1
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Qi SY, Yang MM, Li CY, Yu K, Deng SL. The HPV viral regulatory mechanism of TLRs and the related treatments for HPV-associated cancers. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1407649. [PMID: 38812510 PMCID: PMC11133576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1407649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) typically leads to cervical cancer, skin related cancers and many other tumors. HPV is mainly responsible for evading immune tumor monitoring in HPV related cancers. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are particular pattern recognition molecules. When the body is facing immune danger, it can lead to innate and direct adaptive immunity. TLR plays an important role in initiating antiviral immune responses. HPV can affect the expression level of TLR and interfere with TLR related signaling pathways, resulting in sustained viral infection and even carcinogenesis. This paper introduces the HPV virus and HPV related cancers. We discussed the present comprehension of TLR, its expression and signaling, as well as its role in HPV infection. We also provided a detailed introduction to immunotherapy methods for HPV related diseases based on TLR agonists. This will provide insights into methods that support the therapeutic method of HPV related conditions with TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Miao-Miao Yang
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China
| | - Chong-Yang Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- National Center of Technology Innovation for animal model, National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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2
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Wu R, Kahl DM, Kloberdanz R, Rohilla KJ, Balasubramanian S. Demonstration of a robust high cell density transient CHO platform yielding mAb titers of up to 2 g/L without medium exchange. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3435. [PMID: 38329375 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals like therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other derived proteins are popular for treating various diseases. Transient gene expression (TGE) is typically used as a fast yet efficient method to generate moderate amounts of material. It has been used to support early stage research and discovery processes. Introduction of a robust high yielding and predictive TGE platform in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) is crucial. It maintains the consistency in cell lines and processes throughout the early drug discovery and downstream manufacturing processes. This helps researchers to identify the issues at an early stage for timely resolution. In this study, we have demonstrated a simple high-titer platform for TGE in CHO based on a dilution process of seeding cells. We achieved titers ranging from 0.8 to 1.9 g/L for eight model mAbs at three scales (1, 30, 100 mL) in 10 days using our new platform. The ability to seed by dilution significantly streamlined the process and dramatically enhanced platform throughput. We observed a modest reduction in titer ranging from 11% to 28% when cells were seeded using dilution compared to when cells were seeded using medium exchange. Further studies revealed that carry over of spent medium into transfection negatively affected the DNA uptake and transcription processes, while the translation and secretion was minimally impacted. In summary, our transient CHO platform using cells prepared by dilution at high densities can achieve high titers of up to 1.9 g/L, which can be further improved by targeting the bottlenecks of transfection and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigumula Wu
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Danielle M Kahl
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ronald Kloberdanz
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kushal J Rohilla
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sowmya Balasubramanian
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc, San Francisco, California, USA
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3
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Manoharan GB, Okutachi S, Abankwa D. Potential of phenothiazines to synergistically block calmodulin and reactivate PP2A in cancer cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268635. [PMID: 35617282 PMCID: PMC9135253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenothiazines (PTZ) were developed as inhibitors of monoamine neurotransmitter receptors, notably dopamine receptors. Because of this activity they have been used for decades as antipsychotic drugs. In addition, they possess significant anti-cancer properties and several attempts for their repurposing were made. However, their incompletely understood polypharmacology is challenging. Here we examined the potential of the PTZ fluphenazine (Flu) and its mustard derivative (Flu-M) to synergistically act on two cancer associated targets, calmodulin (CaM) and the tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Both proteins are known to modulate the Ras- and MAPK-pathway, cell viability and features of cancer cell stemness. Consistently, we show that the combination of a CaM inhibitor and the PP2A activator DT-061 synergistically inhibited the 3D-spheroid formation of MDA-MB-231 (K-Ras-G13D), NCI-H358 (K-Ras-G12C) and A375 (B-raf-V600E) cancer cells, and increased apoptosis in MDA-MB-231. We reasoned that these activities remain combined in PTZ, which were the starting point for PP2A activator development, while several PTZ are known CaM inhibitors. We show that both Flu and Flu-M retained CaM inhibitory activity in vitro and in cells, with a higher potency of the mustard derivative in cells. In line with the CaM dependence of Ras plasma membrane organization, the mustard derivative potently reduced the functional membrane organization of oncogenic Ras, while DT-061 had a negligible effect. Like DT-061, both PTZ potently decreased c-MYC levels, a hallmark of PP2A activation. Benchmarking against the KRAS-G12C specific inhibitor AMG-510 in MIA PaCa-2 cells revealed a higher potency of Flu-M than combinations of DT-061 and a CaM inhibitor on MAPK-output and a strong effect on cell proliferation. While our study is limited, our results suggest that improved PTZ derivatives that retain both, their CaM inhibitory and PP2A activating properties, but have lost their neurological side-effects, may be interesting to pursue further as anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Babu Manoharan
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sunday Okutachi
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- * E-mail:
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4
