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Bettini A, Camelliti P, Stuckey DJ, Day RM. Injectable biodegradable microcarriers for iPSC expansion and cardiomyocyte differentiation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2404355. [PMID: 38900068 PMCID: PMC11348074 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Cell therapy is a potential novel treatment for cardiac regeneration and numerous studies have attempted to transplant cells to regenerate the myocardium lost during myocardial infarction. To date, only minimal improvements to cardiac function have been reported. This is likely to be the result of low cell retention and survival following transplantation. This study aimed to improve the delivery and engraftment of viable cells by using an injectable microcarrier that provides an implantable, biodegradable substrate for attachment and growth of cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). We describe the fabrication and characterisation of Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) microcarriers and their surface modification to enable iPSC-derived cardiomyocyte attachment in xeno-free conditions is described. The selected formulation resulted in iPSC attachment, expansion, and retention of pluripotent phenotype. Differentiation of iPSC into cardiomyocytes on the microcarriers is investigated in comparison with culture on 2D tissue culture plastic surfaces. Microcarrier culture is shown to support culture of a mature cardiomyocyte phenotype, be compatible with injectable delivery, and reduce anoikis. The findings from this study demonstrate that TIPS microcarriers provide a supporting matrix for culturing iPSC and iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes in vitro and are suitable as an injectable cell-substrate for cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bettini
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6DDUK
- Centre for Precision Healthcare, Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6JFUK
| | - Patrizia Camelliti
- School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyGU2 7XHUK
| | - Daniel J. Stuckey
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6DDUK
| | - Richard M. Day
- Centre for Precision Healthcare, Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6JFUK
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2
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Yamashita M, Tamamitsu M, Kirisako H, Goda Y, Chen X, Hattori K, Ota S. High-Throughput 3D Imaging Flow Cytometry of Suspended Adherent 3D Cell Cultures. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301318. [PMID: 38133483 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
3D cell cultures are indispensable in recapitulating in vivo environments. Among the many 3D culture methods, culturing adherent cells on hydrogel beads to form spheroid-like structures is a powerful strategy for maintaining high cell viability and functions in the adherent states. However, high-throughput, scalable technologies for 3D imaging of individual cells cultured on the hydrogel scaffolds are lacking. This study reports the development of a high throughput, scalable 3D imaging flow cytometry platform for analyzing spheroid models. This platform is realized by integrating a single objective fluorescence light-sheet microscopy with a microfluidic device that combines hydrodynamic and acoustofluidic focusing techniques. This integration enabled unprecedentedly high-throughput and scalable optofluidic 3D imaging, processing 1310 spheroids consisting of 28 117 cells min-1. The large dataset obtained enables precise quantification and comparison of the nuclear morphology of adhering and suspended cells, revealing that the adhering cells have smaller nuclei with less rounded surfaces. This platform's high throughput, robustness, and precision for analyzing the morphology of subcellular structures in 3D culture models hold promising potential for various biomedical analyses, including image-based phenotypic screening of drugs with spheroids or organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minato Yamashita
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Miu Tamamitsu
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kirisako
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yuki Goda
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Xiaoyao Chen
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hattori
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Sadao Ota
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
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Mojares E, Nadal C, Hayler D, Kanso H, Chrysanthou A, Neri Cruz CE, Gautrot JE. Strong Elastic Protein Nanosheets Enable the Culture and Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells on Microdroplets. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2406333. [PMID: 39036832 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Advances in stem cell technologies, revolutionizing regenerative therapies and advanced in vitro testing, require novel cell manufacturing pipelines able to cope with scale up and parallelization. Microdroplet technologies, which have transformed single cell sequencing and other cell-based assays, are attractive in this context, but the inherent soft mechanics of liquid-liquid interfaces is typically thought to be incompatible with the expansion of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and their differentiation. In this work, the design of protein nanosheets stabilizing liquid-liquid interfaces and enabling the adhesion, expansion and retention of stemness by iPSCs is reported. Microdroplet microfluidic chips are used to control the formulation of droplets with defined dimensions and size distributions. The resulting emulsions sustain high expansion rates, with excellent retention of stem cell marker expression. iPSCs cultured in such conditions retain the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. This work provides clear evidence that local nanoscale mechanics, associated with interfacial viscoelasticity, provides strong cues able to regulate and maintain pluripotency, as well as to support commitment in defined differentiation conditions. Microdroplet technologies appear as attractive candidates to transform cell manufacturing pipelines, bypassing significant hurdles paused by solid substrates and microcarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Mojares
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Clemence Nadal
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Daniel Hayler
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Hassan Kanso
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Alexandra Chrysanthou
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Carlos E Neri Cruz
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Julien E Gautrot
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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4
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Bandarra-Tavares H, Franchi-Mendes T, Ulpiano C, Morini S, Kaur N, Harris-Becker A, Vemuri MC, Cabral JMS, Fernandes-Platzgummer A, da Silva CL. Dual production of human mesenchymal stromal cells and derived extracellular vesicles in a dissolvable microcarrier-based stirred culture system. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:749-756. [PMID: 38506771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cell therapies based on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have gained an increasing therapeutic interest in the context of multiple disorders. Nonetheless, this field still faces important challenges, particularly concerning suitable manufacturing platforms. Here, we aimed at establishing a scalable culture system to expand umbilical cord-derived Wharton's jelly MSC (MSC(WJ)) and their derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) by using dissolvable microcarriers combined with xeno(geneic)-free culture medium. METHODS MSC(WJ) isolated from three donors were cultured at a starting density of 1 × 106 cells per spinner flask, i.e., 2.8 × 103 cells per cm2 of dissolvable microcarrier surface area. After a 6-day expansion period of MSC(WJ), extracellular vesicles (EVs) were produced for 24 h. RESULTS Taking advantage of an intermittent agitation regimen, we observed high adhesion rates to the microcarriers (over 90% at 24 h) and achieved 15.8 ± 0.7-fold expansion after 6 days of culture. Notably, dissolution of the microcarriers was achieved through a pectinase-based solution to recover the cell product, reducing the hurdles of downstream processing. MSC identity was validated by detecting the characteristic MSC immunophenotype and by multilineage differentiation assays. Considering the growing interest in MSC-derived EVs, which are known to be mediators of the therapeutic features of MSC, this platform also was evaluated for EV production. Upon a 24-h period of conditioning, secreted EVs were isolated by ultrafiltration followed by anion-exchange chromatography and exhibited the typical cup-shaped morphology, small size distribution (162.6 ± 30.2 nm) and expressed EV markers (CD63, CD9 and syntenin-1). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we established a time-effective and robust scalable platform that complies with clinical-grade standards for the dual production of MSC(WJ) and their derived EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélder Bandarra-Tavares
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Franchi-Mendes
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Ulpiano
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Morini
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Navjot Kaur
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cell Biology, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Abigail Harris-Becker
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cell Biology, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohan C Vemuri
- Cell and Gene Therapy, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cell Biology, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Fernandes-Platzgummer
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia L da Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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5
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Netsrithong R, Garcia-Perez L, Themeli M. Engineered T cells from induced pluripotent stem cells: from research towards clinical implementation. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1325209. [PMID: 38283344 PMCID: PMC10811463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1325209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived T (iT) cells represent a groundbreaking frontier in adoptive cell therapies with engineered T cells, poised to overcome pivotal limitations associated with conventional manufacturing methods. iPSCs offer an off-the-shelf source of therapeutic T cells with the potential for infinite expansion and straightforward genetic manipulation to ensure hypo-immunogenicity and introduce specific therapeutic functions, such as antigen specificity through a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Importantly, genetic engineering of iPSC offers the benefit of generating fully modified clonal lines that are amenable to rigorous safety assessments. Critical to harnessing the potential of iT cells is the development of a robust and clinically compatible production process. Current protocols for genetic engineering as well as differentiation protocols designed to mirror human hematopoiesis and T cell development, vary in efficiency and often contain non-compliant components, thereby rendering them unsuitable for clinical implementation. This comprehensive review centers on the remarkable progress made over the last decade in generating functional engineered T cells from iPSCs. Emphasis is placed on alignment with good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards, scalability, safety measures and quality controls, which constitute the fundamental prerequisites for clinical application. In conclusion, the focus on iPSC as a source promises standardized, scalable, clinically relevant, and potentially safer production of engineered T cells. This groundbreaking approach holds the potential to extend hope to a broader spectrum of patients and diseases, leading in a new era in adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchapong Netsrithong
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura Garcia-Perez
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maria Themeli
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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6
