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Dinish US, Yew YW, Vinod Ram K, Bi R, Attia ABE, Teo Xinhui V, Rajarahm P, Oon HH, Thng STG, Olivo M. Non-invasive biochemical analysis and comparison of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis skin using handheld confocal Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202300191. [PMID: 37560963 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
A handheld non-invasive confocal Raman system (CRS) was used to evaluate the differences in skin biochemicals between atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis, which are inflammatory skin conditions. Raman spectral measurements in the fingerprint and high wavenumber region were acquired using a portable in-house CRS system with excitation lasers operating at 671 and 785 nm. It was deduced that relative amount of water decreases in the following sequence of skin: healthy, psoriasis and AD. Moreover, differential trends were observed for the subclasses of ceramides such that ceramide 3 is lower in the lesional AD and psoriasis skin as compared to healthy, while ceramide 2 showed a contrasting trend of decrease in lesional AD and increase in lesional psoriasis as opposed to healthy skin. Amount of cholesterol was significantly higher in lesional psoriasis as compared to lesional AD and healthy skin. These differences can aid in an objective classification of the skin conditions and in the formulation of new disease-specific topical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- U S Dinish
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik Weng Yew
- National Skin Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keertana Vinod Ram
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Renzhe Bi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amalina Binte Ebrahim Attia
- Biomedical Research Council (BMRC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Valerie Teo Xinhui
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Poongkulali Rajarahm
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hazel Hweeboon Oon
- National Skin Centre and Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Malini Olivo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Zolotas M, Schleusener J, Lademann J, Meinke MC, Kokolakis G, Darvin ME. Altered structure indicating reduced barrier function of lesional compared to non-lesional psoriatic skin-A non-invasive in vivo study of the human stratum corneum with confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1763-1773. [PMID: 37540053 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis, one of the most common skin diseases affecting roughly 2%-3% of the world population, is associated with a reduced skin barrier function (SBF) that might play an important role in its pathophysiology. The SBF is provided primarily by the stratum corneum (SC) of the skin. Previous studies have revealed a higher trans-epidermal water loss, lower hydration, abnormal concentration and composition of intercellular lipids, as well as alterations in secondary keratin structure in the psoriatic SC. We compared on molecular level lesional psoriatic skin (LPS) with non-lesional psoriatic skin (nLPS) from 19 patients non-invasively in vivo, using confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy. By analysing the corresponding Raman spectra, we determined SBF-defining parameters of the SC depth-dependently. Our results revealed a lower total lipid concentration, a shift of lamellar lipid organisation towards more gauche-conformers and an increase of the less dense hexagonal lateral packing of the intercellular lipids in LPS. Furthermore, we observed lower natural moisturising factor concentration, lower total water as well as a strong tendency towards less strongly bound and more weakly bound water molecules in LPS. Finally, we detected a less stable secondary keratin structure with increased β-sheets, in contrast to the tertiary structure, showing a higher degree of folded keratin in LPS. These findings clearly suggest structural differences indicating a reduced SBF in LPS, and are discussed in juxtaposition to preceding outcomes for psoriatic and healthy skin. Understanding the alterations of the psoriatic SC provides insights into the exact pathophysiology of psoriasis and paves the way for optimal future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zolotas
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Schleusener
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgios Kokolakis
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Centre, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Zolotas M, Schleusener J, Lademann J, Meinke MC, Kokolakis G, Darvin ME. Atopic Dermatitis: Molecular Alterations between Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin Determined Noninvasively by In Vivo Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14636. [PMID: 37834083 PMCID: PMC10572245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD)/atopic eczema is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease affecting nearly 14% of the adult population. An important pathogenetic pillar in AD is the disrupted skin barrier function (SBF). The atopic stratum corneum (SC) has been examined using several methods, including Raman microspectroscopy, yet so far, there is no depth-dependent analysis over the entire SC thickness. Therefore, we recruited 21 AD patients (9 female, 12 male) and compared the lesional (LAS) with non-lesional atopic skin (nLAS) in vivo with confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Our results demonstrated decreased total intercellular lipid and carotenoid concentrations, as well as a shift towards decreased orthorhombic lateral lipid organisation in LAS. Further, we observed a lower concentration of natural moisturising factor (NMF) and a trend towards increased strongly bound and decreased weakly bound water in LAS. Finally, LAS showed an altered secondary and tertiary keratin structure, demonstrating a more folded keratin state than nLAS. The obtained results are discussed in comparison with healthy skin and yield detailed insights into the atopic SC structure. LAS clearly shows molecular alterations at certain SC depths compared with nLAS which imply a reduced SBF. A thorough understanding of these alterations provides useful information on the aetiology of AD and for the development/control of targeted topical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zolotas
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Schleusener
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgios Kokolakis
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Centre, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Lucas IT, Bazin D, Daudon M. Raman opportunities in the field of pathological calcifications. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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5
