, suggesting that neutrophils are important cells for controlling the infection. Yet, in most cases, there is also a strong inflammatory response that can provoke tissue damage. Diseases like malaria, trichomoniasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and amoebiasis affect millions of people globally. In this review, we summarize these protozoan diseases and describe the novel view on how neutrophils are involved in protection from these parasites. Also, we present recent evidence that neutrophils play a double role in these infections participating both in control of the parasite and in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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4
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Chua CLL, Khoo SKM, Ong JLE, Ramireddi GK, Yeo TW, Teo A. Malaria in Pregnancy: From Placental Infection to Its Abnormal Development and Damage. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:777343. [PMID: 34867919 PMCID: PMC8636035 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.777343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a global health burden with Plasmodium falciparum accounting for the highest mortality and morbidity. Malaria in pregnancy can lead to the development of placental malaria, where P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes adhere to placental receptors, triggering placental inflammation and subsequent damage, causing harm to both mother and her infant. Histopathological studies of P. falciparum-infected placentas revealed various placental abnormalities such as excessive perivillous fibrinoid deposits, breakdown of syncytiotrophoblast integrity, trophoblast basal lamina thickening, increased syncytial knotting, and accumulation of mononuclear immune cells within intervillous spaces. These events in turn, are likely to impair placental development and function, ultimately causing placental insufficiency, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery and low birth weight. Hence, a better understanding of the mechanisms behind placental alterations and damage during placental malaria is needed for the design of effective interventions. In this review, using evidence from human studies and murine models, an integrated view on the potential mechanisms underlying placental pathologies in malaria in pregnancy is provided. The molecular, immunological and metabolic changes in infected placentas that reflect their responses to the parasitic infection and injury are discussed. Finally, potential models that can be used by researchers to improve our understanding on the pathogenesis of malaria in pregnancy and placental pathologies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Long Ernest Ong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Tsin Wen Yeo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew Teo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine at Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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5
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Chua CLL, Ng IMJ, Yap BJM, Teo A. Factors influencing phagocytosis of malaria parasites: the story so far. Malar J 2021; 20:319. [PMID: 34271941 PMCID: PMC8284020 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are seven known species of Plasmodium spp. that can infect humans. The human host can mount a complex network of immunological responses to fight infection and one of these immune functions is phagocytosis. Effective and timely phagocytosis of parasites, accompanied by the activation of a regulated inflammatory response, is beneficial for parasite clearance. Functional studies have identified specific opsonins, particularly antibodies and distinct phagocyte sub-populations that are associated with clinical protection against malaria. In addition, cellular and molecular studies have enhanced the understanding of the immunological pathways and outcomes following phagocytosis of malaria parasites. In this review, an integrated view of the factors that can affect phagocytosis of infected erythrocytes and parasite components, the immunological consequences and their association with clinical protection against Plasmodium spp. infection is provided. Several red blood cell disorders and co-infections, and drugs that can influence phagocytic capability during malaria are also discussed. It is hoped that an enhanced understanding of this immunological process can benefit the design of new therapeutics and vaccines to combat this infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ida May Jen Ng
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bryan Ju Min Yap
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andrew Teo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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6