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Wang Z, Zhang X, Xue L, Wang G, Li X, Chen J, Xu R, Xu T. A controllable gelatin-based microcarriers fabrication system for the whole procedures of MSCs amplification and tissue engineering. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad068. [PMID: 37638061 PMCID: PMC10458456 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymer microbeads present substantial benefits for cell expansion, tissue engineering, and drug release applications. However, a fabrication system capable of producing homogeneous microspheres with high precision and controllability for cell proliferation, passaging, harvesting and downstream application is limited. Therefore, we developed a co-flow microfluidics-based system for the generation of uniform and size-controllable gelatin-based microcarriers (GMs) for mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) expansion and tissue engineering. Our evaluation of GMs revealed superior homogeneity and efficiency of cellular attachment, expansion and harvest, and MSCs expanded on GMs exhibited high viability while retaining differentiation multipotency. Optimization of passaging and harvesting protocols was achieved through the addition of blank GMs and treatment with collagenase, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MSC-loaded GMs were printable and could serve as building blocks for tissue regeneration scaffolds. These results suggested that our platform held promise for the fabrication of uniform GMs with downstream application of MSC culture, expansion and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixian Wang
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuxiu Zhang
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Limin Xue
- Department of Research and Development, Huaqing Zhimei (Shenzhen) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518107, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gangwei Wang
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinda Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Bio-intelligent Manufacturing and Living Matter Bioprinting Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518057, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruxiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People’s Republic of China
- Bio-intelligent Manufacturing and Living Matter Bioprinting Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518057, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Wang Y, Zou L, Liu W, Chen X. An Overview of Recent Progress in Engineering Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Cultured Meat Production. Foods 2023; 12:2614. [PMID: 37444351 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured meat is a new type of green, safe, healthy, and sustainable alternative to traditional meat that will potentially alleviate the environmental impact of animal farming and reduce the requirement for animal slaughter. However, the cultured meat structures that have been prepared lack sufficient tissue alignment. To create a product that is similar in texture and taste to traditional animal meat, muscle stem cells must be organized in a way that imitates the natural structure of animal tissue. Recently, various scaffold technologies and biomaterials have been developed to support the three-dimensional (3D) cultivation and organization of muscle stem cells. Hence, we propose an overview of the latest advancements and challenges in creating three-dimensional scaffolds for the biomanufacturing of cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Liqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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8
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Teale MA, Schneider S, Eibl D, van den Bos C, Neubauer P, Eibl R. Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cell-based therapeutics: a comparison. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12583-4. [PMID: 37246986 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based cell therapeutics and especially those based on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are said to have enormous developmental potential in the coming years. Their applications range from the treatment of orthopedic disorders and cardiovascular diseases to autoimmune diseases and even cancer. However, while more than 27 hMSC-derived therapeutics are currently commercially available, hiPSC-based therapeutics have yet to complete the regulatory approval process. Based on a review of the current commercially available hMSC-derived therapeutic products and upcoming hiPSC-derived products in phase 2 and 3, this paper compares the cell therapy manufacturing process between these two cell types. Moreover, the similarities as well as differences are highlighted and the resulting impact on the production process discussed. Here, emphasis is placed on (i) hMSC and hiPSC characteristics, safety, and ethical aspects, (ii) their morphology and process requirements, as well as (iii) their 2- and 3-dimensional cultivations in dependence of the applied culture medium and process mode. In doing so, also downstream processing aspects are covered and the role of single-use technology is discussed. KEY POINTS: • Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit distinct behaviors during cultivation • Single-use stirred bioreactor systems are preferred for the cultivation of both cell types • Future research should adapt and modify downstream processes to available single-use devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha A Teale
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Samuel Schneider
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Eibl
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Neubauer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, ACK24, Ackerstraße 76, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine Eibl
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Li J, Wu Y, Yao X, Tian Y, Sun X, Liu Z, Ye X, Wu C. Preclinical Research of Stem Cells: Challenges and Progress. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10528-y. [PMID: 37097496 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, great breakthroughs have been made in basic research and clinical applications of stem cells in regenerative medicine and other fields, which continue to inspire people to explore the field of stem cells. With nearly unlimited self-renewal ability, stem cells can generate at least one type of highly differentiated daughter cell, which provides broad development prospects for the treatment of human organ damage and other diseases. In the field of stem cell research, related technologies for inducing or isolating stem cells are relatively mature, and a variety of stable stem cell lines have been successfully constructed. To realize the full clinical application of stem cells as soon as possible, it is more and more important to further optimize each stage of stem cell research while conforming to Current Good Manufacture Practices (cGMP) standards. Here, we synthesized recent developments in stem cell research and focus on the introduction of xenogenicity in the preclinical research process and the remaining problems of various cell bioreactors. Our goal is to promote the development of technologies for xeno-free culture and clinical expansion of stem cells through in-depth discussion of current research. This review will provide new insight into stem cell research protocols and will contribute to the creation of efficient and stable stem cell expansion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Li
- School of Pharmacy, School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yurou Wu
- School of Pharmacy, School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Yao
- School of Pharmacy, School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Tian
- School of Pharmacy, School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Sun
- School of Pharmacy, School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zibo Liu
- School of Pharmacy, School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Ye
- School of Pharmacy, School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunjie Wu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy/Academy for Interdiscipline, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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10
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Derman ID, Singh YP, Saini S, Nagamine M, Banerjee D, Ozbolat IT. Bioengineering and Clinical Translation of Human Lung and its Components. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200267. [PMID: 36658734 PMCID: PMC10121779 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Clinical lung transplantation has rapidly established itself as the gold standard of treatment for end-stage lung diseases in a restricted group of patients since the first successful lung transplant occurred. Although significant progress has been made in lung transplantation, there are still numerous obstacles on the path to clinical success. The development of bioartificial lung grafts using patient-derived cells may serve as an alternative treatment modality; however, challenges include developing appropriate scaffold materials, advanced culture strategies for lung-specific multiple cell populations, and fully matured constructs to ensure increased transplant lifetime following implantation. This review highlights the development of tissue-engineered tracheal and lung equivalents over the past two decades, key problems in lung transplantation in a clinical environment, the advancements made in scaffolds, bioprinting technologies, bioreactors, organoids, and organ-on-a-chip technologies. The review aims to fill the lacuna in existing literature toward a holistic bioartificial lung tissue, including trachea, capillaries, airways, bifurcating bronchioles, lung disease models, and their clinical translation. Herein, the efforts are on bridging the application of lung tissue engineering methods in a clinical environment as it is thought that tissue engineering holds enormous promise for overcoming the challenges associated with the clinical translation of bioengineered human lung and its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Deniz Derman
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University; University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University; University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yogendra Pratap Singh
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University; University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University; University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Shweta Saini
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University; University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, India
| | - Momoka Nagamine
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University; University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Penn State University; University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Dishary Banerjee
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University; University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University; University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ibrahim T. Ozbolat
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University; University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University; University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Penn State University; University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Penn State University; University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Cancer Institute, Penn State University; University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Neurosurgery Department, Penn State University; University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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11
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Current Advances in 3D Dynamic Cell Culture Systems. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120829. [PMID: 36547353 PMCID: PMC9778081 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture methods have a long history of mimicking in vivo cell growth. However, these methods cannot fully represent physiological conditions, which lack two major indexes of the in vivo environment; one is a three-dimensional 3D cell environment, and the other is mechanical stimulation; therefore, they are incapable of replicating the essential cellular communications between cell to cell, cell to the extracellular matrix, and cellular responses to dynamic mechanical stimulation in a physiological condition of body movement and blood flow. To solve these problems and challenges, 3D cell carriers have been gradually developed to provide a 3D matrix-like structure for cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and communication in static and dynamic culture conditions. 3D cell carriers in dynamic culture systems could primarily provide different mechanical stimulations which further mimic the real in vivo microenvironment. In this review, the current advances in 3D dynamic cell culture approaches have been introduced, with their advantages and disadvantages being discussed in comparison to traditional 2D cell culture in static conditions.
