1
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Shiomi N, Furuta M, Sasaki Y, Matsui-Yuasa I, Kiriyama K, Fujita M, Sutoh K, Kojima-Yuasa A. Suppression of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell proliferation via G1 arrest induced by dietary nucleic acid-derived nucleosides. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305775. [PMID: 39024316 PMCID: PMC11257241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleic acids found in food play a crucial role in maintaining various bodily functions. This study investigated the potential anticancer effects of dietary nucleic acids, an area that is still not fully understood. By utilizing an in vivo mouse model and an in vitro cell model, we discovered an anti-proliferative impact of RNA in both systems. DNA exhibited anti-proliferative effects in the mouse model, while this phenomenon wasn't observed in the in vitro cell model using Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells. Conversely, DNA hydrolysate demonstrated distinct anti-proliferative effects in EAT cells, suggesting that nucleotides or nucleosides generated during nucleic acid digestion act as active constituents. Furthermore, we examined various nucleosides and two sodium-independent equilibrative nucleoside transporter inhibitors (ENTs), identifying guanosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine as pivotal in the anti-proliferative effect. We also found that the anti-proliferation activity with both nucleosides was suppressed by the treatment of dipyridamole, a non-selective inhibitor for ENT1 and ENT2, but not nitrobenzylthioinosine, a low inhibitor for ENT2. The uptake of these compounds into cells is likely facilitated by ENT2. These nucleotides impeded the progression of cancer cells from the G1 phase to the S phase in the cell cycle. Another significant finding is the increased expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPβ) induced by guanosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine. Furthermore, immunostaining revealed that C/EBPβ diffuses into the nucleus, indicating its presence. This suggests that guanosine or 2-deoxyguanosine induces G1 arrest in cancer cells via the activation of C/EBPβ. Encouraged by these promising results, guanosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine show potential applications in cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahoko Shiomi
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mamia Furuta
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaro Sasaki
- Department of Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Isao Matsui-Yuasa
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kiriyama
- Fordays Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
- Fordays Nutritional Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mica Fujita
- Fordays Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
- Fordays Nutritional Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Sutoh
- Fordays Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
- Fordays Nutritional Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kojima-Yuasa
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Rebollar-Ramos D, Ovalle-Magallanes B, Raja HA, Jacome-Rebollo M, Figueroa M, Tovar-Palacio C, Noriega LG, Madariaga-Mazón A, Mata R. Antidiabetic Potential of a Trimeric Anthranilic Acid Peptide Isolated from Malbranchea flocciformis. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301602. [PMID: 38102075 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Compound 3, a trimeric anthranilic acid peptide, and another three metabolites were isolated from an organic extract from the culture medium of Malbranchea flocciformis ATCC 34530. The chemical structure proposed previously for 3 was unequivocally assigned via synthesis and X-ray diffraction analysis. Tripeptide 3 showed insulinotropic properties by decreasing the postprandial peak in healthy and hyperglycemic mice. It also increased glucose-induced insulin secretion in INS-1E at 5 μM, specifically at higher glucose concentrations. These results revealed that 3 might act as an insulin sensitizer and a non-classical insulin secretagogue. Altogether, these findings are in harmony with the in vivo oral glucose tolerance test and acute oral hypoglycemic assay. Finally, the chemical composition of the extract was established by the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Network platform. Phylogenetic analysis using the internal transcribed spacer region revealed that M. flocciformis ATCC 34530 is related to the Malbrancheaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rebollar-Ramos
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | | | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC-27412, USA
| | - Mariano Jacome-Rebollo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Mario Figueroa
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Claudia Tovar-Palacio
- Dirección de Nutrición, Instituto Nacional Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, 14080, México
| | - Lilia G Noriega
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, 14080, México
| | - Abraham Madariaga-Mazón
- Instituto de Química Unidad Mérida and f Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Rachel Mata
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
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3
