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Yue S, Wang X, Ge W, Li J, Yang C, Zhou Z, Zhang P, Yang X, Xiao W, Yang S. Deciphering Protein O-GalNAcylation: Method Development and Disease Implication. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19223-19236. [PMID: 37305274 PMCID: PMC10249083 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is an important protein post-translational modification that is abundantly expressed on cell surface proteins. Protein O-glycosylation plays a variety of roles in cellular biological functions including protein structure and signal transduction to the immune response. Cell surface mucins are highly O-glycosylated and are the main substance of the mucosal barrier that protects the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract from infection by pathogens or microorganisms. Dysregulation of mucin O-glycosylation may impair mucosal protection against pathogens that can invade cells to trigger infection or immune evasion. Truncated O-glycosylation, also known as Tn antigen or O-GalNAcylation, is highly upregulated in diseases such cancer, autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and IgA nephropathy. Characterization of O-GalNAcylation helps decipher the role of Tn antigen in physiopathology and therapy. However, the analysis of O-glycosylation, specifically the Tn antigen, remains challenging due to the lack of reliable enrichment and identification assays compared to N-glycosylation. Here, we summarize recent advances in analytical methods for O-GalNAcylation enrichment and identification and highlight the biological role of the Tn antigen in various diseases and the clinical implications of identifying aberrant O-GalNAcylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yue
- Center
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow
University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Department
of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department
of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The
Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
- Department
of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Center
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow
University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Center
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow
University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chuanlai Yang
- Scientific
Research Department, The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- Department
of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department
of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital
of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department
of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Wenjin Xiao
- Department
of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Center
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow
University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Lostao A, Lim K, Pallarés MC, Ptak A, Marcuello C. Recent advances in sensing the inter-biomolecular interactions at the nanoscale - A comprehensive review of AFM-based force spectroscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124089. [PMID: 36948336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular interactions underpin most processes inside the cell. Hence, a precise and quantitative understanding of molecular association and dissociation events is crucial, not only from a fundamental perspective, but also for the rational design of biomolecular platforms for state-of-the-art biomedical and industrial applications. In this context, atomic force microscopy (AFM) appears as an invaluable experimental technique, allowing the measurement of the mechanical strength of biomolecular complexes to provide a quantitative characterization of their interaction properties from a single molecule perspective. In the present review, the most recent methodological advances in this field are presented with special focus on bioconjugation, immobilization and AFM tip functionalization, dynamic force spectroscopy measurements, molecular recognition imaging and theoretical modeling. We expect this work to significantly aid in grasping the principles of AFM-based force spectroscopy (AFM-FS) technique and provide the necessary tools to acquaint the type of data that can be achieved from this type of experiments. Furthermore, a critical assessment is done with other nanotechnology techniques to better visualize the future prospects of AFM-FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Lostao
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain; Fundación ARAID, Aragón, Spain.
| | - KeeSiang Lim
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - María Carmen Pallarés
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Arkadiusz Ptak
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan 60-925, Poland
| | - Carlos Marcuello
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.
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3
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Fu Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Sun H. Investigating the Effect of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors on the Interaction between Human Serum Albumin by Atomic Force Microscopy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060819. [PMID: 35740944 PMCID: PMC9221072 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important for elucidating the regulation mechanism of life activities, as well as for the prevention, diagnosis, and drug design of diseases, to study protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Here, we investigated the interactions of human serum albumin (HSA) in the presence of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs: imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib) using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The distribution of rupture events including the specific interaction force Fi and the non-specific interaction force F0 between HSA pairs was analyzed. Based on the force measurements, Fi and F0 between HSA pairs in the control experiment were calculated to be 47 ± 1.5 and 116.1 ± 1.3 pN. However, Fi was significantly decreased in TKIs, while F0 was slightly decreased. By measuring the rupture forces at various loading rates and according to the Bell equation, the kinetic parameters of the complexes were investigated in greater detail. Molecular docking was used as a complementary means by which to explore the force of this effect. The whole measurements indicated that TKIs influenced PPIs in a variety of ways, among which hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions were the most important. In conclusion, these outcomes give us a better insight into the mechanisms of PPIs when there are exogenous compounds present as well as in different liquid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (Y.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (Y.F.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China;
| | - Heng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (Y.F.); (H.S.)