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Lunter D, Klang V, Kocsis D, Varga-Medveczky Z, Berkó S, Erdő F. Novel aspects of Raman spectroscopy in skin research. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1311-1329. [PMID: 35837832 PMCID: PMC9545633 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The analytical technology of Raman spectroscopy has an almost 100‐year history. During this period, many modifications and developments happened in the method like discovery of laser, improvements in optical elements and sensitivity of spectrometer and also more advanced light detection systems. Many types of the innovative techniques appeared (e.g. Transmittance Raman spectroscopy, Coherent Raman Scattering microscopy, Surface‐Enhanced Raman scattering and Confocal Raman spectroscopy/microscopy). This review article gives a short description about these different Raman techniques and their possible applications. Then, a short statistical part is coming about the appearance of Raman spectroscopy in the scientific literature from the beginnings to these days. The third part of the paper shows the main application options of the technique (especially confocal Raman spectroscopy) in skin research, including skin composition analysis, drug penetration monitoring and analysis, diagnostic utilizations in dermatology and cosmeto‐scientific applications. At the end, the possible role of artificial intelligence in Raman data analysis and the regulatory aspect of these techniques in dermatology are briefly summarized. For the future of Raman Spectroscopy, increasing clinical relevance and in vivo applications can be predicted with spreading of non‐destructive methods and appearance with the most advanced instruments with rapid analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lunter
- University of Tübingen, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Victoria Klang
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorottya Kocsis
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Varga-Medveczky
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Berkó
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Budapest, Hungary.,University of Tours EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Tours, France
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6
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Schleusener J, Guo S, Darvin ME, Thiede G, Chernavskaia O, Knorr F, Lademann J, Popp J, Bocklitz TW. Fiber-based SORS-SERDS system and chemometrics for the diagnostics and therapy monitoring of psoriasis inflammatory disease in vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:1123-1135. [PMID: 33680562 PMCID: PMC7901339 DOI: 10.1364/boe.413922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is considered a widespread dermatological disease that can strongly affect the quality of life. Currently, the treatment is continued until the skin surface appears clinically healed. However, lesions appearing normal may contain modifications in deeper layers. To terminate the treatment too early can highly increase the risk of relapses. Therefore, techniques are needed for a better knowledge of the treatment process, especially to detect the lesion modifications in deeper layers. In this study, we developed a fiber-based SORS-SERDS system in combination with machine learning algorithms to non-invasively determine the treatment efficiency of psoriasis. The system was designed to acquire Raman spectra from three different depths into the skin, which provide rich information about the skin modifications in deeper layers. This way, it is expected to prevent the occurrence of relapses in case of a too short treatment. The method was verified with a study of 24 patients upon their two visits: the data is acquired at the beginning of a standard treatment (visit 1) and four months afterwards (visit 2). A mean sensitivity of ≥85% was achieved to distinguish psoriasis from normal skin at visit 1. At visit 2, where the patients were healed according to the clinical appearance, the mean sensitivity was ≈65%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schleusener
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Both authors contributed equally to this work
- Correspondence regarding medical questions should be sent to
| | - Shuxia Guo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gisela Thiede
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Chernavskaia
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Knorr
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas W Bocklitz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence for technical issues should be sent to
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7
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Attia ABE, Bi R, Dev K, Du Y, Olivo M. Clinical noninvasive imaging and spectroscopic tools for dermatological applications: Review of recent progress. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.202000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amalina Binte Ebrahim Attia
- Lab of Bio‐Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC) Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Singapore
| | - Renzhe Bi
- Lab of Bio‐Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC) Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Singapore
| | - Kapil Dev
- Lab of Bio‐Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC) Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Singapore
| | | | - Malini Olivo
- Lab of Bio‐Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC) Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Singapore
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8
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Zhang L, Cambron T, Niu Y, Xu Z, Su N, Zheng H, Wei K, Ray P. MCR Approach Revealing Protein, Water, and Lipid Depth Profile in Atopic Dermatitis Patients’ Stratum Corneum via in Vivo Confocal Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2784-2790. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lesheng Zhang
- Procter and Gamble, Beijing Innovative Center, No. 35 Yu’an Road, Beijing 101312, China
| | - Tom Cambron
- Procter and Gamble, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Yueqing Niu
- Procter and Gamble, Beijing Innovative Center, No. 35 Yu’an Road, Beijing 101312, China
| | - Zigang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, 56 South Lishi Road, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Ning Su
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. A3, Gaobeidian Bei Lu, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Hongyan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. A3, Gaobeidian Bei Lu, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Karl Wei
- Procter and Gamble, Sharon Woods Innovation Center, 11530 Reed Hartman Hwy, Cincinnati, Ohio 45241, United States
| | - Paula Ray
- Procter and Gamble, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
