1
|
Salami H, Lagerman CE, Harris PR, McDonald MA, Bommarius AS, Rousseau RW, Grover MA. Model development for enzymatic reactive crystallization of β-lactam antibiotics: a reaction–diffusion-crystallization approach. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00276c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A mathematical model for production of β-lactam antibiotics via enzymatic reactive crystallization is developed, and its application for catalyst and process design is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Salami
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Colton E. Lagerman
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Patrick R. Harris
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Matthew A. McDonald
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Ronald W. Rousseau
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Martha A. Grover
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fraczyk J, Kamiński ZJ. N-Lipidated Amino Acids and Peptides Immobilizedon Cellulose Able to Split Amide Bonds. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12040578. [PMID: 30769907 PMCID: PMC6416662 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
N-lipidated short peptides and amino acids immobilized on the cellulose were used as catalysts cleaved amide bonds under biomimetic conditions. In order to select catalytically most active derivatives a library of 156 N-lipidated amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides immobilized on cellulose was obtained. The library was synthesized from serine, histidine and glutamic acid peptides N-acylated with heptanoic, octanoic, hexadecanoic and (E)-octadec-9-enoic acids. Catalytic efficiency was monitored by spectrophotometric determination of p-nitroaniline formed by the hydrolysis of a 0.1 M solution of Z-Leu-NP. The most active 8 structures contained tripeptide fragment with 1-3 serine residues. It has been found that incorporation of metal ions into catalytic pockets increase the activity of the synzymes. The structures of the 17 most active catalysts selected from the library of complexes obtained with Cu2+ ion varied from 16 derivatives complexed with Zn2+ ion. For all of them, a very high reaction rate during the preliminary phase of measurements was followed by a substantial slowdown after 1 h. The catalytic activity gradually diminished after subsequent re-use. HPLC analysis of amide bond splitting confirmed that substrate consumption proceeded in two stages. In the preliminary stage 24–40% of the substrate was rapidly hydrolysed followed by the substantially lower reaction rate. Nevertheless, using the most competent synzymes product of hydrolysis was formed with a yield of 60–83% after 48h under mild and strictly biomimetic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Fraczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew J Kamiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Background:Cholesterol oxidases are bacterial oxidases widely used commercially for their application in the detection of cholesterol in blood serum, clinical or food samples. Additionally, these enzymes find potential applications as an insecticide, synthesis of anti-fungal antibiotics and a biocatalyst to transform a number of sterol and non-sterol compounds. However, the soluble form of cholesterol oxidases are found to be less stable when applied at higher temperatures, broader pH range, and incur higher costs. These disadvantages can be overcome by immobilization on carrier matrices.Methods:This review focuses on the immobilization of cholesterol oxidases on various macro/micro matrices as well as nanoparticles and their potential applications. Selection of appropriate support matrix in enzyme immobilization is of extreme importance. Recently, nanomaterials have been used as a matrix for immobilization of enzyme due to their large surface area and small size. The bio-compatible length scales and surface chemistry of nanoparticles provide reusability, stability and enhanced performance characteristics for the enzyme-nanoconjugates.Conclusion:In this review, immobilization of cholesterol oxidase on nanomaterials and other matrices are discussed. Immobilization on nanomatrices has been observed to increase the stability and activity of enzymes. This enhances the applicability of cholesterol oxidases for various industrial and clinical applications such as in biosensors.
