1
|
Wang Y, Lilienfeldt N, Hekimi S. Understanding coenzyme Q. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1533-1610. [PMID: 38722242 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ), also known as ubiquinone, comprises a benzoquinone head group and a long isoprenoid side chain. It is thus extremely hydrophobic and resides in membranes. It is best known for its complex function as an electron transporter in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) but is also required for several other crucial cellular processes. In fact, CoQ appears to be central to the entire redox balance of the cell. Remarkably, its structure and therefore its properties have not changed from bacteria to vertebrates. In metazoans, it is synthesized in all cells and is found in most, and maybe all, biological membranes. CoQ is also known as a nutritional supplement, mostly because of its involvement with antioxidant defenses. However, whether there is any health benefit from oral consumption of CoQ is not well established. Here we review the function of CoQ as a redox-active molecule in the ETC and other enzymatic systems, its role as a prooxidant in reactive oxygen species generation, and its separate involvement in antioxidant mechanisms. We also review CoQ biosynthesis, which is particularly complex because of its extreme hydrophobicity, as well as the biological consequences of primary and secondary CoQ deficiency, including in human patients. Primary CoQ deficiency is a rare inborn condition due to mutation in CoQ biosynthetic genes. Secondary CoQ deficiency is much more common, as it accompanies a variety of pathological conditions, including mitochondrial disorders as well as aging. In this context, we discuss the importance, but also the great difficulty, of alleviating CoQ deficiency by CoQ supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Noah Lilienfeldt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Siegfried Hekimi
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nishida I, Ohmori Y, Yanai R, Nishihara S, Matsuo Y, Kaino T, Hirata D, Kawamukai M. Identification of novel coenzyme Q 10 biosynthetic proteins Coq11 and Coq12 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104797. [PMID: 37156397 PMCID: PMC10279924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an essential component of the electron transport system in aerobic organisms. CoQ10 has ten isoprene units in its quinone structure and is especially valuable as a food supplement. However, the CoQ biosynthetic pathway has not been fully elucidated, including synthesis of the p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHB) precursor to form a quinone backbone. To identify the novel components of CoQ10 synthesis, we investigated CoQ10 production in 400 Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene-deleted strains in which individual mitochondrial proteins were lost. We found that deletion of coq11 (an S. cerevisiae COQ11 homolog) and a novel gene designated coq12 lowered CoQ levels to ∼4% of that of the WT strain. Addition of PHB or p-hydroxybenzaldehyde restored the CoQ content and growth and lowered hydrogen sulfide production of the Δcoq12 strain, but these compounds did not affect the Δcoq11 strain. The primary structure of Coq12 has a flavin reductase motif coupled with an NAD+ reductase domain. We determined that purified Coq12 protein from S. pombe displayed NAD+ reductase activity when incubated with ethanol-extracted substrate of S. pombe. Because purified Coq12 from Escherichia coli did not exhibit reductase activity under the same conditions, an extra protein is thought to be necessary for its activity. Analysis of Coq12-interacting proteins by LC-MS/MS revealed interactions with other Coq proteins, suggesting formation of a complex. Thus, our analysis indicates that Coq12 is required for PHB synthesis, and it has diverged among species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuhisa Nishida
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan; Sakeology Center, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohmori
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Ryota Yanai
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Shogo Nishihara
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuo
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan; Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kaino
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan; Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Dai Hirata
- Sakeology Center, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan; Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu JJ, Hu M, Yang L, Chen XY. How plants synthesize coenzyme Q. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100341. [PMID: 35614856 PMCID: PMC9483114 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a conserved redox-active lipid that has a wide distribution across the domains of life. CoQ plays a key role in the oxidative electron transfer chain and serves as a crucial antioxidant in cellular membranes. Our understanding of CoQ biosynthesis in eukaryotes has come mostly from studies of yeast. Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding CoQ biosynthesis in plants. Unique mitochondrial flavin-dependent monooxygenase and benzenoid ring precursor biosynthetic pathways have been discovered, providing new insights into the diversity of CoQ biosynthetic pathways and the evolution of phototrophic eukaryotes. We summarize research progress on CoQ biosynthesis and regulation in plants and recent efforts to increase the CoQ content in plant foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
