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Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Bottom-Up Synthesized Glucan Materials: Opportunities from Applied Biocatalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400436. [PMID: 38514194 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Linear d-glucans are natural polysaccharides of simple chemical structure. They are comprised of d-glucosyl units linked by a single type of glycosidic bond. Noncovalent interactions within, and between, the d-glucan chains give rise to a broad variety of macromolecular nanostructures that can assemble into crystalline-organized materials of tunable morphology. Structure design and functionalization of d-glucans for diverse material applications largely relies on top-down processing and chemical derivatization of naturally derived starting materials. The top-down approach encounters critical limitations in efficiency, selectivity, and flexibility. Bottom-up approaches of d-glucan synthesis offer different, and often more precise, ways of polymer structure control and provide means of functional diversification widely inaccessible to top-down routes of polysaccharide material processing. Here the natural and engineered enzymes (glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases and phosphorylases, glycosynthases) for d-glucan polymerization are described and the use of applied biocatalysis for the bottom-up assembly of specific d-glucan structures is shown. Advanced material applications of the resulting polymeric products are further shown and their important role in the development of sustainable macromolecular materials in a bio-based circular economy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, Graz, 8010, Austria
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2
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Sigg A, Klimacek M, Nidetzky B. Pushing the boundaries of phosphorylase cascade reaction for cellobiose production II: Model-based multiobjective optimization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:566-579. [PMID: 37986649 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The inherent complexity of coupled biocatalytic reactions presents a major challenge for process development with one-pot multienzyme cascade transformations. Kinetic models are powerful engineering tools to guide the optimization of cascade reactions towards a performance suitable for scale up to an actual production. Here, we report kinetic model-based window of operation analysis for cellobiose production (≥100 g/L) from sucrose and glucose by indirect transglycosylation via glucose 1-phosphate as intermediate. The two-step cascade transformation is catalyzed by sucrose and cellobiose phosphorylase in the presence of substoichiometric amounts of phosphate (≤27 mol% of substrate). Kinetic modeling was instrumental to uncover the hidden effect of bulk microviscosity due to high sugar concentrations on decreasing the rate of cellobiose phosphorylase specifically. The mechanistic-empirical hybrid model thus developed gives a comprehensive description of the cascade reaction at industrially relevant substrate conditions. Model simulations serve to unravel opposed relationships between efficient utilization of the enzymes and maximized concentration (or yield) of the product within a given process time, in dependence of the initial concentrations of substrate and phosphate used. Optimum balance of these competing key metrics of process performance is suggested from the model-calculated window of operation and is verified experimentally. The evidence shown highlights the important use of kinetic modeling for the characterization and optimization of cascade reactions in ways that appear to be inaccessible to purely data-driven approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sigg
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mario Klimacek
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Graz, Austria
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3
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Peng F, Hong J, Cui J, An YN, Guo Q, Shen Q, Cheng F, Xue YP, Zheng YG. Improvement of an enzymatic cascade synthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide via protein engineering and reaction-process reinforcement. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300748. [PMID: 38403401 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from D-ribose has garnered widespread attention due to its cheap material, the use of mild reaction conditions, and the ability to produce highly pure products with the desired optical properties. However, the overall NMN yield of this method is impeded by the low activity of rate-limiting enzymes. The ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase (PRS) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), that control the rate of the reaction, were engineered to improve the reaction efficacy. The actives of mutants PRS-H150Q and NAMPT-Y15S were 334% and 57% higher than that of their corresponding wild-type enzymes, respectively. Furthermore, by adding pyrophosphatase, the byproduct pyrophosphate which can inhibit the activity of NAMPT was degraded, leading to a 6.72% increase in NMN yield. Following with reaction-process reinforcement, a high yield of 8.10 g L-1 NMN was obtained after 3 h of reaction, which was 56.86-fold higher than that of the stepwise reaction synthesis (0.14 g L-1 ), indicating that the in vitro enzymatic synthesis of NMN from D-ribose and niacinamide is an economical and feasible route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Hong
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jie Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ya-Ni An
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Qian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Qi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
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Sorlin A, López-Álvarez M, Rabbitt SJ, Alanizi AA, Shuere R, Bobba KN, Blecha J, Sakhamuri S, Evans MJ, Bayles KW, Flavell RR, Rosenberg OS, Sriram R, Desmet T, Nidetzky B, Engel J, Ohliger MA, Fraser JS, Wilson DM. Chemoenzymatic Syntheses of Fluorine-18-Labeled Disaccharides from [ 18F] FDG Yield Potent Sensors of Living Bacteria In Vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17632-17642. [PMID: 37535945 PMCID: PMC10436271 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic techniques have been applied extensively to pharmaceutical development, most effectively when routine synthetic methods fail. The regioselective and stereoselective construction of structurally complex glycans is an elegant application of this approach that is seldom applied to positron emission tomography (PET) tracers. We sought a method to dimerize 2-deoxy-[18F]-fluoro-d-glucose ([18F]FDG), the most common tracer used in clinical imaging, to form [18F]-labeled disaccharides for detecting microorganisms in vivo based on their bacteria-specific glycan incorporation. When [18F]FDG was reacted with β-d-glucose-1-phosphate in the presence of maltose phosphorylase, the α-1,4- and α-1,3-linked products 2-deoxy-[18F]-fluoro-maltose ([18F]FDM) and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-sakebiose ([18F]FSK) were obtained. This method was further extended with the use of trehalose (α,α-1,1), laminaribiose (β-1,3), and cellobiose (β-1,4) phosphorylases to synthesize 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-trehalose ([18F]FDT), 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-laminaribiose ([18F]FDL), and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-cellobiose ([18F]FDC). We subsequently tested [18F]FDM and [18F]FSK in vitro, showing accumulation by several clinically relevant pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii, and demonstrated their specific uptake in vivo. Both [18F]FDM and [18F]FSK were stable in human serum with high accumulation in preclinical infection models. The synthetic ease and high sensitivity of [18F]FDM and [18F]FSK to S. aureus including methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains strongly justify clinical translation of these tracers to infected patients. Furthermore, this work suggests that chemoenzymatic radiosyntheses of complex [18F]FDG-derived oligomers will afford a wide array of PET radiotracers for infectious and oncologic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre
M. Sorlin
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Marina López-Álvarez
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sarah J. Rabbitt
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Aryn A. Alanizi
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Rebecca Shuere
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Kondapa Naidu Bobba
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Joseph Blecha
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sasank Sakhamuri
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael J. Evans
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Kenneth W. Bayles
- Department
of Pathology and Microbiology, University
of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Robert R. Flavell
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Oren S. Rosenberg
- Department
of Medicine University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department
of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Gent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Department
of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Gent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Joanne Engel
- Department
of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Gent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Michael A. Ohliger
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Radiology Zuckerberg San Francisco General
Hospital, San Francisco, California 94110, United States
| | - James S. Fraser
- Department
of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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5
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Sorlin AM, López-Álvarez M, Rabbitt SJ, Alanizi AA, Shuere R, Bobba KN, Blecha J, Sakhamuri S, Evans MJ, Bayles KW, Flavell RR, Rosenberg OS, Sriram R, Desmet T, Nidetzky B, Engel J, Ohliger MA, Fraser JS, Wilson DM. Chemoenzymatic syntheses of fluorine-18-labeled disaccharides from [ 18 F]FDG yield potent sensors of living bacteria in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.20.541529. [PMID: 37293043 PMCID: PMC10245702 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.20.541529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic techniques have been applied extensively to pharmaceutical development, most effectively when routine synthetic methods fail. The regioselective and stereoselective construction of structurally complex glycans is an elegant application of this approach, that is seldom applied to positron emission tomography (PET) tracers. We sought a method to dimerize 2-deoxy-[ 18 F]-fluoro-D-glucose ([ 18 F]FDG), the most common tracer used in clinical imaging, to form [ 18 F]-labeled disaccharides for detecting microorganisms in vivo based on their bacteria-specific glycan incorporation. When [ 18 F]FDG was reacted with β-D-glucose-1-phosphate in the presence of maltose phosphorylase, both the α-1,4 and α-1,3-linked products 2-deoxy-[ 18 F]-fluoro-maltose ([ 18 F]FDM) and 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]-fluoro-sakebiose ([ 18 F]FSK) were obtained. This method was further extended with the use of trehalose (α,α-1,1), laminaribiose (β-1,3), and cellobiose (β-1,4) phosphorylases to synthesize 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-trehalose ([ 18 F]FDT), 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-laminaribiose ([ 18 F]FDL), and 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-cellobiose ([ 18 F]FDC). We subsequently tested [ 18 F]FDM and [ 18 F]FSK in vitro, showing accumulation by several clinically relevant pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii, and demonstrated their specific uptake in vivo. The lead sakebiose-derived tracer [ 18 F]FSK was stable in human serum and showed high uptake in preclinical models of myositis and vertebral discitis-osteomyelitis. Both the synthetic ease, and high sensitivity of [ 18 F]FSK to S. aureus including methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains strongly justify clinical translation of this tracer to infected patients. Furthermore, this work suggests that chemoenzymatic radiosyntheses of complex [ 18 F]FDG-derived oligomers will afford a wide array of PET radiotracers for infectious and oncologic applications.
