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Gupta S, Shah B, Fung CS, Chan PK, Wakefield DL, Kuhns S, Goudar CT, Piret JM. Engineering protein glycosylation in CHO cells to be highly similar to murine host cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1113994. [PMID: 36873370 PMCID: PMC9978007 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1113994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2015 more than 34 biosimilars have been approved by the FDA. This new era of biosimilar competition has stimulated renewed technology development focused on therapeutic protein or biologic manufacturing. One challenge in biosimilar development is the genetic differences in the host cell lines used to manufacture the biologics. For example, many biologics approved between 1994 and 2011 were expressed in murine NS0 and SP2/0 cell lines. Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) cells, however, have since become the preferred hosts for production due to their increased productivity, ease of use, and stability. Differences between murine and hamster glycosylation have been identified in biologics produced using murine and CHO cells. In the case of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), glycan structure can significantly affect critical antibody effector function, binding activity, stability, efficacy, and in vivo half-life. In an attempt to leverage the intrinsic advantages of the CHO expression system and match the reference biologic murine glycosylation, we engineered a CHO cell expressing an antibody that was originally produced in a murine cell line to produce murine-like glycans. Specifically, we overexpressed cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) and N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA) to obtain glycans with N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and galactose-α-1,3-galactose (alpha gal). The resulting CHO cells were shown to produce mAbs with murine glycans, and they were then analyzed by the spectrum of analytical methods typically used to demonstrate analytical similarity as a part of demonstrating biosimilarity. This included high-resolution mass spectrometry, biochemical, as well as cell-based assays. Through selection and optimization in fed-batch cultures, two CHO cell clones were identified with similar growth and productivity criteria to the original cell line. They maintained stable production for 65 population doubling times while matching the glycosylation profile and function of the reference product expressed in murine cells. This study demonstrates the feasibility of engineering CHO cells to express mAbs with murine glycans to facilitate the development of biosimilars that are highly similar to marketed reference products expressed in murine cells. Furthermore, this technology can potentially reduce the residual uncertainty regarding biosimilarity, resulting in a higher probability of regulatory approval and potentially reduced costs and time in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Gupta
- Amgen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, United States.,Michael Smith Laboratories, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott Kuhns
- Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | | | - James M Piret
- Michael Smith Laboratories, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Koyuturk I, Kedia S, Robotham A, Star A, Brochu D, Sauvageau J, Kelly J, Gilbert M, Durocher Y. High-level production of wild-type and oxidation-resistant recombinant alpha-1-antitrypsin in glycoengineered CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2331-2344. [PMID: 35508753 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) is a serine protease inhibitor which blocks the activity of serum proteases including neutrophil elastase to protect the lungs. Its deficiency is known to increase the risk of pulmonary emphysema as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Currently, the only treatment for patients with A1AT deficiency is weekly injection of plasma-purified A1AT. There is still today no commercial source of therapeutic recombinant A1AT, likely due to significant differences in expression host-specific glycosylation profile and/or high costs associated with the huge therapeutic dose needed. Accordingly, we aimed to produce high levels of recombinant wild-type A1AT, as well as a mutated protein (mutein) version for increased oxidation resistance, with N-glycans analogous to human plasma-derived A1AT. To achieve this, we disrupted two endogenous glycosyltransferase genes controlling core α-1,6-fucosylation (Fut8) and α-2,3-sialylation (ST3Gal4) in CHO cells using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, followed by overexpression of human α-2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6Gal1) using a cumate-inducible expression system. Volumetric A1AT productivity obtained from stable CHO pools was 2.5- to 6.5-fold higher with the cumate-inducible CR5 promoter compared to five strong constitutive promoters. Using the CR5 promoter, glycoengineered stable CHO pools were able to produce over 2.1 g/L and 2.8 g/L of wild-type and mutein forms of A1AT, respectively, with N-glycans analogous to the plasma-derived clinical product Prolastin-C. Supplementation of N-acetylmannosamine to the cell culture media during production increased the overall sialylation of A1AT as well as the proportion of bi-antennary and disialylated A2G2S2 N-glycans. These purified recombinant A1AT proteins showed in vitro inhibitory activity equivalent to Prolastin-C and substitution of methionine residues 351 and 358 with valines rendered A1AT significantly more resistant to oxidation. The recombinant A1AT mutein bearing an improved oxidation-resistance described in this study could represent a viable biobetter drug, offering a safe and more stable alternative for augmentation therapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izel Koyuturk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Qc, Canada, H3C 3J7.,Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Building Montreal-Royalmount, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Qc, Canada, H4P 2R2
| | - Surbhi Kedia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Qc, Canada, H9X 3V9
| | - Anna Robotham
- Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, 100 Sussex Drive, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A OR6
| | - Alexandra Star
- Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, 100 Sussex Drive, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A OR6
| | - Denis Brochu
- Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, 100 Sussex Drive, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A OR6
| | - Janelle Sauvageau
- Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, 100 Sussex Drive, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A OR6
| | - John Kelly
- Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, 100 Sussex Drive, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A OR6
| | - Michel Gilbert
- Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, 100 Sussex Drive, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A OR6
| | - Yves Durocher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Qc, Canada, H3C 3J7.,Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Building Montreal-Royalmount, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Qc, Canada, H4P 2R2
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Beauglehole AC, Roche Recinos D, Pegg CL, Lee YY, Turnbull V, Herrmann S, Marcellin E, Howard CB, Schulz BL. Recent advances in the production of recombinant factor IX: bioprocessing and cell engineering. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:484-502. [PMID: 35430942 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2036691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate treatment of Hemophilia B is vital for patients' quality of life. Historically, the treatment used was the administration of coagulation Factor IX derived from human plasma. Advancements in recombinant technologies allowed Factor IX to be produced recombinantly. Successful recombinant production has triggered a gradual shift from the plasma derived origins of Factor IX, as it provides extended half-life and expanded production capacity. However, the complex post-translational modifications of Factor IX have made recombinant production at scale difficult. Considerable research has therefore been invested into understanding and optimizing the recombinant production of Factor IX. Here, we review the evolution of recombinant Factor IX production, focusing on recent developments in bioprocessing and cell engineering to control its post-translational modifications in its expression from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden C. Beauglehole
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- CSL Innovation, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dinora Roche Recinos
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- CSL Innovation, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra L. Pegg
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Victor Turnbull
- CSL Innovation, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susann Herrmann
- CSL Innovation, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher B. Howard
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin L. Schulz
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Mastrangeli R, Audino MC, Palinsky W, Broly H, Bierau H. Current views on N-glycolylneuraminic acid in therapeutic recombinant proteins. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:943-956. [PMID: 34544608 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of the non-human N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) in therapeutic recombinant proteins raises clinical concerns due to its immunogenic potential and the high prevalence of pre-existing anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in humans. The scientific literature is ambiguous regarding the actual impact of Neu5Gc-containing biotherapeutics as no severe adverse clinical manifestations were unequivocally attributed to Neu5Gc for currently marketed biotherapeutics. This review discusses structural and functional considerations of Neu5Gc-containing glycans regarding the potential impact on drug clearance, their recognition by pre-existing antibodies, and recent hypotheses regarding the tolerance to low Neu5Gc levels. Furthermore, it provides recommendations regarding the standardization of analysis and reporting, analytical aspects relevant for assessing risks associated with Neu5Gc-containing biotherapeutics, and approaches to minimize Neu5Gc incorporation in recombinant protein manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Mastrangeli
- Technology & Innovation, CMC Science & Intelligence, Merck Serono SpA (an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Guidonia Montecelio (Rome), Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Audino
- Technology & Innovation, CMC Science & Intelligence, Merck Serono SpA (an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Guidonia Montecelio (Rome), Italy
| | - Wolf Palinsky
- Biotech Development Programme, Merck Biopharma (an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Aubonne, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono S.A. (an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Horst Bierau
- Technology & Innovation, CMC Science & Intelligence, Merck Serono SpA (an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Guidonia Montecelio (Rome), Italy.