Collapse
|
4
|
Prominent Study on Surface Properties and Diffusion Coefficient of Urease-Conjugated Magnetite Nanoparticles. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
5
|
Ritter E, Smirnova I. Continuous Countercurrent Extractive Biocatalysis in Aqueous Surfactant Two-Phase Systems. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201700054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ritter
- Hamburg University of Technology; Institute of Thermal Separation Processes; Eissendorfer Straße 38 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Irina Smirnova
- Hamburg University of Technology; Institute of Thermal Separation Processes; Eissendorfer Straße 38 21073 Hamburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gabrielczyk J, Duensing T, Buchholz S, Schwinges A, Jördening HJ. A Comparative Study on Immobilization of Fructosyltransferase in Biodegradable Polymers by Electrospinning. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 185:847-862. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Sun X, Zhu W, Matyjaszewski K. Protection of opening lids: very high catalytic activity of lipase immobilized on core-shell nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2018; 51:289-296. [PMID: 29983451 PMCID: PMC6029252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Various hydrophobic supports have been used for lipase immobilization since the active site of lipase can be opened in a hydrophobic environment. Nevertheless, the increase of lipase activity is still limited. This study demonstrates a hyperactivation-protection strategy of lipase after immobilization on poly(n-butyl acrylate)-polyaldehyde dextran (PBA-PAD) core-shell nanoparticles. The inner hydrophobic PBA domain helps to rearrange lipase conformation to a more active form after immobilization into the PAD shell. More importantly, the outer PAD shell with dense polysaccharide chains prevents the immobilized lipase from contact with outside aqueous medium and revert its conformation back to an inactive form. As a result, under optimal conditions the activity of lipase immobilized in PBA-PAD nanoparticles was enhanced 40 times over the free one, much higher than in any previous report. Furthermore, the immobilized lipase retained more than 80 % of its activity after 10 reaction cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Weipu Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bolivar JM, Eisl I, Nidetzky B. Advanced characterization of immobilized enzymes as heterogeneous biocatalysts. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
9
|
Ding S, Cargill AA, Medintz IL, Claussen JC. Increasing the activity of immobilized enzymes with nanoparticle conjugation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 34:242-50. [PMID: 25957941 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency and selectivity of enzymatic catalysis is useful to a plethora of industrial and manufacturing processes. Many of these processes require the immobilization of enzymes onto surfaces, which has traditionally reduced enzyme activity. However, recent research has shown that the integration of nanoparticles into enzyme carrier schemes has maintained or even enhanced immobilized enzyme performance. The nanoparticle size and surface chemistry as well as the orientation and density of immobilized enzymes all contribute to the enhanced performance of enzyme-nanoparticle conjugates. These improvements are noted in specific nanoparticles including those comprising carbon (e.g., graphene and carbon nanotubes), metal/metal oxides and polymeric nanomaterials, as well as semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2104 Black Engineering, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Allison A Cargill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2104 Black Engineering, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Jonathan C Claussen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2104 Black Engineering, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Active site titration of immobilized beta-galactosidase for the determination of active enzymes. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
11
|
Kurjatschij S, Katzberg M, Bertau M. Production and properties of threonine aldolase immobilisates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Tibhe JD, Fu H, Noël T, Wang Q, Meuldijk J, Hessel V. Flow synthesis of phenylserine using threonine aldolase immobilized on Eupergit support. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2168-79. [PMID: 24204429 PMCID: PMC3817483 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Threonine aldolase (TA) from Thermotoga maritima was immobilized on an Eupergit support by both a direct and an indirect method. The incubation time for the direct immobilization method was optimized for the highest amount of enzyme on the support. By introducing the immobilized TA in a packed-bed microreactor, a flow synthesis of phenylserine was developed, and the effects of temperature and residence time were studied in particular. Calculations of the Damköhler number revealed that no mass transfer limitations are given in the micro-interstices of the packed bed. The yield does not exceed 40% and can be rationalized by the natural equilibrium as well as product inhibition which was experimentally proven. The flow synthesis with the immobilized enzyme was compared with the corresponding transformation conducted with the free enzyme. The product yield was further improved by operating under slug flow conditions which is related to the very short residence time distribution. In all cases 20% diastereomeric excess (de) and 99% enantiomeric excess (ee) were observed. A continuous run of the reactant solution was carried out for 10 hours in order to check enzyme stability at higher temperature. Stable operation was achieved at 20 minute residence time. Finally, the productivity of the reactor was calculated, extrapolated to parallel run units, and compared with data collected previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish D Tibhe