| | - Mei Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Response to sulfur in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6324000. [PMID: 34279603 PMCID: PMC8310684 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential component of various biologically important molecules, including methionine, cysteine and glutathione, and it is also involved in coping with oxidative and heavy metal stress. Studies using model organisms, including budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), have contributed not only to understanding various cellular processes but also to understanding the utilization and response mechanisms of each nutrient, including sulfur. Although fission yeast can use sulfate as a sulfur source, its sulfur metabolism pathway is slightly different from that of budding yeast because it does not have a trans-sulfuration pathway. In recent years, it has been found that sulfur starvation causes various cellular responses in S. pombe, including sporulation, cell cycle arrest at G2, chronological lifespan extension, autophagy induction and reduced translation. This MiniReview identifies two sulfate transporters in S. pombe, Sul1 (encoded by SPBC3H7.02) and Sul2 (encoded by SPAC869.05c), and summarizes the metabolic pathways of sulfur assimilation and cellular response to sulfur starvation. Understanding these responses, including metabolism and adaptation, will contribute to a better understanding of the various stress and nutrient starvation responses and chronological lifespan regulation caused by sulfur starvation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nishida I, Yanai R, Matsuo Y, Kaino T, Kawamukai M. Benzoic acid inhibits Coenzyme Q biosynthesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242616. [PMID: 33232355 PMCID: PMC7685456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ, ubiquinone) is an essential component of the electron transport system in aerobic organisms. Human type CoQ10, which has 10 units of isoprene in its quinone structure, is especially valuable as a food supplement. Therefore, studying the biosynthesis of CoQ10 is important not only for increasing metabolic knowledge, but also for improving biotechnological production. Herein, we show that Schizosaccharomyces pombe utilizes p-aminobenzoate (PABA) in addition to p-hydroxybenzoate (PHB) as a precursor for CoQ10 synthesis. We explored compounds that affect the synthesis of CoQ10 and found benzoic acid (Bz) at >5 μg/mL inhibited CoQ biosynthesis without accumulation of apparent CoQ intermediates. This inhibition was counteracted by incubation with a 10-fold lower amount of PABA or PHB. Overexpression of PHB-polyprenyl transferase encoded by ppt1 (coq2) also overcame the inhibition of CoQ biosynthesis by Bz. Inhibition by Bz was efficient in S. pombe and Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, but less so in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Escherichia coli. Bz also inhibited a S. pombe ppt1 (coq2) deletion strain expressing human COQ2, and this strain also utilized PABA as a precursor of CoQ10. Thus, Bz is likely to inhibit prenylation reactions involving PHB or PABA catalyzed by Coq2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuhisa Nishida
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Ryota Yanai
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuo
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kaino
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abnormalities of hydrogen sulfide and glutathione pathways in mitochondrial dysfunction. J Adv Res 2020; 27:79-84. [PMID: 33318868 PMCID: PMC7728579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial disorders are genetic diseases for which therapy remains woefully inadequate. Therapy of these disorders is particularly challenging partially due to the heterogeneity and tissue-specificity of pathomechanisms involved in these disorders. Abnormalities in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) metabolism are emerging as novel mechanism in mitochondrial dysfunction. However, further studies are necessary to understand the effects, protective or detrimental, of these abnormalities, and their relevance, in mitochondrial diseases. Aim of Review To review the recent evidences of derangement of the metabolism of H2S, at biosynthesis or oxidation levels, in mitochondrial dysfunction, focusing specifically on the alterations of H2S oxidation caused by primary Coenzyme Q (CoQ) deficiency. Key Scientific Concepts of Review Mitochondria play a key role in the regulation of H2S and GSH metabolism pathways. However, further studies are needed to understand the consequences of abnormalities of H2S and GSH synthesis on the oxidation pathway, and vice versa; and on the levels of H2S and GSH, their tissue-specific detrimental effects, and their role the role in mitochondrial diseases. Beside the known H2S pathways, additional, tissue-specific, enzymatic systems, involved in H2S production and elimination, might exist.