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Morticelli L, Magdei M, Tschalaki N, Petersen B, Haverich A, Hilfiker A. Generation of glycans depleted decellularized porcine pericardium, using digestive enzymatic supplements and enzymatic mixtures for food industry. Xenotransplantation 2021; 28:e12705. [PMID: 34227157 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenogeneic pericardium has been used largely for various applications in cardiovascular surgery. Nevertheless, xenogeneic pericardial patches fail mainly due to their antigenic components. The xenoantigens identified as playing a major role in recipient immune response are the Galα1-3Gal (α-Gal) epitope, the non-human sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), and the porcine SDa antigen, associated with both proteins and lipids. The reduction in glycans from porcine pericardium might hinder or reduce the immunogenicity of xenogeneic scaffolds. METHODS Decellularized porcine pericardia were further treated at different time points and dilutions with digestive enzymatic supplements and enzymatic mixtures applied for food industry, for the removal of potentially immunogenic carbohydrates. Carbohydrates removal was investigated using up to 8 different lectin stains for the identification of N- and O-glycosylations, as well as glycolipids. Histoarchitectural changes in the ECM were assessed using Elastica van Gieson stain, whereas changes in mechanical properties were investigated via uniaxial tensile test and burst pressure test. RESULTS Tissues after enzymatic treatments showed a dramatic decrease in lectin stainings in comparison to tissues which were only decellularized. Histological assessment revealed cell-nuclei removal after decellularization. Some of the enzymatic treatments induced elastic lamellae disruption. Tissue strength decreased after enzymatic treatment; however, treated tissues showed values of burst pressure higher than physiological transvalvular pressures. CONCLUSIONS The application of these enzymatic treatments for tissue deglycosylation is totally novel, low cost, and appears to be very efficient for glycan removal. The immunogenic potential of treated tissues will be further investigated in subsequent studies, in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Morticelli
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mikhail Magdei
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Negin Tschalaki
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Björn Petersen
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Mariensee, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Axel Haverich
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andres Hilfiker
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Hall AR, Blakeman JT, Eissa AM, Chapman P, Morales-García AL, Stennett L, Martin O, Giraud E, Dockrell DH, Cameron NR, Wiese M, Yakob L, Rogers ME, Geoghegan M. Glycan–glycan interactions determine Leishmania attachment to the midgut of permissive sand fly vectors. Chem Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03298k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Force spectroscopy was used to measure the adhesion of Leishmania to synthetic mimics of galectins on the sand fly midgut.
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6
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Sletmoen M, Gerken TA, Stokke BT, Burchell J, Brewer CF. Tn and STn are members of a family of carbohydrate tumor antigens that possess carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions. Glycobiology 2018; 28:437-442. [PMID: 29618060 PMCID: PMC6001880 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucin-type O-glycome in cancer aberrantly expresses the truncated glycans Tn (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) and STn (Neu5Acα2,6GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr). However, the role of Tn and STn in cancer and other diseases is not well understood. Our recent discovery of the self-binding properties (carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions, CCIs) of Tn (Tn-Tn) and STn (STn-STn) provides a model for their possible roles in cellular transformation. We also review evidence that Tn and STn are members of a larger family of glycan tumor antigens that possess CCIs, which may participate in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Sletmoen
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas A Gerken
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, W. A. Bernbaum Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bjørn T Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, NTNU The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Joy Burchell
- Breast Cancer Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - C Fred Brewer
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Formosa-Dague C, Castelain M, Martin-Yken H, Dunker K, Dague E, Sletmoen M. The Role of Glycans in Bacterial Adhesion to Mucosal Surfaces: How Can Single-Molecule Techniques Advance Our Understanding? Microorganisms 2018; 6:E39. [PMID: 29734645 PMCID: PMC6027152 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is currently the subject of increased interest from the research community, leading to fast progress in our understanding of this complex phenomenon. Resent research within this field has documented the important roles played by glycans for bacterial surface adhesion, either through interaction with lectins or with other glycans. In parallel with this increased interest for and understanding of bacterial adhesion, there has been a growth in the sophistication and use of sensitive force probes for single-molecule and single cell studies. In this review, we highlight how the sensitive force probes atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical tweezers (OT) have contributed to clarifying the mechanisms underlying bacterial adhesion to glycosylated surfaces in general and mucosal surfaces in particular. We also describe research areas where these techniques have not yet been applied, but where their capabilities appear appropriate to advance our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mickaël Castelain