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12
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Carvalho MS, Nogueira DE, Cabral JM, Rodrigues CA. Neural progenitor cell-derived extracellular matrix as a new platform for neural differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2022; 8:100070. [PMID: 36824374 PMCID: PMC9934470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2022.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The culture microenvironment has been demonstrated to regulate stem cell fate and to be a crucial aspect for quality-controlled stem cell maintenance and differentiation to a specific lineage. In this context, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are particularly important to mediate the interactions between the cells and the culture substrate. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are usually cultured as anchorage-dependent cells and require adhesion to an ECM substrate to support their survival and proliferation in vitro. Matrigel, a common substrate for hiPSC culture is a complex and undefined mixture of ECM proteins which are expensive and not well suited to clinical application. Decellularized cell-derived ECM has been shown to be a promising alternative to the common protein coatings used in stem cell culture. However, very few studies have used this approach as a niche for neural differentiation of hiPSCs. Here, we developed a new stem cell culture system based on decellularized cell-derived ECM from neural progenitor cells (NPCs) for expansion and neural differentiation of hiPSCs, as an alternative to Matrigel and poly-l-ornithine/laminin-coated well plates. Interestingly, hiPSCs were able to grow and maintain their pluripotency when cultured on decellularized ECM from NPCs (NPC ECM). Furthermore, NPC ECM enhanced the neural differentiation of hiPSCs compared to poly-l-ornithine/laminin-coated wells, which are used in most neural differentiation protocols, presenting a statistically significant enhancement of neural gene expression markers, such as βIII-Tubulin and MAP2. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NPC ECM provides a functional microenvironment, mimicking the neural niche, which may have interesting future applications for the development of new strategies in neural stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S. Carvalho
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal,Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal,Corresponding author.
| | - Diogo E.S. Nogueira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal,Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M.S. Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal,Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos A.V. Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal,Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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13
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Darge HF, Lin YH, Hsieh-Chih T, Lin SY, Yang MC. Thermo/redox-responsive dissolvable gelatin-based microsphere for efficient cell harvesting during 3D cell culturing. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 139:213008. [PMID: 35882154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of microspheres for culturing adherent cells has been proven as an important method, allowing for obtaining adequate number of cells in limited space and volume of medium for the intended cell-based medical applications. However, the use of proteolytic enzymes for cell harvesting from the microsphere resulted in cell damage and loss of functionality. Therefore, in this study, we developed a novel redox/thermo-responsive dissolvable gelatin-based microsphere for successful cell proliferation and harvesting adequate high-quality cells using non-enzymatic cell detachment methods. Initially, a redox-induced dissolvable gelatin-based microsphere was successfully prepared using disulfide bonds as crosslinking agent, firmly stabilizing gelatin networks and forming a stable microsphere at physiological temperature. The optimized concentration of the crosslinking agent was 1.2 mM, which kept the microsphere stable for >120 h. The microsphere was then coated with PNIPAm-ALA copolymer via physical or chemical means, resulting in a positively charged thermosensitive surface. The positive charge derived from ALA in PNIPAm-ALA copolymer enhanced cell attachment, while the thermosensitive property of the copolymer enabled for temperature induced cell harvesting. When the temperature dropped below the LCST value of PNIPAm-ALA5 (33.4°C), the copolymer swelled and became more hydrophilic, allowing cells to be readily separated. The addition of reducing agents such as GSH, DTT and L-cysteine resulted in further cleavage of the disulfide bond in the microsphere and dissolution of the microsphere for complete cell detachment. Interestingly, cell attachment and proliferation were enhanced on microspheres coated with PNIPAm-ALA5 using diselenide as a crosslinking agent, and complete cell detachment was occurred within 15 min after adding 25 mM DTT followed by lowering the temperature (4°C). Therefore, the microsphere fabricated in this study was worthwhile for non-enzymatic cell detachment and has the potential to be used for cell expansion and harvesting adequate live cells of high quality and functionality for tissue engineering or cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haile F Darge
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Advanced Membrane Materials Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai Hsieh-Chih
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Advanced Membrane Materials Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Shuian-Yin Lin
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chien Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
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14
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Tan LS, Chen JT, Lim LY, Teo AKK. Manufacturing clinical-grade human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived beta cells for diabetes treatment. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13232. [PMID: 35474596 PMCID: PMC9357357 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The unlimited proliferative capacity of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) fortifies it as one of the most attractive sources for cell therapy application in diabetes. In the past two decades, vast research efforts have been invested in developing strategies to differentiate hPSCs into clinically suitable insulin‐producing endocrine cells or functional beta cells (β cells). With the end goal being clinical translation, it is critical for hPSCs and insulin‐producing β cells to be derived, handled, stored, maintained and expanded with clinical compliance. This review focuses on the key processes and guidelines for clinical translation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)‐derived β cells for diabetes cell therapy. Here, we discuss the (1) key considerations of manufacturing clinical‐grade hiPSCs, (2) scale‐up and differentiation of clinical‐grade hiPSCs into β cells in clinically compliant conditions and (3) mandatory quality control and product release criteria necessitated by various regulatory bodies to approve the use of the cell‐based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay Shuen Tan
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme (TRP), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juin Ting Chen
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme (TRP), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lillian Yuxian Lim
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme (TRP), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Pajčin I, Knežić T, Savic Azoulay I, Vlajkov V, Djisalov M, Janjušević L, Grahovac J, Gadjanski I. Bioengineering Outlook on Cultivated Meat Production. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:402. [PMID: 35334693 PMCID: PMC8950996 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cultured meat (also referred to as cultivated meat or cell-based meat)-CM-is fabricated through the process of cellular agriculture (CA), which entails application of bioengineering, i.e., tissue engineering (TE) principles to the production of food. The main TE principles include usage of cells, grown in a controlled environment provided by bioreactors and cultivation media supplemented with growth factors and other needed nutrients and signaling molecules, and seeded onto the immobilization elements-microcarriers and scaffolds that provide the adhesion surfaces necessary for anchor-dependent cells and offer 3D organization for multiple cell types. Theoretically, many solutions from regenerative medicine and biomedical engineering can be applied in CM-TE, i.e., CA. However, in practice, there are a number of specificities regarding fabrication of a CM product that needs to fulfill not only the majority of functional criteria of muscle and fat TE, but also has to possess the sensory and nutritional qualities of a traditional food component, i.e., the meat it aims to replace. This is the reason that bioengineering aimed at CM production needs to be regarded as a specific scientific discipline of a multidisciplinary nature, integrating principles from biomedical engineering as well as from food manufacturing, design and development, i.e., food engineering. An important requirement is also the need to use as little as possible of animal-derived components in the whole CM bioprocess. In this review, we aim to present the current knowledge on different bioengineering aspects, pertinent to different current scientific disciplines but all relevant for CM engineering, relevant for muscle TE, including different cell sources, bioreactor types, media requirements, bioprocess monitoring and kinetics and their modifications for use in CA, all in view of their potential for efficient CM bioprocess scale-up. We believe such a review will offer a good overview of different bioengineering strategies for CM production and will be useful to a range of interested stakeholders, from students just entering the CA field to experienced researchers looking for the latest innovations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Pajčin
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.P.); (V.V.); (J.G.)
| | - Teodora Knežić
- Center for Biosystems, BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Djindjica 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (T.K.); (M.D.); (L.J.)
| | - Ivana Savic Azoulay
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Vanja Vlajkov
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.P.); (V.V.); (J.G.)
| | - Mila Djisalov
- Center for Biosystems, BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Djindjica 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (T.K.); (M.D.); (L.J.)
| | - Ljiljana Janjušević
- Center for Biosystems, BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Djindjica 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (T.K.); (M.D.); (L.J.)
| | - Jovana Grahovac
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.P.); (V.V.); (J.G.)
| | - Ivana Gadjanski
- Center for Biosystems, BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Djindjica 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (T.K.); (M.D.); (L.J.)