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Luchinat E, Cremonini M, Banci L. Radio Signals from Live Cells: The Coming of Age of In-Cell Solution NMR. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9267-9306. [PMID: 35061391 PMCID: PMC9136931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A detailed knowledge of the complex processes that make cells and organisms alive is fundamental in order to understand diseases and to develop novel drugs and therapeutic treatments. To this aim, biological macromolecules should ideally be characterized at atomic resolution directly within the cellular environment. Among the existing structural techniques, solution NMR stands out as the only one able to investigate at high resolution the structure and dynamic behavior of macromolecules directly in living cells. With the advent of more sensitive NMR hardware and new biotechnological tools, modern in-cell NMR approaches have been established since the early 2000s. At the coming of age of in-cell NMR, we provide a detailed overview of its developments and applications in the 20 years that followed its inception. We review the existing approaches for cell sample preparation and isotopic labeling, the application of in-cell NMR to important biological questions, and the development of NMR bioreactor devices, which greatly increase the lifetime of the cells allowing real-time monitoring of intracellular metabolites and proteins. Finally, we share our thoughts on the future perspectives of the in-cell NMR methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum−Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Magnetic
Resonance Center, Università degli
Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Matteo Cremonini
- Magnetic
Resonance Center, Università degli
Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lucia Banci
- Magnetic
Resonance Center, Università degli
Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Firenze, Via della
Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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5
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Heng ZSL, Yeo JY, Koh DWS, Gan SKE, Ling WL. Augmenting recombinant antibody production in HEK293E cells: Optimising transfection and culture parameters. Antib Ther 2022; 5:30-41. [PMID: 35146331 PMCID: PMC8825235 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Optimising recombinant antibody production is important for cost-effective therapeutics and diagnostics. With impact on commercialisation, higher productivity beyond laboratory scales is highly sought, where efficient production can also accelerate antibody characterisations and investigations.
Methods
Investigating HEK293E cells for mammalian antibody production, various transfection and culture parameters were systematically analysed for antibody light chain production before evaluating them for whole antibody production. Transfection parameters investigated include seeding cell density, the concentration of the transfection reagent and DNA, complexation time, temperature, and volume, as well as culture parameters such as medium replacement, serum deprivation, use of cell maintenance antibiotic, incubation temperature, medium volume, post-transfection harvest day and common nutrient supplements.
Results
Using 2 mL adherent HEK293E cell culture transfections with 25 kDa linear Polyethylenimine in the most optimised parameters, we demonstrated a ~ 2-fold production increase for light chain alone and for whole antibody production reaching 536 and 49 μg respectively in a cost-effective manner. With the addition of peptone, κ light chain increased by ~ 4-fold to 1032 μg while whole antibody increased to a lesser extent by ~ 2.5-fold to 51 μg, with benefits potentially for antibodies limited by their light chains in production.
Conclusions
Our optimised findings show promise for a more efficient and convenient antibody production method through transfection and culture optimisations that can be incorporated to scale up processes and with potential transferability to other mammalian-based recombinant protein production using HEK293E cells.
Statement of Significance
Recombinant antibody production is crucial for antibody research and development. Systematically investigating transfection and culture parameters such as PEI/DNA concentrations, complexation time, volume, and temperature, supplements, etc., we demonstrated a ~ 4-fold light chain alone production increase to 1032 μg and a 2.5-fold whole antibody production increase to 51 μg from 2 mL transfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zealyn Shi-Lin Heng
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Joshua Yi Yeo
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Darius Wen-Shuo Koh
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
- APD SKEG Pte Ltd., Singapore 439444, Singapore
- James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore
| | - Wei-Li Ling
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
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6
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Dekevic G, Tasto L, Czermak P, Salzig D. Statistical experimental designs to optimize the transient transfection of HEK 293 T cells and determine a transfer criterion from adherent cells to larger-scale cell suspension cultures. J Biotechnol 2022; 346:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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7
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Kronenberg J, Schrödter K, Noll GA, Twyman RM, Prüfer D, Känel P. The tobacco phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein NtFT4 simultaneously improves vitality, growth, and protein yield in human cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3770-3786. [PMID: 34110007 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The production of biopharmaceutical proteins in mammalian cells by transient expression or stable transformation requires robust and viable cells. Cell line engineering must therefore balance improved cell growth and viability with high productivity. We tested the ability of nonmammalian phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins to enhance cell proliferation in monolayers and suspension cultures. The tobacco protein NtFT4 improved the proliferation of multiple human cell lines. Viable cell density is usually impaired by efficient transfection, but we found that the number of HEK-293TNtFT4 cells at the peak of protein expression was twice that of standard HEK-293T cells, and the antibody yield increased by approximately one-third. Improved growth and viability were observed in different cell lines, in different culture media, and also after transient transfection, suggesting the beneficial trait is consistent and transferable. Additional modifications could boost the productivity of high-density HEK-293TNtFT4 cells even further as we showed for a fluorescent marker protein and recombinant antibody expressed in monolayer cultures. The HEK-293TNtFT4 cell line provides a new human model platform that increases cell proliferation, also achieving a fundamental improvement in recombinant protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kronenberg