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Hélène Martin-Yken
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Karen Dunker
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Etienne Dague
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Marit Sletmoen
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Hall AR, Geoghegan M. Polymers and biopolymers at interfaces. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:036601. [PMID: 29368695 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa9e9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This review updates recent progress in the understanding of the behaviour of polymers at surfaces and interfaces, highlighting examples in the areas of wetting, dewetting, crystallization, and 'smart' materials. Recent developments in analysis tools have yielded a large increase in the study of biological systems, and some of these will also be discussed, focussing on areas where surfaces are important. These areas include molecular binding events and protein adsorption as well as the mapping of the surfaces of cells. Important techniques commonly used for the analysis of surfaces and interfaces are discussed separately to aid the understanding of their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom. Fraunhofer Project Centre for Embedded Bioanalytical Systems, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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9
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Poiroux G, Barre A, van Damme EJM, Benoist H, Rougé P. Plant Lectins Targeting O-Glycans at the Cell Surface as Tools for Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061232. [PMID: 28598369 PMCID: PMC5486055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant O-glycans expressed at the surface of cancer cells consist of membrane-tethered glycoproteins (T and Tn antigens) and glycolipids (Lewis a, Lewis x and Forssman antigens). All of these O-glycans have been identified as glyco-markers of interest for the diagnosis and the prognosis of cancer diseases. These epitopes are specifically detected using T/Tn-specific lectins isolated from various plants such as jacalin from Artocarpus integrifola, and fungi such as the Agaricus bisporus lectin. These lectins accommodate T/Tn antigens at the monosaccharide-binding site; residues located in the surrounding extended binding-site of the lectins often participate in the binding of more extended epitopes. Depending on the shape and size of the extended carbohydrate-binding site, their fine sugar-binding specificity towards complex O-glycans readily differs from one lectin to another, resulting in a great diversity in their sugar-recognition capacity. T/Tn-specific lectins have been extensively used for the histochemical detection of cancer cells in biopsies and for the follow up of the cancer progression and evolution. T/Tn-specific lectins also induce a caspase-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells, often associated with a more or less severe inhibition of proliferation. Moreover, they provide another potential source of molecules adapted to the building of photosensitizer-conjugates allowing a specific targeting to cancer cells, for the photodynamic treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Poiroux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, 31037 Toulouse, France.
| | - Annick Barre
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Els J M van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Hervé Benoist
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Pierre Rougé
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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10
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Hadjialirezaei S, Picco G, Beatson R, Burchell J, Stokke BT, Sletmoen M. Interactions between the breast cancer-associated MUC1 mucins and C-type lectin characterized by optical tweezers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175323. [PMID: 28414807 PMCID: PMC5393574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate–protein interactions govern many crucial processes in biological systems including cell recognition events. We have used the sensitive force probe optical tweezers to quantify the interactions occurring between MGL lectins and MUC1 carrying the cancer-associated glycan antigens mucins Tn and STn. Unbinding forces of 7.6±1.1 pN and 7.1±1.1 pN were determined for the MUC1(Tn)—MGL and MUC1(STn)—MGL interactions, at a force loading rate of ~40 pN/s. The interaction strength increased with increasing force loading rate, to 27.1±4.4 and 36.9±3.6 pN at a force loading rate of ~ 310 pN/s. No interactions were detected between MGL and MUC1(ST), a glycoform of MUC1 also expressed by breast carcinoma cells. Interestingly, this glycan (ST) can be found on proteins expressed by normal cells, although in this case not on MUC1. Additionally, GalNAc decorated polyethylene glycol displayed similar rupture forces as observed for MUC1(Tn) and MUC1(STn) when forced to unbind from MGL, indicating that GalNAc is an essential group in these interactions. Since the STn glycan decoration is more frequently found on the surface of carcinomas than the Tn glycan, the binding of MUC1 carrying STn to MGL may be more physiologically relevant and may be in part responsible for some of the characteristics of STn expressing tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soosan Hadjialirezaei