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16
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Zhou P, Qin L, Ge Z, Xie B, Huang H, He F, Ma S, Ren L, Shi J, Pei S, Dong G, Qi Y, Lan F. Design of chemically defined synthetic substrate surfaces for the in vitro maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells: A review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:1968-1990. [PMID: 35226397 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have the potential of long-term self-renewal and differentiation into nearly all cell types in vitro. Prior to the downstream applications, the design of chemically defined synthetic substrates for the large-scale proliferation of quality-controlled hPSCs is critical. Although great achievements have been made, Matrigel and recombinant proteins are still widely used in the fundamental research and clinical applications. Therefore, much effort is still needed to improve the performance of synthetic substrates in the culture of hPSCs, realizing their commercial applications. In this review, we summarized the design of reported synthetic substrates and especially their limitations in terms of cell culture. Moreover, much attention was paid to the development of promising peptide displaying surfaces. Besides, the biophysical regulation of synthetic substrate surfaces as well as the three-dimensional culture systems were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liying Qin
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhangjie Ge
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Biyao Xie
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongxin Huang
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fei He
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengqin Ma
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lina Ren
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Shi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Centre, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Suying Pei
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Genxi Dong
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng Lan
- Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Bomkamp C, Skaalure SC, Fernando GF, Ben‐Arye T, Swartz EW, Specht EA. Scaffolding Biomaterials for 3D Cultivated Meat: Prospects and Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102908. [PMID: 34786874 PMCID: PMC8787436 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cultivating meat from stem cells rather than by raising animals is a promising solution to concerns about the negative externalities of meat production. For cultivated meat to fully mimic conventional meat's organoleptic and nutritional properties, innovations in scaffolding technology are required. Many scaffolding technologies are already developed for use in biomedical tissue engineering. However, cultivated meat production comes with a unique set of constraints related to the scale and cost of production as well as the necessary attributes of the final product, such as texture and food safety. This review discusses the properties of vertebrate skeletal muscle that will need to be replicated in a successful product and the current state of scaffolding innovation within the cultivated meat industry, highlighting promising scaffold materials and techniques that can be applied to cultivated meat development. Recommendations are provided for future research into scaffolds capable of supporting the growth of high-quality meat while minimizing production costs. Although the development of appropriate scaffolds for cultivated meat is challenging, it is also tractable and provides novel opportunities to customize meat properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bomkamp
- The Good Food Institute1380 Monroe St. NW #229WashingtonDC20010USA
| | | | | | - Tom Ben‐Arye
- The Good Food Institute1380 Monroe St. NW #229WashingtonDC20010USA
| | - Elliot W. Swartz
- The Good Food Institute1380 Monroe St. NW #229WashingtonDC20010USA
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18
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Peng L, Gautrot JE. Long term expansion profile of mesenchymal stromal cells at protein nanosheet-stabilised bioemulsions for next generation cell culture microcarriers. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100159. [PMID: 34841241 PMCID: PMC8605361 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous progress in the identification, isolation and expansion of stem cells has allowed their application in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, and their use as advanced in vitro models. As a result, stem cell manufacturing increasingly requires scale up, parallelisation and automation. However, solid substrates currently used for the culture of adherent cells are poorly adapted for such applications, owing to their difficult processing from cell products, relatively high costs and their typical reliance on difficult to recycle plastics and microplastics. In this work, we show that bioemulsions formed of microdroplets stabilised by protein nanosheets displaying strong interfacial mechanics are well-suited for the scale up of adherent stem cells such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). We demonstrate that, over multiple passages (up to passage 10), MSCs retain comparable phenotypes when cultured on such bioemulsions, solid microcarriers (Synthemax II) and classic 2D tissue culture polystyrene. Phenotyping (cell proliferation, morphometry, flow cytometry and differentiation assays) of MSCs cultured for multiple passages on these systems indicate that, although stemness is lost at late passages when cultured on these different substrates, stem cell phenotypes remained comparable between different culture conditions, at any given passage. Hence our study validates the use of bioemulsions for the long term expansion of adherent stem cells and paves the way to the design of novel 3D bioreactors based on microdroplet microcarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Peng
- Institute of Bioengineering and, UK.,School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Julien E Gautrot
- Institute of Bioengineering and, UK.,School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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19
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Rivera-Ordaz A, Peli V, Manzini P, Barilani M, Lazzari L. Critical Analysis of cGMP Large-Scale Expansion Process in Bioreactors of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Framework of Quality by Design. BioDrugs 2021; 35:693-714. [PMID: 34727354 PMCID: PMC8561684 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are manufactured as advanced therapy medicinal products for tissue replacement applications. With this aim, the feasibility of hiPSC large-scale expansion in existing bioreactor systems under current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) has been tested. Yet, these attempts have lacked a paradigm shift in culture settings and technologies tailored to hiPSCs, which jeopardizes their clinical translation. The best approach for industrial scale-up of high-quality hiPSCs is to design their manufacturing process by following quality-by-design (QbD) principles: a scientific, risk-based framework for process design based on relating product and process attributes to product quality. In this review, we analyzed the hiPSC expansion manufacturing process implementing the QbD approach in the use of bioreactors, stressing the decisive role played by the cell quantity, quality and costs, drawing key QbD concepts directly from the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rivera-Ordaz
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Peli
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Manzini
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Barilani
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
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20
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Sion C, Ghannoum D, Ebel B, Gallo F, de Isla N, Guedon E, Chevalot I, Olmos E. A new perfusion mode of culture for WJ-MSCs expansion in a stirred and online monitored bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4453-4464. [PMID: 34387862 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As a clinical dose requires a minimum of 106 cells per kilogram of patients, it is, therefore, crucial to develop a scalable method of production of Wharton Jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) with maintained inner characteristics. Scalable expansion of WJ-MSCs on microcarriers usually found in cell culture, involves specific cell detachment using trypsin and could have harmful effects on cells. In this study, the performance of batch, fed-batch, and perfused-continuous mode of culture were compared. The batch and fed-batch modes resulted in expansion factors of 5 and 43, respectively. The perfused-continuous mode strategy consisted of the implementation of a settling tube inside the bioreactor. The diameter of the tube was calculated to maintain microcarriers colonized by cells in the bioreactor whereas empty microcarriers (responsible for potentially damaging collisions) were removed, using a continuous flow rate based on MSCs physiological requirements. Thanks to this strategy, a maximal number of 800 million cells was obtained in a 1.5 L bioreactor in 10 days. Lastly, online dielectric spectroscopy was implemented in the bioreactor and indicated that cell growth could be monitored during the culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Sion
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Dima Ghannoum
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7365, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Ebel
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Fanny Gallo
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Natalia de Isla
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7365, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Emmanuel Guedon
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Chevalot
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Eric Olmos
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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21
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Nogueira DES, Rodrigues CAV, Hashimura Y, Jung S, Lee B, Cabral JMS. Suspension Culture of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Single-Use Vertical-Wheel™ Bioreactors Using Aggregate and Microcarrier Culture Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2286:167-178. [PMID: 33381855 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2020_287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the potential to be used in a variety of biomedical applications, including drug discovery and Regenerative Medicine. The success of these approaches is, however, limited by the difficulty of generating the large quantities of cells required in a reproducible and controlled system. Bioreactors, widely used for industrial manufacture of biological products, constitute a viable strategy for large-scale production of stem cell derivatives. In this chapter, we describe the expansion of hiPSCs using the Vertical-Wheel™ bioreactor, a novel bioreactor configuration specifically designed for the culture of shear-sensitive cells. We provide protocols for the expansion of hiPSCs in suspension, both as floating aggregates and using microcarriers for cell adhesion. These methods may be important for the establishment of a scalable culture of hiPSCs, allowing the manufacturing of industrial- or clinical-scale cell numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo E S Nogueira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A V Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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22