- Department of Functional and Applied Genomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Schrödter
- Department of Functional and Applied Genomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
| | - Gundula A Noll
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Prüfer
- Department of Functional and Applied Genomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Philip Känel
- Department of Functional and Applied Genomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
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8
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Okutachi S, Manoharan GB, Kiriazis A, Laurini C, Catillon M, McCormick F, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Abankwa D. A Covalent Calmodulin Inhibitor as a Tool to Study Cellular Mechanisms of K-Ras-Driven Stemness. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665673. [PMID: 34307350 PMCID: PMC8296985 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the highly mutated oncoprotein K-Ras4B (hereafter K-Ras) was shown to drive cancer cell stemness in conjunction with calmodulin (CaM). We previously showed that the covalent CaM inhibitor ophiobolin A (OphA) can potently inhibit K-Ras stemness activity. However, OphA, a fungus-derived natural product, exhibits an unspecific, broad toxicity across all phyla. Here we identified a less toxic, functional analog of OphA that can efficiently inactivate CaM by covalent inhibition. We analyzed a small series of benzazulenones, which bear some structural similarity to OphA and can be synthesized in only six steps. We identified the formyl aminobenzazulenone 1, here named Calmirasone1, as a novel and potent covalent CaM inhibitor. Calmirasone1 has a 4-fold increased affinity for CaM as compared to OphA and was active against K-Ras in cells within minutes, as compared to hours required by OphA. Calmirasone1 displayed a 2.5–4.5-fold higher selectivity for KRAS over BRAF mutant 3D spheroid growth than OphA, suggesting improved relative on-target activity. Importantly, Calmirasone1 has a 40–260-fold lower unspecific toxic effect on HRAS mutant cells, while it reaches almost 50% of the activity of novel K-RasG12C specific inhibitors in 3D spheroid assays. Our results suggest that Calmirasone1 can serve as a new tool compound to further investigate the cancer cell biology of the K-Ras and CaM associated stemness activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Okutachi
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ganesh Babu Manoharan
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alexandros Kiriazis
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christina Laurini
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marie Catillon
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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9
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Parkkola H, Siddiqui FA, Oetken-Lindholm C, Abankwa D. FLIM-FRET Analysis of Ras Nanoclustering and Membrane-Anchorage. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2262:233-250. [PMID: 33977480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1190-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
On the plasma membrane, Ras is organized into laterally segregated proteo-lipid complexes called nanoclusters. The extent of Ras nanoclustering correlates with its signaling output, positioning nanocluster as dynamic signaling gain modulators. Recent evidence suggests that stacked dimers of Ras and Raf are elemental units at least of one type of Ras nanocluster. However, it is still incompletely understood, in which physiological contexts nanoclustering is regulated and which constituents are parts of nanocluster. Nonetheless, disruption of nanoclustering faithfully diminishes Ras activity in cells, suggesting Ras nanocluster as potential drug targets.While there are several methods available to study Ras nanocluster , fluorescence or Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET ) between fluorescently labeled, nanoclustered Ras proteins is a relatively simple readout. FRET measurements using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM ) have proven to be robust and sensitive to determine Ras nanoclustering changes. Loss of FRET that emerges due to nanoclustering reports on all processes upstream of Ras nanoclustering, i.e., also on proper trafficking or lipid modification of Ras. Here we report our standard FLIM-FRET protocol to measure nanoclustering-dependent FRET of Ras in mammalian cells. Importantly, nanoclustering-dependent FRET is one of the few methods that can detect differences between the Ras isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Parkkola
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Farid Ahmad Siddiqui
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Daniel Abankwa
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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10
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Enhancing transient protein expression in HEK-293 cells by briefly exposing the culture to DMSO. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 350:109058. [PMID: 33359979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.109058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transient expression of proteins in mammalian cells is a key technique for many functional and structural studies of human and higher eukaryotic genes as well as for the production of recombinant protein therapeutics. Maximizing the expression efficiency to achieve a higher expression yield is desirable and may be even critical when, for instance, an expressed protein must be characterized at the single-cell level. NEW METHODS Our goal was to develop a simple method by which protein expression yield in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells could be enhanced with a brief treatment of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution. RESULTS By expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter protein using the calcium phosphate transfection method and imaging a large population of cells, we found that a 5-min exposure of 10 % DMSO to HEK-293 cells, 4 h after transfection of the protein of interest, leads to ∼1.6-fold increase in the expression yield without causing any appreciable cytotoxicity. By expressing an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and separately a kainate receptor in HEK-293 cells and measuring glutamate-induced whole-cell current response, we also found that such a brief DMSO treatment did not affect channel activity. CONCLUSION This method is simple, efficient and inexpensive to use for enhancing transient transfection yield in HEK-293 cells.