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Luo HY, Shen HY, Perkins RS, Wang YX. Adenosine Kinase on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Methylation: Adenosine Receptor-Independent Pathway in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:908882. [PMID: 35721189 PMCID: PMC9200284 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.908882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation is an important mechanism contributing to cancer pathology. Methylation of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes has been closely associated with tumor occurrence and development. New insights regarding the potential role of the adenosine receptor-independent pathway in the epigenetic modulation of DNA methylation offer the possibility of new interventional strategies for cancer therapy. Targeting DNA methylation of cancer-related genes is a promising therapeutic strategy; drugs like 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-CdR, decitabine) effectively reverse DNA methylation and cancer cell growth. However, current anti-methylation (or methylation modifiers) are associated with severe side effects; thus, there is an urgent need for safer and more specific inhibitors of DNA methylation (or DNA methylation modifiers). The adenosine signaling pathway is reported to be involved in cancer pathology and participates in the development of tumors by altering DNA methylation. Most recently, an adenosine metabolic clearance enzyme, adenosine kinase (ADK), has been shown to influence methylation on tumor suppressor genes and tumor development and progression. This review article focuses on recent updates on ADK and its two isoforms, and its actions in adenosine receptor-independent pathways, including methylation modification and epigenetic changes in cancer pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yun Luo
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Anorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Ying Shen
- Department of Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States.,Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, United States
| | - R Serene Perkins
- Legacy Tumor Bank, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States.,Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles, OR, United States
| | - Ya-Xu Wang
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Anorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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4
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Hsiao HH, Du JS, Cheng YT. A case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome after adenosine injection. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jcrp.jcrp_18_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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5
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Giuliani P, Zuccarini M, Buccella S, Peña-Altamira LE, Polazzi E, Virgili M, Monti B, Poli A, Rathbone MP, Di Iorio P, Ciccarelli R, Caciagli F. Evidence for purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) release from rat C6 glioma cells. J Neurochem 2017; 141:208-221. [PMID: 28251649 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular purine turnover is mainly oriented to preserving the level of triphosphate nucleotides, fundamental molecules in vital cell functions that, when released outside cells, act as receptor signals. Conversely, high levels of purine bases and uric acid are found in the extracellular milieu, even in resting conditions. These compounds could derive from nucleosides/bases that, having escaped to cell reuptake, are metabolized by extracellular enzymes similar to the cytosolic ones. Focusing on purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) that catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of purine (deoxy)-nucleosides/bases, we found that it is constitutively released from cultured rat C6 glioma cells into the medium, and has a molecular weight and enzyme activity similar to the cytosolic enzyme. Cell exposure to 10 μM ATP or guanosine triphosphate (GTP) increased the extracellular amount of all corresponding purines without modifying the levels/activity of released PNP, whereas selective activation of ATP P2Y1 or adenosine A2A metabotropic receptors increased PNP release and purine base formation. The reduction to 1% in oxygen supply (2 h) to cells decreased the levels of released PNP, leading to an increased presence of extracellular nucleosides and to a reduced formation of xanthine and uric acid. Conversely, 2 h cell re-oxygenation enhanced the extracellular amounts of both PNP and purine bases. Thus, hypoxia and re-oxygenation modulated in opposite manner the PNP release/activity and, thereby, the extracellular formation of purine metabolism end-products. In conclusion, extracellular PNP and likely other enzymes deputed to purine base metabolism are released from cells, contributing to the purinergic system homeostasis and exhibiting an important pathophysiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Giuliani
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Silvana Buccella
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Polazzi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Virgili
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michel P Rathbone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, McMaster University - Juravinski Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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6
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B 12-dependent photoresponsive protein hydrogels for controlled stem cell/protein release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5912-5917. [PMID: 28533376 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621350114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thanks to the precise control over their structural and functional properties, genetically engineered protein-based hydrogels have emerged as a promising candidate for biomedical applications. Given the growing demand for creating stimuli-responsive "smart" hydrogels, here we show the synthesis of entirely protein-based photoresponsive hydrogels by covalently polymerizing the adenosylcobalamin (AdoB12)-dependent photoreceptor C-terminal adenosylcobalamin binding domain (CarHC) proteins using genetically encoded SpyTag-SpyCatcher chemistry under mild physiological conditions. The resulting hydrogel composed of physically self-assembled CarHC polymers exhibited a rapid gel-sol transition on light exposure, which enabled the facile release/recovery of 3T3 fibroblasts and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) from 3D cultures while maintaining their viability. A covalently cross-linked CarHC hydrogel was also designed to encapsulate and release bulky globular proteins, such as mCherry, in a light-dependent manner. The direct assembly of stimuli-responsive proteins into hydrogels represents a versatile strategy for designing dynamically tunable materials.