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Savizi ISP, Motamedian E, E Lewis N, Jimenez Del Val I, Shojaosadati SA. An integrated modular framework for modeling the effect of ammonium on the sialylation process of monoclonal antibodies produced by CHO cells. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100019. [PMID: 34021707 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibodies (mABs) have emerged as one of the most important therapeutic recombinant proteins in the pharmaceutical industry. Their immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy are influenced by post-translational modifications, specifically the glycosylation process. Bioprocess conditions can influence the intracellular process of glycosylation. Among all the process conditions that have been recognized to affect the mAB glycoforms, the detailed mechanism underlying how ammonium could perturb glycosylation remains to be fully understood. It was shown that ammonium induces heterogeneity in protein glycosylation by altering the sialic acid content of glycoproteins. Hence, understanding this mechanism would aid pharmaceutical manufacturers to ensure consistent protein glycosylation. METHODS Three different mechanisms have been proposed to explain how ammonium influences the sialylation process. In the first, the inhibition of CMP-sialic acid transporter, which transports CMP-sialic acid (sialylation substrate) into the Golgi, by an increase in UDP-GlcNAc content that is brought about by the augmented incorporation of ammonium into glucosamine formation. In the second, ammonia diffuses into the Golgi and raises its pH, thereby decreasing the sialyltransferase enzyme activity. In the third, the reduction of sialyltransferase enzyme expression level in the presence of ammonium. We employed these mechanisms in a novel integrated modular platform to link dynamic alteration in mAB sialylation process with extracellular ammonium concentration to elucidate how ammonium alters the sialic acid content of glycoproteins. RESULTS Our results show that the sialylation reaction rate is insensitive to the first mechanism. At low ammonium concentration, the second mechanism is the controlling mechanism in mAB sialylation and by increasing the ammonium level (< 8 mM) the third mechanism becomes the controlling mechanism. At higher ammonium concentrations (> 8 mM) the second mechanism becomes predominant again. CONCLUSION The presented model in this study provides a connection between extracellular ammonium and the monoclonal antibody sialylation process. This computational tool could help scientists to develop and formulate cell culture media. The model illustrated here can assist the researchers to select culture media that ensure consistent mAB sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Shahidi Pour Savizi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Motamedian
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.,School of Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Seyed Abbas Shojaosadati
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Rameez S, Gowtham YK, Nayar G, Mostafa SS. Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3176. [PMID: 34021724 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. As such, it is important to match the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product to that of the innovator product. The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. Because the HM level of the mAb was observed to impact ADCC activity, it was desirable to match it to the innovator mAb's levels. Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. The process conditions evaluated varied in impact on HM levels, process performance and product quality. One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. Interestingly, a secondary interaction between sugar and amino sugar supplemented feeds and osmolality was observed during process scale-up. These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Rameez
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gautam Nayar
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sigma S Mostafa
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Villacrés C, Tayi VS, Butler M. Strategic feeding of NS0 and CHO cell cultures to control glycan profiles and immunogenic epitopes of monoclonal antibodies. J Biotechnol 2021; 333:49-62. [PMID: 33901620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The control of glycosylation profiles is essential to the consistent manufacture of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies that may be produced from a variety of cell lines including CHO and NS0. Of particular concern is the potential for generating non-human epitopes such as N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and Galα1-3 Gal that may be immunogenic. We have looked at the effects of a commonly used media supplements of manganese, galactose and uridine (MGU) on Mab production from CHO and NS0 cells in enhancing galactosylation and sialylation as well as the generation of these non-human glycan epitopes. In the absence of the MGU supplement, the humanized IgG1 antibody (Hu1D10) produced from NS0 cells showed a low level of mono- and di-sialylated structures (SI:0.09) of which 75 % of sialic acid was Neu5Gc. The chimeric human-llama Mab (EG2-hFc) produced from CHO cells showed an equally low level of sialylation (SI: 0.12) but the Neu5Gc content of sialic acid was negligible (<3%). Combinations of the MGU supplements added to the production cultures resulted in a substantial increase in the galactosylation of both Mabs (up to GI:0.78 in Hu1D10 and 0.81 in EG2-hFc). However, the effects on sialylation differed between the two Mabs. We observed a slight increase in sialylation of the EG2-hFc Mab by a combination of MG but it appeared that one of the components (uridine) was inhibitory to sialylation. On the other hand, MG or MGU increased sialylation of Hu1D10 substantially (SI:0.72) with an increase that could be attributed predominantly to the formation of Neu5Ac rather than Neu5Gc. The increased level of galactosylation observed with MG or MGU was attributed to an activation of the galactosyl transferase enzymes through enhanced intracellular levels of UDP-Gal and the availability of Mn2+ as an enzymic co-factor. However, this effect not only increased the desirable beta 1-4 Gal linkage to GlcNAc but unfortunately in NS0 cells increased the formation of Galα1-3 Gal which was shown to increase x3 in the presence of combinations of the MGU supplements. Supplementation of media with fetal bovine serum (FBS) increased the availability of free Neu5Ac which resulted in a significant increase in the sialylation of Hu1D10 from NS0 cells. This also resulted in a significant decrease in the proportion of Neu5Gc in the measured sialic acid from the Mab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Villacrés
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Venkata S Tayi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada; National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training (NIBRT), Fosters Avenue, Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland.
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Kumar S, Dhara VG, Orzolek LD, Hao H, More AJ, Lau EC, Betenbaugh MJ. Elucidating the impact of cottonseed hydrolysates on CHO cell culture performance through transcriptomic analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 105:271-285. [PMID: 33201275 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the impact of plant-based hydrolysates on CHO cells, a transcriptomic study was undertaken using cottonseed hydrolysate and Illumina's NextSeq transcriptomics profiling for 2 days of a batch cell culture. While cottonseed hydrolysate extended cell growth and increased antibody titer, significant effects were seen on transcriptomic signatures of supplemented cultures when compared to untreated cultures, evaluated using fold change, gene ontology (GO), and KEGG pathway analysis. Transcription and other factors commonly associated with cell growth such as those of the Atf family and homeobox proteins were upregulated while genes in the Hippo signaling pathway were downregulated. Genes involved in anabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis and those involving protein folding and translation elongation were upregulated. GO analysis of biological processes for cottonseed-supplemented cultures indicated enrichments in DNA replication, protein processing, and unfolded protein response while molecular functions associated with growth such as GTPases, ATP binding, and aminoacyl t-RNA ligase activity were also enriched. Cellular components associated with structural integrity such as actin cytoskeleton, microtubules, mitochondrion, and Lewy body were enriched. Enriched KEGG pathways include growth-associated pathways such as cell cycle, pI3K-AKT-mTOR, and cancer-related pathways as well as those enhancing glycan metabolism, purine metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These transcriptomic profiles provide insights into the roles that hydrolysates such as cottonseed can play in altering CHO cell growth and other physiological characteristics as well as suggesting ways in which CHO cell culture may be modified for enhancing performance in biotechnology applications. KEY POINTS: • Hydrolysate-supplemented cultures increased mammalian cell growth and productivity. • Fold-change analysis revealed upregulation in transcription and translation. • Enriched GOs and KEGG pathways including cell cycle and metabolism were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Venkata Gayatri Dhara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linda D Orzolek