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11
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A Giant Extracellular Matrix Binding Protein of Staphylococcus epidermidis Binds Surface-Immobilized Fibronectin via a Novel Mechanism. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01612-20. [PMID: 33082256 PMCID: PMC7587433 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01612-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is normally an innocuous part of the human skin microbiota, Staphylococcus epidermidis has emerged as a major nosocomial pathogen, and implanted foreign materials are an essential risk factor for the development of an infection. The extraordinary efficiency of S. epidermidis to colonize artificial surfaces is particularly related to the ability to form biofilms. Biofilm formation itself critically depends on stable pathogen binding to extracellular host matrix components, e.g. fibronectin (Fn), covering inserted devices in vast amounts. Extracellular matrix binding protein (Embp) and its subdomains referred to as the F-repeat and the FG-repeat are critical for adherence of S. epidermidis to surface-immobilized Fn. Embp-Fn interactions preferentially occur with surface-bound, but not folded, globular Fn via binding to the F3 domain. High-resolution structure analysis of F- and FG-repeats revealed that both repeats are composed of two tightly connected triple α-helix bundles, exhibiting an elongated but rather rigid structural organization in solution. Both F- and FG-repeat possess Fn-binding capacity via interactions with type III subdomain FN12, involving residues within the C and F β-sheet. FN12 essentially supports stability of the globular Fn state, and thus these findings reasonably explain why Embp-mediated interaction of S. epidermidis necessitates Fn surface immobilization. Thus, Embp employs an uncharacterized bacterial Fn-binding mechanism to promote staphylococcal adherence.IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading pathogen in implant-associated hospital infections. The pathogenesis critically depends on bacterial binding to ECM components, specifically fibronectin (Fn). The cell surface-localized, 1-MDa extracellular matrix binding protein (Embp) is essentially characterized by 10 F- and 40 FG-repeats. These repetitive units, each characterized by two α-helical bundles, organize themselves in a rigid, elongated form. Embp binds preferentially to surface-localized but not soluble Fn, with both F- and FG-repeats being sufficient for Fn binding and resulting bacterial adherence. Binding preferentially involves Fn type III domain, specifically residues of FN12 β-sheets C and F. Both play key role in stabilizing the globular Fn conformation, explaining the necessity of Fn surface immobilization for a subsequent interaction with Embp. In comparison to many other bacterial Fn-binding proteins using the Fn N terminus, Embp employs a previously undescribed mechanism supporting the adhesion of S. epidermidis to surface-immobilized Fn.
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12
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Sun T, Kwok WC, Chua KJ, Lo TM, Potter J, Yew WS, Chesnut JD, Hwang IY, Chang MW. Development of a Proline-Based Selection System for Reliable Genetic Engineering in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1864-1872. [PMID: 32470293 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the superior host cell culture models used for the bioproduction of therapeutic proteins. One of the prerequisites for bioproduction using CHO cell lines is the need to generate stable CHO cell lines with optimal expression output. Antibiotic selection is commonly employed to isolate and select CHO cell lines with stable expression, despite its potential negative impact on cellular metabolism and expression level. Herein, we present a novel proline-based selection system for the isolation of stable CHO cell lines. The system exploits a dysfunctional proline metabolism pathway in CHO cells by using a pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase gene as a selection marker, enabling selection to be made using proline-free media. The selection system was demonstrated by expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a monoclonal antibody. When GFP was expressed, more than 90% of stable transfectants were enriched within 2 weeks of the selection period. When a monoclonal antibody was expressed, we achieved comparable titers (3.35 ± 0.47 μg/mL) with G418 and Zeocin-based selections (1.65 ± 0.46 and 2.25 ± 0.07 μg/mL, respectively). We further developed a proline-based coselection by using S. cerevisiae PRO1 and PRO2 genes as markers, which enables the generation of 99.5% double-transgenic cells. The proline-based selection expands available selection tools and provides an alternative to antibiotic-based selections in CHO cell line development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Wee Chiew Kwok
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Koon Jiew Chua
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Tat-Ming Lo
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Jason Potter
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 5781 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad, California 92008, United States
| | - Wen Shan Yew
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Jonathan D. Chesnut
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 5781 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad, California 92008, United States
| | - In Young Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Matthew Wook Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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13
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A human expression system based on HEK293 for the stable production of recombinant erythropoietin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16768. [PMID: 31727983 PMCID: PMC6856173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian host cell lines are the preferred expression systems for the manufacture of complex therapeutics and recombinant proteins. However, the most utilized mammalian host systems, namely Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), Sp2/0 and NS0 mouse myeloma cells, can produce glycoproteins with non-human glycans that may potentially illicit immunogenic responses. Hence, we developed a fully human expression system based on HEK293 cells for the stable and high titer production of recombinant proteins by first knocking out GLUL (encoding glutamine synthetase) using CRISPR-Cas9 system. Expression vectors using human GLUL as selection marker were then generated, with recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) as our model protein. Selection was performed using methionine sulfoximine (MSX) to select for high EPO expression cells. EPO production of up to 92700 U/mL of EPO as analyzed by ELISA or 696 mg/L by densitometry was demonstrated in a 2 L stirred-tank fed batch bioreactor. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that N-glycosylation of the produced EPO was similar to endogenous human proteins and non-human glycan epitopes were not detected. Collectively, our results highlight the use of a human cellular expression system for the high titer and xenogeneic-free production of EPO and possibly other complex recombinant proteins.