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Alfonso-Prieto M, Cuxart I, Potocki-Véronèse G, André I, Rovira C. Substrate-Assisted Mechanism for the Degradation of N-Glycans by a Gut Bacterial Mannoside Phosphorylase. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Cuxart
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabrielle Potocki-Véronèse
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Storani A, Guerrero SA, Iglesias AA. Insights to improve the activity of glycosyl phosphorylases from Ruminococcus albus 8 with cello-oligosaccharides. Front Chem 2023; 11:1176537. [PMID: 37090251 PMCID: PMC10119399 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1176537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphorolysis of cello-oligosaccharides is a critical process played in the rumen by Ruminococcus albus to degrade cellulose. Cellodextrins, made up of a few glucosyl units, have gained lots of interest by their potential applications. Here, we characterized a cellobiose phosphorylase (RalCBP) and a cellodextrin phosphorylase (RalCDP) from R. albus 8. This latter was further analyzed in detail by constructing a truncated mutant (Ral∆N63CDP) lacking the N-terminal domain and a chimeric protein by fusing a CBM (RalCDP-CBM37). RalCBP showed a typical behavior with high activity on cellobiose. Instead, RalCDP extended its activity to longer soluble or insoluble cello-oligosaccharides. The catalytic efficiency of RalCDP was higher with cellotetraose and cellopentaose as substrates for both reaction directions. Concerning properties of Ral∆N63CDP, results support roles for the N-terminal domain in the conformation of the homo-dimer and conferring the enzyme the capacity to catalyze the phosphorolytic reaction. This mutant exhibited reduced affinity toward phosphate and increased to glucose-1-phosphate. Further, the CBM37 module showed functionality when fused to RalCDP, as RalCDP-CBM37 exhibited an enhanced ability to use insoluble cellulosic substrates. Data obtained from this enzyme's binding parameters to cellulosic polysaccharides agree with the kinetic results. Besides, studies of synthesis and phosphorolysis of cello-saccharides at long-time reactions served to identify the utility of these enzymes. While RalCDP produces a mixture of cello-oligosaccharides (from cellotriose to longer oligosaccharides), the impaired phosphorolytic activity makes Ral∆N63CDP lead mainly toward the synthesis of cellotetraose. On the other hand, RalCDP-CBM37 remarks on the utility of obtaining glucose-1-phosphate from cellulosic compounds.
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Schwaiger KN, Voit A, Wiltschi B, Nidetzky B. Engineering cascade biocatalysis in whole cells for bottom-up synthesis of cello-oligosaccharides: flux control over three enzymatic steps enables soluble production. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:61. [PMID: 35397553 PMCID: PMC8994397 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01781-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble cello-oligosaccharides (COS, β-1,4-D-gluco-oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization DP 2-6) have been receiving increased attention in different industrial sectors, from food and feed to cosmetics. Development of large-scale COS applications requires cost-effective technologies for their production. Cascade biocatalysis by the three enzymes sucrose-, cellobiose- and cellodextrin phosphorylase is promising because it enables bottom-up synthesis of COS from expedient substrates such as sucrose and glucose. A whole-cell-derived catalyst that incorporates the required enzyme activities from suitable co-expression would represent an important step towards making the cascade reaction fit for production. Multi-enzyme co-expression to reach distinct activity ratios is challenging in general, but it requires special emphasis for the synthesis of COS. Only a finely tuned balance between formation and elongation of the oligosaccharide precursor cellobiose results in the desired COS. RESULTS Here, we show the integration of cellodextrin phosphorylase into a cellobiose-producing whole-cell catalyst. We arranged the co-expression cassettes such that their expression levels were upregulated. The most effective strategy involved a custom vector design that placed the coding sequences for cellobiose phosphorylase (CbP), cellodextrin phosphorylase (CdP) and sucrose phosphorylase (ScP) in a tricistron in the given order. The expression of the tricistron was controlled by the strong T7lacO promoter and strong ribosome binding sites (RBS) for each open reading frame. The resulting whole-cell catalyst achieved a recombinant protein yield of 46% of total intracellular protein in an optimal ScP:CbP:CdP activity ratio of 10:2.9:0.6, yielding an overall activity of 315 U/g dry cell mass. We demonstrated that bioconversion catalyzed by a semi-permeabilized whole-cell catalyst achieved an industrial relevant COS product titer of 125 g/L and a space-time yield of 20 g/L/h. With CbP as the cellobiose providing enzyme, flux into higher oligosaccharides (DP ≥ 6) was prevented and no insoluble products were formed after 6 h of conversion. CONCLUSIONS A whole-cell catalyst for COS biosynthesis was developed. The coordinated co-expression of the three biosynthesis enzymes balanced the activities of the individual enzymes such that COS production was maximized. With the flux control set to minimize the share of insolubles in the product, the whole-cell synthesis shows a performance with respect to yield, productivity, product concentration and quality that is promising for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina N. Schwaiger
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alena Voit
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Wiltschi
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XInstitute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Structural investigation of a thermostable 1,2-β-mannobiose phosphorylase from Thermoanaerobacter sp. X-514. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 579:54-61. [PMID: 34587555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
1,2-β-Mannobiose phosphorylases (1,2-β-MBPs) from glycoside hydrolase 130 (GH130) family are important bio-catalysts in glycochemistry applications owing to their ability in synthesizing oligomannans. Here, we report the crystal structure of a thermostable 1,2-β-MBP from Thermoanaerobacter sp. X-514 termed Teth514_1789 to reveal the molecular basis of its higher thermostability and mechanism of action. We also solved the enzyme complexes of mannose, mannose-1-phosphate (M1P) and 1,4-β-mannobiose to manifest the enzyme-substrate interaction networks of three main subsites. Notably, a Zn ion that should be derived from crystallization buffer was found in the active site and coordinates the phosphate moiety of M1P. Nonetheless, this Zn-coordination should reflect an inhibitory status as supplementing Zn severely impairs the enzyme activity. These results indicate that the effects of metal ions should be taken into consideration when applying Teth514_1789 and other related enzymes. Based on the structure, a reliable model of Teth514_1788 that shares 61.7% sequence identity to Teth514_1789 but displays a different substrate preference was built. Analyzing the structural features of these two closely related enzymes, we hypothesized that the length of a loop fragment that covers the entrance of the catalytic center might regulate the substrate selectivity. In conclusion, these information provide in-depth understanding of GH130 1,2-β-MBPs and should serve as an important guidance for enzyme engineering for further applications.