- Transcriptomics and Deep Sequencing Core, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haiping Hao
- Transcriptomics and Deep Sequencing Core, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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10
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Xu S, Borys M, Khetan A, Pla I. Osmolality as a lever to modulate the N-glycolylneuraminicacid (Neu5Gc) level of a recombinant glycoprotein produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3038. [PMID: 32542945 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins could be highly sialylated, and controlling the sialic acid levels for some therapeutic proteins is critical to ensure product consistency and efficacy. N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, or NANA) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc, or NGNA) are the two most common forms of sialic acids produced in mammalian cells. As Neu5Gc is not produced in humans and can elicit immune responses, minimizing Neu5Gc formation is important in controlling this quality attribute for complex glycoproteins. In this study, a sialylated glycoprotein was used as the model molecule to study the effect of culture osmolality on Neu5Gc. A 14-day fed-batch process with osmolality maintained at physiological levels produced high levels of Neu5Gc. Increase of culture osmolality reduced the Neu5Gc level up to 70-80%, and the effect was proportional to the osmolality level. Through evaluating different osmolality conditions (300-450 mOsm/kg) under low or high pCO2 , we demonstrated that osmolality could be an effective process lever to modulate the Neu5Gc level. Potential mechanism of osmolality impact on Neu5Gc is discussed and is hypothesized to be cytosol NADH availability related. Compared with cell line engineering efforts, this simple process lever provides the opportunity to readily modulate the Neu5Gc level in a cell culture environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xu
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Itzcoatl Pla
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Cadaoas J, Boyle G, Jungles S, Cullen S, Vellard M, Grubb JH, Jurecka A, Sly W, Kakkis E. Vestronidase alfa: Recombinant human β-glucuronidase as an enzyme replacement therapy for MPS VII. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:65-76. [PMID: 32192868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII (MPS VII) is a rare lysosomal storage disease characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme β-glucuronidase that has previously been successfully treated in a mouse model with enzyme replacement therapy. Here, we present the generation of a novel, highly sialylated version of recombinant human β-glucuronidase (rhGUS), vestronidase alfa, that has high uptake, resulting in an improved enzyme replacement therapy for the treatment of patients with MPS VII. In vitro, vestronidase alfa has 10-fold more sialic acid per mole of rhGUS monomer than a prior rhGUS version (referred to as GUS 43/44) and demonstrated very high affinity at ~1 nM half maximal uptake in human MPS VII fibroblasts. Vestronidase alfa has a longer enzymatic half-life after uptake into fibroblasts compared with other enzymes used as replacement therapy for MPS (40 days vs 3 to 4 days, respectively). In pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution experiments in Sprague-Dawley rats, intravenous administration of vestronidase alfa resulted in higher serum rhGUS levels and enhanced β-glucuronidase activity distributed to target tissues. Weekly intravenous injections of vestronidase alfa (0.1 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg) in a murine model of MPS VII demonstrated efficient enzyme delivery to all tissues, including bone and brain, as well as reduced lysosomal storage of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in increased survival after 8 weeks of treatment. Vestronidase alfa was well-tolerated and demonstrated no toxicity at concentrations that reached 5-times the proposed clinical dose. In a first-in-human phase 1/2 clinical trial, a dose-dependent reduction in urine GAG levels was sustained over 38 weeks of treatment with vestronidase alfa. Together, these results support the therapeutic potential of vestronidase alfa as an enzyme replacement therapy for patients with MPS VII.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sean Cullen
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Michel Vellard
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949, USA; Audacity Therapeutics PBC, France
| | - Jeffrey H Grubb
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949, USA; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | | | - William Sly
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Emil Kakkis
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949, USA.
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Nguyen TS, Misaki R, Ohashi T, Fujiyama K. Enhancement of sialylation in rIgG in glyco-engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:343-355. [PMID: 32125558 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since about 70% of commercial biopharmaceutical products have been produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, this cell line is undeniably a workhorse for biopharmaceuticals production. Meanwhile, sialic acid terminals were reported to affect anti-inflammatory activity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity efficacy of IgG antibodies. Taking these findings together, we aimed to establish CHO cell lines that highly produce sialic acid terminals by overexpressing two N-acetylneuraminic acid-based key enzymes, α(2,6)-sialyltransferase and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase using dihydrofolate reductase/methotrexate gene amplification method. Indeed, the number of total sialic acid terminal glycan structures increased tremendously, by 12-fold compared to the wild type in total protein extracts. With the methotrexate supplementation, a targeted cell line, CHOmt17-100, showed up to 1.4 times more sialylated structures of glycoforms in total proteins. Interestingly, immunoglobulin G, used as the model protein in CHOmt17-100, showed about 53% sialylated structures in its glycoforms. These resultant sialylated glycans exhibited more than approximately 14.5 times increase as compared to that of the wild type. Moreover, the resultant glycan structures mostly had N-acetylneuraminic acid terminals, while N-glycolylneuraminic acid terminal composition remained less than 5% as compared to the wild type. Engineered antibodies derived from CHO cell lines that produce high levels of sialic acid will contribute to the examination of glycoforms' efficacy and usefulness toward bio-better products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Sam Nguyen
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Misaki
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takao Ohashi
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- MU-OU Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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13
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Lalonde ME, Koyuturk I, Brochu D, Jabbour J, Gilbert M, Durocher Y. Production of α2,6-sialylated and non-fucosylated recombinant alpha-1-antitrypsin in CHO cells. J Biotechnol 2020; 307:87-97. [PMID: 31697975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) is an abundant serum inhibitor of serine proteases. A1AT deficiency is a common genetic disorder which is currently treated with augmentation therapies. These treatments involve weekly injections of patients with purified plasma-derived A1AT. Such therapies can be extremely expensive and rely on plasma donors. Hence, large-scale production of recombinant A1AT (rA1AT) could greatly benefit these patients, as it could decrease the cost of treatments, reduce biosafety concerns and ensure quantitative and qualitative controls of the protein. In this report, we sought to produce α2,6-sialylated rA1AT with our cumate-inducible stable CHO pool expression system. Our different CHO pools could reach volumetric productivities of 1,2 g/L. The human α2,6-sialyltransferase was stably expressed in these cells in order to mimic elevated α2,6-sialylation levels of native A1AT protein. Sialylation of the recombinant protein was stable over the duration of the fed-batch production phase and was higher in a pool where cells were sorted and enriched by FACS based on cell-surface α2,6-sialylation. Addition of ManNAc to the cell culture media during production enhanced both α2,3 and α2,6 A1AT sialylation levels whereas addition of 2F-peracetylfucose potently inhibited fucosylation of the protein. Finally, we demonstrated that rA1AT proteins exhibited human neutrophil elastase inhibitory activities similar to the commercial human plasma-derived A1AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Lalonde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Izel Koyuturk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Denis Brochu
- Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, 100 Sussex Drive, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OR6, Canada
| | - Jonathan Jabbour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Michel Gilbert
- Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, 100 Sussex Drive, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OR6, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada; Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Building Montreal-Royalmount, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, H4P 2R2, Canada.