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14
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Arena TA, Chou B, Harms PD, Wong AW. An anti-apoptotic HEK293 cell line provides a robust and high titer platform for transient protein expression in bioreactors. MAbs 2019; 11:977-986. [PMID: 30907238 PMCID: PMC6601552 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1598230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HEK293 transient expression systems are used to quickly generate proteins for research and pre-clinical studies. With the aim of engineering a high-producing host that grows and transfects robustly in bioreactors, we deleted the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Bak in an HEK293 cell line. The HEK293 Bax Bak double knock-out (HEK293 DKO) cell line exhibited resistance to apoptosis and shear stress. HEK293 DKO cells sourced from 2 L seed train bioreactors were most productive when a pH setpoint of 7.0, a narrow pH deadband of ±0.03, and a DO setpoint of 30% were used. HEK293 DKO seed train cells cultivated for up to 60 days in a 35 L bioreactor showed similar productivities to cells cultivated in shake flasks. To optimize HEK293 DKO transfection cultures, we first evaluated different pH and agitation parameters in ambr15 microbioreactors before scaling up to 10 L wavebag bioreactors. In ambr15 microbioreactors with a pH setpoint of 7.0, a wide pH deadband of ±0.3, and an agitation of 630 rpm, HEK293 DKO transient cultures yielded antibody titers up to 650 mg/L in 7 days. The optimal ambr15 conditions prompted us to operate the 10 L wavebag transfection without direct pH control to mimic the wide pH deadband ranges. The HEK293 DKO transfection process produces high titers at all scales tested. Combined, our optimized HEK293 DKO 35 L bioreactor seed train and 10 L high titer transient processes support efficient, large-scale recombinant protein production for research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia A Arena
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bernice Chou
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter D. Harms
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Athena W. Wong
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Rourou S, Ben Zakkour M, Kallel H. Adaptation of Vero cells to suspension growth for rabies virus production in different serum free media. Vaccine 2019; 37:6987-6995. [PMID: 31201054 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vero cells are nowadays widely used in the production of human vaccines. They are considered as one of the most productive and flexible continuous cell lines available for vaccine manufacturing. However, these cells are anchorage dependent, which greatly complicates upstream processing and process scale-up. Moreover, there is a recognized need to reduce the costs of vaccine manufacturing to develop vaccines that are affordable worldwide. The use of cell lines adapted to suspension growth contributes to reach this objective. The current work describes the adaptation of Vero cells to suspension culture in different serum free media according to multiple protocols based on subsequent passages. The best one that relies on cell adaption to IPT-AFM an in-house developed animal component free medium was then chosen for further studies. Besides, as aggregates have been observed, the improvement of IPT-AFM composition and mechanical dissociation were also investigated. In addition to IPT-AFM, three chemically defined media (CD293, Hycell CHO and CD-U5) and two serum free media (293SFMII and SFM4CHO) were tested to set up a serum free culture of the suspension-adapted Vero cells (VeroS) in shake flasks. Cell density levels higher than 2 × 106 cells/mL were obtained in the assessed conditions. The results were comparable to those obtained in spinner culture of adherent Vero cells grown on Cytodex 1 microcarriers. Cell infection with LP-2061 rabies virus strain at an MOI (Multiplicity of Infection) of 0.1 and a cell density of 8 ± 0.5 × 105 cells/mL resulted in a virus titer higher than 107 FFU/mL in all media tested. Nevertheless, the highest titer equal to 5.2 ± 0.5 × 107 FFU/mL, was achieved in IPT-AFM containing a reduced amount of Ca++ and Mg++. Our results demonstrate the suitability of the obtained VeroS cells to produce rabies virus at a high titer, and pave the way to develop VeroS cells bioreactor process for rabies vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Rourou
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Vaccinology and Biotechnology Development, Group of Biotechnology Development, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13, place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Ben Zakkour
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Vaccinology and Biotechnology Development, Group of Biotechnology Development, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13, place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Héla Kallel
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Vaccinology and Biotechnology Development, Group of Biotechnology Development, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13, place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.