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Burns AB, Doris C, Vehar K, Saxena V, Bardliving C, Shamlou PA, Phillips MI. Novel low shear 3D bioreactor for high purity mesenchymal stem cell production. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252575. [PMID: 34133442 PMCID: PMC8208585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow derived human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) are an attractive candidate for regenerative medicine. However, their harvest can be invasive, painful, and expensive, making it difficult to supply the enormous amount of pure hMSCs needed for future allogeneic therapies. Because of this, a robust method of scaled bioreactor culture must be designed to supply the need for high purity, high density hMSC yields. Here we test a scaled down model of a novel bioreactor consisting of an unsubmerged 3D printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) lattice matrix wetted by culture media. The growth matrix is uniform, replicable, and biocompatible, enabling homogenous cell culture in three dimensions. The goal of this study was to prove that hMSCs would culture well in this novel bioreactor design. The system tested resulted in comparable stem cell yields to other cell culture systems using bone marrow derived hMSCs, while maintaining viability (96.54% ±2.82), high purity (>98% expression of combined positive markers), and differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Burns
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Corinna Doris
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Vehar
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Vinit Saxena
- Sepragen Corporation, Hayward, California, United States of America
| | - Cameron Bardliving
- Jefferson Institute for Bioprocessing, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Parviz A. Shamlou
- Jefferson Institute for Bioprocessing, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Ian Phillips
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, California, United States of America
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23
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Van Beylen K, Papantoniou I, Aerts JM. Microcarrier Screening and Evaluation for Dynamic Expansion of Human Periosteum-Derived Progenitor Cells in a Xenogeneic Free Medium. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:624890. [PMID: 34109163 PMCID: PMC8181150 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.624890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing need toward a more efficient expansion of adherent progenitor cell types arises with the advancements of cell therapy. The use of a dynamic expansion instead of a static planar expansion could be one way to tackle the challenges of expanding adherent cells at a large scale. Microcarriers are often reported as a biomaterial for culturing cells in suspension. However, the type of microcarrier has an effect on the cell expansion. In order to find an efficient expansion process for a specific adherent progenitor cell type, it is important to investigate the effect of the type of microcarrier on the cell expansion. Human periosteum-derived progenitor cells are extensively used in skeletal tissue engineering for the regeneration of bone defects. Therefore, we evaluated the use of different microcarriers on human periosteum-derived progenitor cells. In order to assess the potency, identity and viability of these cells after being cultured in the spinner flasks, this study performed several in vitro and in vivo analyses. The novelty of this work lies in the combination of screening different microcarriers for human periosteum-derived progenitor cells with in vivo assessments of the cells’ potency using the microcarrier that was selected as the most promising one. The results showed that expanding human periosteum-derived progenitor cells in spinner flasks using xeno-free medium and Star-Plus microcarriers, does not affect the potency, identity or viability of the cells. The potency of the cells was assured with an in vivo evaluation, where bone formation was achieved. In summary, this expansion method has the potential to be used for large scale cell expansion with clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Van Beylen
- M3-BIORES: Measure, Model, and Manage Bioresponses, Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, Leuven, Belgium.,Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Patras, Greece
| | - Jean-Marie Aerts
- M3-BIORES: Measure, Model, and Manage Bioresponses, Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Hanga MP, Nienow AW, Murasiewicz H, Pacek AW, Hewitt CJ, Coopman K. Expansion of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells on temporary liquid microcarriers. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2021; 96:930-940. [PMID: 33776183 PMCID: PMC7984227 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.6601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional large-scale culture systems for human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) use solid microcarriers as attachment substrates. Although the use of such substrates is advantageous because of the high surface-to-volume ratio, cell harvest from the same substrates is a challenge as it requires enzymatic treatment, often combined with agitation. Here, we investigated a two-phase system for expansion and non-enzymatic recovery of hMSCs. Perfluorocarbon droplets were dispersed in a protein-rich growth medium and were used as temporary liquid microcarriers for hMSC culture. RESULTS hMSCs successfully attached to these liquid microcarriers, exhibiting similar morphologies to those cultured on solid ones. Fold increases of 3.03 ± 0.98 (hMSC1) and 3.81 ± 0.29 (hMSC2) were achieved on day 9. However, the maximum expansion folds were recorded on day 4 (4.79 ± 0.47 (hMSC1) and 4.856 ± 0.7 (hMSC2)). This decrease was caused by cell aggregation upon reaching confluency due to the contraction of the interface between the two phases. Cell quality, as assessed by differentiation, cell surface marker expression and clonogenic ability, was retained post expansion on the liquid microcarriers. Cell harvesting was achieved non-enzymatically in two steps: first by inducing droplet coalescence and then aspirating the interface. Quality characteristics of hMSCs continued to be retained even after inducing droplet coalescence. CONCLUSION The prospect of a temporary microcarrier that can be used to expand cells and then 'disappear' for cell release without using proteolytic enzymes is a very exciting one. Here, we have demonstrated that hMSCs can attach and proliferate on these perfluorocarbon liquid microcarriers while, very importantly, retaining their quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Hanga
- Department of Biosciences, School of Life and Health SciencesAston UniversityBirminghamUK
- Centre for Biological Engineering, School of AACME, Chemical Engineering DepartmentLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Alvin W Nienow
- Department of Biosciences, School of Life and Health SciencesAston UniversityBirminghamUK
- Centre for Biological Engineering, School of AACME, Chemical Engineering DepartmentLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Halina Murasiewicz
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and EngineeringWest Pomeranian University of TechnologySzczecinPoland
| | - Andrzej W Pacek
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Christopher J Hewitt
- Department of Biosciences, School of Life and Health SciencesAston UniversityBirminghamUK
- Centre for Biological Engineering, School of AACME, Chemical Engineering DepartmentLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Karen Coopman
- Centre for Biological Engineering, School of AACME, Chemical Engineering DepartmentLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
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25
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Mahfouzi SH, Amoabediny G, Safiabadi Tali SH. Advances in bioreactors for lung bioengineering: From scalable cell culture to tissue growth monitoring. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2142-2167. [PMID: 33629350 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lung bioengineering has emerged to resolve the current lung transplantation limitations and risks, including the shortage of donor organs and the high rejection rate of transplanted lungs. One of the most critical elements of lung bioengineering is bioreactors. Bioreactors with different applications have been developed in the last decade for lung bioengineering approaches, aiming to produce functional reproducible tissue constructs. Here, the current status and advances made in the development and application of bioreactors for bioengineering lungs are comprehensively reviewed. First, bioreactor design criteria are explained, followed by a discussion on using bioreactors as a culture system for scalable expansion and proliferation of lung cells, such as producing epithelial cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Next, bioreactor systems facilitating and improving decellularization and recellularization of lung tissues are discussed, highlighting the studies that developed bioreactors for producing engineered human-sized lungs. Then, monitoring bioreactors are reviewed, showing their ability to evaluate and optimize the culture conditions for maturing engineered lung tissues, followed by an explanation on the ability of ex vivo lung perfusion systems for reconditioning the lungs before transplantation. After that, lung cancer studies simplified by bioreactors are discussed, showing the potentials of bioreactors in lung disease modeling. Finally, other platforms with the potential of facilitating lung bioengineering are described, including the in vivo bioreactors and lung-on-a-chip models. In the end, concluding remarks and future directions are put forward to accelerate lung bioengineering using bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Mahfouzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghassem Amoabediny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamid Safiabadi Tali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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26
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de Bournonville S, Geris L, Kerckhofs G. Micro computed tomography with and without contrast enhancement for the characterization of microcarriers in dry and wet state. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2819. [PMID: 33531524 PMCID: PMC7854591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of regenerative medicine, microcarriers are used as support matrix for the growth of adherent cells. They are increasingly recognised as promising biomaterials for large scale, cost-effective cell expansion bioreactor processes. However, their individual morphologies can be highly heterogeneous which increases bioprocesses' variability. Additionally, only limited information is available on the microcarriers' 3D morphology and how it affects cell proliferation. Most imaging modalities do not provide sufficient 3D information or have a too limited field of view to appropriately study the 3D morphology. While microfocus X-ray computed tomography (microCT) could be appropriate, many microcarriers are hydrated before in-vitro use. This wet state makes them swell, changing considerably their morphology and making them indistinguishable from the culture solution in regular microCT images due to their physical density close to water. The use of contrast-enhanced microCT (CE-CT) has been recently reported for 3D imaging of soft materials. In this study, we selected a range of commercially available microcarrier types and used a combination of microCT and CE-CT for full 3D morphological characterization of large numbers of microcarriers, both in their dry and wet state. With in-house developed image processing and analysis tools, morphometrics of individual microcarriers were collected. Also, the morphology in wet state was assessed and related to accessible attachment surface area as a function of cell size. The morphological information on all microcarriers was collected in a publicly available database. This work provides a quantitative basis for optimization and modelling of microcarrier based cell expansion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien de Bournonville
- Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit, ULiège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit, ULiège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Biomechanics Lab, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
- Department Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Woluwé-Saint-Lambert, Belgium.