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Pham TT, Lamb TJ, Deroost K, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Hemozoin in Malarial Complications: More Questions Than Answers. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:226-239. [PMID: 33223096 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites contain various virulence factors that modulate the host immune response. Malarial pigment, or hemozoin (Hz), is an undegradable crystalline product of the hemoglobin degradation pathway in the parasite and possesses immunomodulatory properties. An association has been found between Hz accumulation and severe malaria, suggesting that the effects of Hz on the host immune response may contribute to the development of malarial complications. Although the immunomodulatory roles of Hz have been widely investigated, many conflicting data exist, likely due to the variability between experimental set-ups and technical limitations of Hz generation and isolation methods. Here, we critically assess the potential immunomodulatory effects of Hz, its role in malarial complications, and its potential effects after parasite clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Katrien Deroost
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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The C-type Lectin Receptor CLEC12A Recognizes Plasmodial Hemozoin and Contributes to Cerebral Malaria Development. Cell Rep 2020; 28:30-38.e5. [PMID: 31269448 PMCID: PMC6616648 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria represents a major cause of death from infectious disease. Hemozoin is a Plasmodium-derived product that contributes to progression of cerebral malaria. However, there is a gap of knowledge regarding how hemozoin is recognized by innate immunity. Myeloid C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) encompass a family of carbohydrate-binding receptors that act as pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity. In the present study, we identify the CLR CLEC12A as a receptor for hemozoin. Dendritic cell-T cell co-culture assays indicate that the CLEC12A/hemozoin interaction enhances CD8+ T cell cross-priming. Using the Plasmodium berghei Antwerpen-Kasapa (ANKA) mouse model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), we find that CLEC12A deficiency protects mice from ECM, illustrated by reduced ECM incidence and ameliorated clinical symptoms. In conclusion, we identify CLEC12A as an innate sensor of plasmodial hemozoin. CLEC12A recognizes plasmodial hemozoin The CLEC12A/hemozoin interaction enhances CD8+ T cell cross-priming in vitro CLEC12A−/− mice are protected from experimental cerebral malaria
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8
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Plasma Proteins and Platelets Modulate Neutrophil Clearance of Malaria-Related Hemozoin Crystals. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010093. [PMID: 31905972 PMCID: PMC7017347 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemozoin is an insoluble crystalline pigment produced by the malaria parasite Plasmodia upon digesting host hemoglobin inside red blood cells. Red blood cell rupture releases hemozoin crystals into the circulation from where they are cleared by phagocytes such as neutrophils. We speculated that plasma proteins would affect the ability of neutrophils to clear hemozoin crystals. To test this, we cultured human blood neutrophils with hemozoin ex vivo and found that neutrophils ingested hemozoin (0.1-1 µm crystal size) in a dose-dependent manner into phagosomes and vesicles/vacuoles, resulting in morphological changes including nuclear enlargement, and vesicle formation, but not cell membrane rupture or release of neutrophil extracellular traps. The presence of human plasma significantly inhibited the ability of neutrophils to ingest hemozoin crystals. Platelet-poor plasma further inhibited the uptake of hemozoin by neutrophils. Selective exposure to fibrinogen completely replicated the plasma effect. Taken together, neutrophils cleared hemozoin crystals from the extracellular space via endocytosis into phagosomes and vesicles without inducing the release of neutrophil extracellular traps. However, human plasma components such as fibrinogen limited hemozoin clearance, whereas the presence of platelets augmented this process. These factors may influence the pro-inflammatory potential of hemozoin crystals in malaria.
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9
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Abstract
Haemozoin is a by-product of haemoglobin digestion by intraerythrocytic malaria parasites, which induces immunologic responses on different tissues, including endothelial cells. In the present paper, the incubation of human microvascular endothelial cells with haemozoin significantly inhibited MTT reduction, a measure of cytotoxicity, without increasing the release of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase. Moreover, haemozoin did not induce apoptosis or cell cycle arrest nor decreased the number of live cells, suggesting that cells viability itself was not affected and that the inhibition of MTT reduction was only apparent and probably due to accelerated MTT-formazan exocytosis. After 30 min of MTT addition, a significant increase in the % of cells exocytosing MTT formazan crystals was observed in haemozoin-treated cells compared with control cells. Such an effect was partially reversed by the addition of genistein, an inhibitor of MTT-formazan exocytosis. The rapid release of CXCL-8, a preformed chemokine contained in Weibel-Palade bodies, confirmed that haemozoin induces a perturbation of the intracellular endothelial trafficking, including the exocytosis of MTT-formazan containing vesicles. The haem moiety of haemozoin is responsible for the observed effect. Moreover, this work underlines that MTT assay should not be used to measure cytotoxicity induced by haemozoin and other methods should be preferred.