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16
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Shurer CR, Head SE, Goudge MC, Paszek MJ. Mucin-coating technologies for protection and reduced aggregation of cellular production systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:994-1005. [PMID: 30636317 PMCID: PMC6763341 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of host-cell production systems with improved yield and production reliability is desired to meet the increasing demand for biologics with complex posttranslational modifications. Aggregation of suspension-adapted mammalian cells remains a significant problem that can limit the cellular density and per volume yield of bioreactors. Here, we propose a genetically encoded technology that directs the synthesis of antiadhesive and protective coatings on the cellular surface. Inspired by the natural ability of mucin glycoproteins to resist cellular adhesion and hydrate and protect cell and tissue surfaces, we genetically encode new cell-surface coatings through the fusion of engineered mucin domains to synthetic transmembrane anchors. Combined with appropriate expression systems, the mucin-coating technology directs the assembly of thick, highly hydrated barriers to strongly mitigate cell aggregation and protect cells in suspension against fluid shear stresses. The coating technology is demonstrated on suspension-adapted human 293-F cells, which resist clumping even in media formulations that otherwise would induce extreme cell aggregation and show improved performance over a commercially available anticlumping agent. The stable biopolymer coatings do not show deleterious effects on cell proliferation rate, efficiency of transient transfection with complementary DNAs, or recombinant protein expression. Overall, our mucin-coating technology and engineered cell lines have the potential to improve the single-cell growth and viability of suspended cells in bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R. Shurer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Shelby E. Head
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Marc C. Goudge
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Matthew J. Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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17
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Sonawane VR, Siddique MUM, Gatchie L, Williams IS, Bharate SB, Jayaprakash V, Sinha BN, Chaudhuri B. CYP enzymes, expressed within live human suspension cells, are superior to widely-used microsomal enzymes in identifying potent CYP1A1/CYP1B1 inhibitors: Identification of quinazolinones as CYP1A1/CYP1B1 inhibitors that efficiently reverse B[a]P toxicity and cisplatin resistance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 131:177-194. [PMID: 30776468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, isolated from recombinant bacterial/insect/yeast cells, are extensively used for drug metabolism studies. However, they may not always portray how a developmental drug would behave in human cells with intact intracellular transport mechanisms. This study emphasizes the usefulness of human HEK293 kidney cells, grown in 'suspension' for expression of CYPs, in finding potent CYP1A1/CYP1B1 inhibitors, as possible anticancer agents. With live cell-based assays, quinazolinones 9i/9b were found to be selective CYP1A1/CYP1B1 inhibitors with IC50 values of 30/21 nM, and > 150-fold selectivity over CYP2/3 enzymes, whereas they were far less active using commercially-available CYP1A1/CYP1B1 microsomal enzymes (IC50, >10/1.3-1.7 μM). Compound 9i prevented CYP1A1-mediated benzo[a]pyrene-toxicity in normal fibroblasts whereas 9b completely reversed cisplatin resistance in PC-3/prostate, COR-L23/lung, MIAPaCa-2/pancreatic and LS174T/colon cancer cells, underlining the human-cell-assays' potential. Our results indicate that the most potent CYP1A1/CYP1B1 inhibitors would not have been identified if one had relied merely on microsomal enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay R Sonawane
- CYP Design Ltd, The Innovation Centre, 49 Oxford Street, Leicester LE1 5XY, UK
| | - Mohd Usman Mohd Siddique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Linda Gatchie
- CYP Design Ltd, The Innovation Centre, 49 Oxford Street, Leicester LE1 5XY, UK
| | - Ibidapo S Williams
- CYP Design Ltd, The Innovation Centre, 49 Oxford Street, Leicester LE1 5XY, UK
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Venkatesan Jayaprakash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Barij N Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Bhabatosh Chaudhuri
- CYP Design Ltd, The Innovation Centre, 49 Oxford Street, Leicester LE1 5XY, UK.