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14
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Kang DG, Kim CS, Cha HJ. Coexpression of CMP-sialic acid transporter reduces N-glycolylneuraminic acid levels of recombinant glycoproteins in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2815-2822. [PMID: 31317538 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant glycoproteins expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells contain two forms of sialic acids; N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) as a major type and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) as a minor type. The Neu5Gc glycan moieties in therapeutic glycoproteins can elicit immune responses because they do not exist in human. In the present work, to reduce Neu5Gc levels of recombinant glycoproteins from CHO cell cultures, we coexpressed cytidine-5'-monophosphate-sialic acid transporter (CMP-SAT) that is an antiporter and transports cytosolic CMP-sialic acids (both forms) into Golgi lumen. When human erythropoietin was used as a target human glycoprotein, coexpression of CMP-SAT resulted in a significant decrease of Neu5Gc level by 41.4% and a notable increase of Neu5Ac level by 21.2%. This result could be reasonably explained by our hypothesis that the turnover rate of Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc catalyzed by CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase would be reduced through facilitated transportation of Neu5Ac into Golgi apparatus by coexpression of CMP-SAT. We confirmed the effects of CMP-SAT coexpression on the decrease of Neu5Gc level and the increase of Neu5Ac level using another glycoprotein human DNase I. Therefore, CMP-SAT coexpression might be an effective strategy to reduce the levels of undesired Neu5Gc in recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins from CHO cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gyun Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Chang Sup Kim
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Cha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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15
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Simonov V, Ivanov S, Smolov M, Abbasova S, Piskunov A, Poteryaev D. Control of therapeutic IgG antibodies galactosylation during cultivation process and its impact on IgG1/FcγR interaction and ADCC activity. Biologicals 2019; 58:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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16
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Naik HM, Majewska NI, Betenbaugh MJ. Impact of nucleotide sugar metabolism on protein N-glycosylation in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell culture. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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18
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Buettner MJ, Shah SR, Saeui CT, Ariss R, Yarema KJ. Improving Immunotherapy Through Glycodesign. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2485. [PMID: 30450094 PMCID: PMC6224361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is revolutionizing health care, with the majority of high impact "drugs" approved in the past decade falling into this category of therapy. Despite considerable success, glycosylation-a key design parameter that ensures safety, optimizes biological response, and influences the pharmacokinetic properties of an immunotherapeutic-has slowed the development of this class of drugs in the past and remains challenging at present. This article describes how optimizing glycosylation through a variety of glycoengineering strategies provides enticing opportunities to not only avoid past pitfalls, but also to substantially improve immunotherapies including antibodies and recombinant proteins, and cell-based therapies. We cover design principles important for early stage pre-clinical development and also discuss how various glycoengineering strategies can augment the biomanufacturing process to ensure the overall effectiveness of immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Buettner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sagar R Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christopher T Saeui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pharmacology/Toxicology Branch I, Division of Clinical Evaluation and Pharmacology/Toxicology, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ryan Ariss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevin J Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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19
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Loebrich S, Clark E, Ladd K, Takahashi S, Brousseau A, Kitchener S, Herbst R, Ryll T. Comprehensive manipulation of glycosylation profiles across development scales. MAbs 2018; 11:335-349. [PMID: 30252592 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1527665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent and pattern of glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies can influence their circulatory half-life, engagement of effector functions, and immunogenicity, with direct consequences to efficacy and patient safety. Hence, controlling glycosylation patterns is central to any drug development program, yet poses a formidable challenge to the bio-manufacturing industry. Process changes, which can affect glycosylation patterns, range from manufacturing at different scales or sites, to switching production process mode, all the way to using alternative host cell lines. In the emerging space of biosimilars development, often times all of these aspects apply. Gaining a deep understanding of the direction and extent to which glycosylation quality attributes can be modulated is key for efficient fine-tuning of glycan profiles in a stage appropriate manner, but establishment of such platform knowledge is time consuming and resource intensive. Here we report an inexpensive and highly adaptable screening system for comprehensive modulation of glycans on antibodies expressed in CHO cells. We characterize 10 media additives in univariable studies and in combination, using a design of experiments approach to map the design space for tuning glycosylation profile attributes. We introduce a robust workflow that does not require automation, yet enables rapid process optimization. We demonstrate scalability across deep wells, shake flasks, AMBR-15 cell culture system, and 2 L single-use bioreactors. Further, we show that it is broadly applicable to different molecules and host cell lineages. This universal approach permits fine-tuned modulation of glycan product quality, reduces development costs, and enables agile implementation of process changes throughout the product lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Loebrich
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | - Elisa Clark
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | - Kristina Ladd
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | - Stefani Takahashi
- b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA.,c Process Analytics , Waltham , USA
| | - Anna Brousseau
- b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA.,d High Throughput Sciences , Waltham , USA
| | - Seth Kitchener
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | | | - Thomas Ryll
- b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
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20
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Metabolic engineering of CHO cells to prepare glycoproteins. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:433-442. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20180056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As a complex and common post-translational modification, N-linked glycosylation affects a recombinant glycoprotein's biological activity and efficacy. For example, the α1,6-fucosylation significantly affects antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and α2,6-sialylation is critical for antibody anti-inflammatory activity. Terminal sialylation is important for a glycoprotein's circulatory half-life. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are currently the predominant recombinant protein production platform, and, in this review, the characteristics of CHO glycosylation are summarized. Moreover, recent and current metabolic engineering strategies for tailoring glycoprotein fucosylation and sialylation in CHO cells, intensely investigated in the past decades, are described. One approach for reducing α1,6-fucosylation is through inhibiting fucosyltransferase (FUT8) expression by knockdown and knockout methods. Another approach to modulate fucosylation is through inhibition of multiple genes in the fucosylation biosynthesis pathway or through chemical inhibitors. To modulate antibody sialylation of the fragment crystallizable region, expressions of sialyltransferase and galactotransferase individually or together with amino acid mutations can affect antibody glycoforms and further influence antibody effector functions. The inhibition of sialidase expression and chemical supplementations are also effective and complementary approaches to improve the sialylation levels on recombinant glycoproteins. The engineering of CHO cells or protein sequence to control glycoforms to produce more homogenous glycans is an emerging topic. For modulating the glycosylation metabolic pathways, the interplay of multiple glyco-gene knockouts and knockins and the combination of multiple approaches, including genetic manipulation, protein engineering and chemical supplementation, are detailed in order to achieve specific glycan profiles on recombinant glycoproteins for superior biological function and effectiveness.
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21
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Saphire EO, Schendel SL, Gunn BM, Milligan JC, Alter G. Antibody-mediated protection against Ebola virus. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1169-1178. [PMID: 30333617 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent Ebola virus disease epidemics have highlighted the need for effective vaccines and therapeutics to prevent future outbreaks. Antibodies are clearly critical for control of this deadly disease; however, the specific mechanisms of action of protective antibodies have yet to be defined. In this Perspective we discuss the antibody features that correlate with in vivo protection during infection with Ebola virus, based on the results of a systematic and comprehensive study of antibodies directed against this virus. Although neutralization activity mediated by the Fab domains of the antibody is strongly correlated with protection, recruitment of immune effector functions by the Fc domain has also emerged as a complementary, and sometimes alternative, route to protection. For a subset of antibodies, Fc-mediated clearance and killing of infected cells seems to be the main driver of protection after exposure and mirrors observations in vaccination studies. Continued analysis of antibodies that achieve protection partially or wholly through Fc-mediated functions, the precise functions required, the intersection with specificity and the importance of these functions in different animal models is needed to identify and begin to capitalize on Fc-mediated protection in vaccines and therapeutics alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Sharon L Schendel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- The Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob C Milligan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- The Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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22