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27
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Ng EX, Wang M, Neo SH, Tee CA, Chen CH, Van Vliet KJ. Dissolvable Gelatin-Based Microcarriers Generated through Droplet Microfluidics for Expansion and Culture of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000048. [PMID: 33052012 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microcarriers are synthetic particles used in bioreactor-based cell manufacturing of anchorage-dependent cells to promote proliferation at efficient physical volumes, mainly by increasing the surface area-to-volume ratio. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adherent cells that are used for numerous clinical trials of autologous and allogeneic cell therapy, thus requiring avenues for large-scale cell production at efficiently low volumes and cost. Here, a dissolvable gelatin-based microcarrier is developed for MSC expansion. This novel microcarrier shows comparable cell attachment efficiency and proliferation rate when compared to several commercial microcarriers, but with higher harvesting yield due to the direct dissolution of microcarrier particles and thus reduced cell loss at the cell harvesting step. Furthermore, gene expression and in vitro differentiation suggest that MSCs cultured on gelatin microcarriers maintain trilineage differentiation with similar adipogenic differentiation efficiency and higher chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation efficiency when compared to MSCs cultured on 2D planar polystyrene tissue culture flask; on the contrary, MSCs cultured on conventional microcarriers appear to be bipotent along osteochondral lineages whereby adipogenic differentiation potential is impeded. These results suggest that these gelatin microcarriers are suitable for MSC culture and expansion, and can also potentially be extended for other types of anchorage-dependent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Xien Ng
- Biosystems and Micromechanics, CREATE, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.,Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine, CREATE, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Ming Wang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Shu Hui Neo
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine, CREATE, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Ching Ann Tee
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine, CREATE, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Krystyn J Van Vliet
- Biosystems and Micromechanics, CREATE, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.,Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine, CREATE, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.,Department of Biological Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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28
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Bellani CF, Ajeian J, Duffy L, Miotto M, Groenewegen L, Connon CJ. Scale-Up Technologies for the Manufacture of Adherent Cells. Front Nutr 2020; 7:575146. [PMID: 33251241 PMCID: PMC7672005 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.575146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Great importance is being given to the impact our food supply chain and consumers' food habits are having on the environment, human health, and animal welfare. One of the latest developments aiming at positively changing the food ecosystem is represented by cultured meat. This form of cellular agriculture has the objective to generate slaughter-free meat products starting from the cultivation of few cells harvested from the animal tissue of interest. As a consequence, a large number of cells has to be generated at a reasonable cost. Just to give an idea of the scale, there were billions of cells just in a bite of the first cultured-meat burger. Thus, one of the major challenges faced by the scientists involved in this new ambitious and fascinating field, is how to efficiently scale-up cell manufacture. Considering the great potential presented by cultured meat, audiences from different backgrounds are very interested in this topic and eager to be informed of the challenges and possible solutions in this area. In light of this, we will provide an overview of the main existing bioprocessing technologies used to scale-up adherent cells at a small and large scale. Thus, giving a brief technical description of these bioprocesses, with the main associated advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, we will introduce an alternative solution we believe has the potential to revolutionize the way adherent cells are grown, helping cultured meat become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Faria Bellani
- International Center for Life, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jila Ajeian
- CellulaREvolution Ltd, International Center for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Duffy
- CellulaREvolution Ltd, International Center for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Miotto
- CellulaREvolution Ltd, International Center for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Groenewegen
- CellulaREvolution Ltd, International Center for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Che J Connon
- International Center for Life, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,CellulaREvolution Ltd, International Center for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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29
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A Concise Review on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes for Personalized Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:748-776. [PMID: 33098306 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from somatic cells by using reprogramming factors such as Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) or Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28 (OSNL). They resemble embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and have the ability to differentiate into cell lineage of all three germ-layer, including cardiomyocytes (CMs). The CMs can be generated from iPSCs by inducing embryoid bodies (EBs) formation and treatment with activin A, bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4), and inhibitors of Wnt signaling. However, these iPSC-derived CMs are a heterogeneous population of cells and require purification and maturation to mimic the in vivo CMs. The matured CMs can be used for various therapeutic purposes in regenerative medicine by cardiomyoplasty or through the development of tissue-engineered cardiac patches. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the isolation of iPSC and their differentiation, purification, and maturation into clinically usable CMs. Newer small molecules have also been identified to substitute the reprogramming factors for iPSC generation as well as for direct differentiation of somatic cells into CMs without an intermediary pluripotent state. This review provides a concise update on the generation of iPSC-derived CMs and their application in personalized cardiac regenerative medicine. It also discusses the current limitations and challenges in the application of iPSC-derived CMs. Graphical abstract.