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schroeck AM, Schober S, Mittelbach M. Highly active biocatalyst for transesterification: Cross linked enzyme aggregates ofThermomyces lanuginosusandCandida antarcticaB. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maria Schroeck
- Renewable Resources Group, Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz; Graz; Austria
| | - Sigurd Schober
- Renewable Resources Group, Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz; Graz; Austria
| | - Martin Mittelbach
- Renewable Resources Group, Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz; Graz; Austria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cui JD, Jia SR. Optimization protocols and improved strategies of cross-linked enzyme aggregates technology: current development and future challenges. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 35:15-28. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.795516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
15
|
Sheldon RA, van Pelt S. Enzyme immobilisation in biocatalysis: why, what and how. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6223-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60075k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1764] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
16
|
Singh RK, Tiwari MK, Singh R, Lee JK. From protein engineering to immobilization: promising strategies for the upgrade of industrial enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1232-77. [PMID: 23306150 PMCID: PMC3565319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes found in nature have been exploited in industry due to their inherent catalytic properties in complex chemical processes under mild experimental and environmental conditions. The desired industrial goal is often difficult to achieve using the native form of the enzyme. Recent developments in protein engineering have revolutionized the development of commercially available enzymes into better industrial catalysts. Protein engineering aims at modifying the sequence of a protein, and hence its structure, to create enzymes with improved functional properties such as stability, specific activity, inhibition by reaction products, and selectivity towards non-natural substrates. Soluble enzymes are often immobilized onto solid insoluble supports to be reused in continuous processes and to facilitate the economical recovery of the enzyme after the reaction without any significant loss to its biochemical properties. Immobilization confers considerable stability towards temperature variations and organic solvents. Multipoint and multisubunit covalent attachments of enzymes on appropriately functionalized supports via linkers provide rigidity to the immobilized enzyme structure, ultimately resulting in improved enzyme stability. Protein engineering and immobilization techniques are sequential and compatible approaches for the improvement of enzyme properties. The present review highlights and summarizes various studies that have aimed to improve the biochemical properties of industrially significant enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raushan Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Immobilization of Bacillus subtilis esterase by simple cross-linking for enzymatic resolution of dl-menthyl acetate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
18
|
Zhao J, Wang Y, Luo G, Zhu S. Immobilization of penicillin G acylase on macro-mesoporous silica spheres. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:529-535. [PMID: 20965720 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, macro-mesoporous silica spheres were prepared with a micro-device and used as the support for the immobilization of penicillin G acylase (PGA). To measure the enzymatic activity, the silica spheres with immobilized PGA were placed into a packed-bed reactor, in which the hydrolysis of penicillin G was carried out. The influences of the residence time, the initial concentration of the substrate, the accumulation of the target product 6-aminopenicillanic acid, and the enzyme loading amount on the performance of the immobilized PGA were investigated. The introduction of macropores increased the enzyme loading amount and decreased the internal mass transfer resistance, and the results showed that the enzyme loading amount reached 895 mg/g (dry support), and the apparent enzymatic activity achieved up to 1033 U/g (dry support). In addition, the immobilized PGA was found to have great stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Expression, one-step purification, and immobilization of HaloTag(TM) fusion proteins on chloroalkane-functionalized magnetic beads. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 162:2098-110. [PMID: 20473582 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-8985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The presented work introduces a novel method to immobilize enzymes either purified or directly out of a crude extract onto magnetic particles in the micrometer range. This method is based on the creation of a fusion protein consisting of the enzyme of choice and a mutant dehalogenase. The dehalogenase gene is commercially available from the company Promega under the name HaloTag(TM). When the fusion protein is contacted with magnetic beads having chemically synthesized, chloroalkane ligands on their surface, the dehalogenase and the ligand undergo a covalent coupling leading to stable and spatially defined immobilization. The principle was proved with a lipase fused to the HaloTag(TM) gene and magnetic poly(methyl)methacrylate beads as carriers. The solubility of the tagged lipase was strongly increased by fusion of the malE gene at the N-terminal end of the HaloTag(TM) lipase gene. This tripartite protein was purified on amylose resin and used for immobilization. About 13 µg protein could be immobilized per 1 mg of beads within a few minutes. Due to the defined binding site, no activity loss was observed in the course of the immobilization. The resulting enzyme carrier was tested with the same beads up to six times for lipase activity over a storage period of 36 days at 8 °C. No loss of activity was found during this time.