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gianfranco Picco
- Breast Cancer Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Beatson
- Breast Cancer Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Burchell
- Breast Cancer Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bjørn Torger Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Sletmoen
- Department of Biotechnology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
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11
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Thomas B, Pifferi C, Daskhan GC, Fiore M, Berthet N, Renaudet O. Divergent and convergent synthesis of GalNAc-conjugated dendrimers using dual orthogonal ligations. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11529-38. [PMID: 26464062 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of glycodendrimers remains a challenging task. In this paper we propose a protocol based on both oxime ligation (OL) to combine cyclopeptide repeating units as the dendritic core and the copper(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) to conjugate peripheral α and β propargylated GalNAc. By contrast with the oxime-based iterative protocol reported in our group, our current strategy can be used in both divergent and convergent routes with similar efficiency and the resulting hexadecavalent glycodendrimers can be easily characterized compared to oxime-linked analogues. A series of glycoconjugates displaying four or sixteen copies of both α and β GalNAc have been prepared and their ability to inhibit the adhesion of the soybean agglutinin (SBA) lectin to polymeric-GalNAc immobilized on microtiter plates has been evaluated. As was anticipated, the higher inhibitory effect (IC50 = 0.46 μM) was measured with the structure displaying αGalNAc with the higher valency (compound 13), which demonstrates that the binding properties of these glycoconjugates are strongly dependent on the orientation and distribution of the GalNAc units.
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12
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Beatson R, Maurstad G, Picco G, Arulappu A, Coleman J, Wandell HH, Clausen H, Mandel U, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Sletmoen M, Burchell JM. The Breast Cancer-Associated Glycoforms of MUC1, MUC1-Tn and sialyl-Tn, Are Expressed in COSMC Wild-Type Cells and Bind the C-Type Lectin MGL. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125994. [PMID: 25951175 PMCID: PMC4423978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation occurs in the majority of human cancers and changes in mucin-type O-glycosylation are key events that play a role in the induction of invasion and metastases. These changes generate novel cancer-specific glyco-antigens that can interact with cells of the immune system through carbohydrate binding lectins. Two glyco-epitopes that are found expressed by many carcinomas are Tn (GalNAc-Ser/Thr) and STn (NeuAcα2,6GalNAc-Ser/Thr). These glycans can be carried on many mucin-type glycoproteins including MUC1. We show that the majority of breast cancers carry Tn within the same cell and in close proximity to extended glycan T (Galβ1,3GalNAc) the addition of Gal to the GalNAc being catalysed by the T synthase. The presence of active T synthase suggests that loss of the private chaperone for T synthase, COSMC, does not explain the expression of Tn and STn in breast cancer cells. We show that MUC1 carrying both Tn or STn can bind to the C-type lectin MGL and using atomic force microscopy show that they bind to MGL with a similar dead adhesion force. Tumour associated STn is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy in breast carcinomas, inhibition of DC maturation, DC apoptosis and inhibition of NK activity. As engagement of MGL in the absence of TLR triggering may lead to anergy, the binding of MUC1-STn to MGL may be in part responsible for some of the characteristics of STn expressing tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Beatson
- Breast Cancer Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Gjertrud Maurstad
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gianfranco Picco
- Breast Cancer Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Appitha Arulappu
- Breast Cancer Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Coleman
- Breast Cancer Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Hans H. Wandell
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Ulla Mandel
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | | | - Marit Sletmoen
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Joy M. Burchell
- Breast Cancer Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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Haugstad KE, Stokke BT, Brewer CF, Gerken TA, Sletmoen M. Single molecule study of heterotypic interactions between mucins possessing the Tn cancer antigen. Glycobiology 2014; 25:524-34. [PMID: 25527429 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins are linear, heavily O-glycosylated proteins with physiological roles that include cell signaling, cell adhesion, inflammation, immune response and tumorgenesis. Cancer-associated mucins often differ from normal mucins by presenting truncated carbohydrate chains. Characterization of the binding properties of mucins with truncated carbohydrate side chains could thus prove relevant for understanding their role in cancer mechanisms such as metastasis and recognition by the immune system. In this work, heterotypic interactions of model mucins that possess the Tn (GalNAcαThr/Ser) and T (Galβ1-3GalNAcαThr/Ser) cancer antigens derived from porcine submaxillary mucin (PSM) were studied using atomic force microscopy. PSM possessing only the Tn antigen (Tn-PSM) was found to bind to PSM analogs possessing a combination of T, Tn and STn antigens as well as biosynthetic analogs of the core 1 blood group A tetrasaccharide (GalNAcα1-3[Fucα1-2] Galβ1-3GalNAcαSer/Thr). The rupture forces for the heterotypic interactions ranged from 18- to 31 pN at a force-loading rate of ∼0.5 nN/s. The thermally averaged distance from the bound complex to the transition state (xβ) was estimated to be in the range 0.37-0.87 nm for the first barrier of the Bell Evans analysis and within 0.34-0.64 nm based on a lifetime analysis. These findings reveal that the binding strength and energy landscape for heterotypic interactions of Tn-PSM with the above mucins, resemble homotypic interactions of Tn-PSM. This suggests common carbohydrate epitope interactions for the Tn cancer antigen with the above mucin analogs, a finding that may be important to the role of the Tn antigen in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Haugstad
- Department of Physics, Biophysics and Medical Technology, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
| | - Bjørn T Stokke
- Department of Physics, Biophysics and Medical Technology, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
| | - C Fred Brewer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Thomas A Gerken
- W.A. Bernbaum Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4948, USA
| | - Marit Sletmoen
- Department of Physics, Biophysics and Medical Technology, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
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14
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Wang C, Yadavalli VK. Investigating biomolecular recognition at the cell surface using atomic force microscopy. Micron 2014; 60:5-17. [PMID: 24602267 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Probing the interaction forces that drive biomolecular recognition on cell surfaces is essential for understanding diverse biological processes. Force spectroscopy has been a widely used dynamic analytical technique, allowing measurement of such interactions at the molecular and cellular level. The capabilities of working under near physiological environments, combined with excellent force and lateral resolution make atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based force spectroscopy a powerful approach to measure biomolecular interaction forces not only on non-biological substrates, but also on soft, dynamic cell surfaces. Over the last few years, AFM-based force spectroscopy has provided biophysical insight into how biomolecules on cell surfaces interact with each other and induce relevant biological processes. In this review, we focus on describing the technique of force spectroscopy using the AFM, specifically in the context of probing cell surfaces. We summarize recent progress in understanding the recognition and interactions between macromolecules that may be found at cell surfaces from a force spectroscopy perspective. We further discuss the challenges and future prospects of the application of this versatile technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congzhou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Vamsi K Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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15
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Sletmoen M, Stokke BT. Structure-Function Relationships in Glycopolymers: Effects of Residue Sequences, Duplex, and Triplex Organization. Biopolymers 2013; 99:757-71. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marit Sletmoen
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim; Norway
| | - Bjørn Torger Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim; Norway
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16
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Gunning AP, Kirby AR, Fuell C, Pin C, Tailford LE, Juge N. Mining the "glycocode"--exploring the spatial distribution of glycans in gastrointestinal mucin using force spectroscopy. FASEB J 2013; 27:2342-54. [PMID: 23493619 PMCID: PMC3659345 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-221416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mucins are the main components of the gastrointestinal mucus layer. Mucin glycosylation is critical to most intermolecular and intercellular interactions. However, due to the highly complex and heterogeneous mucin glycan structures, the encoded biological information remains largely encrypted. Here we have developed a methodology based on force spectroscopy to identify biologically accessible glycoepitopes in purified porcine gastric mucin (pPGM) and purified porcine jejunal mucin (pPJM). The binding specificity of lectins Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA), peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinin (PNA), Maackia amurensis lectin II (MALII), and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA) was utilized in force spectroscopy measurements to quantify the affinity and spatial distribution of their cognate sugars at the molecular scale. Binding energy of 4, 1.6, and 26 aJ was determined on pPGM for RCA, PNA, and UEA. Binding was abolished by competition with free ligands, demonstrating the validity of the affinity data. The distributions of the nearest binding site separations estimated the number of binding sites in a 200-nm mucin segment to be 4 for RCA, PNA, and UEA, and 1.8 for MALII. Binding site separations were affected by partial defucosylation of pPGM. Furthermore, we showed that this new approach can resolve differences between gastric and jejunum mucins.