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30
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García-Fernández C, López-Fernández A, Borrós S, Lecina M, Vives J. Strategies for large-scale expansion of clinical-grade human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Tsai AC, Jeske R, Chen X, Yuan X, Li Y. Influence of Microenvironment on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapeutic Potency: From Planar Culture to Microcarriers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:640. [PMID: 32671039 PMCID: PMC7327111 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are a promising candidate in cell therapy as they exhibit multilineage differentiation, homing to the site of injury, and secretion of trophic factors that facilitate tissue healing and/or modulate immune response. As a result, hMSC-derived products have attracted growing interests in preclinical and clinical studies. The development of hMSC culture platforms for large-scale biomanufacturing is necessary to meet the requirements for late-phase clinical trials and future commercialization. Microcarriers in stirred-tank bioreactors have been widely utilized in large-scale expansion of hMSCs for translational applications because of a high surface-to-volume ratio compared to conventional 2D planar culture. However, recent studies have demonstrated that microcarrier-expanded hMSCs differ from dish- or flask-expanded cells in size, morphology, proliferation, viability, surface markers, gene expression, differentiation potential, and secretome profile which may lead to altered therapeutic potency. Therefore, understanding the bioprocessing parameters that influence hMSC therapeutic efficacy is essential for the optimization of microcarrier-based bioreactor system to maximize hMSC quantity without sacrificing quality. In this review, biomanufacturing parameters encountered in planar culture and microcarrier-based bioreactor culture of hMSCs are compared and discussed with specific focus on cell-adhesion surface (e.g., discontinuous surface, underlying curvature, microcarrier stiffness, porosity, surface roughness, coating, and charge) and the dynamic microenvironment in bioreactor culture (e.g., oxygen and nutrients, shear stress, particle collision, and aggregation). The influence of dynamic culture in bioreactors on hMSC properties is also reviewed in order to establish connection between bioprocessing and stem cell function. This review addresses fundamental principles and concepts for future design of biomanufacturing systems for hMSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang-Chen Tsai
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Richard Jeske
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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32
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Yan X, Zhang K, Yang Y, Deng D, Lyu C, Xu H, Liu W, Du Y. Dispersible and Dissolvable Porous Microcarrier Tablets Enable Efficient Large-Scale Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Expansion. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 26:263-275. [PMID: 32268824 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have wide applications in regenerative medicine but their clinical translation is largely hindered by limited production capacity of current cell expansion regime. This study utilizes a novel dispersible and dissolvable porous microcarrier tablet, 3D TableTrix™, in stirred bioreactor to demonstrate a scalable expansion protocol for industrial manufacturing of hMSCs. The 3D TableTrix is a ready-to-use tablet that disperses into 10s of 1000s porous microcarriers upon contact with culture media, eliminating the need to prepare microcarriers before cell seeding, hence simplifying operation process. We demonstrate over 500 times expansion of adipose-derived hMSCs using serum-free culture medium in 11 days with bead-to-bead transfer for a partial scale-up from laboratory-scale spinner flasks to a 1-L bioreactor system. A final yield of 1.05 ± 0.11 × 109 hMSCs was achieved, and yield of over 3 × 109 with an overall expansion factor of 1530 could theoretically be realized with full scale-up. Cells were harvested by dissolving microcarriers with 98.6% ± 0.1% recovery rate. Cells retained their immunophenotypic characteristics, trilineage differentiation potential, and genome stability with low indications of senescence phenotype. This study illuminates the potential of industrializing clinical-grade hMSC production using 3D TableTrix microcarrier tablets and stirred tank bioreactors. Impact statement The 3D TableTrix™ is a newly available microcarrier ingeniously designed as dispersible and dissolvable porous microcarrier tablets for human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) expansion. This eliminates the need of tedious preparation work usually required for microcarriers and its dissolvable nature allows for high cell recovery rate of 98.6% ± 0.1%. Over 500 times expansion of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in serum-free culture media using a 1-L bioreactor system demonstrates its tremendous potential for industrial production of hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongkai Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Lyu
- Beijing CytoNiche Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Huanye Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing CytoNiche Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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33
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Polanco A, Kuang B, Yoon S. Bioprocess Technologies that Preserve the Quality of iPSCs. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1128-1140. [PMID: 32941792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is essential for the treatment of a variety of clinical indications. However, culturing enough iPSCs for clinical applications is problematic due to their sensitive pluripotent state and dependence on a supporting matrix. Developing stem cell bioprocessing strategies that are scalable and meet clinical needs requires incorporating methods that measure and monitor intrinsic markers of cell differentiation state, developmental status, and viability in real time. In addition, proper cell culture modalities that nurture the growth of high-quality stem cells in suspension are critical for industrial scale-up. In this review, we present an overview of cell culture media, suspension modalities, and monitoring techniques that preserve the quality and pluripotency of iPSCs during initiation, expansion, and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashli Polanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Bingyu Kuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.
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Bodiou V, Moutsatsou P, Post MJ. Microcarriers for Upscaling Cultured Meat Production. Front Nutr 2020; 7:10. [PMID: 32154261 PMCID: PMC7045063 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the considerable environmental impact and the controversial animal welfare associated with industrial meat production, combined with the ever-increasing global population and demand for meat products, sustainable production alternatives are indispensable. In 2013, the world's first laboratory grown hamburger made from cultured muscle cells was developed. However, coming at a price of $300.000, and being produced manually, substantial effort is still required to reach sustainable large-scale production. One of the main challenges is scalability. Microcarriers (MCs), offering a large surface/volume ratio, are the most promising candidates for upscaling muscle cell culture. However, although many MCs have been developed for cell lines and stem cells typically used in the medical field, none have been specifically developed for muscle stem cells and meat production. This paper aims to discuss the MCs' design criteria for skeletal muscle cell proliferation and subsequently for meat production based on three scenarios: (1) MCs are serving only as a temporary substrate for cell attachment and proliferation and therefore they need to be separated from the cells at some stage of the bioprocess, (2) MCs serve as a temporary substrate for cell proliferation but are degraded or dissolved during the bioprocess, and (3) MCs are embedded in the final product and therefore need to be edible. The particularities of each of these three bioprocesses will be discussed from the perspective of MCs as well as the feasibility of a one-step bioprocess. Each scenario presents advantages and drawbacks, which are discussed in detail, nevertheless the third scenario appears to be the most promising one for a production process. Indeed, using an edible material can limit or completely eliminate dissociation/degradation/separation steps and even promote organoleptic qualities when embedded in the final product. Edible microcarriers could also be used as a temporary substrate similarly to scenarios 1 and 2, which would limit the risk of non-edible residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bodiou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Mosa Meat BV, Maastricht, Netherlands
- CARIM, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Panagiota Moutsatsou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Mosa Meat BV, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Post
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Mosa Meat BV, Maastricht, Netherlands
- CARIM, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Chan SW, Rizwan M, Yim EKF. Emerging Methods for Enhancing Pluripotent Stem Cell Expansion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:70. [PMID: 32117992 PMCID: PMC7033584 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have great potential to revolutionize the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as well as stem cell therapeutics. However, the end goal of using PSCs for therapeutic use remains distant due to limitations in current PSC production. Conventional methods for PSC expansion have limited potential to be scaled up to produce the number of cells required for the end-goal of therapeutic use due to xenogenic components, high cost or low efficiency. In this mini review, we explore novel methods and emerging technologies of improving PSC expansion: the use of the two-dimensional mechanobiological strategies of topography and stiffness and the use of three-dimensional (3D) expansion methods including encapsulation, microcarrier-based culture, and suspension culture. Additionally, we discuss the limitations of conventional PSC expansion methods as well as the challenges in implementing non-conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W. Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Evelyn K. F. Yim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Expansion processes for cell-based therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107455. [PMID: 31629791 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Living cells are emerging as therapeutic entities for the treatment of patients affected with severe and chronic diseases where no conventional drug can provide a definitive cure. At the same time, the promise of cell-based therapies comes with several biological, regulatory, economic, logistical, safety and engineering challenges that need to be addressed before translating into clinical practice. Among the complex operations required for their manufacturing, cell expansion occupies a significant part of the entire process and largely determines the number, the phenotype and several other critical quality attributes of the final cell therapy products (CTPs). This review aims at characterizing the main culture systems and expansion processes used for CTP production, highlighting the need to implement scalable, cost-efficient technologies together with process optimization strategies to bridge the gap between basic scientific research and commercially available therapies.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Type 1 diabetes impacts 1.3 million people in the USA with a total direct lifetime medical cost of $133.7 billion. Management requires a mix of daily exogenous insulin administration and frequent glucose monitoring. Decision-making by the individual can be burdensome. RECENT FINDINGS Beta-cell replacement, which involves devices protecting cells from autoimmunity and allo-rejection, aims at restoring physiological glucose regulation and improving clinical outcomes in patients. Given the significant burden of T1D in the healthcare systems, cost-effectiveness analyses can drive innovation and policymaking in the area. This review presents the health economics analyses performed for donor-derived islet transplantation and the possible outcomes of stem cell-derived beta cells. Long-term cost-effectiveness of islet transplantation depends on the engraftment of these transplants, and the expenses and thresholds assumed by healthcare systems in different countries. Early health technology assessment analyses for stem cell-derived beta-cell replacement suggest manufacturing optimization is necessary to reduce upfront costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Bandeiras