Collapse
|
7
|
Díaz-Casado ME, Quiles JL, Barriocanal-Casado E, González-García P, Battino M, López LC, Varela-López A. The Paradox of Coenzyme Q 10 in Aging. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092221. [PMID: 31540029 PMCID: PMC6770889 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an essential endogenously synthesized molecule that links different metabolic pathways to mitochondrial energy production thanks to its location in the mitochondrial inner membrane and its redox capacity, which also provide it with the capability to work as an antioxidant. Although defects in CoQ biosynthesis in human and mouse models cause CoQ deficiency syndrome, some animals models with particular defects in the CoQ biosynthetic pathway have shown an increase in life span, a fact that has been attributed to the concept of mitohormesis. Paradoxically, CoQ levels decline in some tissues in human and rodents during aging and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation has shown benefits as an anti-aging agent, especially under certain conditions associated with increased oxidative stress. Also, CoQ10 has shown therapeutic benefits in aging-related disorders, particularly in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Thus, we discuss the paradox of health benefits due to a defect in the CoQ biosynthetic pathway or exogenous supplementation of CoQ10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Elena Díaz-Casado
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - José L Quiles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Eliana Barriocanal-Casado
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Pilar González-García
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Clinical Sicences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Luis C López
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Varela-López
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Prenylquinones are isoprenoid compounds with a characteristic quinone structure and isoprenyl tail that are ubiquitous in almost all living organisms. There are four major prenylquinone classes: ubiquinone (UQ), menaquinone (MK), plastoquinone (PQ), and rhodoquinone (RQ). The quinone structure and isoprenyl tail length differ among organisms. UQ, PQ, and RQ contain benzoquinone, while MK contains naphthoquinone. UQ, MK, and RQ are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, while PQ functions in photosynthetic electron transfer. Some organisms possess two types of prenylquinones; Escherichia coli has UQ8 and MK8, and Caenorhabditis elegans has UQ9 and RQ9. Crystal structures of most of the enzymes involved in MK synthesis have been solved. Studies on the biosynthesis and functions of quinones have advanced recently, including for phylloquinone (PhQ), which has a phytyl moiety instead of an isoprenyl tail. Herein, the synthesis and applications of prenylquinones are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kawamukai
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kaino T, Tonoko K, Mochizuki S, Takashima Y, Kawamukai M. Schizosaccharomyces japonicus has low levels of CoQ 10 synthesis, respiration deficiency, and efficient ethanol production. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 82:1031-1042. [PMID: 29191091 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1401914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is essential for mitochondrial respiration and as a cofactor for sulfide quinone reductase. Schizosaccharomyces pombe produces a human-type CoQ10. Here, we analyzed CoQ in other fission yeast species. S. cryophilus and S. octosporus produce CoQ9. S. japonicus produces low levels of CoQ10, although all necessary genes for CoQ synthesis have been identified in its genome. We expressed three genes (dps1, dlp1, and ppt1) for CoQ synthesis from S. japonicus in the corresponding S. pombe mutants, and confirmed that they were functional. S. japonicus had very low levels of oxygen consumption and was essentially respiration defective, probably due to mitochondrial dysfunction. S. japonicus grows well on minimal medium during anaerobic culture, indicating that it acquires sufficient energy by fermentation. S. japonicus produces comparable levels of ethanol under both normal and elevated temperature (42 °C) conditions, at which S. pombe is not able to grow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kaino
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| | - Kai Tonoko
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| | - Shiomi Mochizuki
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| | - Yuriko Takashima