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10
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Gupta P, Lai SM, Sheng J, Tetlak P, Balachander A, Claser C, Renia L, Karjalainen K, Ruedl C. Tissue-Resident CD169(+) Macrophages Form a Crucial Front Line against Plasmodium Infection. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1749-1761. [PMID: 27477286 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue macrophages exhibit diverse functions, ranging from the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, including clearance of senescent erythrocytes and cell debris, to modulation of inflammation and immunity. Their contribution to the control of blood-stage malaria remains unclear. Here, we show that in the absence of tissue-resident CD169(+) macrophages, Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection results in significantly increased parasite sequestration, leading to vascular occlusion and leakage and augmented tissue deposition of the malarial pigment hemozoin. This leads to widespread tissue damage culminating in multiple organ inflammation. Thus, the capacity of CD169(+) macrophages to contain the parasite burden and its sequestration into different tissues and to limit infection-induced inflammation is crucial to mitigating Plasmodium infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Gupta
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Si Min Lai
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jianpeng Sheng
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Piotr Tetlak
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Akhila Balachander
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Carla Claser
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Klaus Karjalainen
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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11
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Bujila I, Schwarzer E, Skorokhod O, Weidner JM, Troye-Blomberg M, Östlund Farrants AK. Malaria-derived hemozoin exerts early modulatory effects on the phenotype and maturation of human dendritic cells. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:413-23. [PMID: 26348250 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum)-induced effects on the phenotype of human dendritic cells (DC) could contribute to poor induction of long-lasting protective immunity against malaria. DC ability to present antigens to naïve T cells, thus initiating adaptive immune responses depends on complex switches in chemokine receptors, production of soluble mediators and expression of molecules enabling antigen-presentation and maturation. To examine the cellular basis of these processes in the context of malaria, we performed detailed analysis of early events following exposure of human monocyte-derived DC to natural hemozoin (nHZ) and the synthetic analog of its heme core, β-hematin. DC exposed to either molecule produced high levels of the inflammatory chemokine MCP-1, showed continuous high expression of the inflammatory chemokine receptor CCR5, no upregulation of the lymphoid homing receptor CCR7 and no cytoskeletal actin redistribution with loss of podosomes. DC partially matured as indicated by increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD86 following nHZ and β-hematin exposure, however there was a lack in expression of the maturation marker CD83 following nHZ but not β-hematin exposure. Overall our data demonstrate that exposure to nHZ partially impairs the capacity of DC to mature, an effect in part differential to β-hematin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Bujila
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Oleksii Skorokhod
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Jessica M Weidner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Marita Troye-Blomberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Ann-Kristin Östlund Farrants
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
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12
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Deroost K, Pham TT, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. The immunological balance between host and parasite in malaria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:208-57. [PMID: 26657789 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution of humans and malaria parasites has generated an intricate balance between the immune system of the host and virulence factors of the parasite, equilibrating maximal parasite transmission with limited host damage. Focusing on the blood stage of the disease, we discuss how the balance between anti-parasite immunity versus immunomodulatory and evasion mechanisms of the parasite may result in parasite clearance or chronic infection without major symptoms, whereas imbalances characterized by excessive parasite growth, exaggerated immune reactions or a combination of both cause severe pathology and death, which is detrimental for both parasite and host. A thorough understanding of the immunological balance of malaria and its relation to other physiological balances in the body is of crucial importance for developing effective interventions to reduce malaria-related morbidity and to diminish fatal outcomes due to severe complications. Therefore, we discuss in this review the detailed mechanisms of anti-malarial immunity, parasite virulence factors including immune evasion mechanisms and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we propose a comprehensive classification of malaria complications according to the different types of imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Deroost
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW71AA, UK
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Role of the lipoperoxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal in the pathogenesis of severe malaria anemia and malaria immunodepression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:638416. [PMID: 25969702 PMCID: PMC4417603 DOI: 10.1155/2015/638416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of falciparum malaria, a disease still claiming close to 1 million deaths and 200 million new cases per year. Most frequent complications are severe anemia, cerebral malaria, and immunodepression, the latter being constantly present in all forms of malaria. Complications are associated with oxidative stress and lipoperoxidation. Its final product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a stable yet very reactive and diffusible molecule, forms covalent conjugates with proteins, DNA, and phospholipids and modulates important cell functions at very low concentrations. Since oxidative stress plays important roles in the pathogenesis of severe malaria, it appears important to explore the role of 4-HNE in two important malaria complications such as malaria anemia and malaria immunodepression where oxidative stress is considered to be involved. In this review we will summarize data about 4-HNE chemistry, its biologically relevant chemical properties, and its role as regulator of physiologic processes and as pathogenic factor. We will review studies documenting the role of 4-HNE in severe malaria with emphasis on malaria anemia and immunodepression. Data from other diseases qualify 4-HNE both as oxidative stress marker and as pathomechanistically important molecule. Further studies are needed to establish 4-HNE as accepted pathogenic factor in severe malaria.