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Effect of Environmental Parameters on Glycosylation of Recombinant Immunoglobulin G Produced from Recombinant CHO Cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Blondeel EJM, Aucoin MG. Supplementing glycosylation: A review of applying nucleotide-sugar precursors to growth medium to affect therapeutic recombinant protein glycoform distributions. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1505-1523. [PMID: 29913209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute (CQA) of many therapeutic proteins, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and is a major consideration in the approval of biosimilar biologics due to its effects to therapeutic efficacy. Glycosylation generates a distribution of glycoforms, resulting in glycoproteins with inherent molecule-to-molecule heterogeneity, capable of activating (or failing to activate) different effector functions of the immune system. Glycoforms can be affected by the supplementation of nucleotide-sugar precursors, and related components, to culture growth medium, affecting the metabolism of glycosylation. These supplementations has been demonstrated to increase nucleotide-sugar intracellular pools, and impact glycoform distributions, but with varied results. These variations can be attributed to five key factors: Differences between cell platforms (enzyme/transporter expression levels); differences between recombinant proteins produced (glycan-site accessibility); the fermentation and sampling timeline (glucose availability and exoglycosidase accumulation); glutamine levels (affecting ammonia levels, which impact Golgi pH, as well as UDP-GlcNAc pools); and finally, a lack of standardized metrics for observing shifts in glycoform distributions (glycosylation indices) across different experiments. The purpose of this review is to provide detail and clarity on the state of the art of supplementation strategies for nucleotide-sugar precursors for affecting glycosylation in cell culture processes, and to apply glycosylation indices for standardized comparisons across the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J M Blondeel
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marc G Aucoin
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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24
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Lee CG, Oh MJ, Park SY, An HJ, Kim JH. Inhibition of poly-LacNAc biosynthesis with release of CMP-Neu5Ac feedback inhibition increases the sialylation of recombinant EPO produced in CHO cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7273. [PMID: 29740059 PMCID: PMC5940879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialylation of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins modulates their pharmacokinetic properties by affecting their in vivo half-life. N-glycan branching on glycoproteins increases the number of potential attachment sites for sialic acid. Here, we introduce a new approach for increasing the sialylation of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) produced in CHO cells by modulating poly-N-acetyllactosamine (poly-LacNAc) biosynthesis. We did not observe an increase in rhEPO sialylation, however, until the feedback inhibition by intracellular cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac), which is a limiting factor for sialylation, was released. Thus, we found that a combined approach inhibiting poly-LacNAc biosynthesis and releasing CMP-Neu5Ac feedback inhibition produces the most significant increase in rhEPO sialylation in metabolically engineered CHO cells. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the resulting N-glycan structures using LC/MS revealed increased tri- and tetra- sialylated N-glycan structures accompanied by a reduction of di-sialylated N-glycan structures. These results validate our new approach for glycosylation engineering, and we expect this approach will be useful in future efforts to enhance the efficacy of other therapeutic glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Geun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jin Oh
- Graduate School of Analytical Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.,Asia-pacific Glycomics Reference Site, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hyun Joo An
- Graduate School of Analytical Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.,Asia-pacific Glycomics Reference Site, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoe Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Nucleotide sugar precursor feeding strategy to enhance sialylation of albumin-erythropoietin in CHO cell cultures. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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26
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Tejwani V, Andersen MR, Nam JH, Sharfstein ST. Glycoengineering in CHO Cells: Advances in Systems Biology. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700234. [PMID: 29316325 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, glycoprotein biologics have been successfully produced from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The therapeutic efficacy and potency of glycoprotein biologics are often dictated by their post-translational modifications, particularly glycosylation, which unlike protein synthesis, is a non-templated process. Consequently, both native and recombinant glycoprotein production generate heterogeneous mixtures containing variable amounts of different glycoforms. Stability, potency, plasma half-life, and immunogenicity of the glycoprotein biologic are directly influenced by the glycoforms. Recently, CHO cells have also been explored for production of therapeutic glycosaminoglycans (e.g., heparin), which presents similar challenges as producing glycoproteins biologics. Approaches to controlling heterogeneity in CHO cells and directing the biosynthetic process toward desired glycoforms are not well understood. A systems biology approach combining different technologies is needed for complete understanding of the molecular processes accounting for this variability and to open up new venues in cell line development. In this review, we describe several advances in genetic manipulation, modeling, and glycan and glycoprotein analysis that together will provide new strategies for glycoengineering of CHO cells with desired or enhanced glycosylation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Tejwani
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | - Mikael R Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Susan T Sharfstein
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
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27
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Kwak CY, Park SY, Lee CG, Okino N, Ito M, Kim JH. Enhancing the sialylation of recombinant EPO produced in CHO cells via the inhibition of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13059. [PMID: 29026192 PMCID: PMC5638827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialylation regulates the in vivo half-life of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins, affecting their therapeutic efficacy. Levels of the precursor molecule cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) are considered a limiting factor in the sialylation of glycoproteins. Here, we show that by reducing the amount of intracellular CMP-Neu5Ac consumed for glycosphingolipid (GSL) biosynthesis, we can increase the sialylation of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) produced in CHO cells. Initially, we found that treating CHO cells with a potent inhibitor of GSL biosynthesis increases the sialylation of the rhEPO they produce. Then, we established a stable CHO cell line that produces rhEPO in the context of repression of the key GSL biosynthetic enzyme UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG). These UGCG-depleted cells show reduced levels of gangliosides and significantly elevated levels of rhEPO sialylation. Upon further analysis of the resulting N-glycosylation pattern, we discovered that the enhanced rhEPO sialylation could be attributed to a decrease in neutral and mono-sialylated N-glycans and an increase in di-sialylated N-glycans. Our results suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of rhEPO produced in CHO cells can be improved by shunting intracellular CMP-Neu5Ac away from GSL biosynthesis and toward glycoprotein sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Yeong Kwak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Chung-Geun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Jung Hoe Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Karengera E, Durocher Y, De Crescenzo G, Henry O. Combining metabolic and process engineering strategies to improve recombinant glycoprotein production and quality. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7837-7851. [PMID: 28924963 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing recombinant protein production while ensuring a high and consistent protein quality remains a challenge in mammalian cell culture process development. In this work, we combined a nutrient substitution approach with a metabolic engineering strategy that improves glucose utilization efficiency. This combination allowed us to tackle both lactate and ammonia accumulation and investigate on potential synergistic effects on protein production and quality. To this end, HEK293 cells overexpressing the pyruvate yeast carboxylase (PYC2) and their parental cells, both stably producing the therapeutic glycoprotein interferon α2b (IFNα2b), were cultured in media deprived of glutamine but containing chosen substitutes. Among the tested substitutes, pyruvate led to the best improvement in growth (integral of viable cell density) for both cell lines in batch cultures, whereas the culture of PYC2 cells without neither glutamine nor any substitute displayed surprisingly enhanced IFNα2b production. The drastic reduction in both lactate and ammonia in the cultures translated into extended high viability conditions and an increase in recombinant protein titer by up to 47% for the parental cells and the PYC2 cells. Product characterization performed by surface plasmon resonance biosensing using Sambucus nigra (SNA) lectin revealed that the increase in yield was however accompanied by a reduction in the degree of sialylation of the product. Supplementing cultures with glycosylation precursors and a cofactor were effective at counterbalancing the lack of glutamine and allowed improvement in IFNα2b quality as evaluated by lectin affinity. Our study provides a strategy to reconcile protein productivity and quality and highlights the advantages of PYC2-overexpressing cells in glutamine-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Karengera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Olivier Henry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.
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Lalonde ME, Durocher Y. Therapeutic glycoprotein production in mammalian cells. J Biotechnol 2017; 251:128-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Krambeck FJ, Bennun SV, Andersen MR, Betenbaugh MJ. Model-based analysis of N-glycosylation in Chinese hamster ovary cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175376. [PMID: 28486471 PMCID: PMC5423595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell is the gold standard for manufacturing of glycosylated recombinant proteins for production of biotherapeutics. The similarity of its glycosylation patterns to the human versions enable the products of this cell line favorable pharmacokinetic properties and lower likelihood of causing immunogenic responses. Because glycan structures are the product of the concerted action of intracellular enzymes, it is difficult to predict a priori how the effects of genetic manipulations alter glycan structures of cells and therapeutic properties. For that reason, quantitative models able to predict glycosylation have emerged as promising tools to deal with the complexity of glycosylation processing. For example, an earlier version of the same model used in this study was used by others to successfully predict changes in enzyme activities that could produce a desired change in glycan structure. In this study we utilize an updated version of this model to provide a comprehensive analysis of N-glycosylation in ten Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines that include a wild type parent and nine mutants of CHO, through interpretation of previously published mass spectrometry data. The updated N-glycosylation mathematical model contains up to 50,605 glycan structures. Adjusting the enzyme activities in this model to match N-glycan mass spectra produces detailed predictions of the glycosylation process, enzyme activity profiles and complete glycosylation profiles of each of the cell lines. These profiles are consistent with biochemical and genetic data reported previously. The model-based results also predict glycosylation features of the cell lines not previously published, indicating more complex changes in glycosylation enzyme activities than just those resulting directly from gene mutations. The model predicts that the CHO cell lines possess regulatory mechanisms that allow them to adjust glycosylation enzyme activities to mitigate side effects of the primary loss or gain of glycosylation function known to exist in these mutant cell lines. Quantitative models of CHO cell glycosylation have the potential for predicting how glycoengineering manipulations might affect glycoform distributions to improve the therapeutic performance of glycoprotein products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J. Krambeck