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Luna-Sánchez M, Hidalgo-Gutiérrez A, Hildebrandt TM, Chaves-Serrano J, Barriocanal-Casado E, Santos-Fandila Á, Romero M, Sayed RK, Duarte J, Prokisch H, Schuelke M, Distelmaier F, Escames G, Acuña-Castroviejo D, López LC. CoQ deficiency causes disruption of mitochondrial sulfide oxidation, a new pathomechanism associated with this syndrome. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:78-95. [PMID: 27856619 PMCID: PMC5210161 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a key component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, but it also has several other functions in the cellular metabolism. One of them is to function as an electron carrier in the reaction catalyzed by sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR), which catalyzes the first reaction in the hydrogen sulfide oxidation pathway. Therefore, SQR may be affected by CoQ deficiency. Using human skin fibroblasts and two mouse models with primary CoQ deficiency, we demonstrate that severe CoQ deficiency causes a reduction in SQR levels and activity, which leads to an alteration of mitochondrial sulfide metabolism. In cerebrum of Coq9R239X mice, the deficit in SQR induces an increase in thiosulfate sulfurtransferase and sulfite oxidase, as well as modifications in the levels of thiols. As a result, biosynthetic pathways of glutamate, serotonin, and catecholamines were altered in the cerebrum, and the blood pressure was reduced. Therefore, this study reveals the reduction in SQR activity as one of the pathomechanisms associated with CoQ deficiency syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Luna-Sánchez
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain .,Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Agustín Hidalgo-Gutiérrez
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Julio Chaves-Serrano
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eliana Barriocanal-Casado
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Romero
- Departmento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ramy Ka Sayed
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Juan Duarte
- Departmento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Markus Schuelke
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Distelmaier
- Department of General Pediatrics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Germaine Escames
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Darío Acuña-Castroviejo
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis C López
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain .,Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Quinzii CM, Luna-Sanchez M, Ziosi M, Hidalgo-Gutierrez A, Kleiner G, Lopez LC. The Role of Sulfide Oxidation Impairment in the Pathogenesis of Primary CoQ Deficiency. Front Physiol 2017; 8:525. [PMID: 28790927 PMCID: PMC5525000 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a lipid present in all cell membranes. One of the multiple metabolic functions of CoQ is to transport electrons in the reaction catalyzed by sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR), the first enzyme of the oxidation pathway of sulfides (hydrogen sulfide, H2S). Early evidence of a defect in the metabolism of H2S in primary CoQ deficiency came from yeast studies in Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains defective for dps1 and ppt1 (homologs of PDSS1 and COQ2, respectively), which have H2S accumulation. Our recent studies in human skin fibroblasts and in murine models of primary CoQ deficiency show that, also in mammals, decreased CoQ levels cause impairment of H2S oxidation. Patient fibroblasts carrying different mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in CoQ biosynthesis show reduced SQOR activity and protein levels proportional to the levels of CoQ. In Pdss2kd/kd mice, kidney, the only organ clinically affected, shows reduced SQOR levels and downstream enzymes, accumulation of H2S, and glutathione depletion. Pdss2kd/kd mice have also low levels of thiosulfate in plasma and urine, and increased C4–C6 acylcarnitines in blood, due to inhibition of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Also in Coq9R239X mice, the symptomatic organ, cerebrum, shows accumulation of H2S, reduced SQOR, increase in thiosulfate sulfurtransferase and sulfite oxidase, and reduction in the levels of glutathione and glutathione enzymes, leading to alteration of the biosynthetic pathways of glutamate, serotonin, and catecholamines. Coq9R239X mice have also reduced blood pressure, possible consequence of H2S-induced vasorelaxation. Since liver is not clinically affected in Pdss2 and Coq9 mutant mice, the effects of the impairment of H2S oxidation in this organ were not investigated, despite its critical role in metabolism. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo studies of CoQ deficient models provide evidence of tissue-specific H2S oxidation impairment, an additional pathomechanism that should be considered in the understanding and treatment of primary CoQ deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina M Quinzii
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY, United States
| | - Marta Luna-Sanchez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of GranadaGranada, Spain.,MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitCambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcello Ziosi
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY, United States
| | | | - Giulio Kleiner
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY, United States
