Spectroscopic behavior of copper complexes of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Silver and Copper Complexes with Ibuprofen and Caffeine-Preparation and Evaluation of Their Selected Biological Effects

Several organometallic complexes based on more than twenty different metals have already been approved for medical applications. The aim of the presented research was to obtain complexes of silver and copper with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and xanthine alkaloid caffeine and evaluate selected aspects of their bioactivity and biosafety in terms of their future possible applications. The obtained complexes were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, UV-VIS spectroscopy, conductometry, elemental analysis, and bioassays. Cytotoxicity for normal human cells of the CCD-Co18 cell line was evaluated by determining the IC50 value, with metabolic and morphology assessments. It was observed that complexes containing ibuprofen and caffeine exhibited lower toxicity than those with ibuprofen only. Complexes with copper showed lower toxicity towards healthy human fibroblasts compared to silver-based compounds, with an IC50 above 140 μg mL-1. However, in the silver complexes, the presence of caffeine increased the potency of COX-2 inhibition. Antimicrobial effects against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains were evaluated by MIC determination with values less than 20 μg mL-1.

Recent advances in Cu(II)/Cu(I)-MOFs based nano-platforms for developing new nano-medicines

With increasing world population, life-span of humans and spread of viruses, myriad of diseases in human beings are becoming more and more common. Because of the interesting chemical and framework versatility and porosity of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) they find application in varied areas viz. catalysis, sensing, metal ion/gas storage, chemical separation, drug delivery, bio-imaging. This subclass of coordination polymers having interesting three-dimensional framework exhibits inordinate potential and hence may find application in treatment and cure of cancer, diabetes Alzheimer's and other diseases. The presented review focuses on the diverse mechanism of action, unique biological activity and advantages of copper-based metal organic framework (MOF) nanomaterials in medicine. Also, different methods used in the treatment of cancer and other diseases have been presented and the applications as well as efficacy of copper MOFs have been reviewed and discussed. Eventually, the current-status and potential of copper based MOFs in the field of anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-cancer therapy as well as further investigations going on for this class of MOF-based multifunctional nanostructures in for developing new nano-medicines have been presented.

Synthesis, crystal structures and characterizations of three new copper(II) complexes including anti-inflammatory diclofenac

Three new diclofenac-based copper(II) complexes, namely tetrakis{μ-2-[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetato-κ2 O:O′}bis(methanol-κO)copper(II), [Cu2(μ-dicl)4(CH3OH)2] (1), bis{2-[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetato-κ2 O,O′}bis(1-vinyl-1H-imidazole-κN 3)copper(II), [Cu(dicl)2(vim)2] (2), and bis{2-[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetato-κ2 O,O′}bis(1H-imidazole-κN 3)copper(II), [Cu(dicl)2(im)2] (3) [dicl is diclofenac (C14H10Cl2NO2), vim is 1-vinylimidazole (C5H6N2) and im is imidazole (C3H4N2)], have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT–IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that complex 1 consists of dimeric units in which the dicl ligand exhibits a bidentate syn,syn-μ2 coordination mode linking two copper(II) centres. Complexes 2 and 3 have mononuclear units with the general formula [Cu(dicl)2 L 2] (L is vim or im) in which the CuII ions are octahedrally coordinated by two L and two dicl chelating ligands. The L and dicl ligands both occupy the trans positions of the coordination octahedron. The different coordination modes of dicl in the title complexes were revealed by Fourier transform IR (FT–IR) spectroscopy. The spin matching between the copper(II) centres in the dimeric [Cu2(μ-dicl)4(CH3OH)2] units was also confirmed by magnetic data to be lower than the spin-only value and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. The thermal properties of the complexes were investigated by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques.

