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Wysocki M, Stachowiak W, Smolibowski M, Olejniczak A, Niemczak M, Shamshina JL. Rethinking the Esterquats: Synthesis, Stability, Ecotoxicity and Applications of Esterquats Incorporating Analogs of Betaine or Choline as the Cation in Their Structure. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5761. [PMID: 38891947 PMCID: PMC11171562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Esterquats constitute a unique group of quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) that contain an ester bond in the structure of the cation. Despite the numerous advantages of this class of compounds, only two mini-reviews discuss the subject of esterquats: the first one (2007) briefly summarizes their types, synthesis, and structural elements required for a beneficial environmental profile and only briefly covers their applications whereas the second one only reviews the stability of selected betaine-type esterquats in aqueous solutions. The rationale for writing this review is to critically reevaluate the relevant literature and provide others with a "state-of-the-art" snapshot of choline-type esterquats and betaine-type esterquats. Hence, the first part of this survey thoroughly summarizes the most important scientific reports demonstrating effective synthesis routes leading to the formation of both types of esterquats. In the second section, the susceptibility of esterquats to hydrolysis is explained, and the influence of various factors, such as the pH, the degree of salinity, or the temperature of the solution, was subjected to thorough analysis that includes quantitative components. The next two sections refer to various aspects associated with the ecotoxicity of esterquats. Consequently, their biodegradation and toxic effects on microorganisms are extensively analyzed as crucial factors that can affect their commercialization. Then, the reported applications of esterquats are briefly discussed, including the functionalization of macromolecules, such as cotton fabric as well as their successful utilization on a commercial scale. The last section demonstrates the most essential conclusions and reported drawbacks that allow us to elucidate future recommendations regarding the development of these promising chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wysocki
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Witold Stachowiak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (W.S.); (M.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Mikołaj Smolibowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (W.S.); (M.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Adriana Olejniczak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (W.S.); (M.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Michał Niemczak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (W.S.); (M.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Julia L. Shamshina
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Kumar A, Nothling MD, Aitken HM, Xiao Z, Lam M, Bell CA, O'Mara ML, Connal LA. Simple synthetic route to an enzyme-inspired transesterification catalyst. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00744d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling transesterification catalyst inspired by the catalytic triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | | | - Heather M. Aitken
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Zeyun Xiao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Matthew Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Craig A. Bell
- Centre for Advanced Imaging and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Megan L. O'Mara
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Luke A. Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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Badgujar KC, Bhanage BM. Enhanced Biocatalytic Activity of Lipase Immobilized on Biodegradable Copolymer of Chitosan and Polyvinyl Alcohol Support for Synthesis of Propionate Ester: Kinetic Approach. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie501304e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirtikumar C. Badgujar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, India
| | - Bhalchandra M. Bhanage
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, India
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Jin Z, Ntwali J, Han SY, Zheng SP, Lin Y. Production of flavor esters catalyzed by CALB-displaying Pichia pastoris whole-cells in a batch reactor. J Biotechnol 2012; 159:108-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Optimization of (R,S)-1-phenylethanol kinetic resolution over Candida antarctica lipase B in ionic liquids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lipase-catalyzed acylation of l-carnitine with conjugated linoleic acid in [Bmim]PF6 ionic liquid. Eur Food Res Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-009-1063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Berendsen WR, Lapin A, Reuss M. Investigations of Reaction Kinetics for Immobilized Enzymes-Identification of Parameters in the Presence of Diffusion Limitation. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 22:1305-12. [PMID: 17022668 DOI: 10.1021/bp060062e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method is proposed for identification of kinetic parameters when diffusion of substrates is limiting in reactions catalyzed by immobilized enzymes. This method overcomes conventional sequential procedures, which assume immobilization does not affect the conformation of the enzyme and, thus, consider intrinsic and inherent kinetics to be the same. The coupled equations describing intraparticle mass transport are solved simultaneously using numerical methods and are used for direct estimation of kinetic parameters by fitting modeling results to time-course measurements in a stirred tank reactor. While most traditional procedures were based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the method presented here is applicable to more complex kinetic mechanisms involving multiple state variables, such as ping-pong bi-bi. The method is applied to the kinetic resolution of (R/S)-1-methoxy-2-propanol with vinyl acetate catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B. A mathematical model is developed consisting of irreversible ping-pong bi-bi kinetics, including competitive inhibition of both enantiomers. The kinetic model, which fits to experimental data over a wide range of both substrates (5-95%) and temperatures (5-56 degrees C), is used for simulations to study typical behavior of immobilized enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter R Berendsen
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biochemical Engineering (IBVT), Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Guo Z, Sun Y. Characteristics of Immobilized Lipase on Hydrophobic Superparamagnetic Microspheres To Catalyze Esterification. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 20:500-6. [PMID: 15058995 DOI: 10.1021/bp034272s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel immobilized lipase (from Candida rugosa) on hydrophobic and superparamagnetic microspheres was prepared and used as a biocatalyst to catalyze esterification reactions in diverse solvents and reaction systems. The results showed that the immobilized lipase had over 2-fold higher activities in higher log P value solvents. An exponential increase of lipase activity against log P of two miscible solvent mixtures was observed for the first time. Both free and immobilized lipase achieved its maximum activity at the range of water activity (a(w)) 0.5-0.8 or higher. At a(w) 0.6, the immobilized lipase exhibited markedly higher activities in heptane and a solvent-free system than did the native lipase. In multicompetitive reactions, the alcohol specificity of the lipase showed a strong chain-length dependency, and the immobilized enzyme exhibited more preference for a longer-chain alcohol, which is different from previous reports. The immobilized lipase showed higher specificities for butyric acid and the medium-chain-length fatty acids (C(8)-C(12)). Then, the immobilized lipase was extended to solvent-free synthesis of glycerides from glycerol and fatty acids. Recovered by magnetic separation, the immobilized lipase exhibited good reusability in repeated batch reaction, indicating its promising feature for biotechnology application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Guo