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β-Glucan phosphorylases in carbohydrate synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4073-4087. [PMID: 33970317 PMCID: PMC8140972 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract β-Glucan phosphorylases are carbohydrate-active enzymes that catalyze the reversible degradation of β-linked glucose polymers, with outstanding potential for the biocatalytic bottom-up synthesis of β-glucans as major bioactive compounds. Their preference for sugar phosphates (rather than nucleotide sugars) as donor substrates further underlines their significance for the carbohydrate industry. Presently, they are classified in the glycoside hydrolase families 94, 149, and 161 (www.cazy.org). Since the discovery of β-1,3-oligoglucan phosphorylase in 1963, several other specificities have been reported that differ in linkage type and/or degree of polymerization. Here, we present an overview of the progress that has been made in our understanding of β-glucan and associated β-glucobiose phosphorylases, with a special focus on their application in the synthesis of carbohydrates and related molecules. Key points • Discovery, characteristics, and applications of β-glucan phosphorylases. • β-Glucan phosphorylases in the production of functional carbohydrates.
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11
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Digestibility of resistant starch type 3 is affected by crystal type, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 265:118069. [PMID: 33966833 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistant starch type 3 (RS-3) holds great potential as a prebiotic by supporting gut microbiota following intestinal digestion. However the factors influencing the digestibility of RS-3 are largely unknown. This research aims to reveal how crystal type and molecular weight (distribution) of RS-3 influence its resistance. Narrow and polydisperse α-glucans of degree of polymerization (DP) 14-76, either obtained by enzymatic synthesis or debranching amylopectins from different sources, were crystallized in 12 different A- or B-type crystals and in vitro digested. Crystal type had the largest influence on resistance to digestion (A >>> B), followed by molecular weight (Mw) (high DP >> low DP) and Mw distribution (narrow disperse > polydisperse). B-type crystals escaping digestion changed in Mw and Mw distribution compared to that in the original B-type crystals, whereas A-type crystals were unchanged. This indicates that pancreatic α-amylase binds and acts differently to A- or B-type RS-3 crystals.
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12
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Sun S, You C. Disaccharide phosphorylases: Structure, catalytic mechanisms and directed evolution. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:23-31. [PMID: 33665389 PMCID: PMC7896129 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disaccharide phosphorylases (DSPs) are carbohydrate-active enzymes with outstanding potential for the biocatalytic conversion of common table sugar into products with attractive properties. They are modular enzymes that form active homo-oligomers. From a mechanistic as well as a structural point of view, they are similar to glycoside hydrolases or glycosyltransferases. As the majority of DSPs show strict stereo- and regiospecificities, these enzymes were used to synthesize specific disaccharides. Currently, protein engineering of DSPs is pursued in different laboratories to broaden the donor and acceptor substrate specificities or improve the industrial particularity of naturally existing enzymes, to eventually generate a toolbox of new catalysts for glycoside synthesis. Herein we review the characteristics and classifications of reported DSPs and the glycoside products that they have been used to synthesize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangshang Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun You
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Sun S, Wei X, Zhou X, You C. Construction of an Artificial In Vitro Synthetic Enzymatic Platform for Upgrading Low-Cost Starch to Value-Added Disaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:302-314. [PMID: 33371670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Disaccharides are valuable oligosaccharides with an increasing demand in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Disaccharides can be manufactured by extraction from the acid hydrolysate of plant-derived substrates, but this method has several issues, such as the difficulty in accessing natural substrates, laborious product separation processes, and troublesome wastewater treatment. A chemical synthesis using glucose was developed for producing disaccharides, but this approach suffers from a low product yield due to the low specificity and requires tedious protection and deprotection processes. In this study, we adopted an artificial strategy for producing a variety of value-added disaccharides from low-cost starch through the construction of an in vitro synthetic enzymatic platform: two enzymes worked in parallel to convert starch to glucose and glucose 1-phosphate, and these two intermediates were subsequently condensed together to a disaccharide by a disaccharide phosphorylase. Several disaccharides, such as laminaribiose, cellobiose, trehalose, and sophorose, were produced successfully from starch with the yields of more than 80% with the help of kinetic mathematical models to predict the optimal reaction conditions, exhibiting great potential in an industrial scale. This study provided a promising alternative to reform the mode of disaccharide manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangshang Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlei Wei
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Xigui Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun You
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
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14
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Wu S, Snajdrova R, Moore JC, Baldenius K, Bornscheuer UT. Biocatalysis: Enzymatic Synthesis for Industrial Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:88-119. [PMID: 32558088 PMCID: PMC7818486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has found numerous applications in various fields as an alternative to chemical catalysis. The use of enzymes in organic synthesis, especially to make chiral compounds for pharmaceuticals as well for the flavors and fragrance industry, are the most prominent examples. In addition, biocatalysts are used on a large scale to make specialty and even bulk chemicals. This review intends to give illustrative examples in this field with a special focus on scalable chemical production using enzymes. It also discusses the opportunities and limitations of enzymatic syntheses using distinct examples and provides an outlook on emerging enzyme classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Process Research and DevelopmentMerck & Co., Inc.126 E. Lincoln AveRahwayNJ07065USA
| | - Kai Baldenius
- Baldenius Biotech ConsultingHafenstr. 3168159MannheimGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417487GreifswaldGermany
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15
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Awad FN. Glycoside phosphorylases for carbohydrate synthesis: An insight into the diversity and potentiality. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Kruschitz A, Nidetzky B. Downstream processing technologies in the biocatalytic production of oligosaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Kalera K, Stothard AI, Woodruff PJ, Swarts BM. The role of chemoenzymatic synthesis in advancing trehalose analogues as tools for combatting bacterial pathogens. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11528-11547. [PMID: 32914793 PMCID: PMC7919099 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04955g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose, a disaccharide of glucose, is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to virulence in major bacterial pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Clostridioides difficile, and Burkholderia pseudomallei. Accordingly, bacterial trehalose metabolic pathways that are not present in humans have gained traction as targets for antibiotic and diagnostic development. Toward this goal, trehalose can be modified through a combination of rational design and synthesis to produce functionalized trehalose analogues, which can be deployed to probe or inhibit bacterial trehalose metabolism. However, the unique α,α-1,1-glycosidic bond and C2 symmetry of trehalose make analogue synthesis via traditional chemical methods very challenging. We and others have turned to the creation of chemoenzymatic synthesis methods, which in principle allow the use of nature's trehalose-synthesizing enzymes to stereo- and regioselectively couple simple, unprotected substrates to efficiently and conveniently generate trehalose analogues. Here, we provide a contextual account of our team's development of a trehalose analogue synthesis method that employs a highly substrate-tolerant, thermostable trehalose synthase enzyme, TreT from Thermoproteus tenax. Then, in three vignettes, we highlight how chemoenzymatic synthesis has accelerated the development of trehalose-based imaging probes and inhibitors that target trehalose-utilizing bacterial pathogens. We describe the role of TreT catalysis and related methods in the development of (i) tools for in vitro and in vivo imaging of mycobacteria, (ii) anti-biofilm compounds that sensitize drug-tolerant mycobacteria to clinical anti-tubercular compounds, and (iii) degradation-resistant trehalose analogues that block trehalose metabolism in C. difficile and potentially other trehalose-utilizing bacteria. We conclude by recapping progress and discussing priorities for future research in this area, including improving the scope and scale of chemoenzymatic synthesis methods to support translational research and expanding the functionality and applicability of trehalose analogues to study and target diverse bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Kalera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
| | - Alicyn I Stothard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
| | - Peter J Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
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18