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- The Discoveries Center for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Division of Clinical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Albert J Hwa
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- The Discoveries Center for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- The Discoveries Center for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Stan N Finkelstein
- Division of Clinical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Data, Systems and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert A Gabbay
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Bandeiras C, Cabral JMS, Gabbay RA, Finkelstein SN, Ferreira FC. Bringing Stem Cell‐Based Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes to the Clinic: Early Insights from Bioprocess Economics and Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800563. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Bandeiras
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa 1049‐001 Lisboa Portugal
- The Discoveries Center for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon CampusInstituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa 1049‐001 Lisboa Portugal
- Division of Clinical Informatics, Department of MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 1330 Beacon Street Brookline MA 02446 USA
| | - Joaquim M. S. Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa 1049‐001 Lisboa Portugal
- The Discoveries Center for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon CampusInstituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa 1049‐001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Robert A. Gabbay
- Joslin Diabetes Medical CenterHarvard Medical School One Joslin Place Boston MA 02216 USA
| | - Stan N. Finkelstein
- Division of Clinical Informatics, Department of MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 1330 Beacon Street Brookline MA 02446 USA
- Institute for Data, Systems and SocietyMassachusetts Institute of Technology 50 Ames Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa 1049‐001 Lisboa Portugal
- The Discoveries Center for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon CampusInstituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa 1049‐001 Lisboa Portugal
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Greuel S, Freyer N, Hanci G, Böhme M, Miki T, Werner J, Schubert F, Sittinger M, Zeilinger K, Mandenius CF. Online measurement of oxygen enables continuous noninvasive evaluation of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) culture in a perfused 3D hollow-fiber bioreactor. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1203-1216. [PMID: 31034735 DOI: 10.1002/term.2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For clinical and/or pharmaceutical use of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), large cell quantities of high quality are demanded. Therefore, we combined the expansion of hiPSCs in closed, perfusion-based 3D bioreactors with noninvasive online monitoring of oxygen as culture control mechanism. Bioreactors with a cell compartment volume of 3 or 17 ml were inoculated with either 10 × 106 or 50 × 106 cells, and cells were expanded over 15 days with online oxygen and offline glucose and lactate measurements being performed. The CellTiter-Blue® Assay was performed at the end of the bioreactor experiments for indirect cell quantification. Model simulations enabled an estimation of cell numbers based on kinetic equations and experimental data during the 15-day bioreactor cultures. Calculated oxygen uptake rates (OUR), glucose consumption rates (GCR), and lactate production rates (LPR) revealed a highly significant correlation (p < 0.0001). Oxygen consumption, which was measured at the beginning and the end of the experiment, showed a strong culture growth in line with the OUR and GCR data. Furthermore, the yield coefficient of lactate from glucose and the OUR to GCR ratio revealed a shift from nonoxidative to oxidative metabolism. The presented results indicate that oxygen is equally as applicable as parameter for hiPSC expansion as glucose while providing an accurate real-time impression of hiPSC culture development. Additionally, oxygen measurements inform about the metabolic state of the cells. Thus, the use of oxygen online monitoring for culture control facilitates the translation of hiPSC use to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Greuel
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nora Freyer
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Güngör Hanci
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mike Böhme
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toshio Miki
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Sittinger
- Tissue Engineering, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Le MNT, Hasegawa K. Expansion Culture of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Production of Cardiomyocytes. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E48. [PMID: 31137703 PMCID: PMC6632060 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSCs)-derived cardiomyocytes for the treatment of heart failure is a promising therapy. In order to implement this therapy requiring numerous cardiomyocytes, substantial production of hPSCs followed by cardiac differentiation seems practical. Conventional methods of culturing hPSCs involve using a 2D culture monolayer that hinders the expansion of hPSCs, thereby limiting their productivity. Advanced culture of hPSCs in 3D aggregates in the suspension overcomes the limitations of 2D culture and attracts immense attention. Although the hPSC production needs to be suitable for subsequent cardiac differentiation, many studies have independently focused on either expansion of hPSCs or cardiac differentiation protocols. In this review, we summarize the recent approaches to expand hPSCs in combination with cardiomyocyte differentiation. A comparison of various suspension culture methods and future prospects for dynamic culture of hPSCs are discussed in this study. Understanding hPSC characteristics in different models of dynamic culture helps to produce numerous cells that are useful for further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Nguyen Tuyet Le
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kouichi Hasegawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Moloudi R, Oh S, Yang C, Teo KL, Lam ATL, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Win Naing M. Scaled-Up Inertial Microfluidics: Retention System for Microcarrier-Based Suspension Cultures. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800674. [PMID: 30791214 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, particle concentration and filtration using inertial microfluidics have drawn attention as an alternative to membrane and centrifugal technologies for industrial applications, where the target particle size varies between 1 µm and 500 µm. Inevitably, the bigger particle size (>50 µm) mandates scaling up the channel cross-section or hydraulic diameter (DH > 0.5 mm). The Dean-coupled inertial focusing dynamics in spiral microchannels is studied broadly; however, the impacts of secondary flow on particle migration in a scaled-up spiral channel is not fully elucidated. The mechanism of particle focusing inside scaled-up rectangular and trapezoidal spiral channels (i.e., 5-10× bigger than conventional microchannels) with an aim to develop a continuous and clog-free microfiltration system for bioprocessing is studied in detail. Herein, a unique focusing based on inflection point without the aid of sheath flow is reported. This new focusing mechanism, observed in the scaled-up channels, out-performs the conventional focusing scenarios in the previously reported trapezoidal and rectangular channels. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, the utility of this device is showcased for the first time as a retention system for a cell-microcarrier (MC) suspension culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Moloudi
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798.,Bio-Manufacturing Programme, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore, 138634
| | - Steve Oh
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Centros, Singapore, 138668
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
| | - Kim Leng Teo
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Centros, Singapore, 138668
| | - Alan Tin-Lun Lam
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Centros, Singapore, 138668
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia, 119146
| | - May Win Naing
- Bio-Manufacturing Programme, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore, 138634
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de Almeida Fuzeta M, de Matos Branco AD, Fernandes-Platzgummer A, da Silva CL, Cabral JMS. Addressing the Manufacturing Challenges of Cell-Based Therapies. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 171:225-278. [PMID: 31844924 DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exciting developments in the cell therapy field over the last decades have led to an increasing number of clinical trials and the first cell products receiving marketing authorization. In spite of substantial progress in the field, manufacturing of cell-based therapies presents multiple challenges that need to be addressed in order to assure the development of safe, efficacious, and cost-effective cell therapies.The manufacturing process of cell-based therapies generally requires tissue collection, cell isolation, culture and expansion (upstream processing), cell harvest, separation and purification (downstream processing), and, finally, product formulation and storage. Each one of these stages presents significant challenges that have been the focus of study over the years, leading to innovative and groundbreaking technological advances, as discussed throughout this chapter.Delivery of cell-based therapies relies on defining product targets while controlling process variable impact on cellular features. Moreover, commercial viability is a critical issue that has had damaging consequences for some therapies. Implementation of cost-effectiveness measures facilitates healthy process development, potentially being able to influence end product pricing.Although cell-based therapies represent a new level in bioprocessing complexity in every manufacturing stage, they also show unprecedented levels of therapeutic potential, already radically changing the landscape of medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de Almeida Fuzeta
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André Dargen de Matos Branco
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Fernandes-Platzgummer
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Lobato da Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: Applications and Challenges for Regenerative Medicine and Disease Modeling. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 171:189-224. [PMID: 31740987 DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells have started to emerge as a potential tool with application in fields such as regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug screening. In particular, the ability to differentiate human-induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells into different cell types and to mimic structures and functions of a specific target organ, resourcing to organoid technology, has introduced novel model systems for disease recapitulation while offering a powerful tool to provide a faster and reproducible approach in the process of drug discovery. All these technologies are expected to improve the overall quality of life of the humankind. Here, we highlight the main applications of hiPS cells and the main challenges associated with the translation of hPS cell derivatives into clinical settings and other biomedical applications, such as the costs of the process and the ability to mimic the complexity of the in vivo systems. Moreover, we focus on the bioprocessing approaches that can be applied towards the production of high numbers of cells as well as their efficient differentiation into the final product and further purification.
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