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9
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Jeništová A, Dendisová M, Matějka P. Study of plasmonic nanoparticles interactions with skin layers by vibrational spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 116:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Sharma A, Sharma S, Zarrow A, Schwartz RA, Lambert WC. Raman Spectroscopy: Incorporating the Chemical Dimension into Dermatological Diagnosis. Indian J Dermatol 2016; 61:1-8. [PMID: 26955087 PMCID: PMC4763617 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.173978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy provides chemical analysis of tissue in vivo. By measuring the inelastic interactions of light with matter, Raman spectroscopy can determine the chemical composition of a sample. Diseases that are visually difficult to visually distinguish can be delineated based on differences in chemical composition of the affected tissue. Raman spectroscopy has successfully found spectroscopic signatures for skin cancers and differentiated those of benign skin growths. With current and on-going advances in optics and computing, inexpensive and effective Raman systems may soon be available for clinical use. Raman spectroscopy provides direct analyses of skin lesions, thereby improving both disease diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Zarrow
- Department of Chemistry, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert A Schwartz
- Department of Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - W Clark Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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11
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Mendelsohn R, Rabie E, Walters RM, Flach CR. Fatty Acid Chain Length Dependence of Phase Separation Kinetics in Stratum Corneum Models by IR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:9740-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Mendelsohn
- Department
of Chemistry, Newark College, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Emann Rabie
- Department
of Chemistry, Newark College, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Russel M. Walters
- Johnson
and Johnson
Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview
Road, Skillman, New Jersey 08558, United States
| | - Carol R. Flach
- Department
of Chemistry, Newark College, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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12
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Harris M, Cilwa K, Elster EA, Potter BK, Forsberg JA, Crane NJ. Pilot study for detection of early changes in tissue associated with heterotopic ossification: moving toward clinical use of Raman spectroscopy. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:144-52. [PMID: 25738521 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1013190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Over 60% of combat-wounded patients develop heterotopic ossification (HO). Nearly 33% of them require surgical excision for symptomatic lesions, a procedure that is both fraught with complications and can delay or regress functional rehabilitation. Relative medical contraindications limit widespread use of conventional means of primary prophylaxis, such as nonspecific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications and radiotherapy. Better methods for risk stratification are needed to both mitigate the risk of current means of primary prophylaxis as well as to evaluate novel preventive strategies currently in development. We asked whether Raman spectral changes, measured ex vivo, could be associated with histologic evidence of the earliest signs of HO formation and substance P (SP) expression in tissue biopsies from the wounds of combat casualties. In this pilot study, we compared normal muscle tissue, injured muscle tissue, very early HO lesions (< 16 d post-injury), early HO lesions (> 16 d post-injury) and mature HO lesions. The Raman spectra of these tissues demonstrate clear differences in the Amide I and III spectral regions of HO lesions compared to normal tissue, denoted by changes in the Amide I band center (p < 0.01) and the 1340/1270 cm(-1) (p < 0.05) band area and band height ratios. SP expression in the HO lesions appears to peak between 16 and 30 d post-injury, as determined by SP immunohistochemistry of corresponding tissue sections, potentially indicating optimal timing for administration of therapeutics. Raman spectroscopy may therefore prove a useful, non-invasive and early diagnostic modality to detect HO formation before it becomes evident either clinically or radiographically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Harris
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Science , Bethesda, MD , USA
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13
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Mack Correa MC, Mao G, Saad P, Flach CR, Mendelsohn R, Walters RM. Molecular interactions of plant oil components with stratum corneum lipids correlate with clinical measures of skin barrier function. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:39-44. [PMID: 24372651 PMCID: PMC4068283 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived oils consisting of triglycerides and small amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs) are commonly used in skincare regimens. FFAs are known to disrupt skin barrier function. The objective of this study was to mechanistically study the effects of FFAs, triglycerides and their mixtures on skin barrier function. The effects of oleic acid (OA), glyceryl trioleate (GT) and OA/GT mixtures on skin barrier were assessed in vivo through measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and fluorescein dye penetration before and after a single application. OA's effects on stratum corneum (SC) lipid order in vivo were measured with infrared spectroscopy through application of perdeuterated OA (OA-d34 ). Studies of the interaction of OA and GT with skin lipids included imaging the distribution of OA-d34 and GT ex vivo with IR microspectroscopy and thermodynamic analysis of mixtures in aqueous monolayers. The oil mixtures increased both TEWL and fluorescein penetration 24 h after a single application in an OA dose-dependent manner, with the highest increase from treatment with pure OA. OA-d34 penetrated into skin and disordered SC lipids. Furthermore, the ex vivo IR imaging studies showed that OA-d34 permeated to the dermal/epidermal junction while GT remained in the SC. The monolayer experiments showed preferential interspecies interactions between OA and SC lipids, while the mixing between GT and SC lipids was not thermodynamically preferred. The FFA component of plant oils may disrupt skin barrier function. The affinity between plant oil components and SC lipids likely determines the extent of their penetration and clinically measurable effects on skin barrier functions.