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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Li Z, Yang D, Jiang L, Ji J, Ji H, Zeng X. Lipase-catalyzed esterification of conjugated linoleic acid with l-carnitine in solvent-free system and acetonitrile. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2007; 30:331-6. [PMID: 17503088 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-007-0129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipase-catalyzed esterification of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) with L-carnitine in solvent-free system and acetonitrile was studied. Three lipases (Novzym 435, Amamo AY30 and Amano AYS) have been assayed as suitable biocatalysts in the reaction. It was found that Amano AY30 was the most effective biocatalyst in both solvent-free system and acetonitrile. The conversion rate varied from 8.05 to 60.9% in terms of reaction conditions such as the amount of lipase, the presence of water, the amount of molecular sieves and reaction time. The conversions of substrate in solvent-free system were higher than that in acetonitrile. When the substrates were 1 mmol CLA and 1 mmol L-carnitine, the maximum conversion (60.9%) was obtained in solvent-free system with 150 mg lipase AY30, 50% water content and 150 mg molecular sieves at the reaction time of 24 h. A novel CLA ester product was successfully isolated and characterized by ESI-MS and (1)H NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Lab of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
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Berendsen WR, Gendrot G, Freund A, Reuss M. A kinetic study of lipase-catalyzed reversible kinetic resolution involving verification at miniplant-scale. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 95:883-92. [PMID: 16937404 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemates is a popular method for synthesis of chiral synthons. Most of these resolutions are reversible equilibrium limited reactions. For the first time, an extensive kinetic model is proposed for kinetic resolution reactions, which takes into account the full reversibility of the reaction, substrate inhibition by an acyl donor and an acyl acceptor as well as alternative substrate inhibition by each enantiomer. For this purpose, the reversible enantioselective transesterification of (R/S)-1-methoxy-2-propanol with ethyl acetate catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B) is investigated. The detailed model presented here is valid for a wide range of substrate and product concentrations. Following model discrimination and the application of Haldane equations to reduce the degree of freedom in parameter estimation, the 11 free parameters are successfully identified. All parameters are fitted to the complete data set simultaneously. Six types of independent initial rate studies provide a solid data basis for the model. The effect of changes in substrate and product concentration on reaction kinetics is discussed. The developed model is used for simulations to study the behavior of reaction kinetics in a fixed bed reactor. The typical plot of enantiomeric excess versus conversion of substrate and product is evaluated at various initial substrate mixtures. The model is validated by comparison with experimental results obtained with a fixed bed reactor, which is part of a fully automated state-of-the-art miniplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Berendsen
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering (IBVT), University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Berendsen WR, Gendrot G, Resnick S, Reuss M. Kinetic modeling of lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of (R/S)-1-methoxy-2-propyl-acetate as a model reaction for production of chiral secondary alcohols. J Biotechnol 2006; 121:213-26. [PMID: 16122827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Candida antarctica lipase B catalyzed kinetic resolution of (R/S)-1-methoxy-2-propyl-acetate was studied as a model system for the biocatalytic production of chiral secondary alcohols. For this purpose, a kinetic model is proposed involving both enantiomers of this reaction using model discrimination and parameter identification. Starting from a ping-pong bi-bi mechanism, a simplified model with sensitive parameters was derived for the R- and S-enantiomer, respectively. It was validated at pH 7.0, using time-course measurements at varying temperatures (30-60 degrees C) and initial substrate conditions (0.05-1.5 M). This model was then used for mechanistic interpretation of the kinetic resolution on a biochemical level. The effect of temperature on kinetic parameters and enantiomeric ratio was investigated and compared to findings from the field of molecular modeling to obtain a better understanding of the reaction system for process design. Values of 21.2 and 9.7 kJmol-1 were determined for the enthalpic (DeltaR-S DeltaH ++ degrees) and the entropic (-T x DeltaR-S DeltaS ++ degrees) contribution of the difference in transition state energy of both enantiomers at 30 degrees C. High enantiomeric ratio's (E of 47-110) especially at lower temperatures, in addition to enzyme activity at a wide pH range, indicate this biotransformation is a promising example for the industrial production of chiral secondary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Berendsen
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biochemical Engineering (IBVT), Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Meng Z, Sode K. The molecular reaction vessels for a transesterification process created by molecular imprinting technique. J Mol Recognit 2005; 18:262-6. [PMID: 15593236 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A polymeric catalyst was synthesized by co-polymerizing 4(5)-vinylimidazole and itaconic acid with trimethylpropanol trimethacrylate micro spheres. The catalyst obtained catalysed the transesterification process between p-nitrophenyl acetate and hexanol with maximal initial velocity(nu(max)) of 4.73 +/- 0.47 microM min(-1) mg(-1), and turnover rate (k(cat)) of 8.67 min(-1). Using p-nitrophenyl acetate as template, molecular imprinting process enhanced the nu(max) of the polymeric catalyst 3-fold. Each imprinted site can be considered as a single molecular reaction vessel, and achieved a k(cat) of 169 min(-1) towards the conversion of p-nitrophenyl acetate in hexanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Meng
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho Koganei, Japan.
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Lozano P. Synthesis of glycidyl esters catalyzed by lipases in ionic liquids and supercritical carbon dioxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2003.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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