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Nidetzky B, Zhong C. Phosphorylase-catalyzed bottom-up synthesis of short-chain soluble cello-oligosaccharides and property-tunable cellulosic materials. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 51:107633. [PMID: 32966861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-based materials are produced industrially in countless varieties via top-down processing of natural lignocellulose substrates. By contrast, cellulosic materials are only rarely prepared via bottom up synthesis and oligomerization-induced self-assembly of cellulose chains. Building up a cellulose chain via precision polymerization is promising, however, for it offers tunability and control of the final chemical structure. Synthetic cellulose derivatives with programmable material properties might thus be obtained. Cellodextrin phosphorylase (CdP; EC 2.4.1.49) catalyzes iterative β-1,4-glycosylation from α-d-glucose 1-phosphate, with the ability to elongate a diversity of acceptor substrates, including cellobiose, d-glucose and a range of synthetic glycosides having non-sugar aglycons. Depending on the reaction conditions leading to different degrees of polymerization (DP), short-chain soluble cello-oligosaccharides (COS) or insoluble cellulosic materials are formed. Here, we review the characteristics of CdP as bio-catalyst for synthetic applications and show advances in the enzymatic production of COS and reducing end-modified, tailored cellulose materials. Recent studies reveal COS as interesting dietary fibers that could provide a selective prebiotic effect. The bottom-up synthesized celluloses involve chains of DP ≥ 9, as precipitated in solution, and they form ~5 nm thick sheet-like crystalline structures of cellulose allomorph II. Solvent conditions and aglycon structures can direct the cellulose chain self-assembly towards a range of material architectures, including hierarchically organized networks of nanoribbons, or nanorods as well as distorted nanosheets. Composite materials are also formed. The resulting materials can be useful as property-tunable hydrogels and feature site-specific introduction of functional and chemically reactive groups. Therefore, COS and cellulose obtained via bottom-up synthesis can expand cellulose applications towards product classes that are difficult to access via top-down processing of natural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz 8010, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz 8010, Austria
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19
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Wu S, Snajdrova R, Moore JC, Baldenius K, Bornscheuer UT. Biokatalyse: Enzymatische Synthese für industrielle Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Institut für Biochemie Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Global Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Process Research and Development Merck & Co., Inc. 126 E. Lincoln Ave Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Kai Baldenius
- Baldenius Biotech Consulting Hafenstraße 31 68159 Mannheim Deutschland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institut für Biochemie Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
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20
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Ubiparip Z, Moreno DS, Beerens K, Desmet T. Engineering of cellobiose phosphorylase for the defined synthesis of cellotriose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8327-8337. [PMID: 32803296 PMCID: PMC7471185 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellodextrins are non-digestible oligosaccharides that have attracted interest from the food industry as potential prebiotics. They are typically produced through the partial hydrolysis of cellulose, resulting in a complex mixture of oligosaccharides with a varying degree of polymerisation (DP). Here, we explore the defined synthesis of cellotriose as product since this oligosaccharide is believed to be the most potent prebiotic in the mixture. To that end, the cellobiose phosphorylase (CBP) from Cellulomonas uda and the cellodextrin phosphorylase (CDP) from Clostridium cellulosi were evaluated as biocatalysts, starting from cellobiose and α-d-glucose 1-phosphate as acceptor and donor substrate, respectively. The CDP enzyme was shown to rapidly elongate the chains towards higher DPs, even after extensive mutagenesis. In contrast, an optimised variant of CBP was found to convert cellobiose to cellotriose with a molar yield of 73%. The share of cellotriose within the final soluble cellodextrin mixture (DP2-5) was 82%, resulting in a cellotriose product with the highest purity reported to date. Interestingly, the reaction could even be initiated from glucose as acceptor substrate, which should further decrease the production costs. Key points • Cellobiose phosphorylase is engineered for the production of cellotriose. • Cellotriose is synthesised with the highest purity and yield to date. • Both cellobiose and glucose can be used as acceptor for cellotriose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Ubiparip
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Sáez Moreno
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Beerens
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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21
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Schwaiger KN, Voit A, Dobiašová H, Luley C, Wiltschi B, Nidetzky B. Plasmid Design for Tunable Two-Enzyme Co-Expression Promotes Whole-Cell Production of Cellobiose. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e2000063. [PMID: 32668097 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Catalyst development for biochemical cascade reactions often follows a "whole-cell-approach" in which a single microbial cell is made to express all required enzyme activities. Although attractive in principle, the approach can encounter limitations when efficient overall flux necessitates precise balancing between activities. This study shows an effective integration of major design strategies from synthetic biology to a coherent development of plasmid vectors, enabling tunable two-enzyme co-expression in E. coli, for whole-cell-production of cellobiose. An efficient transformation of sucrose and glucose into cellobiose by a parallel (countercurrent) cascade of disaccharide phosphorylases requires the enzyme co-expression to cope with large differences in specific activity of cellobiose phosphorylase (14 U mg-1 ) and sucrose phosphorylase (122 U mg-1 ). Mono- and bicistronic co-expression strategies controlling transcription, transcription-translation coupling or plasmid replication are analyzed for effect on activity and stable producibility of the whole-cell-catalyst. A key role of bom (basis of mobility) for plasmid stability dependent on the ori is reported and the importance of RBS (ribosome binding site) strength is demonstrated. Whole cell catalysts show high specific rates (460 µmol cellobiose min-1 g-1 dry cells) and performance metrics (30 g L-1 ; ∼82% yield; 3.8 g L-1 h-1 overall productivity) promising for cellobiose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina N Schwaiger
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Alena Voit
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Hana Dobiašová
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christiane Luley
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Wiltschi
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, TU Graz, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
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22
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Klimacek M, Sigg A, Nidetzky B. On the donor substrate dependence of group-transfer reactions by hydrolytic enzymes: Insight from kinetic analysis of sucrose phosphorylase-catalyzed transglycosylation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2933-2943. [PMID: 32573774 PMCID: PMC7540478 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical group-transfer reactions by hydrolytic enzymes have considerable importance in biocatalytic synthesis and are exploited broadly in commercial-scale chemical production. Mechanistically, these reactions have in common the involvement of a covalent enzyme intermediate which is formed upon enzyme reaction with the donor substrate and is subsequently intercepted by a suitable acceptor. Here, we studied the glycosylation of glycerol from sucrose by sucrose phosphorylase (SucP) to clarify a peculiar, yet generally important characteristic of this reaction: partitioning between glycosylation of glycerol and hydrolysis depends on the type and the concentration of the donor substrate used (here: sucrose, α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (G1P)). We develop a kinetic framework to analyze the effect and provide evidence that, when G1P is used as donor substrate, hydrolysis occurs not only from the β-glucosyl-enzyme intermediate (E-Glc), but additionally from a noncovalent complex of E-Glc and substrate which unlike E-Glc is unreactive to glycerol. Depending on the relative rates of hydrolysis of free and substrate-bound E-Glc, inhibition (Leuconostoc mesenteroides SucP) or apparent activation (Bifidobacterium adolescentis SucP) is observed at high donor substrate concentration. At a G1P concentration that excludes the substrate-bound E-Glc, the transfer/hydrolysis ratio changes to a value consistent with reaction exclusively through E-Glc, independent of the donor substrate used. Collectively, these results give explanation for a kinetic behavior of SucP not previously accounted for, provide essential basis for design and optimization of the synthetic reaction, and establish a theoretical framework for the analysis of kinetically analogous group-transfer reactions by hydrolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Klimacek
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Sigg
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Graz, Austria
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23
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Zhong C, Duić B, Bolivar JM, Nidetzky B. Three‐Enzyme Phosphorylase Cascade Immobilized on Solid Support for Biocatalytic Synthesis of Cello−oligosaccharides. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Božidar Duić
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Juan M. Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
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24