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14
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Deroost K, Lays N, Pham TT, Baci D, Van den Eynde K, Komuta M, Prato M, Roskams T, Schwarzer E, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Hemozoin induces hepatic inflammation in mice and is differentially associated with liver pathology depending on the Plasmodium strain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113519. [PMID: 25419977 PMCID: PMC4242621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a global disease that clinically affects more than two hundred million people annually. Despite the availability of effective antimalarials, mortality rates associated with severe complications are high. Hepatopathy is frequently observed in patients with severe malarial disease and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Previously, we observed high amounts of hemozoin or malaria pigment in livers from infected mice. In this study, we investigated whether hemozoin is associated with liver injury in different mouse malaria models. C57BL/6J mice infected with the rodent parasites Plasmodium berghei ANKA, P. berghei NK65 or P. chabaudi AS had elevated serum liver enzymes without severe histological changes in the liver, in line with the observations in most patients. Furthermore, liver enzymes were significantly higher in serum of P. chabaudi AS-infected mice compared to mice infected with the P. berghei parasite strains and a strong positive correlation was found between hepatic hemozoin levels, hepatocyte damage and inflammation in the liver with P. chabaudi AS. The observed liver injury was only marginally influenced by the genetic background of the host, since similar serum liver enzyme levels were measured in infected C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice. Intravenous injection of P. falciparum-derived hemozoin in malaria-free C57BL/6J mice induced inflammatory gene transcription in the liver, suggesting that hemozoin may be involved in the pathogenesis of malaria hepatopathy by inducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Deroost
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natacha Lays
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denisa Baci
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mina Komuta
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mauro Prato
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tania Roskams
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E. Van den Steen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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15
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Skorokhod OA, Barrera V, Heller R, Carta F, Turrini F, Arese P, Schwarzer E. Malarial pigment hemozoin impairs chemotactic motility and transendothelial migration of monocytes via 4-hydroxynonenal. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 75:210-21. [PMID: 25017964 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural hemozoin, nHZ, is avidly phagocytosed in vivo and in vitro by human monocytes. The persistence of the undigested β-hematin core of nHZ in the phagocyte lysosome for long periods of time modifies several cellular immune functions. Here we show that nHZ phagocytosis by human primary monocytes severely impaired their chemotactic motility toward MCP-1, TNF, and FMLP, by approximately 80% each, and their diapedesis across a confluent human umbilical vein endothelial cell layer toward MCP-1 by 45±5%. No inhibition was observed with latex-fed or unfed monocytes. Microscopic inspection revealed polarization defects in nHZ-fed monocytes due to irregular actin polymerization. Phagocytosed nHZ catalyzes the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and generation of the highly reactive derivative 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Similar to nHZ phagocytosis, the exposure of monocytes to in vivo-compatible 4-HNE concentrations inhibited cell motility in both the presence and the absence of chemotactic stimuli, suggesting severe impairment of cytoskeleton dynamics. Consequently, 4-HNE conjugates with the cytoskeleton proteins β-actin and coronin-1A were immunochemically identified in nHZ-fed monocytes and mass spectrometrically localized in domains of protein-protein interactions involved in cytoskeleton reorganization and cell motility. The molecular and functional modifications of actin and coronin by nHZ/4-HNE may also explain impaired phagocytosis, another motility-dependent process previously described in nHZ-fed monocytes. Further studies will show whether impaired monocyte motility may contribute to the immunodepression and the frequent occurrence of secondary infections observed in malaria patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Regine Heller
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Franco Turrini
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Arese
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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16
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Olivier M, Van Den Ham K, Shio MT, Kassa FA, Fougeray S. Malarial pigment hemozoin and the innate inflammatory response. Front Immunol 2014; 5:25. [PMID: 24550911 PMCID: PMC3913902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a deadly infectious disease caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite Plasmodium. The four species of Plasmodium known to affect humans all produce an inorganic crystal called hemozoin (HZ) during the heme detoxification process. HZ is released from the food vacuole into circulation during erythrocyte lysis, while the released parasites further infect additional naive red blood cells. Once in circulation, HZ is rapidly taken up by circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages, inducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Over the last few years, it has been reported that HZ, similar to uric acid crystals, asbestos, and silica, is able to trigger IL-1β production via the activation of the NOD-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex. Additionally, recent findings have shown that host factors, such as fibrinogen, have the ability to adhere to free HZ and modify its capacity to activate host immune cells. Although much has been discovered regarding NLRP3 inflammasome induction, the mechanism through which this intracellular multimolecular complex is activated remains unclear. In the present review, the most recent discoveries regarding the capacity of HZ to trigger this innate immune complex as well as the impact of HZ on several other inflammatory signaling pathways will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Olivier
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Kristin Van Den Ham
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Marina Tiemi Shio
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Fikregabrail Aberra Kassa
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Sophie Fougeray
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
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