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18
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Elegheert J, Behiels E, Bishop B, Scott S, Woolley RE, Griffiths SC, Byrne EFX, Chang VT, Stuart DI, Jones EY, Siebold C, Aricescu AR. Lentiviral transduction of mammalian cells for fast, scalable and high-level production of soluble and membrane proteins. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:2991-3017. [PMID: 30455477 PMCID: PMC6364805 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Structural, biochemical and biophysical studies of eukaryotic soluble and membrane proteins require their production in milligram quantities. Although large-scale protein expression strategies based on transient or stable transfection of mammalian cells are well established, they are associated with high consumable costs, limited transfection efficiency or long and tedious selection of clonal cell lines. Lentiviral transduction is an efficient method for the delivery of transgenes to mammalian cells and unifies the ease of use and speed of transient transfection with the robust expression of stable cell lines. In this protocol, we describe the design and step-by-step application of a lentiviral plasmid suite, termed pHR-CMV-TetO2, for the constitutive or inducible large-scale production of soluble and membrane proteins in HEK293 cell lines. Optional features include bicistronic co-expression of fluorescent marker proteins for enrichment of co-transduced cells using cell sorting and of biotin ligase for in vivo biotinylation. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method for a set of soluble proteins and for the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (SMO). We further compare this method with baculovirus transduction of mammalian cells (BacMam), using the type-A γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAAR) β3 homopentamer as a test case. The protocols described here are optimized for simplicity, speed and affordability; lead to a stable polyclonal cell line and milligram-scale amounts of protein in 3-4 weeks; and routinely achieve an approximately three- to tenfold improvement in protein production yield per cell as compared to transient transduction or transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Elegheert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Ester Behiels
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Bishop
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachel E Woolley
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel C Griffiths
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eamon F X Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Veronica T Chang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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19
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Yuan W, Chen J, Cao Y, Yang L, Shen L, Bian Q, Bin S, Li P, Cao J, Fang H, Gu H, Li H. Comparative analysis and optimization of protocols for producing recombinant lentivirus carrying the anti-Her2 chimeric antigen receptor gene. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3027. [PMID: 29851200 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of anti-Her2 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells needs to be optimized to make it a reliable therapy. METHODS Three types of lentiviral vectors expressing anti-Her2 CAR together with packaging plasmids were co-transfected into 293 T-17 cells. The vector with the best packaging efficiency was selected, and the packaging cell culture system and packaging plasmid system were optimized. Centrifugation speed was optimized for the concentration of lentivirus stock. The various purification methods used included membrane filtration, centrifugation with a sucrose cushion and the novelly-designed instantaneous high-speed centrifugation. The recombinant lentiviruses were transduced into human peripheral T cells with an optimized multiplicity of infection (MOI). CAR expression levels by three vectors and the efficacy of CAR-T cells were compared. RESULTS When co-transfected, packaging cells in suspension were better than the commonly used adherent culture condition, with the packaging system psPAX2/pMD2.G being better than pCMV-dR8.91/pVSV-G. The optimal centrifugation speed for concentration was 20 000 g, rather than the generally used ultra-speed. Importantly, adding instantaneous centrifugation for purification significantly increased human peripheral T cell viability (from 13.25% to 62.80%), which is a technical breakthrough for CAR-T cell preparation. The best MOI value for transducing human peripheral T cells was 40. pLVX-EF1a-CAR-IRES-ZsGreen1 expressed the highest level of CAR in human peripheral T cells and the cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells reached 63.56%. CONCLUSIONS We optimized the preparation of recombinant lentivirus that can express third-generation anti-Her2 CAR in T cells, which should lay the foundation for improving the efficacy of CAR-T cells with respect to killing target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingcong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luxi Shen
- Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Bian
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shufang Bin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Panyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hezhi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haihua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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20
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Schwaigerlehner L, Pechlaner M, Mayrhofer P, Oostenbrink C, Kunert R. Lessons learned from merging wet lab experiments with molecular simulation to improve mAb humanization. Protein Eng Des Sel 2018; 31:257-265. [PMID: 29757445 PMCID: PMC6277173 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzy009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are among the most promising modern therapeutics, but defined engineering strategies are still not available. Antibody humanization often leads to a loss of affinity, as it is the case for our model antibody Ab2/3H6 (PDB entry 3BQU). Identifying appropriate back-to-mouse mutations is needed to restore binding affinity, but highly challenging. In order to get more insight, we have applied molecular dynamics simulations and correlated them to antibody binding and expression in wet lab experiments. In this study, we discuss six mAb variants and investigate a tyrosine conglomeration, an isopolar substitution and the improvement of antibody binding towards wildtype affinity. In the 3D structure of the mouse wildtype, residue R94h is surrounded by three tyrosines which form a so-called 'tyrosine cage'. We demonstrate that the tyrosine cage has a supporting function for the CDRh3 loop conformation. The isopolar substitution is not able to mimic the function appropriately. Finally, we show that additional light chain mutations can restore binding to wildtype-comparable level, and also improve the expression of the mAb significantly. We conclude that the variable light chain of Ab2/3H6 is of underestimated importance for the interaction with its antigen mAb 2F5.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schwaigerlehner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Pechlaner
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Mayrhofer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Oostenbrink
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Cervera L, Kamen AA. Large-Scale Transient Transfection of Suspension Mammalian Cells for VLP Production. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1674:117-127. [PMID: 28921433 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7312-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale transient transfection of mammalian cell suspension cultures enables the production of biological products in sufficient quantity and under stringent quality attributes to perform accelerated in vitro evaluations and has the potential to support preclinical or even clinical studies. Here we describe the methodology to produce VLPs in a 3L bioreactor, using suspension HEK 293 cells and PEIPro as a transfection reagent. Cells are grown in the bioreactor to 1 × 106 cells/mL and transfected with a plasmid DNA-PEI complex at a ratio of 1:2. Dissolved oxygen and pH are controlled and are online monitored during the production phase and cell growth and viability can be measured off line taking samples from the bioreactor. If the product is labeled with a fluorescent marker, transfection efficiency can be also assessed using flow cytometry analysis. Typically, the production phase lasts between 48 and 96 h until the product is harvested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cervera
- Bioengineering Department, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Room 270D, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0C3
| | - Amine A Kamen
- Bioengineering Department, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Room 270D, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0C3.