Capping of silver nanoparticles by anti-inflammatory ligands: Antibacterial activity and superoxide anion generation

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely recognized as antibacterial agents. However, its stability and activity over time have been poorly studied. In this work, the properties and characteristics of differently stabilized AgNPs were evaluated during a span of time. The surface capping agents were diclofenac (d), and ketorolac (k), which currently are used as anti-inflammatory in human medicine. On evaluating the size variation over time, it was observed that the AgNPs-k are the most stable, unlike the non-capped nanoparticles agglomerate and precipitate. UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the absorbance during time decreases for the three types of nanoparticles, but the decrease is less marked for the two types of anti-inflammatory-capped AgNPs. The rapid loss of the optical prop- erties of bare AgNPs, is mainly due to oxidation, agglomeration, and precipitation of this nanoparticles. The potential cytotoxicity of the AgNPs, evaluated through the formation of the superoxide anion using XXT, showed that both, AgNPs-k and AgNPs-d, generate the radical anion when the samples are irradiated with UV light at 365 nm. This effect appears associated with the capping agents, since the bare nanoparticles did not promote the formation of the superoxide anion. The antibacterial activity of the AgNPs throughout time, against two microorganisms (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus), was also evaluated. The results showed that capping agents played a decisive role in the antibacterial ability of AgNPs and also in enhancing the antibacterial activity over time.

Influences of Copper/Zinc-Loaded Montmorillonite on Growth Performance, Mineral Retention, Intestinal Morphology, Mucosa Antioxidant Capacity, and Cytokine Contents in Weaned Piglets

The effects of copper/zinc-loaded montmorillonite (Cu/Zn-Mt) on growth performance, mineral retention, intestinal morphology, mucosa antioxidant capacity, and cytokine contents in weaned piglets were investigated in the present study. One hundred eight piglets weaned at 21 ± 1 days of age (Duroc × Landrace× Yorkshire; average initial weight of 6.36 kg) were allotted to three treatments for 2 weeks. The three treatments were as follows: (1) control group: basal diet; (2) Cu/Zn-Mt group: basal diet + 39 mg/kg Cu and 75 mg/kg Zn as Cu/Zn-Mt; (3) Cu + Zn + Mt group: basal diet + mixture of CuSO₄, ZnSO₄, and Mt (equal amount of Cu, Zn, and Mt to the Cu/Zn-Mt group). Each treatment had six pens of six piglets. The results showed that as compared with the control group and the Cu + Zn + Mt group, Cu/Zn-Mt supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the average daily gain and the gain/feed ratio; Cu/Zn-Mt supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the Cu and Zn concentrations in serum, jejunum, and ileum mucosa, villus height, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and IL-10 levels, and decreased the malondialdehyde concentrations in the jejunum and ileum, and intestinal IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels. Moreover, supplementation with the mixture of CuSO₄, ZnSO₄, and Mt had no effect on the growth performance, but increased the mucosa Cu and Zn concentrations, intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in the duodenum, while it had no effect on the above indexes in the jejunum and ileum. The results indicated that Mt could be used as a controlled carrier for Cu and Zn, which made Cu/Zn-Mt have better biological activities in the intestine than the mixture of Cu, Zn, and Mt.

Active targeting co-delivery system based on hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles for antitumor therapy in ovarian cancer stem-like cells

The combination of nanocarriers and chemotherapy drugs can release the chemotherapy drugs to the tumor tissue, which can enhance the antitumor effect and reduce the adverse reactions at the same time. In this study, a co-delivery system based on hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSN) was developed and characterized. We also investigated the in vitro effect of this system on CD117+CD44+A2780 cell line. HMSN was selected as the nanocarrier, with -COOH modified on the surface and doxorubicin (DOX), NVP-AEW 541 (NVP) loaded inside. IGF‑1R was chosen as the drug target, apoptosis rate and expression of cyclin B1, Bax, Bcl-xl, p-Akt were used to evaluate the antitumor effect of HMSN‑COOH@DOX fluorescence NVP. The HMSN co-delivery system was successfully synthesized with encapsulation efficiency of 37% (DOX) and 44% (NVP), and high PH-sensitive property was observed. The apoptosis rate of CD117+CD44+A2780 ovarian cancer stem-like cells treated by HMSN co-delivery system were almost 3 times higher than those of the free drugs group. The expression of Bax was significantly increased while Bcl-xl, and p-Akt reduced (P≤0.05). These data indicate that the co-delivery system demonstrated a high efficiency in promoting apoptosis in ovarian cancer stem-like cells by targeting IGF‑1R, but further study is still needed.