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Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Three-Enzyme Phosphorylase Cascade for Integrated Production of Short-Chain Cellodextrins. Biotechnol J 2019; 15:e1900349. [PMID: 31677345 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cellodextrins are linear β-1,4-gluco-oligosaccharides that are soluble in water up to a degree of polymerization (DP) of ≈6. Soluble cellodextrins have promising applications as nutritional ingredients. A DP-controlled, bottom-up synthesis from expedient substrates is desired for their bulk production. Here, a three-enzyme glycoside phosphorylase cascade is developed for the conversion of sucrose and glucose into short-chain (soluble) cellodextrins (DP range 3-6). The cascade reaction involves iterative β-1,4-glucosylation of glucose from α-glucose 1-phosphate (αGlc1-P) donor that is formed in situ from sucrose and phosphate. With final concentration and yield of the soluble cellodextrins set as targets for biocatalytic synthesis, three major factors of reaction efficiency are identified and partly optimized: the ratio of enzyme activity, the ratio of sucrose and glucose, and the phosphate concentration used. The efficient use of the phosphate/αGlc1-P shuttle for cellodextrin production is demonstrated and the soluble product at 40 g L-1 is obtained under near-complete utilization of the donor substrate offered (88 mol% from 200 mm sucrose). The productivity is 16 g (L h)-1 . Through a simple two-step route, the soluble cellodextrins are recovered from the reaction mixture in ≥95% purity and ≈92% yield. Overall, this study provides the basis for their integrated production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
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25
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Zhong C, Luley‐Goedl C, Nidetzky B. Product solubility control in cellooligosaccharide production by coupled cellobiose and cellodextrin phosphorylase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2146-2155. [PMID: 31062868 PMCID: PMC6767486 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Soluble cellodextrins (linear β-1,4-d-gluco-oligosaccharides) have interesting applications as ingredients for human and animal nutrition. Their bottom-up synthesis from glucose is promising for bulk production, but to ensure a completely water-soluble product via degree of polymerization (DP) control (DP ≤ 6) is challenging. Here, we show biocatalytic production of cellodextrins with DP centered at 3 to 6 (~96 wt.% of total product) using coupled cellobiose and cellodextrin phosphorylase. The cascade reaction, wherein glucose was elongated sequentially from α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (αGlc1-P), required optimization and control at two main points. First, kinetic and thermodynamic restrictions upon αGlc1-P utilization (200 mM; 45°C, pH 7.0) were effectively overcome (53% → ≥90% conversion after 10 hrs of reaction) by in situ removal of the phosphate released via precipitation with Mg2+ . Second, the product DP was controlled by the molar ratio of glucose/αGlc1-P (∼0.25; 50 mM glucose) used in the reaction. In optimized conversion, soluble cellodextrins in a total product concentration of 36 g/L were obtained through efficient utilization of the substrates used (glucose: 98%; αGlc1-P: ∼80%) after 1 hr of reaction. We also showed that, by keeping the glucose concentration low (i.e., 1-10 mM; 200 mM αGlc1-P), the reaction was shifted completely towards insoluble product formation (DP ∼9-10). In summary, this study provides the basis for an efficient and product DP-controlled biocatalytic synthesis of cellodextrins from expedient substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI GrazGrazAustria
| | | | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI GrazGrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)GrazAustria
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26
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Luo Q, Zhang Y, Qi L, Scott SL. Glucose Isomerization and Epimerization over Metal‐Organic Frameworks with Single‐Site Active Centers. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qun‐Xing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province School of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080 United States
| | - Yuan‐Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province School of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Long Qi
- Ames Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Biological SciencesNational Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Ames Iowa 50011 United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080 United States
| | - Susannah L. Scott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080 United States
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Benkoulouche M, Fauré R, Remaud-Siméon M, Moulis C, André I. Harnessing glycoenzyme engineering for synthesis of bioactive oligosaccharides. Interface Focus 2019; 9:20180069. [PMID: 30842872 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined with chemical synthesis, the use of glycoenzyme biocatalysts has shown great synthetic potential over recent decades owing to their remarkable versatility in terms of substrates and regio- and stereoselectivity that allow structurally controlled synthesis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Nonetheless, the lack of appropriate enzymatic tools with requisite properties in the natural diversity has hampered extensive exploration of enzyme-based synthetic routes to access relevant bioactive oligosaccharides, such as cell-surface glycans or prebiotics. With the remarkable progress in enzyme engineering, it has become possible to improve catalytic efficiency and physico-chemical properties of enzymes but also considerably extend the repertoire of accessible catalytic reactions and tailor novel substrate specificities. In this review, we intend to give a brief overview of the advantageous use of engineered glycoenzymes, sometimes in combination with chemical steps, for the synthesis of natural bioactive oligosaccharides or their precursors. The focus will be on examples resulting from the three main classes of glycoenzymes specialized in carbohydrate synthesis: glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases and glycoside phosphorylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Benkoulouche
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Régis Fauré
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Claire Moulis
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
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28
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Mukherjee K, Narindoshvili T, Raushel FM. Discovery of a Kojibiose Phosphorylase in Escherichia coli K-12. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2857-2867. [PMID: 29684280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The substrate profiles for three uncharacterized enzymes (YcjM, YcjT, and YcjU) that are expressed from a cluster of 12 genes ( ycjM-W and ompG) of unknown function in Escherichia coli K-12 were determined. Through a comprehensive bioinformatic and steady-state kinetic analysis, the catalytic function of YcjT was determined to be kojibiose phosphorylase. In the presence of saturating phosphate and kojibiose (α-(1,2)-d-glucose-d-glucose), this enzyme catalyzes the formation of d-glucose and β-d-glucose-1-phosphate ( kcat = 1.1 s-1, Km = 1.05 mM, and kcat/ Km = 1.12 × 103 M-1 s-1). Additionally, it was also shown that in the presence of β-d-glucose-1-phosphate, YcjT can catalyze the formation of other disaccharides using 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol, l-sorbose, d-sorbitol, or l-iditol as a substitute for d-glucose. Kojibiose is a component of cell wall lipoteichoic acids in Gram-positive bacteria and is of interest as a potential low-calorie sweetener and prebiotic. YcjU was determined to be a β-phosphoglucomutase that catalyzes the isomerization of β-d-glucose-1-phosphate ( kcat = 21 s-1, Km = 18 μM, and kcat/ Km = 1.1 × 106 M-1 s-1) to d-glucose-6-phosphate. YcjU was also shown to exhibit catalytic activity with β-d-allose-1-phosphate, β-d-mannose-1-phosphate, and β-d-galactose-1-phosphate. YcjM catalyzes the phosphorolysis of α-(1,2)-d-glucose-d-glycerate with a kcat = 2.1 s-1, Km = 69 μM, and kcat/ Km = 3.1 × 104 M-1 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77844 , United States
| | - Tamari Narindoshvili
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Frank M Raushel
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77844 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
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29
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Macdonald SS, Patel A, Larmour VLC, Morgan-Lang C, Hallam SJ, Mark BL, Withers SG. Structural and mechanistic analysis of a β-glycoside phosphorylase identified by screening a metagenomic library. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3451-3467. [PMID: 29317495 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoside phosphorylases have considerable potential as catalysts for the assembly of useful glycans for products ranging from functional foods and prebiotics to novel materials. However, the substrate diversity of currently identified phosphorylases is relatively small, limiting their practical applications. To address this limitation, we developed a high-throughput screening approach using the activated substrate 2,4-dinitrophenyl β-d-glucoside (DNPGlc) and inorganic phosphate for identifying glycoside phosphorylase activity and used it to screen a large insert metagenomic library. The initial screen, based on release of 2,4-dinitrophenyl from DNPGlc in the presence of phosphate, identified the gene bglP, encoding a retaining β-glycoside phosphorylase from the CAZy GH3 family. Kinetic and mechanistic analysis of the gene product, BglP, confirmed a double displacement ping-pong mechanism involving a covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate. X-ray crystallographic analysis provided insights into the phosphate-binding mode and identified a key glutamine residue in the active site important for substrate recognition. Substituting this glutamine for a serine swapped the substrate specificity from glucoside to N-acetylglucosaminide. In summary, we present a high-throughput screening approach for identifying β-glycoside phosphorylases, which was robust, simple to implement, and useful in identifying active clones within a metagenomics library. Implementation of this screen enabled discovery of a new glycoside phosphorylase class and has paved the way to devising simple ways in which enzyme specificity can be encoded and swapped, which has implications for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer S Macdonald