Collapse
|
20
|
Superparamagnetic aminopropyl-functionalized silica core-shell microspheres as magnetically separable carriers for immobilization of penicillin G acylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Boniello C, Mayr T, Klimant I, Koenig B, Riethorst W, Nidetzky B. Intraparticle concentration gradients for substrate and acidic product in immobilized cephalosporin C amidase and their dependencies on carrier characteristics and reaction parameters. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 106:528-40. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
23
|
Shi B, Wang Y, Guo Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Liu X, Lu G. Aminopropyl-functionalized silicas synthesized by W/O microemulsion for immobilization of penicillin G acylase. Catal Today 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
24
|
Torres P, Datla A, Rajasekar V, Zambre S, Ashar T, Yates M, Rojas-Cervantes M, Calero-Rueda O, Barba V, Martínez M, Ballesteros A, Plou F. Characterization and application of a sterol esterase immobilized on polyacrylate epoxy-activated carriers (Dilbeads™). CATAL COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
25
|
|
26
|
Rajendhran J, Gunasekaran P. Molecular cloning and characterization of thermostable β-lactam acylase with broad substrate specificity from Bacillus badius. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 103:457-63. [PMID: 17609162 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.103.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The gene (pac) encoding beta-lactam acylase from Bacillus badius was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The pac gene was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using degenerated primers, on the basis of conserved amino acid residues. By using single specific primer PCR (SSP-PCR) and direct genome sequencing, a complete pac gene with its promoter region was obtained. The ORF consisted of 2415 bp and the deduced amino acid sequence indicated that the enzyme is synthesized as a preproenzyme with a signal sequence, an alpha-subunit, a spacer peptide and a beta-subunit. The pac gene was expressed with its own promoter in different E. coli host strains and a maximum recombinant PAC (1820 U l(-1)) was obtained in E. coli DH5alpha. The recombinant PAC was purified by Ni-NTA chromatography and the purified PAC had two subunits with apparent molecular masses of 25 and 62 kDa. This enzyme exhibited a high thermostability with a maximum activity at 50 degrees C. This enzyme showed stability over a wide pH range (pH 6.0-8.5) with a maximum activity at pH 7.0 and activity on a wide beta-lactam substrate range. The K(m) values obtained for the hydrolysis of penicillin G and a chromogenic substrate, 6-nitro-3-phenylacetylamidobenzoic acid, from B. badius PAC were 39 and 41 microM, respectively. The PAC activity was competitively inhibited by PAA (K(i), 108 microM) and noncompetitively by 6-APA (K(i), 17 mM). The constitutive production of B. badius PAC in E. coli and its easier purification together with the advantageous properties, such as thermostability, pH stability and broad substrate specificity, make this as a novel enzyme suitable for beta-lactam industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaprakash Rajendhran
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jager SA, Jekel PA, Janssen DB. Hybrid penicillin acylases with improved properties for synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
28
|
Rajendhran J, Gunasekaran P. Application of cross-linked enzyme aggregates of Bacillus badius penicillin G acylase for the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 44:43-9. [PMID: 17209813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.02043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Optimization of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) production using cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) of Bacillus badius penicillin G acylase (PAC). METHODS AND RESULTS CLEA-PAC was prepared using purified/partially purified PAC with phenylacetic acid as active-site blocking agent and glutaraldehyde as cross-linker. Conversion of penicillin G to 6-APA by CLEA-PAC was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) (central composite rotatable design) consisting of a three-factor-two-level pattern with 20 experimental runs. CONCLUSION Nearly, 80% of immobilization yield was obtained when partially purified enzyme was used for the preparation of CLEA-PAC. Quantitative conversion of penicillin G to 6-APA was observed within 60 min and the CLEA-PAC was reusable for 20 repeated cycles with 100% retention of enzyme activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The faster conversion of penicillin G to 6-APA by CLEA-PAC and efficient reusability holds a strong potential for the industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rajendhran
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Senerovic L, Stankovic N, Spizzo P, Basso A, Gardossi L, Vasiljevic B, Ljubijankic G, Tisminetzky S, Degrassi G. High-level production and covalent immobilization ofProvidencia rettgeri penicillin G acylase (PAC) from recombinantPichia pastoris for the development of a novel and stable biocatalyst of industrial applicability. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 93:344-54. [PMID: 16259000 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A complete, integrated process for the production of an innovative formulation of penicillin G acylase from Providencia rettgeri(rPAC(P.rett))of industrial applicability is reported. In order to improve the yield of rPAC, the clone LN5.5, carrying four copies of pac gene integrated into the genome of Pichia pastoris, was constructed. The proteinase activity of the recombinant strain was reduced by knockout of the PEP4 gene encoding for proteinase A, resulting in an increased rPAC(P.rett) activity of approximately 40% (3.8 U/mL vs. 2.7 U/mL produced by LN5.5 in flask). A high cell density fermentation process was established with a 5-day methanol induction phase and a final PAC activity of up to 27 U/mL. A single step rPAC(P.rett) purification was also developed with an enzyme activity yield of approximately 95%. The novel features