Preparation, spectroscopic, thermal, antihepatotoxicity, hematological parameters and liver antioxidant capacity characterizations of Cd(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II) mononuclear complexes of paracetamol anti-inflammatory drug

Keeping in view that some metal complexes are found to be more potent than their parent drugs, therefore, our present paper aimed to synthesized Cd(II), Hg(II) and Pb(II) complexes of paracetamol (Para) anti-inflammatory drug. Paracetamol complexes with general formula [M(Para)2(H2O)2]·nH2O have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, conductivity, IR and thermal (TG/DTG), (1)H NMR, electronic spectral studies. The conductivity data of these complexes have non-electrolytic nature. Comparative antimicrobial (bacteria and fungi) behaviors and molecular weights of paracetamol with their complexes have been studied. In vivo the antihepatotoxicity effect and some liver function parameters levels (serum total protein, ALT, AST, and LDH) were measured. Hematological parameters and liver antioxidant capacities of both Para and their complexes were performed. The Cd(2+)+Para complex was recorded amelioration of antioxidant capacities in liver homogenates compared to other Para complexes treated groups.

Binuclear copper complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

The solutions containing one of the copper salts (CuCl2, Cu(ClO4)2, Cu(NO3)2, and CuSO4) and one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, ibuprofen, ketoprofen or naproxen) were analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Three of the salts, namely CuCl2, Cu(ClO4)2 and Cu(NO3)2, yielded binuclear complexes of drug:metal stoichiometry 1:2. Existence of the complexes of such stoichiometry has not been earlier observed. For copper(II) chloride the complexes (ions of the type [M-HCOOH+Cu2Cl]+ and [M+Cu2Cl]+, M stands for the drug molecule) were formed in the gas phase. When copper(II) perchlorate or copper(II) nitrate was used, the observed binuclear copper complexes (ions of the type [M-H+Cu2(ClO4)2+CH3OH]+, [M-H+Cu2(ClO4)2]+ and [M-H+Cu2(NO3)2+CH3OH]+, [M-H+Cu2(NO3)2]+) were observed at low cone voltage, thus these complexes must have already existed in the solution analysed. Therefore, such complexes may also exist under physiological conditions.

Spectroscopic and DFT studies of flurbiprofen as dimer and its Cu(II) and Hg(II) complexes

The vibrational study in the solid state of flurbiprofen and its Cu(II) and Hg(II) complexes was performed by IR and Raman spectroscopy. The changes observed between the IR and Raman spectra of the ligand and of the complexes allowed us to establish the coordination mode of the metal in both complexes. The comparative vibrational analysis of the free ligand and its complexes gave evidence that flurbiprofen binds metal (II) through the carboxylate oxygen. The fully optimized equilibrium structure of flurbiprofen and its metal complexes was obtained by density functional B3LYP method by using LanL2DZ and 6-31 G(d,p) basis sets. The harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities and Raman scattering activities of flurbiprofen were calculated by density functional B3LYP methods by using 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The scaled theoretical wavenumbers showed very good agreement with the experimental values. The electronic properties of the free molecule and its complexes were also performed at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. Detailed interpretations of the infrared and Raman spectra of flurbiprofen are reported. The UV-vis spectra of flurbiprofen and its metal complexes were also investigated in organic solvents.

Review on supermolecules as chemical drugs

Supramolecular medicinal chemistry field has been a quite rapidly developing, increasingly active and newly rising interdiscipline which is the new expansion of supramolecular chemistry in pharmaceutical sciences, and is gradually becoming a relatively independent scientific area. Supramolecular drugs could be defined as medicinal supermolecules formed by two or more molecules through non-covalent bonds. So far a lot of supermolecules as chemical drugs have been widely used in clinics. Supermolecules as chemical drugs, i.e. supramolecular chemical drugs or supramolecular drugs, which might have the excellences of lower cost, shorter period, higher potential as clinical drugs for their successful research and development, may possess higher bioavailability, better biocompatibility and drug-targeting, fewer multidrug-resistances, lower toxicity, less adverse effect, and better curative effects as well as safety, and therefore exhibit wide potential application. These overwhelming advantages have drawn enormous special attention. This paper gives the definition of supramolecular drugs, proposes the concept of supramolecular chemical drugs, and systematically reviews the recent advances in the research and development of supermolecules, including organic and inorganic complex ones as chemical drugs in the area of antitumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, antivirus, anti-epileptic, cardiovascular agents and magnetic resonance imaging agents and so on. The perspectives of the foreseeable future and potential application of supramolecules as chemical drugs are also presented.