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and.,the Genome Science and Technology Program.,ECOSCOPE Training Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, and
| | - Ankoor Patel
- the Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2
| | - Veronica L C Larmour
- the Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2
| | | | - Steven J Hallam
- the Genome Science and Technology Program.,ECOSCOPE Training Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, and.,Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, and.,the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and.,Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1
| | - Brian L Mark
- the Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2
| | - Stephen G Withers
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and .,the Genome Science and Technology Program.,ECOSCOPE Training Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, and.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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30
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O'Neill MK, Piligian BF, Olson CD, Woodruff PJ, Swarts BM. Tailoring Trehalose for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications. PURE APPL CHEM 2017; 89:1223-1249. [PMID: 29225379 PMCID: PMC5718624 DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar whose ability to stabilize biomolecules has brought about its widespread use in biological preservation applications. Trehalose is also an essential metabolite in a number of pathogens, most significantly the global pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though it is absent in humans and other mammals. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in modifying the structure of trehalose to generate analogues that have applications in biomedical research and biotechnology. Non-degradable trehalose analogues could have a number of advantages as bioprotectants and food additives. Trehalose-based imaging probes and inhibitors are already useful as research tools and may have future value in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, among other uses. Underlying the advancements made in these areas are novel synthetic methods that facilitate access to and evaluation of trehalose analogues. In this review, we focus on both aspects of the development of this class of molecules. First, we consider the chemical and chemoenzymatic methods that have been used to prepare trehalose analogues and discuss their prospects for synthesis on commercially relevant scales. Second, we describe ongoing efforts to develop and deploy detectable trehalose analogues, trehalose-based inhibitors, and non-digestible trehalose analogues. The current and potential future uses of these compounds are discussed, with an emphasis on their roles in understanding and combatting mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara K O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Brent F Piligian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Claire D Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Peter J Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
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31
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Rapid identification of osmolytes in tropical microalgae and cyanobacteria by 1H HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy. Talanta 2016; 153:372-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Schmölzer K, Gutmann A, Diricks M, Desmet T, Nidetzky B. Sucrose synthase: A unique glycosyltransferase for biocatalytic glycosylation process development. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 34:88-111. [PMID: 26657050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SuSy, EC 2.4.1.13) is a glycosyltransferase (GT) long known from plants and more recently discovered in bacteria. The enzyme catalyzes the reversible transfer of a glucosyl moiety between fructose and a nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) (sucrose+NDP↔NDP-glucose+fructose). The equilibrium for sucrose conversion is pH dependent, and pH values between 5.5 and 7.5 promote NDP-glucose formation. The conversion of a bulk chemical to high-priced NDP-glucose in a one-step reaction provides the key aspect for industrial interest. NDP-sugars are important as such and as key intermediates for glycosylation reactions by highly selective Leloir GTs. SuSy has gained renewed interest as industrially attractive biocatalyst, due to substantial scientific progresses achieved in the last few years. These include biochemical characterization of bacterial SuSys, overproduction of recombinant SuSys, structural information useful for design of tailor-made catalysts, and development of one-pot SuSy-GT cascade reactions for production of several relevant glycosides. These advances could pave the way for the application of Leloir GTs to be used in cost-effective processes. This review provides a framework for application requirements, focusing on catalytic properties, heterologous enzyme production and reaction engineering. The potential of SuSy biocatalysis will be presented based on various biotechnological applications: NDP-sugar synthesis; sucrose analog synthesis; glycoside synthesis by SuSy-GT cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmölzer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Margo Diricks
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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33
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An inverting β-1,2-mannosidase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 130 from Dyadobacter fermentans. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3604-10. [PMID: 26476324 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolase family (GH) 130 is composed of inverting phosphorylases that catalyze reversible phosphorolysis of β-D-mannosides. Here we report a glycoside hydrolase as a new member of GH130. Dfer_3176 from Dyadobacter fermentans showed no synthetic activity using α-D-mannose 1-phosphate but it released α-D-mannose from β-1,2-mannooligosaccharides with an inversion of the anomeric configuration, indicating that Dfer_3176 is a β-1,2-mannosidase. Mutational analysis indicated that two glutamic acid residues are critical for the hydrolysis of β-1,2-mannotriose. The two residues are not conserved among GH130 phosphorylases and are predicted to assist the nucleophilic attack of a water molecule in the hydrolysis of the β-D-mannosidic bond.
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34
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Hagemann M, Pade N. Heterosides--compatible solutes occurring in prokaryotic and eukaryotic phototrophs. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:927-34. [PMID: 25996303 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The acclimation to osmotic and/or salt stress conditions induces an integrated response at different cellular levels. One acclimation strategy relies on the massive accumulation of low molecular mass compounds, so-called compatible solutes, to balance osmotic gradients and to directly protect critical macromolecules. Heterosides are compounds composed of a sugar and a polyol moiety that represent one chemical class of compatible solutes with interesting features. Well-investigated examples are glucosylglycerol, which is found in many cyanobacteria, and galactosylglycerols (floridoside and isofloridoside), which are accumulated by eukaryotic algae under salt stress conditions. Here, we review knowledge on physiology, biochemistry and genetics of heteroside accumulation in pro- and eukaryotic photoautotrophic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hagemann
- Abteilung Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - N Pade
- Abteilung Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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35
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Kitaoka M. Diversity of phosphorylases in glycoside hydrolase families. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8377-90. [PMID: 26293338 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylases are useful catalysts for the practical preparation of various sugars. The number of known specificities was 13 in 2002 and is now 30. The drastic increase in available genome sequences has facilitated the discovery of novel activities. Most of these novel phosphorylase activities have been identified through the investigations of glycoside hydrolase families containing known phosphorylases. Here, the diversity of phosphorylases in each family is described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motomitsu Kitaoka
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan.
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36
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Chen C, Van der Borght J, De Vreese R, D'hooghe M, Soetaert W, Desmet T. Engineering the specificity of trehalose phosphorylase as a general strategy for the production of glycosyl phosphates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:7834-6. [PMID: 24909572 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02202e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A two-step process is reported for the anomeric phosphorylation of galactose, using trehalose phosphorylase as biocatalyst. The monosaccharide enters this process as acceptor but can subsequently be released from the donor side, thanks to the non-reducing nature of the disaccharide intermediate. A key development was the creation of an optimized enzyme variant that displays a strict specificity (99%) for β-galactose 1-phosphate as product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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37