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14
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Mendelsohn R, Selevany I, Moore DJ, Mack Correa MC, Mao G, Walters RM, Flach CR. Kinetic Evidence Suggests Spinodal Phase Separation in Stratum Corneum Models by IR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:4378-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501003c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Mendelsohn
- Department
of Chemistry, Newark College, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Ibrahim Selevany
- Department
of Chemistry, Newark College, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - David J. Moore
- Department
of Chemistry, Newark College, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - M. Catherine Mack Correa
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, New Jersey 08558, United States
| | - Guangru Mao
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, New Jersey 08558, United States
| | - Russel M. Walters
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, New Jersey 08558, United States
| | - Carol R. Flach
- Department
of Chemistry, Newark College, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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15
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Crane NJ, Polfer E, Elster EA, Potter BK, Forsberg JA. Raman spectroscopic analysis of combat-related heterotopic ossification development. Bone 2013; 57:335-42. [PMID: 24012700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over 60% of our severely combat-injured patient population develops radiographically apparent heterotopic ossification. Nearly a third of these require surgical excision of symptomatic lesions, a procedure that is fraught with complications, and delays or regresses functional rehabilitation in many cases. Unfortunately, for the combat injured, medical contraindications and logistical limitations limit widespread use of conventional means of primary prophylaxis. Better means of risk stratification are needed to both mitigate the risk of current means of primary prophylaxis as well as to evaluate novel preventive strategies currently in development. We asked whether Raman spectral changes, measured ex vivo, correlated with histologic evidence of the earliest signs of HO formation using tissue biopsies from the wounds of combat casualties. In doing so, we compared normal muscle tissue to injured muscle tissue, unmineralized HO tissue, and mineralized HO tissue. The Raman spectra of these tissues demonstrate clear differences in the amide I and amide III spectral regions of HO tissue compared to normal tissue, denoted by changes in the 1640/1445cm(-1)(p<0.01), and 1340/1270cm(-1) (p<0.01) band area ratios (BARs). Additionally, analysis of the bone mineral in HO by Raman spectroscopy appears capable of determining bone maturity by measuring both the 945/960cm(-1) and the 1070/1445cm(-1) BARs. Raman may therefore prove a useful, non-invasive, and early diagnostic modality to detect HO formation prior to it becoming evident clinically or radiographically. This technique could ostensibly be utilized as a non-invasive means to risk stratify individual wounds at a time thought to be amenable to various means of primary prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Crane
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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16
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Vávrová K, Henkes D, Strüver K, Sochorová M, Školová B, Witting MY, Friess W, Schreml S, Meier RJ, Schäfer-Korting M, Fluhr JW, Küchler S. Filaggrin deficiency leads to impaired lipid profile and altered acidification pathways in a 3D skin construct. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:746-753. [PMID: 24061166 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the filaggrin (FLG) gene are strongly associated with common dermatological disorders such as atopic dermatitis. However, the exact underlying pathomechanism is still ambiguous. Here, we investigated the impact of FLG on skin lipid composition, organization, and skin acidification using a FLG knockdown (FLG-) skin construct. Initially, sodium/hydrogen antiporter (NHE-1) activity was sufficient to maintain the acidic pH (5.5) of the reconstructed skin. At day 7, the FLG degradation products urocanic (UCA) and pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid (PCA) were significantly decreased in FLG- constructs, but the skin surface pH was still physiological owing to an upregulation of NHE-1. At day 14, secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) IIA, which converts phospholipids to fatty acids, was significantly more activated in FLG- than in FLG+. Although NHE-1 and sPLA2 were able to compensate the FLG deficiency, maintain the skin surface pH, and ensured ceramide processing (no differences detected), an accumulation of free fatty acids (2-fold increase) led to less ordered intercellular lipid lamellae and higher permeability of the FLG- constructs. The interplay of the UCA/PCA and the sPLA2/NHE-1 acidification pathways of the skin and the impact of FLG insufficiency on skin lipid composition and organization in reconstructed skin are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Vávrová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Henkes
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kay Strüver
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Sochorová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Školová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Madeleine Y Witting
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Schreml
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert J Meier
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim W Fluhr
- Department of Dermatology, Charité University Clinic, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Küchler