| | - Luis C Lopez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of GranadaGranada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ziosi M, Di Meo I, Kleiner G, Gao XH, Barca E, Sanchez-Quintero MJ, Tadesse S, Jiang H, Qiao C, Rodenburg RJ, Scalais E, Schuelke M, Willard B, Hatzoglou M, Tiranti V, Quinzii CM. Coenzyme Q deficiency causes impairment of the sulfide oxidation pathway. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:96-111. [PMID: 27856618 PMCID: PMC5210092 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an electron acceptor for sulfide-quinone reductase (SQR), the first enzyme of the hydrogen sulfide oxidation pathway. Here, we show that lack of CoQ in human skin fibroblasts causes impairment of hydrogen sulfide oxidation, proportional to the residual levels of CoQ. Biochemical and molecular abnormalities are rescued by CoQ supplementation in vitro and recapitulated by pharmacological inhibition of CoQ biosynthesis in skin fibroblasts and ADCK3 depletion in HeLa cells. Kidneys of Pdss2kd/kd mice, which only have ~15% residual CoQ concentrations and are clinically affected, showed (i) reduced protein levels of SQR and downstream enzymes, (ii) accumulation of hydrogen sulfides, and (iii) glutathione depletion. These abnormalities were not present in brain, which maintains ~30% residual CoQ and is clinically unaffected. In Pdss2kd/kd mice, we also observed low levels of plasma and urine thiosulfate and increased blood C4-C6 acylcarnitines. We propose that impairment of the sulfide oxidation pathway induced by decreased levels of CoQ causes accumulation of sulfides and consequent inhibition of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and glutathione depletion, which contributes to increased oxidative stress and kidney failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Ziosi
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ivano Di Meo
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Kleiner
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xing-Huang Gao
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Emanuele Barca
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Saba Tadesse
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Changhong Qiao
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard J Rodenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM), RadboudUMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Scalais
- Division of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Markus Schuelke
- Department of Neuropediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Belinda Willard
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory for Protein Sequencing, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maria Hatzoglou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Catarina M Quinzii
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a component of the electron transport chain that participates in aerobic cellular respiration to produce ATP. In addition, CoQ acts as an electron acceptor in several enzymatic reactions involving oxidation-reduction. Biosynthesis of CoQ has been investigated mainly in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the findings have been extended to various higher organisms, including plants and humans. Analyses in yeast have contributed greatly to current understanding of human diseases related to CoQ biosynthesis. To date, human genetic disorders related to mutations in eight COQ biosynthetic genes have been reported. In addition, the crystal structures of a number of proteins involved in CoQ synthesis have been solved, including those of IspB, UbiA, UbiD, UbiX, UbiI, Alr8543 (Coq4 homolog), Coq5, ADCK3, and COQ9. Over the last decade, knowledge of CoQ biosynthesis has accumulated, and striking advances in related human genetic disorders and the crystal structure of proteins required for CoQ synthesis have been made. This review focuses on the biosynthesis of CoQ in eukaryotes, with some comparisons to the process in prokaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kawamukai
- a Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xie LX, Williams KJ, He CH, Weng E, Khong S, Rose TE, Kwon O, Bensinger SJ, Marbois BN, Clarke CF. Resveratrol and para-coumarate serve as ring precursors for coenzyme Q biosynthesis. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:909-19. [PMID: 25681964 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m057919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (Q or ubiquinone) is a redox-active polyisoprenylated benzoquinone lipid essential for electron and proton transport in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The aromatic ring 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4HB) is commonly depicted as the sole aromatic ring precursor in Q biosynthesis despite the recent finding that para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) also serves as a ring precursor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Q biosynthesis. In this study, we employed aromatic (13)C6-ring-labeled compounds including (13)C6-4HB, (13)C6-pABA, (13)C6-resveratrol, and (13)C6-coumarate to investigate the role of these small molecules as aromatic ring precursors in Q biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, S. cerevisiae, and human and mouse cells. In contrast to S. cerevisiae, neither E. coli nor the mammalian cells tested were able to form (13)C6-Q when cultured in the presence of (13)C6-pABA. However, E. coli cells treated with (13)C6-pABA generated (13)C6-ring-labeled forms of 3-octaprenyl-4-aminobenzoic acid, 2-octaprenyl-aniline, and 3-octaprenyl-2-aminophenol, suggesting UbiA, UbiD, UbiX, and UbiI are capable of using pABA or pABA-derived intermediates as substrates. E. coli, S. cerevisiae, and human and mouse cells cultured in the presence of (13)C6-resveratrol or (13)C6-coumarate were able to synthesize (13)C6-Q. Future evaluation of the physiological and pharmacological responses to dietary polyphenols should consider their metabolism to Q.