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Wildberger P, Aish GA, Jakeman DL, Brecker L, Nidetzky B. Interplay of catalytic subsite residues in the positioning of α-d-glucose 1-phosphate in sucrose phosphorylase. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 2:36-44. [PMID: 26380381 PMCID: PMC4554294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetic and molecular docking studies were performed to characterize the binding of α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (αGlc 1-P) at the catalytic subsite of a family GH-13 sucrose phosphorylase (from L. mesenteroides) in wild-type and mutated form. The best-fit binding mode of αGlc 1-P dianion had the phosphate group placed anti relative to the glucosyl moiety (adopting a relaxed 4C1 chair conformation) and was stabilized mainly by hydrogen bonds from residues of the enzyme׳s catalytic triad (Asp196, Glu237 and Asp295) and from Arg137. Additional feature of the αGlc 1-P docking pose was an intramolecular hydrogen bond (2.7 Å) between the glucosyl C2-hydroxyl and the phosphate oxygen. An inactive phosphonate analog of αGlc 1-P did not show binding to sucrose phosphorylase in different experimental assays (saturation transfer difference NMR, steady-state reversible inhibition), consistent with evidence from molecular docking study that also suggested a completely different and strongly disfavored binding mode of the analog as compared to αGlc 1-P. Molecular docking results also support kinetic data in showing that mutation of Phe52, a key residue at the catalytic subsite involved in transition state stabilization, had little effect on the ground-state binding of αGlc 1-P by the phosphorylase. However, when combined with a second mutation involving one of the catalytic triad residues, the mutation of Phe52 by Ala caused complete (F52A_D196A; F52A_E237A) or very large (F52A_D295A) disruption of the proposed productive binding mode of αGlc 1-P with consequent effects on the enzyme activity. Effects of positioning of αGlc 1-P for efficient glucosyl transfer from phosphate to the catalytic nucleophile of the enzyme (Asp196) are suggested. High similarity between the αGlc 1-P conformers bound to sucrose phosphorylase (modeled) and the structurally and mechanistically unrelated maltodextrin phosphorylase (experimental) is revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Wildberger
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gaia A. Aish
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15,000, 5968 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - David L. Jakeman
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15,000, 5968 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Lothar Brecker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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38
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Walmagh M, Zhao R, Desmet T. Trehalose Analogues: Latest Insights in Properties and Biocatalytic Production. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13729-45. [PMID: 26084050 PMCID: PMC4490520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl α-D-glucopyranoside) is a non-reducing sugar with unique stabilizing properties due to its symmetrical, low energy structure consisting of two 1,1-anomerically bound glucose moieties. Many applications of this beneficial sugar have been reported in the novel food (nutricals), medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Trehalose analogues, like lactotrehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl α-D-galactopyranoside) or galactotrehalose (α-D-galactopyranosyl α-D-galactopyranoside), offer similar benefits as trehalose, but show additional features such as prebiotic or low-calorie sweetener due to their resistance against hydrolysis during digestion. Unfortunately, large-scale chemical production processes for trehalose analogues are not readily available at the moment due to the lack of efficient synthesis methods. Most of the procedures reported in literature suffer from low yields, elevated costs and are far from environmentally friendly. "Greener" alternatives found in the biocatalysis field, including galactosidases, trehalose phosphorylases and TreT-type trehalose synthases are suggested as primary candidates for trehalose analogue production instead. Significant progress has been made in the last decade to turn these into highly efficient biocatalysts and to broaden the variety of useful donor and acceptor sugars. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the latest insights and future perspectives in trehalose analogue chemistry, applications and production pathways with emphasis on biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Walmagh
- Center for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Renfei Zhao
- Center for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Tom Desmet
- Center for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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39
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O'Neill EC, Field RA. Enzymatic synthesis using glycoside phosphorylases. Carbohydr Res 2015; 403:23-37. [PMID: 25060838 PMCID: PMC4336185 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate phosphorylases are readily accessible but under-explored catalysts for glycoside synthesis. Their use of accessible and relatively stable sugar phosphates as donor substrates underlies their potential. A wide range of these enzymes has been reported of late, displaying a range of preferences for sugar donors, acceptors and glycosidic linkages. This has allowed this class of enzymes to be used in the synthesis of diverse carbohydrate structures, including at the industrial scale. As more phosphorylase enzymes are discovered, access to further difficult to synthesise glycosides will be enabled. Herein we review reported phosphorylase enzymes and the glycoside products that they have been used to synthesise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis C O'Neill
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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40
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Liu Y, Nishimoto M, Kitaoka M. Facile enzymatic synthesis of sugar 1-phosphates as substrates for phosphorylases using anomeric kinases. Carbohydr Res 2015; 401:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Macdonald SS, Blaukopf M, Withers SG. N-acetylglucosaminidases from CAZy family GH3 are really glycoside phosphorylases, thereby explaining their use of histidine as an acid/base catalyst in place of glutamic acid. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4887-4895. [PMID: 25533455 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CAZy glycoside hydrolase family GH3 consists primarily of stereochemistry-retaining β-glucosidases but also contains a subfamily of β-N-acetylglucosaminidases. Enzymes from this subfamily were recently shown to use a histidine residue within a His-Asp dyad contained in a signature sequence as their catalytic acid/base residue. Reasons for their use of His rather than the Glu or Asp found in other glycosidases were not apparent. Through studies on a representative member, the Nag3 β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Cellulomonas fimi, we now show that these enzymes act preferentially as glycoside phosphorylases. Their need to accommodate an anionic nucleophile within the enzyme active site explains why histidine is used as an acid/base catalyst in place of the anionic glutamate seen in other GH3 family members. Kinetic and mechanistic studies reveal that these enzymes also employ a double-displacement mechanism involving a covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate, which was directly detected by mass spectrometry. Phosphate has no effect on the rates of formation of the glycosyl-enzyme intermediate, but it accelerates turnover of the N-acetylglucosaminyl-enzyme intermediate ∼3-fold, while accelerating turnover of the glucosyl-enzyme intermediate several hundredfold. These represent the first reported examples of retaining β-glycoside phosphorylases, and the first instance of free β-GlcNAc-1-phosphate in a biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer S Macdonald
- Centre for High-throughput Biology, Departments of Chemistry and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- Centre for High-throughput Biology, Departments of Chemistry and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Centre for High-throughput Biology, Departments of Chemistry and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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42
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Phosphoryl transfer from α-d-glucose 1-phosphate catalyzed by Escherichia coli sugar-phosphate phosphatases of two protein superfamily types. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:1559-72. [PMID: 25527541 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03314-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cori ester α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (αGlc 1-P) is a high-energy intermediate of cellular carbohydrate metabolism. Its glycosidic phosphomonoester moiety primes αGlc 1-P for flexible exploitation in glucosyl and phosphoryl transfer reactions. Two structurally and mechanistically distinct sugar-phosphate phosphatases from Escherichia coli were characterized in this study for utilization of αGlc 1-P as a phosphoryl donor substrate. The agp gene encodes a periplasmic αGlc 1-P phosphatase (Agp) belonging to the histidine acid phosphatase family. Had13 is from the haloacid dehydrogenase-like phosphatase family. Cytoplasmic expression of Agp (in E. coli Origami B) gave a functional enzyme preparation (kcat for phosphoryl transfer from αGlc 1-P to water, 40 s(-1)) that was shown by mass spectrometry to exhibit no free cysteines and the native intramolecular disulfide bond between Cys(189) and Cys(195). Enzymatic phosphoryl transfer from αGlc 1-P to water in H2 (18)O solvent proceeded with complete (18)O label incorporation into the phosphate released, consistent with catalytic reaction through O-1-P, but not C-1-O, bond cleavage. Hydrolase activity of both enzymes was not restricted to a glycosidic phosphomonoester substrate, and d-glucose 6-phosphate was converted with a kcat similar to that of αGlc 1-P. By examining phosphoryl transfer from αGlc 1-P to an acceptor substrate other than water (d-fructose or d-glucose), we discovered that Agp exhibited pronounced synthetic activity, unlike Had13, which utilized αGlc 1-P mainly for phosphoryl transfer to water. By applying d-fructose in 10-fold molar excess over αGlc 1-P (20 mM), enzymatic conversion furnished d-fructose 1-phosphate as the main product in a 55% overall yield. Agp is a promising biocatalyst for use in transphosphorylation from αGlc 1-P.