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Pence IJ, Vargis E, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Assessing variability of in vivo tissue Raman spectra. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 67:789-800. [PMID: 23816132 DOI: 10.1366/12-06773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy (RS) has received increasing attention as a potential tool for clinical diagnostics. However, the unknown comparability of multiple tissue RS systems remains a major issue for technique standardization and future multisystem trials. In this study, we evaluated potential factors affecting data collection and interpretation, utilizing the skin as an example tissue. The effects of contact pressure and probe angle were characterized as potential user-induced variability sources. Similarly, instrumentation-induced variability sources of system stability and system-dependent response were also analyzed on skin and a nonvolatile biological tissue analog. Physiologically induced variations were studied on multiple tissue locations and patients. The effect of variability sources on spectral line shape and dispersion was analyzed with analysis-of-variance methods, and a new metric for comparing spectral dispersion was defined. In this study, in vivo measurements were made on multiple sites of skin from five healthy volunteers, with four stand-alone fiber optic probe-based tissue RS systems. System stability and controlled user-induced variables had no effects on obtained spectra. By contrast, instrumentation and anatomical location of measurement were significant sources of variability. These findings establish the comparability of tissue Raman spectra obtained by unique systems. Furthermore, we suggest steps for further procedural and instrumentation standardization prior to broad clinical applications of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Pence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Box 351631 Station B, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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18
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Comparative study on keratin structural changes in onychomycosis and normal human finger nail specimens by Raman spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Selzer D, Abdel-Mottaleb MMA, Hahn T, Schaefer UF, Neumann D. Finite and infinite dosing: difficulties in measurements, evaluations and predictions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:278-94. [PMID: 22750806 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increased demand for reliable data regarding penetration into and permeation across human skin, assessment of the absorption of xenobiotics has been gaining in importance steadily. In vitro experiments allow for determining these data faster and more easily than in vivo experiments. However, the experiments described in literature and the subsequent evaluation procedures differ considerably. Here we will give an overview on typical finite and infinite dose experiments performed in fundamental research and on the evaluation of the data. We will point out possible difficulties that may arise and give a short overview on attempts at predicting skin absorption in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Selzer
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
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20
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Pietrzak A, Kadzielewski J, Janowski K, Roliński J, Krasowska D, Chodorowska G, Paszkowski T, Kapeć E, Jastrzebska I, Tabarkiewicz J, Lotti T. Lipoprotein (a) in patients with psoriasis: associations with lipid profiles and disease severity. Int J Dermatol 2009; 48:379-87. [PMID: 19335423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is a genetically determined molecule whose role has been implied in cardiovascular pathology, and whose levels have been reported to be elevated in patients with psoriasis. Aim To assess the serum levels of Lp(a) in patients with psoriasis, and to investigate the associations of Lp(a) with other lipids and with psoriasis severity. METHODS Thirty-four patients with psoriasis and 26 healthy control subjects took part in the study. Serum levels of Lp(a) and total, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol fractions were measured in all participants. The levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol were measured using enzymatic colorimetric tests; HDL and LDL cholesterol concentrations were determined by precipitation methods; the VLDL concentration was calculated according to the formula: VLDL cholesterol = triglycerides/5. RESULTS Patients with psoriasis showed significantly higher serum levels of Lp(a) relative to controls. Even when controlling for normolipidemic vs. hyperlipidemic status, abnormal levels of Lp(a) (> 30 mg/dL) were observed significantly more often in patients than in controls. In both patients and controls, Lp(a) levels correlated positively with total and HDL cholesterol levels. In patients, Lp(a) levels correlated positively with psoriasis severity. CONCLUSIONS Lp(a) may be a factor contributing to an increased cardiovascular risk in patients with psoriasis. A pathogenetic link may exist between this lipoprotein and psoriatic pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Pietrzak
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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21
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Bernard G, Auger M, Soucy J, Pouliot R. Physical characterization of the stratum corneum of an in vitro psoriatic skin model by ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:1317-23. [PMID: 17659842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum is an important permeability barrier for the skin. The disorganization of the skin protective barrier characterizes some skin diseases such as psoriasis. Indeed, psoriatic skin is known to be more permeable than normal human skin. An in vitro human skin substitute may be obtained by the auto-assembly method. This method was adapted to produce psoriatic substitutes. FTIR spectroscopy is a well-established method to evaluate the order of hydrocarbon chains in terms of population of trans and gauche conformers. Using ATR-FTIR, we have compared the physicochemical properties of the stratum corneum in skin models derived from uninvolved and involved psoriatic cells with those derived from normal cells. Our results suggest that the stratum corneum of involved psoriatic skin substitutes is less organized than that of normal skin substitutes. Also, it seems that the properties of uninvolved psoriatic skin may vary with seriousness of the disease. The development of a new psoriatic skin model would be helpful in the design of new treatments and to increase the understanding of the mechanisms of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Bernard