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- ReacTech Inc., Alexandria, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sandra V. Bennun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- ReacTech Inc., Alexandria, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mikael R. Andersen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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31
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Yin B, Wang Q, Chung CY, Bhattacharya R, Ren X, Tang J, Yarema KJ, Betenbaugh MJ. A novel sugar analog enhances sialic acid production and biotherapeutic sialylation in CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1899-1902. [PMID: 28295160 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A desirable feature of many therapeutic glycoprotein production processes is to maximize the final sialic acid content. In this study, the effect of applying a novel chemical analog of the sialic acid precursor N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) on the sialic acid content of cellular proteins and a model recombinant glycoprotein, erythropoietin (EPO), was investigated in CHO-K1 cells. By introducing the 1,3,4-O-Bu3 ManNAc analog at 200-300 µM into cell culture media, the intracellular sialic acid content of EPO-expressing cells increased ∼8-fold over untreated controls while the level of cellular sialylated glycoconjugates increased significantly as well. For example, addition of 200-300 µM 1,3,4-O-Bu3 ManNAc resulted in >40% increase in final sialic acid content of recombinant EPO, while natural ManNAc at ∼100 times higher concentration of 20 mM produced a less profound change in EPO sialylation. Collectively, these results indicate that butyrate-derivatization of ManNAc improves the capacity of cells to incorporate exogenous ManNAc into the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway and thereby increase sialylation of recombinant EPO and other glycoproteins. This study establishes 1,3,4-O-Bu3 ManNAc as a novel chemical supplement to improve glycoprotein quality and sialylation levels at concentrations orders of magnitude lower than alternative approaches. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1899-1902. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojiao Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 221 Maryland Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 221 Maryland Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Cheng-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 221 Maryland Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Rahul Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaozhi Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 221 Maryland Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Juechun Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 221 Maryland Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Kevin J Yarema
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 221 Maryland Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 221 Maryland Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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Brühlmann D, Muhr A, Parker R, Vuillemin T, Bucsella B, Kalman F, Torre S, La Neve F, Lembo A, Haas T, Sauer M, Souquet J, Broly H, Hemberger J, Jordan M. Cell culture media supplemented with raffinose reproducibly enhances high mannose glycan formation. J Biotechnol 2017; 252:32-42. [PMID: 28465212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation plays a pivotal role in pharmacokinetics and protein physiochemical characteristics. In particular, effector functions including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) can be desired, and it has been described that high-mannose species exhibited enhanced ADCC. In this work we present the trisaccharide raffinose as a novel cell culture medium supplement to promote high mannose N-glycans in fed-batch cultures, which is sought after in the development of biosimilars to match the quality profile of the reference medicinal product (RMP) also. Up to six-fold increases of high mannose species were observed with increasing raffinose concentrations in the medium of shaken 96-deepwell plates and shake tubes when culturing two different CHO cell lines in two different media. The findings were confirmed in a pH-, oxygen- and CO2-controlled environment in lab-scale 3.5-L bioreactors. To circumvent detrimental effects on cell growth and productivity at high raffinose concentrations, the media osmolality was adjusted to reach the same value independently of the supplement concentration. Interestingly, raffinose predominantly enhanced mannose 5 glycans, and to a considerably smaller degree, mannose 6. While the underlying mechanism is still not fully understood, minor effects on the nucleotide sugar levels have been observed and transcriptomics analysis revealed that raffinose supplementation altered the expression levels of a number of glycosylation related genes. Among many genes, galactosyltransferase was downregulated and sialyltransferase upregulated. Our results highlight the potential of cell culture medium supplementation to modulate product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brühlmann
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland; Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anais Muhr
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Parker
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland; Institute for Biochemical Engineering and Analytics, University of Applied Sciences Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Vuillemin
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Blanka Bucsella
- HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Institute of Life Technologies, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Franka Kalman
- HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Institute of Life Technologies, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Serena Torre
- A. Marxer - RBM S.p.A., a Company part of Merck Group, Next Generation Technologies, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy; Molecular Biotechnologies Center, MBC, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio La Neve
- A. Marxer - RBM S.p.A., a Company part of Merck Group, Next Generation Technologies, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy
| | - Antonio Lembo
- A. Marxer - RBM S.p.A., a Company part of Merck Group, Next Generation Technologies, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy
| | - Tobias Haas
- A. Marxer - RBM S.p.A., a Company part of Merck Group, Next Generation Technologies, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hemberger
- Institute for Biochemical Engineering and Analytics, University of Applied Sciences Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Jordan
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland.
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33
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Lee JH, Jeong YR, Kim YG, Lee GM. Understanding of decreased sialylation of Fc-fusion protein in hyperosmotic recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell culture: N-glycosylation gene expression and N-linked glycan antennary profile. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1721-1732. [PMID: 28266015 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To understand the effects of hyperosmolality on protein glycosylation, recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells producing the Fc-fusion protein were cultivated in hyperosmolar medium resulting from adding NaCl (415 mOsm/kg). The hyperosmotic culture showed increased specific Fc-fusion protein productivity (qFc ) but a decreased proportion of acidic isoforms and sialic acid content of the Fc-fusion protein. The intracellular and extracellular sialidase activities in the hyperosmotic cultures were similar to those in the control culture (314 mOsm/kg), indicating that reduced sialylation of Fc-fusion protein at hyperosmolality was not due to elevated sialidase activity. Expression of 52 N-glycosylation-related genes was assessed by the NanoString nCounter system, which provides a direct digital readout using custom-designed color-coded probes. After 3 days of hyperosmotic culture, nine genes (ugp, slc35a3, slc35d2, gcs1, manea, mgat2, mgat5b, b4galt3, and b4galt4) were differentially expressed over 1.5-fold of the control, and all these genes were down-regulated. N-linked glycan analysis by anion exchange and hydrophilic interaction HPLC showed that the proportion of highly sialylated (di-, tri-, tetra-) and tetra-antennary N-linked glycans was significantly decreased upon hyperosmotic culture. Addition of betaine, an osmoprotectant, to the hyperosmotic culture significantly increased the proportion of highly sialylated and tetra-antennary N-linked glycans (P ≤ 0.05), while it increased the expression of the N-glycan branching/antennary genes (mgat2 and mgat4b). Thus, decreased expression of the genes with roles in the N-glycan biosynthesis pathway correlated with reduced sialic acid content of Fc-fusion protein caused by hyperosmolar conditions. Taken together, the results obtained in this study provide a better understanding of the detrimental effects of hyperosmolality on N-glycosylation, especially sialylation, in rCHO cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1721-1732. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Ran Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Gu Kim
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Wang T, Chu L, Li W, Lawson K, Apostol I, Eris T. Application of a Quantitative LC–MS Multiattribute Method for Monitoring Site-Specific Glycan Heterogeneity on a Monoclonal Antibody Containing Two N-Linked Glycosylation Sites. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3562-3567. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Lily Chu
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Wenzhou Li
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Ken Lawson
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Izydor Apostol
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Tamer Eris
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
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Comprehensive N-Glycan Profiling of Cetuximab Biosimilar Candidate by NP-HPLC and MALDI-MS. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170013. [PMID: 28072827 PMCID: PMC5225015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring glycosylation of the mAbs have been emphasized and routinely characterized in biopharmaceutical industries because the carbohydrate components are closely related to the safety, efficacy, and consistency of the antibodies. In this study, the comprehensive glycan profiling of a biosimilar candidate of cetuximab was successfully characterized using Normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) in combination with Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The presence of minor N-linked glycans containing sialic acid lactone residues (NeuAcLac) was observed in the biosimilar for the first time, which could influence the quantitative analysis of sialylated glycans and interfere with quantification of neutral glycans when it was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence (HPLC-FL). To overcome this issue, mild alkali treatment was used to hydrolyze lactone of the sialic acid to their neutral formation, which had no impact on the analysis of other glycans before and after the treatment. As a result, the mild alkali treatment might be helpful to obtain quantitative glycan profiling of the mAbs drugs with enhanced accuracy and robustness.