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43
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Chiku K, Nihira T, Suzuki E, Nishimoto M, Kitaoka M, Ohtsubo K, Nakai H. Discovery of two β-1,2-mannoside phosphorylases showing different chain-length specificities from Thermoanaerobacter sp. X-514. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114882. [PMID: 25500577 PMCID: PMC4264767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized Teth514_1788 and Teth514_1789, belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 130, from Thermoanaerobacter sp. X-514. These two enzymes catalyzed the synthesis of 1,2-β-oligomannan using β-1,2-mannobiose and d-mannose as the optimal acceptors, respectively, in the presence of the donor α-d-mannose 1-phosphate. Kinetic analysis of the phosphorolytic reaction toward 1,2-β-oligomannan revealed that these enzymes followed a typical sequential Bi Bi mechanism. The kinetic parameters of the phosphorolysis of 1,2-β-oligomannan indicate that Teth514_1788 and Teth514_1789 prefer 1,2-β-oligomannans containing a DP ≥3 and β-1,2-Man2, respectively. These results indicate that the two enzymes are novel inverting phosphorylases that exhibit distinct chain-length specificities toward 1,2-β-oligomannan. Here, we propose 1,2-β-oligomannan:phosphate α-d-mannosyltransferase as the systematic name and 1,2-β-oligomannan phosphorylase as the short name for Teth514_1788 and β-1,2-mannobiose:phosphate α-d-mannosyltransferase as the systematic name and β-1,2-mannobiose phosphorylase as the short name for Teth514_1789.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Chiku
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Erika Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nishimoto
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Motomitsu Kitaoka
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Nakai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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44
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Touhara KK, Nihira T, Kitaoka M, Nakai H, Fushinobu S. Structural basis for reversible phosphorolysis and hydrolysis reactions of 2-O-α-glucosylglycerol phosphorylase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18067-75. [PMID: 24828502 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
2-O-α-Glucosylglycerol phosphorylase (GGP) from Bacillus selenitireducens catalyzes both the reversible phosphorolysis of 2-O-α-glucosylglycerol (GG) and the hydrolysis of β-d-glucose 1-phosphate (βGlc1P). GGP belongs to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 65 and can efficiently and specifically produce GG. However, its structural basis has remained unclear. In this study, the crystal structures of GGP complexed with glucose and the glucose analog isofagomine and glycerol were determined. Subsite -1 of GGP is similar to those of other GH65 enzymes, maltose phosphorylase and kojibiose phosphorylase, whereas subsite +1 is largely different and is well designed for GG recognition. An automated docking analysis was performed to complement these crystal structures, βGlc1P being docked at an appropriate position. To investigate the importance of residues at subsite +1 in the bifunctionality of GGP, we constructed mutants at these residues. Y327F and K587A did not show detectable activities for either reverse phosphorolysis or βGlc1P hydrolysis. Y572F also showed significantly reduced activities for both of these reactions. In contrast, W381F showed significantly reduced reverse phosphorolytic activity but retained βGlc1P hydrolysis. The mode of substrate recognition and the reaction mechanisms of GGP were proposed based on these analyses. Specifically, an extensive hydrogen bond network formed by Tyr-327, Tyr-572, Lys-587, and water molecules contributes to fixing the acceptor molecule in both reverse phosphorolysis (glycerol) and βGlc1P hydrolysis (water) for a glycosyl transfer reaction. This study will contribute to the development of a large scale production system of GG by facilitating the rational engineering of GGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki K Touhara
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657
| | - Takanori Nihira
- the Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, and
| | - Motomitsu Kitaoka
- the National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakai
- the Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, and
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657,
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45
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Qi P, You C, Zhang YHP. One-Pot Enzymatic Conversion of Sucrose to Synthetic Amylose by using Enzyme Cascades. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qi
- Biological
Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, 304 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Chun You
- Biological
Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, 304 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Y.-H. Percival Zhang
- Biological
Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, 304 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Cell Free Bioinnovations,
Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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46
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Nakajima M, Toyoizumi H, Abe K, Nakai H, Taguchi H, Kitaoka M. 1,2-β-Oligoglucan phosphorylase from Listeria innocua. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92353. [PMID: 24647662 PMCID: PMC3960220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized recombinant Lin1839 protein (Lin1839r) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 94 from Listeria innocua. Lin1839r catalyzed the synthesis of a series of 1,2-β-oligoglucans (Sopn: n denotes degree of polymerization) using sophorose (Sop2) as the acceptor and α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (Glc1P) as the donor. Lin1839r recognized glucose as a very weak acceptor substrate to form polymeric 1,2-β-glucan. The degree of polymerization of the 1,2-β-glucan gradually decreased with long-term incubation to generate a series of Sopns. Kinetic analysis of the phosphorolytic reaction towards sophorotriose revealed that Lin1839r followed a sequential Bi Bi mechanism. The kinetic parameters of the phosphorolysis of sophorotetraose and sophoropentaose were similar to those of sophorotriose, although the enzyme did not exhibit significant phosphorolytic activity on Sop2. These results indicate that the Lin1839 protein is a novel inverting phosphorylase that catalyzes reversible phosphorolysis of 1,2-β-glucan with a degree of polymerization of ≥3. We propose 1,2-β-oligoglucan: phosphate α-glucosyltransferase as the systematic name and 1,2-β-oligoglucan phosphorylase as the short name for this Lin1839 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nakajima
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Toyoizumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichi Abe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakai
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hayao Taguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motomitsu Kitaoka
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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47
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De Winter K, Desmet T, Devlamynck T, Van Renterghem L, Verhaeghe T, Pelantová H, Křen V, Soetaert W. Biphasic Catalysis with Disaccharide Phosphorylases: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of α-d-Glucosides Using Sucrose Phosphorylase. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op400302b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel De Winter
- Centre
for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical
and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre
for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical
and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Devlamynck
- Centre
for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical
and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa Van Renterghem
- Centre
for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical
and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Verhaeghe
- Centre
for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical
and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Wim Soetaert
- Centre
for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical
and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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48
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2-O-α-D-glucosylglycerol phosphorylase from Bacillus selenitireducens MLS10 possessing hydrolytic activity on β-D-glucose 1-phosphate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86548. [PMID: 24466148 PMCID: PMC3899277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolase family (GH) 65 is a family of inverting phosphorylases that act on α-glucosides. A GH65 protein (Bsel_2816) from Bacillus selenitireducens MLS10 exhibited inorganic phosphate (Pi)-dependent hydrolysis of kojibiose at the rate of 0.43 s−1. No carbohydrate acted as acceptor for the reverse phosphorolysis using β-d-glucose 1-phosphate (βGlc1P) as donor. During the search for a suitable acceptor, we found that Bsel_2816 possessed hydrolytic activity on βGlc1P with a kcat of 2.8 s−1; moreover, such significant hydrolytic activity on sugar 1-phosphate had not been reported for any inverting phosphorylase. The H218O incorporation experiment and the anomeric analysis during the hydrolysis of βGlc1P revealed that the hydrolysis was due to the glucosyl-transferring reaction to a water molecule and not a phosphatase-type reaction. Glycerol was found to be the best acceptor to generate 2-O-α-d-glucosylglycerol (GG) at the rate of 180 s−1. Bsel_2816 phosphorolyzed GG through sequential Bi-Bi mechanism with a kcat of 95 s−1. We propose 2-O-α-d-glucopyranosylglycerol: phosphate β-d-glucosyltransferase as the systematic name and 2-O-α-d-glucosylglycerol phosphorylase as the short name for Bsel_2816. This is the first report describing a phosphorylase that utilizes polyols, and not carbohydrates, as suitable acceptor substrates.
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49
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Identification and characterization of an archaeal kojibiose catabolic pathway in the hyperthermophilic Pyrococcus sp. strain ST04. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:1122-31. [PMID: 24391053 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01222-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique gene cluster responsible for kojibiose utilization was identified in the genome of Pyrococcus sp. strain ST04. The proteins it encodes hydrolyze kojibiose, a disaccharide product of glucose caramelization, and form glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) in two steps. Heterologous expression of the kojibiose-related enzymes in Escherichia coli revealed that two genes, Py04_1502 and Py04_1503, encode kojibiose phosphorylase (designated PsKP, for Pyrococcus sp. strain ST04 kojibiose phosphorylase) and β-phosphoglucomutase (PsPGM), respectively. Enzymatic assays show that PsKP hydrolyzes kojibiose to glucose and β-glucose-1-phosphate (β-G1P). The Km values for kojibiose and phosphate were determined to be 2.53 ± 0.21 mM and 1.34 ± 0.04 mM, respectively. PsPGM then converts β-G1P into G6P in the presence of 6 mM MgCl2. Conversion activity from β-G1P to G6P was 46.81 ± 3.66 U/mg, and reverse conversion activity from G6P to β-G1P was 3.51 ± 0.13 U/mg. The proteins are highly thermostable, with optimal temperatures of 90°C for PsKP and 95°C for PsPGM. These results indicate that Pyrococcus sp. strain ST04 converts kojibiose into G6P, a substrate of the glycolytic pathway. This is the first report of a disaccharide utilization pathway via phosphorolysis in hyperthermophilic archaea.
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50
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Nihira T, Miyajima F, Chiku K, Nishimoto M, Kitaoka M, Ohtsubo K, Nakai H. One Pot Enzymatic Production of Nigerose from Common Sugar Resources Employing Nigerose Phosphorylase. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2014. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2013_012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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