Synthesis of carboxyl-modified rod-like SBA-15 by rapid co-condensation

Carboxyl-modified SBA-15 rod-like mesoporous materials have been synthesized by a facile rapid co-condensation of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and 2-cyanoethyltriethoxysilane (CTES), followed by hydrolysis of cyanide groups in sulfuric acid. The concentration of carboxylic groups was varied by changing the silica source ratio of CTES/TEOS from 0.05 to 0.3. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the uniform ordered mesoporous structure and rod-like morphology of SBA-15 have been preserved even at the high concentration of carboxylic groups employed. Characterization by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid-state NMR investigation indicated that carboxylic groups have been successfully grafted onto the surface of SBA-15 through siloxane bonds [(O(3))SiCH(2)CH(2)COOH. The negative charges of the modified SBA-15 materials were enhanced by the presence of the carboxylic groups on the surface. The capacity of lysozyme adsorption of the modified SBA-15 materials were found to be significantly improved as compared with pure silica SBA-15. The maximum amount of lysozyme adsorption on carboxyl-modified was increased with the pH of solution increased from 5.5 to 9.0.

A novel therapeutic drug (copper nicotinic acid complex) for non-alcoholic fatty liver

BACKGROUND

Fatty liver is the accumulation of fat in liver cells, which leads to disruption of the normal liver structure and function.

METHODS

A non-alcoholic fatty liver rat model received copper (Cu) (I)-nicotinate complex [CuCl(HNA)2] for 4 weeks.

RESULTS

Clinical signs and histopathological examinations showed obvious improvements in rats that received Cu complex who were continuously on an (HCFF) diet than those returned to standard diet with Cu complex. The improvement was matched in total lipids in sera and hepatic tissue, with disappearance of fat droplets from liver sections. Furthermore, the gain in body weight and the corresponding decrease in liver weight, decreased liver transaminases and alkaline phosphatase were prominent. The oxidative stress markers such as nitric oxide, lipid peroxides, glutathione and superoxide dismutase were obviously changed to healthy normal levels.

CONCLUSION

The Cu complex may serve as a novel chemical restoring agent in fatty degenerated liver cells and for renewal of their structure and functions. However, clinical trials are required for more evaluation of the Cu complex in humans.

Immobilization of Ibuprofen and Copper-Ibuprofen Drugs on Layered Double Hydroxides

The immobilization of the NSAID ibuprofen (Hibp) and the Cu(II)-ibp compound on magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxides (Mg3Al-LDH) is described. Ibuprofen was intercalated on LDHs by three routes (ion exchange, co-precipitation, and reconstruction). The organic drug and the Cu(II)-ibp were also immobilized by adsorption on LDH external surfaces. Materials were characterized by elemental analysis, UV/VIS, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopies, powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetry, and electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Mg3Al-(ibp)(cop) (30% w/w of drug/material) and Mg3Al-(ibp)(ie) (33%) materials exhibit bilayer arrangements of ibp anions intercalated between the host layers. Mg3Al-(ibp)(rec) and Mg3Al-(ibp)(ads) contain 13% and 6.2% of ibuprofenate, respectively. Mg3Al-(Cu-ibp)(ads) exhibits two Cu centers in different environments interacting with host layers. Pharmacological potential of materials are compared considering the amounts of immobilized drugs and their buffering properties. Mg3Al-(ibp)(ie) and Mg3Al-(ibp)(cop) exhibit poor buffering property, but contain high ibp amounts. Mg3Al-(ibp)(ads) despite having buffering property, contains low amount of ibuprofen. Mg3Al-(ibp)(rec) combines significant amount of immobilized ibp with good buffering property. Mg3Al-(Cu-ibp)(ads), due to the buffering property, may be an interesting new formulation aiming to decrease gastric irritation.