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4
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22
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Wascotte V, Caspers P, de Sterke J, Jadoul M, Guy RH, Préat V. Assessment of the “Skin Reservoir” of Urea by Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy and Reverse Iontophoresis in vivo. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1897-901. [PMID: 17497081 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the "skin reservoir" of urea by confocal Raman microspectroscopy in vivo and to evaluate its impact on the non-invasive monitoring of the analyte by reverse iontophoresis. METHODS Urea was extracted iontophoretically over a 2-h period across the skin of adult volunteers and patients with chronic kidney disease. Confocal Raman microspectroscopic profiles of skin were recorded before and after 30 min of current application. RESULTS Urea extraction was higher at the beginning of current passage, but then decreased to achieve stable values after 2 h of iontophoresis. After 30 min of iontophoresis, the Raman spectra highlighted a clear depletion of urea at the surface of the skin. Lactate distribution was also modified both at the surface and deeper into the skin. CONCLUSIONS A source of urea in the skin, unrelated to the concentration circulating in the blood, was strongly suggested by extracted urea flux observed over time and by the Raman spectroscopy. This "urea reservoir" must be removed before systemic urea levels can be non-invasively monitored by reverse iontophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Wascotte
- Unité de Pharmacie Galénique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, UCL 7320, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Naito S, Min YK, Sugata K, Osanai O, Kitahara T, Hiruma H, Hamaguchi H. In vivomeasurement of human dermis by 1064 nm-excited fiber Raman spectroscopy. Skin Res Technol 2007; 14:18-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2007.00255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Huang Z, Lui H, McLean DI, Korbelik M, Zeng H. Raman spectroscopy in combination with background near-infrared autofluorescence enhances the in vivo assessment of malignant tissues. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 81:1219-26. [PMID: 15869327 DOI: 10.1562/2005-02-24-ra-449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The diagnostic ability of optical spectroscopy techniques, including near-infrared (NIR) Raman spectroscopy, NIR autofluorescence spectroscopy and the composite Raman and NIR autofluorescence spectroscopy, for in vivo detection of malignant tumors was evaluated in this study. A murine tumor model, in which BALB/c mice were implanted with Meth-A fibrosarcoma cells into the subcutaneous region of the lower back, was used for this purpose. A rapid-acquisition dispersive-type NIR Raman system was employed for tissue Raman and NIR autofluorescence spectroscopic measurements at 785-nm laser excitation. High-quality in vivo NIR Raman spectra associated with an autofluorescence background from mouse skin and tumor tissue were acquired in 5 s. Multivariate statistical techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), were used to develop diagnostic algorithms for differentiating tumors from normal tissue based on their spectral features. Spectral classification of tumor tissue was tested using a leave-one-out, cross-validation method, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to further evaluate the performance of diagnostic algorithms derived. Thirty-two in vivo Raman, NIR fluorescence and composite Raman and NIR fluorescence spectra were analyzed (16 normal, 16 tumors). Classification results obtained from cross-validation of the LDA model based on the three spectral data sets showed diagnostic sensitivities of 81.3%, 93.8% and 93.8%; specificities of 100%, 87.5% and 100%; and overall diagnostic accuracies of 90.6%, 90.6% and 96.9% respectively, for tumor identification. ROC curves showed that the most effective diagnostic algorithms were from the composite Raman and NIR autofluorescence techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Huang
- Cancer Imaging Department, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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25
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Pietrzak A, Jastrzębska I, Krasowska D, Chodorowska G, Tabarkiewicz J, Tomasiewicz K, Urban J, Chojnacka J, Piskorz J, Roliński J. Serum pancreatic lipase [EC 3.1.1.3] activity, serum lipid profile and peripheral blood dendritic cell populations in normolipidemic males with psoriasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Zhang G, Moore DJ, Mendelsohn R, Flach CR. Vibrational microspectroscopy and imaging of molecular composition and structure during human corneocyte maturation. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1088-94. [PMID: 16514411 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The outermost region of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (SC), provides an essential barrier to water loss and protects against exogenous substances. The functional integrity of the SC depends on a complex maturation and exfoliation process, which is often perturbed in skin diseases. The maturation of corneocytes isolated from different depths in healthy human SC was investigated using infrared (IR) spectroscopic imaging and Raman microscopy. Both IR and Raman spectral quality of individual corneocytes was high and revealed depth-dependent variations in molecular composition. Spectral changes were identified as arising from alterations in the concentration of the major constituents of natural moisturizing factor (NMF), important in maintaining SC hydration. A significant decrease in the concentration of NMF was observed for corneocytes isolated from superficial compared to deeper SC layers (layer 3 vs. layer 11, respectively). An IR parameter that measures the relative NMF concentration in corneocytes is introduced. The potential role of vibrational imaging to evaluate corneocyte composition and molecular structure in the treatment of NMF-related diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Newark College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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27