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letian X Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Cuiwen H He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Emily Weng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - San Khong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Tristan E Rose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569 Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Beth N Marbois
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mitochondrial COQ9 is a lipid-binding protein that associates with COQ7 to enable coenzyme Q biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4697-705. [PMID: 25339443 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413128111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an isoprenylated quinone that is essential for cellular respiration and is synthesized in mitochondria by the combined action of at least nine proteins (COQ1-9). Although most COQ proteins are known to catalyze modifications to CoQ precursors, the biochemical role of COQ9 remains unclear. Here, we report that a disease-related COQ9 mutation leads to extensive disruption of the CoQ protein biosynthetic complex in a mouse model, and that COQ9 specifically interacts with COQ7 through a series of conserved residues. Toward understanding how COQ9 can perform these functions, we solved the crystal structure of Homo sapiens COQ9 at 2.4 Å. Unexpectedly, our structure reveals that COQ9 has structural homology to the TFR family of bacterial transcriptional regulators, but that it adopts an atypical TFR dimer orientation and is not predicted to bind DNA. Our structure also reveals a lipid-binding site, and mass spectrometry-based analyses of purified COQ9 demonstrate that it associates with multiple lipid species, including CoQ itself. The conserved COQ9 residues necessary for its interaction with COQ7 comprise a surface patch around the lipid-binding site, suggesting that COQ9 might serve to present its bound lipid to COQ7. Collectively, our data define COQ9 as the first, to our knowledge, mammalian TFR structural homolog and suggest that its lipid-binding capacity and association with COQ7 are key features for enabling CoQ biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Functional conservation of coenzyme Q biosynthetic genes among yeasts, plants, and humans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99038. [PMID: 24911838 PMCID: PMC4049637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an essential factor for aerobic growth and oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport system. The biosynthetic pathway for CoQ has been proposed mainly from biochemical and genetic analyses of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae; however, the biosynthetic pathway in higher eukaryotes has been explored in only a limited number of studies. We previously reported the roles of several genes involved in CoQ synthesis in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here, we expand these findings by identifying ten genes (dps1, dlp1, ppt1, and coq3–9) that are required for CoQ synthesis. CoQ10-deficient S. pombe coq deletion strains were generated and characterized. All mutant fission yeast strains were sensitive to oxidative stress, produced a large amount of sulfide, required an antioxidant to grow on minimal medium, and did not survive at the stationary phase. To compare the biosynthetic pathway of CoQ in fission yeast with that in higher eukaryotes, the ability of CoQ biosynthetic genes from humans and plants (Arabidopsis thaliana) to functionally complement the S. pombe coq deletion strains was determined. With the exception of COQ9, expression of all other human and plant COQ genes recovered CoQ10 production by the fission yeast coq deletion strains, although the addition of a mitochondrial targeting sequence was required for human COQ3 and COQ7, as well as A. thaliana COQ6. In summary, this study describes the functional conservation of CoQ biosynthetic genes between yeasts, humans, and plants.
Collapse
|
17
|
Biosynthesis and bioproduction of coenzyme Q10by yeasts and other organisms. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2009; 53:217-26. [DOI: 10.1042/ba20090035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
18
|
Cui TZ, Kawamukai M. Coq10, a mitochondrial coenzyme Q binding protein, is required for proper respiration in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. FEBS J 2008; 276:748-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|