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17
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Klein DCG, Øvrebø KM, Latz E, Espevik T, Stokke BT. Direct measurement of the interaction force between immunostimulatory CpG-DNA and TLR9 fusion protein. J Mol Recognit 2012; 25:74-81. [PMID: 22290768 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The specific interaction between human Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-ectodomain (ECD)-fusion protein and immunostimulatory CpG-DNA was measured using force spectroscopy. Flexible tethers were used between receptors and surface as well as between DNA and atomic force microscope tip to make efficient recognition studies possible. The molecular recognition forces detected are in the range of 50 to 150 ± 20 pN at the used force-loading rates, and the molecular interaction probability was much reduced when the receptors were blocked with free CpG-DNA. A linear increase of the unbinding force with the logarithm of the loading rate was found over the range 0.1 to 30 nN/s. This indicates a single potential barrier characterizing the energy landscape and no intermediate state for the unbinding pathway of CpG-DNA from the TLR9-ECD. Two important kinetic parameters for CpG-DNA interaction with TLR9-ECD were determined from the force-loading rate dependency: an off-rate of k(off) = 0.14 ± 0.10 s(-1) and a binding interaction length of x(β) = 0.30 ± 0.03 nm, which are consistent with literature values. Various models for the molecular interaction of this innate immune receptor binding to CpG-DNA are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne C G Klein
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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18
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Haugstad KE, Gerken TA, Stokke BT, Dam TK, Brewer CF, Sletmoen M. Enhanced self-association of mucins possessing the T and Tn carbohydrate cancer antigens at the single-molecule level. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1400-9. [PMID: 22428527 PMCID: PMC3364602 DOI: 10.1021/bm300135h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mucins are linear O-glycosylated glycoproteins involved in inflammation, cell adhesion, and tumorigenesis. Cancer-associated mucins often possess increased expression of the T (Galβ1,3GalNAcαThr/Ser) and Tn (GalNAcαThr/Ser) cancer antigens, which are diagnostic markers for several cancers, including colon cancer. We have used AFM based single-molecule forced unbinding under near physiological conditions to investigate the self-interactions between porcine submaxillary mucin (PSM) as well as between PSM analogs possessing various carbohydrates including the T- and Tn-antigen. Distributions of unbinding forces and corresponding force loading rates were determined for force loading rates from 0.18 nN/s to 39 nN/s, and processed to yield most probable unbinding forces f* and lifetimes of the interactions. Parameter f* varied in the range 27 to 50 pN at force loading rates of about 2 nN/s among the various mucins. All mucin samples investigated showed self-interaction, but the tendency was greatest for PSM displaying only the Tn-antigen (Tn-PSM) or a mixture of Tn-, T-antigen, and the trisaccharide Fucα1,2Galβ1,3GalNAc (Tri-PSM). Weaker self-interactions were observed for native PSM (Fd-PSM), which consists of a nearly equal mixture of the longer core 1 blood group A tetrasaccharide (GalNAcα1,3(Fucα1,2)Galβ1,3GalNAcαSer/Thr) and Tn-antigen. The data are consistent with the truncated Tn and T glycans enhancing self-interaction of the mucins. These carbohydrate cancer antigens may, thus, play an active role in the disease by constitutively activating mucin and mucin-type receptors by self-association on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. Haugstad
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas A. Gerken
- W. A. Bernbaum Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4948, USA
| | - Bjørn T. Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tarun K. Dam
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, USA
| | - C. Fred Brewer
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Marit Sletmoen
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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19
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Le DTL, Guérardel Y, Loubière P, Mercier-Bonin M, Dague E. Measuring kinetic dissociation/association constants between Lactococcus lactis bacteria and mucins using living cell probes. Biophys J 2012; 101:2843-53. [PMID: 22261074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we focused on quantifying adhesion between Lactococcus lactis, the model for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and mucins. Interactions between two strains of L. lactis (IBB477 and MG1820 as control) and pig gastric mucin-based coating were measured and compared with the use of atomic force microscopy. Analysis of retraction force-distance curves shed light on the differential contributions of nonspecific and specific forces. An increased proportion of specific adhesive events was obtained for IBB477 (20% vs. 5% for the control). Blocking assays with free pig gastric mucin and its O-glycan moiety showed that oligosaccharides play a major (but not exclusive) role in L. lactis-mucins interactions. Specific interactions were analyzed in terms of kinetic constants. An increase in the loading rate of atomic force microscope tip led to a higher force between interacting biological entities, which was directly linked to the kinetic dissociation constant (K(off)). Enhancing the contact time between the tip and the sample allowed an increase in the interaction probability, which can be related to the kinetic association constant (K(on)). Variations in the loading rate and contact time enabled us to determine K(on) (3.3 × 10(2) M(-1)·s(-1)) and K(off) (0.46 s(-1)), and the latter was consistent with values given in the literature for sugar-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan Thanh Lam Le