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Cheng WT, Liu MT, Liu HN, Lin SY. Micro-Raman spectroscopy used to identify and grade human skin pilomatrixoma. Microsc Res Tech 2006; 68:75-9. [PMID: 16228983 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Raman microspectroscopy was applied to analyze the changes in structural conformation and chemical composition of the mass of human skin pilomatrixoma (PMX). The normal skin dermis, collagen type I, and hydroxyapatite (HA) were used as control. The excised specimens from two patients diagnosed as a typical PMX were detected, in which one specimen was a soft mass, but the other was a hard mass with somewhat calcified deposits via histopathological examination. The Raman spectrum of normal skin dermis was found to be similar to the Raman spectrum of collagen type I, confirming that the collagen type I was a predominant component in normal skin dermis. The differences of Raman peak intensity between normal skin dermis and soft or hard PMX mass were obvious at 1,622-1,558, 1,400-1,230, 1,128, 1,000-850, 749, and 509 cm(-1). In particular, the peak at 1,665 cm(-1) assigned to amide I band shifted to 1,655 cm(-1) and the peak at 1,246 cm(-1) corresponding to amide III band was reduced in its intensity in hard PMX mass. The significant changes in collagen content and its structural conformation, the higher content of tryptophan, and disulfide formation in PMX masses were markedly evidenced. In addition, the shoulder and weak peak at 960 cm(-1) assigned to the stretching vibration of PO(4) (3-) of HA also appeared respectively in the Raman spectra of soft and hard PMX masses, suggesting the occurrence of calcification of HA in the PMX tissue, particularly in the hard PMX mass. The result indicates that the micro-Raman spectroscopy may provide a highly sensitive and specific method for identifying normal skin dermis and how it differs in chemical composition from different PMX tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ting Cheng
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China
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28
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Osada M, Gniadecka M, Wulf HC. Near-infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopic analysis of proteins, water and lipids in intact normal stratum corneum and psoriasis scales. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:391-5. [PMID: 15186326 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous biochemical studies demonstrated differences in the structure of lipids in normal skin and psoriatic lesions. Raman spectroscopy provides a unique possibility of studying the molecular structure of proteins, lipids and water in intact skin. Near-infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy was used to study changes in molecular structure and conformation of proteins and lipids of stratum corneum in healthy persons and patients with psoriasis. In vitro Raman spectra were obtained from intact psoriatic scales in 11 patients and from normal stratum corneum of forearm, elbow and heel in a group of age-matched healthy persons. The spectra of stratum corneum differed between psoriasis and normal skin but not between investigated regions. No major changes of lipid band positions in Raman spectra were found, but the crystalline lipid structure was disrupted in psoriatic scales (assessed as the ratio of the symmetric methylene C-H stretching-mode intensities, S(lat)). Major spectral differences were seen in the molecular structure of the proteins. In the spectra of psoriatic scales, the peak position of the amide I band, in comparison with the normal skin, was shifted to higher wavenumbers, suggesting unfolding of proteins. Moreover, alterations in the disulfide stretch bonds of proteins were found in psoriasis scales, resulting in a less energetically favourable gauche-gauche-trans conformation (band around 520 cm(-1)). Psoriatic scales and normal stratum corneum did not statistically differ in their water content. The findings further define the molecular abnormalities in the stratum corneum in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Osada
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Thermal emission decay-Fourier transform infrared (TED-FTIR) spectroscopy is a non-contact and non-destructive analytical technique and was used in this study to detect the presence of external chemicals on human skin in vivo. The detection was possible due to the ability of the TED-FTIR technique to acquire the mid-infrared spectrum of the outmost layers (less than 10 microm) of Stratum Corneum (SC) and the ability to identify the absorption bands of the chemical. METHODS As an illustration of such measurements, propylene glycol (PG) was applied on human stratum corneum and depth-resolved TED-FTIR spectra of the SC were measured to quantify the concentration of PG in deeper layers of SC. RESULTS The mid-infrared spectrum of the surface 0.7 microm layer of skin had 50% contribution from SC and 50% from PG. At 3 h after application, the contribution of PG at the surface decreased to 7% as PG molecules diffused deeper into the skin and were lost at the surface. At a depth of 6 microm, the maximum concentration was 20% after 25 min after PG application. CONCLUSIONS This work shows the feasibility of the TED-FTIR technique to detect the presence of chemicals on human SC in vivo and without contact, and for a wide range of other applications, such as detection of toxic chemicals used as warfare (vesicant agents like sulphur mustard and organophosphate nerve agents), pesticides, and other toxins on fruit and vegetable skins, water, or even other contaminated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Notingher
- Photophysics Research Centre, London South Bank University, London, UK.