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7
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Virtanen SS, Kukkonen-Macchi A, Vainio M, Elima K, Härkönen PL, Jalkanen S, Yegutkin GG. Adenosine inhibits tumor cell invasion via receptor-independent mechanisms. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1863-74. [PMID: 25080434 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0302-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Extracellular adenosine mediates diverse anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and other signaling effects via binding to adenosine receptors, and it also regulates cell proliferation and death via activation of the intrinsic signaling pathways. Given the emerging role of adenosine and other purines in tumor growth and metastasis, this study evaluated the effects of adenosine on the invasion of metastatic prostate and breast cancer cells. Treatment with low micromolar concentrations of adenosine, but not other nucleosides or adenosine receptor agonists, inhibited subsequent cell invasion and migration through Matrigel- and laminin-coated inserts. These inhibitory effects occurred via intrinsic receptor-independent mechanisms, despite the abundant expression of A2B adenosine receptors (ADORA2B). Extracellular nucleotides and adenosine were shown to be rapidly metabolized on tumor cell surfaces via sequential ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73/NT5E) and adenosine deaminase reactions with subsequent cellular uptake of nucleoside metabolites and their intracellular interconversion into ADP/ATP. This was accompanied by concurrent inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase and other signaling pathways. No differences in the proliferation rates, cytoskeleton assembly, expression of major adhesion molecules [integrin-1β (ITGB1), CD44, focal adhesion kinase], and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases were detected between the control and treated cells, thus excluding the contribution of these components of invasion cascade to the inhibitory effects of adenosine. These data provide a novel insight into the ability of adenosine to dampen immune responses and prevent tumor invasion via two different, adenosine receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. IMPLICATIONS This study suggests that the combined targeting of adenosine receptors and modulation of intracellular purine levels can affect tumor growth and metastasis phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna S Virtanen
- Turku University of Applied Sciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Minna Vainio
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kati Elima
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirkko L Härkönen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Gennady G Yegutkin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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8
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Wu LF, Wei BL, Guo YT, Ye YQ, Li GP, Pu ZJ, Feng JL. Apoptosis induced by adenosine involves endoplasmic reticulum stress in EC109 cells. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:797-804. [PMID: 22859272 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a critical role in the development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is one of the intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Previous studies have shown that adenosine induces apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. However, the molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we explored whether adenosine triggers apoptosis of EC109 esophageal carcinoma (EC) cells by ERS. The MTT assay was used to determine cell proliferation; cell cycle detection (FCM) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were performed to determine cell apoptosis. The subcellular distribution and expression of the ERS-related proteins GRP78, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-4, CHOP and NF-κB p65 were detected by western blot techniques. NF-κB activation was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The MTT assay demonstrated that adenosine inhibited EC109 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. FCM and TUNEL assay verified that adenosine caused an apoptotic peak in cell cycle arrest and a higher percentage of apoptotic cells. Western blot analysis confirmed that the expression of GRP78, cleaved caspase-4, CHOP, NF-κB p65 and cleaved caspase-3 were upregulated in a dose-dependent manner after adenosine treatment. EMSA revealed that adenosine activated NF-κB p65. This is the first demonstration that adenosine inhibits cell proliferation, increases GRP78 and NF-κB p65 expression and induces apoptosis by CHOP and caspase-4 pathways. The ERS pathway is involved in adenosine-induced apoptosis in EC109 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Fei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China.
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9
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Fleischmannova J, Kucerova L, Sandova K, Steinbauerova V, Broz V, Simek P, Zurovec M. Differential response of Drosophila cell lines to extracellular adenosine. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:321-331. [PMID: 22266077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine (Ado) is a crucial metabolite that affects a wide range of physiological processes. Key proteins regulating Ado signaling, transport and metabolism are conserved among vertebrates and invertebrates. It is well known that Ado influences proliferation of several vertebrate and invertebrate cells. Here we show that Ado negatively influences viability, changes morphology and mitochondrial polarity of the Drosophila imaginal disc cell line (Cl.8+) via a mechanism exclusively dependent on cellular Ado uptake. High transport of Ado is followed by phosphorylation and ATP production as a part of Ado salvation, which at higher concentrations may interfere with cellular homeostasis. In contrast, hematopoietic cell line Mbn2, which grows well in high Ado concentration, preferentially uses adenosine deaminase as a part of the purine catabolic pathway. Our results show that different types of Drosophila cell lines use different pathways for Ado conversion and suggest that such differences may be an important part of complex mechanisms maintaining energy homeostasis in the body.
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10
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Velasco-Loyden G, Pérez-Carreón JI, Agüero JFC, Romero PC, Vidrio-Gómez S, Martínez-Pérez L, Yáñez-Maldonado L, Hernández-Muñoz R, Macías-Silva M, de Sánchez VC. Prevention of in vitro hepatic stellate cells activation by the adenosine derivative compound IFC305. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1690-9. [PMID: 20813095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that adenosine and the aspartate salt of adenosine (IFC305) reverse pre-established CCl(4)-induced cirrhosis in rats. However, their molecular mechanism of action is not clearly understood. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a pivotal role in liver fibrogenesis leading to cirrhosis, mainly through their activation, changing from a quiescent adipogenic state to a proliferative myofibrogenic condition. Therefore, we decided to investigate the effect of IFC305 on primary cultured rat HSC. Our results reveal that this compound suppressed the activation of HSC, as demonstrated by the maintenance of a quiescent cell morphology, including lipid droplets content, inhibition of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen α1(I) expression, and up-regulation of MMP-13, Smad7, and PPARγ expression, three key antifibrogenic genes. Furthermore, IFC305 was able to repress the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced proliferation of HSC. This inhibition was independent of adenosine receptors stimulation; instead, IFC305 was incorporated into cells by adenosine transporters and converted to AMP by adenosine kinase. On the other hand, addition of pyrimidine ribonucleoside as uridine reversed the suppressive effect of IFC305 on the proliferation and activation of HSC, suggesting that intracellular pyrimidine starvation would be involved in the molecular mechanism of action of IFC305. In conclusion, IFC305 inhibits HSC activation and maintains their quiescence in vitro; these results could explain in part the antifibrotic liver beneficial effect previously described for this compound on the animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Velasco-Loyden
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México 04510, D.F., Apdo. postal 70-243, Mexico
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