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36
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How to Use Mechanistic Metabolic Modeling to Ensure High Quality Glycoprotein Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63965-3.50475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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37
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Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells represent the predominant platform in biopharmaceutical industry for the production of recombinant biotherapeutic proteins, especially glycoproteins. These glycoproteins include oligosaccharide or glycan attachments that represent one of the principal components dictating product quality. Especially important are the N-glycan attachments present on many recombinant glycoproteins of commercial interest. Furthermore, altering the glycan composition can be used to modulate the production quality of a recombinant biotherapeutic from CHO and other mammalian hosts. This review first describes the glycosylation network in mammalian cells and compares the glycosylation patterns between CHO and human cells. Next genetic strategies used in CHO cells to modulate the sialylation patterns through overexpression of sialyltransfereases and other glycosyltransferases are summarized. In addition, other approaches to alter sialylation including manipulation of sialic acid biosynthetic pathways and inhibition of sialidases are described. Finally, this review also covers other strategies such as the glycosylation site insertion and manipulation of glycan heterogeneity to produce desired glycoforms for diverse biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., 220 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Bojiao Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., 220 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Cheng-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., 220 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., 220 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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Fan Y, Kildegaard HF, Andersen MR. Engineer Medium and Feed for Modulating N-Glycosylation of Recombinant Protein Production in CHO Cell Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1603:209-226. [PMID: 28493133 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6972-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have become the primary expression system for the production of complex recombinant proteins due to their long-term success in industrial scale production and generating appropriate protein N-glycans similar to that of humans. Control and optimization of protein N-glycosylation is crucial, as the structure of N-glycans can largely influence both biological and physicochemical properties of recombinant proteins. Protein N-glycosylation in CHO cell culture can be controlled and tuned by engineering medium, feed, culture process, as well as genetic elements of the cell. In this chapter, we will focus on how to carry out experiments for N-glycosylation modulation through medium and feed optimization. The workflow and typical methods involved in the experiment process will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Fan
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Villiger TK, Roulet A, Périlleux A, Stettler M, Broly H, Morbidelli M, Soos M. Controlling the time evolution of mAb N-linked glycosylation, Part I: Microbioreactor experiments. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1123-1134. [PMID: 27254475 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is of key importance for the efficacy of many biotherapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Media components and cell culture conditions have been shown to significantly affect N-linked glycosylation during the production of glycoproteins using mammalian cell fed-batch cultures. These parameters inevitably change in modern industrial processes with concentrated feed additions and cell densities beyond 2 × 107 cells/mL. In order to control the time-dependent changes of protein glycosylation, an automated microbioreactor system was used to investigate the effects of culture pH, ammonia, galactose, and manganese chloride supplementation on nucleotide sugars as well as mAb N-linked glycosylation in a time-dependent way. Two different strategies comprising of a single shift of culture conditions as well as multiple media supplementations along the culture duration were applied to obtain changing and constant glycosylation profiles. The different feeding approaches enabled constant glycosylation patterns throughout the entire culture duration at different levels. By modulating the time evolution of the mAb glycan pattern, not only the endpoint but also the ratios between different glycosylation structures could be modified. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1123-1134, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Villiger
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anaïs Roulet
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck-Serono S.A., Corsier-sur-Vevey, ZI B 1809, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Périlleux
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck-Serono S.A., Corsier-sur-Vevey, ZI B 1809, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck-Serono S.A., Corsier-sur-Vevey, ZI B 1809, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck-Serono S.A., Corsier-sur-Vevey, ZI B 1809, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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40
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Lewis AM, Croughan WD, Aranibar N, Lee AG, Warrack B, Abu-Absi NR, Patel R, Drew B, Borys MC, Reily MD, Li ZJ. Understanding and Controlling Sialylation in a CHO Fc-Fusion Process. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157111. [PMID: 27310468 PMCID: PMC4911072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) bioprocess, where the product is a sialylated Fc-fusion protein, was operated at pilot and manufacturing scale and significant variation of sialylation level was observed. In order to more tightly control glycosylation profiles, we sought to identify the cause of variability. Untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics methods were applied to select samples from the large scale runs. Lower sialylation was correlated with elevated mannose levels, a shift in glucose metabolism, and increased oxidative stress response. Using a 5-L scale model operated with a reduced dissolved oxygen set point, we were able to reproduce the phenotypic profiles observed at manufacturing scale including lower sialylation, higher lactate and lower ammonia levels. Targeted transcriptomics and metabolomics confirmed that reduced oxygen levels resulted in increased mannose levels, a shift towards glycolysis, and increased oxidative stress response similar to the manufacturing scale. Finally, we propose a biological mechanism linking large scale operation and sialylation variation. Oxidative stress results from gas transfer limitations at large scale and the presence of oxygen dead-zones inducing upregulation of glycolysis and mannose biosynthesis, and downregulation of hexosamine biosynthesis and acetyl-CoA formation. The lower flux through the hexosamine pathway and reduced intracellular pools of acetyl-CoA led to reduced formation of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid, both key building blocks of N-glycan structures. This study reports for the first time a link between oxidative stress and mammalian protein sialyation. In this study, process, analytical, metabolomic, and transcriptomic data at manufacturing, pilot, and laboratory scales were taken together to develop a systems level understanding of the process and identify oxygen limitation as the root cause of glycosylation variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Lewis
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William D. Croughan
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, United States of America
| | - Nelly Aranibar
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Alison G. Lee
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, United States of America
| | - Bethanne Warrack
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Nicholas R. Abu-Absi
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, United States of America
| | - Rutva Patel
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, United States of America
| | - Barry Drew
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Reily
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, United States of America
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Thaysen-Andersen M, Chertova E, Bergamaschi C, Moh ESX, Chertov O, Roser J, Sowder R, Bear J, Lifson J, Packer NH, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN. Recombinant human heterodimeric IL-15 complex displays extensive and reproducible N- and O-linked glycosylation. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:417-33. [PMID: 26563299 PMCID: PMC7537637 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human interleukin 15 (IL-15) circulates in blood as a stable molecular complex with the soluble IL-15 receptor alpha (sIL-15Rα). This heterodimeric IL-15:sIL-15Rα complex (hetIL-15) shows therapeutic potential by promoting the growth, mobilization and activation of lymphocytes and is currently evaluated in clinical trials. Favorable pharmacokinetic properties are associated with the heterodimeric formation and the glycosylation of hetIL-15, which, however, remains largely uncharacterized. We report the site-specific N- and O-glycosylation of two clinically relevant large-scale preparations of HEK293-derived recombinant human hetIL-15. Intact IL-15 and sIL-15Rα and derived glycans and glycopeptides were separately profiled using multiple LC-MS/MS strategies. IL-15 Asn79 and sIL-15Rα Asn107 carried the same repertoire of biosynthetically-related N-glycans covering mostly α1-6-core-fucosylated and β-GlcNAc-terminating complex-type structures. The two potential IL-15 N-glycosylation sites (Asn71 and Asn112) located at the IL-2 receptor interface were unoccupied. Mass analysis of intact IL-15 confirmed its N-glycosylation and suggested that Asn79-glycosylation partially prevents Asn77-deamidation. IL-15 contained no O-glycans, whereas sIL-15Rα was heavily O-glycosylated with partially sialylated core 1 and 2-type mono- to hexasaccharides on Thr2, Thr81, Thr86, Thr156, Ser158, and Ser160. The sialoglycans displayed α2-3- and α2-6-NeuAc-type sialylation. Non-human, potentially immunogenic glycoepitopes (e.g. N-glycolylneuraminic acid and α-galactosylation) were not displayed by hetIL-15. Highly reproducible glycosylation of IL-15 and sIL-15Rα of two batches of hetIL-15 demonstrated consistent manufacturing and purification. In conclusion, we document the heterogeneous and reproducible N- and O-glycosylation of large-scale preparations of the therapeutic candidate hetIL-15. Site-specific mapping of these molecular features is important to evaluate the consistent large-scale production and clinical efficacy of hetIL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - E Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - C Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - E S X Moh
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - O Chertov
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - J Roser
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - R Sowder
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - J Bear
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - J Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - N H Packer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - B K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - G N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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42