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30
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Caspers PJ, Lucassen GW, Puppels GJ. Combined in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy and confocal microscopy of human skin. Biophys J 2003; 85:572-80. [PMID: 12829511 PMCID: PMC1303112 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy is a noninvasive optical method to obtain detailed information about the molecular composition of the skin with high spatial resolution. In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy is an imaging modality that provides optical sections of the skin without physically dissecting the tissue. A combination of both techniques in a single instrument is described. This combination allows the skin morphology to be visualized and (subsurface) structures in the skin to be targeted for Raman measurements. Novel results are presented that show detailed in vivo concentration profiles of water and of natural moisturizing factor for the stratum corneum that are directly related to the skin architecture by in vivo cross-sectional images of the skin. Targeting of skin structures is demonstrated by recording in vivo Raman spectra of sweat ducts and sebaceous glands in situ. In vivo measurements on dermal capillaries yielded high-quality Raman spectra of blood in a completely noninvasive manner. From the results of this exploratory study we conclude that the technique presented has great potential for fundamental skin research, pharmacology (percutaneous transport), clinical dermatology, and cosmetic research, as well as for noninvasive analysis of blood analytes, including glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Caspers
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of General Surgery, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Abstract
A number of noninvasive approaches have been developed over the years to provide objective evaluation of the skin both in health and in disease. The advent of computers, as well as of lasers and photonics, has made it possible to develop additional techniques that were impossible a few years ago. These approaches provide the dermatologist with sensitive tools to measure the skin's condition in terms of physiologic parameters (e.g., color, erythema and pigmentation, induration, sebaceous and stratum corneum lipids, barrier function, etc.). Yet, a typical dermatologic diagnosis relies primarily on the trained eyes of the physician and to a lesser extent on information from other senses, such as touch and smell. The trained senses of the dermatologist backed by his/her brain form a powerful set of tools for evaluating the skin. The golden rule in diagnosis remains the histologic examination of a skin biopsy, a rather invasive method. These tools have served the profession well. The advent of ever faster and cheaper computers and of sensitive, inexpensive optical instrumentation of minimal dimensions provides the professional with the possibility of making objective measures of a number of skin parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikiforos Kollias
- Johnson and Johnson Consumer Products Co., Skillman, New Jersey, USA
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32
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Choo-Smith LP, Edwards HGM, Endtz HP, Kros JM, Heule F, Barr H, Robinson JS, Bruining HA, Puppels GJ. Medical applications of Raman spectroscopy: from proof of principle to clinical implementation. Biopolymers 2002; 67:1-9. [PMID: 11842408 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has recently been applied ex vivo and in vivo to address various biomedical issues such as the early detection of cancers, monitoring of the effect of various agents on the skin, determination of atherosclerotic plaque composition, and rapid identification of pathogenic microorganisms. This leap in the number of applications and the number of groups active in this field has been facilitated by several technological advancements in lasers, CCD detectors, and fiber-optic probes. However, most of the studies are still at the proof of concept stage. We present a discussion on the status of the field today, as well as the problems and issues that still need to be resolved to bring this technology to hospital settings (i.e., the medical laboratory, surgical suites, or clinics). Taken from the viewpoint of clinicians and medical analysts, the potential of Raman spectroscopic techniques as new tools for biomedical applications is discussed and a path is proposed for the clinical implementation of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-P Choo-Smith
- Laboratory for Intensive Care Research and Optical Spectroscopy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. lin-p'
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