- INSA, UPS, INP, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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20
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Baos SC, Phillips DB, Wildling L, McMaster TJ, Berry M. Distribution of sialic acids on mucins and gels: a defense mechanism. Biophys J 2012; 102:176-84. [PMID: 22225812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Moist mucosal epithelial interfaces that are exposed to external environments are dominated by sugar epitopes, some of which (e.g., sialic acids) are involved in host defense. In this study, we determined the abundance and distribution of two sialic acids to assess differences in their availability to an exogenous probe in isolated mucins and mucous gels. We used atomic force microscopy to obtain force maps of human preocular mucous and purified ocular mucins by probing and locating the interactions between tip-tethered lectins Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra and their respective receptors, α-2,3 and α-2,6 N-acetylneuraminic (sialic) acids. The rupture force distributions were not affected by neighboring sugar-bearing molecules. Energy contours for both lectin-sugar bonds were fitted to a two-barrier model, suggesting a conformational change before dissociation. In contrast to data from purified mucin molecules, the preocular gels presented numerous large clusters (19,000 ± 4000 nm(2)) of α-2,6 sialic acids, but very few small clusters (2000 ± 500 nm(2)) of α-2,3 epitopes. This indicates that mucins, which are rich in α-2,3 sialic acids, are only partially exposed at the surface of the mucous gel. Microorganisms that recognize α-2,3 sialic acids will encounter only isolated ligands, and the adhesion of other microorganisms will be enhanced by large islands of neighboring α-2,6 sialic acids. We have unveiled an additional level of mucosal surface heterogeneity, specifically in the distribution of pro- and antiadhesive sialic acids that protect underlying epithelia from viruses and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Baos
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Eye Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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21
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Chang CF, Pan JF, Lin CN, Wu IL, Wong CH, Lin CH. Rapid characterization of sugar-binding specificity by in-solution proximity binding with photosensitizers. Glycobiology 2011; 21:895-902. [PMID: 21325337 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface carbohydrates are known to participate in many important physiological and pathological activities by interacting with their corresponding proteins or receptors. Although several methods have been developed for studying carbohydrate-protein interactions, one major problem originates from the weak bindings of carbohydrates/proteins that are often lost during repeating wash steps. Herein, we established a homogeneous solution carbohydrate array in which polyacrylamide-based glycans are used for offering a multivalent environment. The method requires no wash step and can be carried out in a high-throughput manner. We characterized the carbohydrate-binding specificities of 11 lectins and 7 antibodies, the majority of which displayed the binding patterns in consistence with previous reports. These results demonstrate that our developed solution carbohydrate array provides a useful alternative that is better than or comparable with the current available methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Fa Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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22
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Mucin-lectin interactions assessed by flow cytometry. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1486-91. [PMID: 20557876 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The O-glycosylated domains of mucins and mucin-type glycoproteins contain 50-80% of carbohydrate and possess expanded conformations. Herein, we describe a flow cytometry (FCM) method for determining the carbohydrate-binding specificities of lectins to mucin. Biotinylated mucin was immobilized on streptavidin-coated beads, and the binding specificities of the major mucin sugar chains, as determined by GC-MS and MALDI-ToF, were monitored using fluorescein-labeled lectins. The specificities of lectins toward specific biotinylated glycans were determined as controls. The advantage of flexibility, multiparametric data acquisition, speed, sensitivity, and high-throughput capability makes flow cytometry a valuable tool to study diverse interactions between glycans and proteins.
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