of the rPAC(P.rett) expressed in P.pastoris were fully exploited and emphasized through the covalent immobilization of rPAC(P.rett). The enzyme was immobilized on a series of structurally correlated methacrylic polymers, specifically designed and produced for optimizing rPAC(P.rett) performances in both hydrolytic and synthetic processes. Polymers presenting aminic functionalities were the most efficient, leading to formulations with higher activity and stability (half time stability >3 years and specific activity ranging from 237 to 477 U/g (dry) based on benzylpenicillin hydrolysis). The efficiency of the immobilized rPAC(P.rett) was finally evaluated by studying the kinetically controlled synthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics (cephalexin) and estimating the synthesis/hydrolysis ratio (S/H), which is a crucial parameter for the feasibility of the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Senerovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
O'Farrell N, Kreiner M, Moore BD, Parker MC. A rapid and direct method for the determination of active site accessibility in proteins based on ESI-MS and active site titrations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 95:767-71. [PMID: 16917861 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) technique that can be applied to rapidly determine the number of intact active sites in proteins. The methodology relies on inhibiting the protein with an active-site irreversible inhibitor and then using ESI-MS to determine the extent of inhibition. We have applied this methodology to a test system: a serine protease, subtilisin Carlsberg, and monitored the extent of inhibition by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), an irreversible serine hydrolase inhibitor as a function of the changes in immobilisation and hydration conditions. Two types of enzyme preparation were investigated, lyophilised enzymes and protein-coated microcrystals (PCMC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norah O'Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, WestChem, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Development and characterization of a potent producer of penicillin G amidase by mutagenization. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-9023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
32
|
Kallenberg A, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon R. Immobilization of Penicillin G Acylase: The Key to Optimum Performance. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200505042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
33
|
Kumar GSV, Kumar KS. Immobilization of catalase on a novel polymer support, crosslinked polystyrene ethylene glycol acrylate resin: Role of the macromolecular matrix on enzyme activity. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
34
|
Heilmann SM, Drtina GJ, Haddad LC, Rasmussen JK, Gaddam BN, Liu JJ, Fitzsimons RT, Fansler DD, Vyvyan JR, Yang YN, Beauchamp TJ. Azlactone-reactive polymer supports for immobilizing synthetically useful enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
35
|
Flores G, Soberón X, Osuna J. Production of a fully functional, permuted single-chain penicillin G acylase. Protein Sci 2004; 13:1677-83. [PMID: 15133167 PMCID: PMC2279987 DOI: 10.1110/ps.03436604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin G acylase (PGA) is a heterodimeric enzyme synthesized as a single-polypeptide precursor that undergoes an autocatalytic processing to remove an internal spacer peptide to produce the active enzyme. We constructed a single-chain PGA not dependent on autoproteolytic processing. The mature sequence of the beta-domain was expressed as the N terminus of a new polypeptide, connected by a random tetra-peptide to the alpha-domain, to afford a permuted protein. We found several active enzymes among variants differing in their linker peptides. Protein expression analysis showed that the functional single-chain variants were produced when using a Sec-dependent leader peptide, or when expressed inside the bacterial cytoplasm. Active-site titration experiments showed that the single-chain proteins displayed similar k(cat) values to the ones obtained with the wild-type enzyme. Interestingly, the single-chain proteins also displayed close to 100% of functional active sites compared to 40% to 70% functional yield usually obtained with the heterodimeric protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología/Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Recent advances have been made in the development of carrier-free immobilised enzymes and several criteria established for the selection of immobilised enzymes for biotransformations. The pros and cons of carrier-free versus carrier-bound immobilised enzymes and of each type of carrier-free enzyme are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linqiu Cao
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Van Langen LM, Janssen MHA, Oosthoek NHP, Pereira SRM, Svedas VK, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA. Active site titration as a tool for the evaluation of immobilization procedures of penicillin acylase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 79:224-8. [PMID: 12115439 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Native and immobilized preparations of penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli and Alcaligenes faecalis were studied using an active site titration technique. Knowledge of the number of active sites allowed the calculation of the average turnover rate of the enzyme in the various preparations and allowed us to quantify the contribution of irreversible inactivation of the enzyme to the loss of catalytic activity during the immobilization procedure. In most cases a loss of active sites as well as a decrease of catalytic activity per active site (turnover rate) was observed upon immobilization. Immobilization techniques affected the enzymes differently. The effect of increased loading of penicillin acylase on the average turnover rate was determined by active site titration to assess diffusion limitations in the carrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luuk M Van Langen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|