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Villiger TK, Steinhoff RF, Ivarsson M, Solacroup T, Stettler M, Broly H, Krismer J, Pabst M, Zenobi R, Morbidelli M, Soos M. High-throughput profiling of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars to evaluate their impact on antibody N-glycosylation. J Biotechnol 2016; 229:3-12. [PMID: 27131894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in miniaturized cell culture systems have facilitated the screening of media additives on productivity and protein quality attributes of mammalian cell cultures. However, intracellular components are not routinely measured due to the limited throughput of available analytical techniques. In this work, time profiling of intracellular nucleotides and nucleotide sugars of CHO-S cell fed-batch processes in a micro-scale bioreactor system was carried out using a recently developed high-throughput method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). Supplementation of various media additives significantly altered the intracellular nucleotides and nucleotide sugars that are inextricably linked to the process of glycosylation. The results revealed that UDP-Gal synthesis appeared to be particularly limiting whereas the impact of elevated UDP-GlcNAc and GDP-Fuc levels on the final glycosylation patterns was only marginally important. In contrast, manganese and asparagine supplementation altered the glycan profiles without affecting intracellular components. The combination of miniaturized cell cultures and high-throughput analytical techniques serves therefore as a useful tool for future quality driven media optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Villiger
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert F Steinhoff
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marija Ivarsson
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Solacroup
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B, CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B, CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B, CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Krismer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pabst
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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43
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Markely LRA, Cheung L, Choi YJ, Ryll T, Estes S, Prajapati S, Turyan I, Frenkel R, Sosic Z, Lambropoulos J, Tescione L, Ryll T, Berman M. A high-throughput capillary isoelectric focusing immunoassay for fingerprinting protein sialylation. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:235-41. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lam Raga Anggara Markely
- Cell Culture Development-High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Lila Cheung
- Cell Culture Development-High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Young Jun Choi
- Cell Culture Development-High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Cell Culture Development-High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Scott Estes
- Cell Culture Development-High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Shashi Prajapati
- Cell Culture Development-High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Iva Turyan
- Analytical Development - High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Ruth Frenkel
- Analytical Development - High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Zoran Sosic
- Analytical Development - High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | | | - Lia Tescione
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Melissa Berman
- Biomolecular and Small Molecule Science; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
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44
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Savinova IN, Lobanova NV, Bykova NN, Finogeeva YV, Starodubtseva LI, Klishin AA, Nurbakov AA, Shukurov RR, Seryogin YA. The efficiency of fatty acids, N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid for a change in the sialylation profile of recombinant darbepoetin alfa in CHO cell culture. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683815080049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Liu R, Giddens J, McClung CM, Magnelli PE, Wang LX, Guthrie EP. Evaluation of a glycoengineered monoclonal antibody via LC-MS analysis in combination with multiple enzymatic digestion. MAbs 2015; 8:340-6. [PMID: 26514686 PMCID: PMC4966608 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1113361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation affects the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics properties of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and glycoengineering is now being used to produce mAbs with improved efficacy. In this work, a glycoengineered version of rituximab was produced by chemoenzymatic modification to generate human-like N-glycosylation with α 2,6 linked sialic acid. This modified rituximab was comprehensively characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and compared to commercially available rituximab. As anticipated, the majority of N-glycans were converted to α 2,6 linked sialic acid, in contrast to CHO-produced rituximab, which only contains α 2,3 linked sialic acid. Typical posttranslational modifications, such as pyro-glutamic acid formation at the N-terminus, oxidation at methionine, deamidation at asparagine, and disulfide linkages were also characterized in both the commercial and glycoengineered mAbs using multiple enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometric analysis. The comparative study reveals that the glycoengineering approach does not cause any additional posttranslational modifications in the antibody except the specific transformation of the glycoforms, demonstrating the mildness and efficiency of the chemoenzymatic approach for glycoengineering of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renpeng Liu
- a New England Biolabs Inc. , Ipswich , MA 01938
| | - John Giddens
- b Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry ; University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742
| | | | | | - Lai-Xi Wang
- b Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry ; University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742
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46
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Tuning a MAb glycan profile in cell culture: Supplementing N-acetylglucosamine to favour G0 glycans without compromising productivity and cell growth. J Biotechnol 2015; 214:105-12. [PMID: 26387447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of many therapeutic proteins, particularly monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Nucleotide-sugar precursors supplemented to growth medium to affect the substrate supply chain of glycosylation has yielded promising but varied results for affecting glycosylation. Glucosamine (GlcN), a precursor for N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), is a major component of mammalian glycans. The supplementation of GlcN to CHO cells stably-expressing a chimeric heavy-chain monoclonal antibody, EG2-hFc, reduces the complexity of glycans to favour G0 glycoforms, while also negatively impacting cell growth. Although several researchers have examined the supplementation of glucosamine, no clear explanation of its impact on cell growth has been forthcoming. In this work, the glucosamine metabolism is examined. We identified the acetylation of GlcN to produce GlcNAc to be the most likely cause for the negative impact on growth due to the depletion of intracellular acetyl-CoA pools in the cytosol. By supplementing GlcNAc in lieu of GlcN to CHO cells producing EG2-hFc, we achieve the same shift in glycan complexity with marginal impacts on the cell growth and protein production.
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47
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Kildegaard HF, Fan Y, Sen JW, Larsen B, Andersen MR. Glycoprofiling effects of media additives on IgG produced by CHO cells in fed-batch bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Kongens Lyngby Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; Hørsholm Denmark
| | - Yuzhou Fan
- Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Kongens Lyngby Denmark
- Symphogen A/S; Ballerup Denmark
| | | | - Bo Larsen
- Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Mikael R. Andersen
- Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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48
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Chumsae C, Hossler P, Raharimampionona H, Zhou Y, McDermott S, Racicot C, Radziejewski C, Zhou ZS. When Good Intentions Go Awry: Modification of a Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody in Chemically Defined Cell Culture by Xylosone, an Oxidative Product of Ascorbic Acid. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7529-34. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chumsae
- Protein
Analytics, Process Sciences Department, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Barnett
Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Patrick Hossler
- Cell
Culture, Process Sciences Department, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Haly Raharimampionona
- Protein
Analytics, Process Sciences Department, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Yu Zhou
- Protein
Analytics, Process Sciences Department, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Sean McDermott
- Cell
Culture, Process Sciences Department, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Chris Racicot
- Cell
Culture, Process Sciences Department, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Czeslaw Radziejewski
- Protein
Analytics, Process Sciences Department, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Zhaohui Sunny Zhou
- Barnett
Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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49
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AbuSamra DB, Al-Kilani A, Hamdan SM, Sakashita K, Gadhoum SZ, Merzaban JS. Quantitative Characterization of E-selectin Interaction with Native CD44 and P-selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 (PSGL-1) Using a Real Time Immunoprecipitation-based Binding Assay. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21213-30. [PMID: 26124272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectins (E-, P-, and L-selectins) interact with glycoprotein ligands to mediate the essential tethering/rolling step in cell transport and delivery that captures migrating cells from the circulating flow. In this work, we developed a real time immunoprecipitation assay on a surface plasmon resonance chip that captures native glycoforms of two well known E-selectin ligands (CD44/hematopoietic cell E-/L-selectin ligand and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1) from hematopoietic cell extracts. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of their binding to E-selectin. We show that both ligands bind recombinant monomeric E-selectin transiently with fast on- and fast off-rates, whereas they bind dimeric E-selectin with remarkably slow on- and off-rates. This binding requires the sialyl Lewis x sugar moiety to be placed on both O- and N-glycans, and its association, but not dissociation, is sensitive to the salt concentration. Our results suggest a mechanism through which monomeric selectins mediate initial fast on and fast off kinetics to help capture cells out of the circulating shear flow; subsequently, tight binding by dimeric/oligomeric selectins is enabled to significantly slow rolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina B AbuSamra
- From the Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alia Al-Kilani
- From the Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir M Hamdan
- From the Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kosuke Sakashita
- From the Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samah Z Gadhoum
- From the Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jasmeen S Merzaban
- From the Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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50
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Liu J, Wang J, Fan L, Chen X, Hu D, Deng X, Fai Poon H, Wang H, Liu X, Tan WS. Galactose supplementation enhance sialylation of recombinant Fc-fusion protein in CHO cell: an insight into the role of galactosylation in sialylation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1147-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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