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22
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Fuenmayor J, Cervera L, Gutiérrez-Granados S, Gòdia F. Transient gene expression optimization and expression vector comparison to improve HIV-1 VLP production in HEK293 cell lines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:165-174. [PMID: 29103166 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transient gene expression (TGE) has been used at small and medium scale for the production of biologicals in sufficient quantities to perform pre-clinical and characterization studies. Polyethyleneimine (PEI)-mediated transfection offers a low toxicity and non-expensive method for cell transfection. DNA and PEI concentration for transient gene expression has been extensively optimized in order to increase product titers. However, the possibility to extrapolate the optimal concentrations found for a specific bioprocess when expression vectors or cell lines need to be changed has not been investigated.In this work, the combination of three different HEK293 cell lines with three different vectors was studied for the production of HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs). The concentration of DNA and PEI was optimized for the nine combinations. The obtained results were very similar in all cases (DNA = 2.34 ± 0.18 μg/mL and PEI = 5.81 ± 0.18 μg/mL), revealing that transfection efficiency is not dependent on the cell line or vector type, but on DNA and PEI quantities. Furthermore, two of the cell lines tested stably expressed a protein able to recognize specific origins of replication: HEK293T/SV40 and HEK293E/oriP. Origins of replication were included in the vector sequences in order to test their capacity to increase production titers. HEK293T/SV40 resulted in a decrease of cell density and productivity of 2.3-fold compared to a control plasmid. On the other hand, HEK293E/OriP platform enabled a threefold improvement in HIV-1 VLP production keeping the same cell densities and viabilities compared to a control plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fuenmayor
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocés, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laura Cervera
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocés, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Gutiérrez-Granados
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocés, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocés, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Cervera L, González-Domínguez I, Segura MM, Gòdia F. Intracellular characterization of Gag VLP production by transient transfection of HEK 293 cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2507-2517. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cervera
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cellular i Bioprocés, Escola d'Enginyeria; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Campus de Bellaterra; Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Irene González-Domínguez
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cellular i Bioprocés, Escola d'Enginyeria; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Campus de Bellaterra; Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - María Mercedes Segura
- Bluebird Bio Inc., Pharmaceutical Sciences; Vector Process Development Manufacturing Group; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cellular i Bioprocés, Escola d'Enginyeria; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Campus de Bellaterra; Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
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Najumudeen AK, Jaiswal A, Lectez B, Oetken-Lindholm C, Guzmán C, Siljamäki E, Posada IMD, Lacey E, Aittokallio T, Abankwa D. Cancer stem cell drugs target K-ras signaling in a stemness context. Oncogene 2016; 35:5248-5262. [PMID: 26973241 PMCID: PMC5057041 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to be responsible for treatment relapse and have therefore become a major target in cancer research. Salinomycin is the most established CSC inhibitor. However, its primary mechanistic target is still unclear, impeding the discovery of compounds with similar anti-CSC activity. Here, we show that salinomycin very specifically interferes with the activity of K-ras4B, but not H-ras, by disrupting its nanoscale membrane organization. We found that caveolae negatively regulate the sensitivity to this drug. On the basis of this novel mechanistic insight, we defined a K-ras-associated and stem cell-derived gene expression signature that predicts the drug response of cancer cells to salinomycin. Consistent with therapy resistance of CSC, 8% of tumor samples in the TCGA-database displayed our signature and were associated with a significantly higher mortality. Using our K-ras-specific screening platform, we identified several new candidate CSC drugs. Two of these, ophiobolin A and conglobatin A, possessed a similar or higher potency than salinomycin. Finally, we established that the most potent compound, ophiobolin A, exerts its K-ras4B-specific activity through inactivation of calmodulin. Our data suggest that specific interference with the K-ras4B/calmodulin interaction selectively inhibits CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Najumudeen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - A Jaiswal
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - B Lectez
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - C Oetken-Lindholm
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - C Guzmán
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - E Siljamäki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - I M D Posada
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - E Lacey
- Microbial Screening Technologies Pty. Ltd., Building C, Smithfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - T Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Abankwa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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SPRED1 Interferes with K-ras but Not H-ras Membrane Anchorage and Signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2612-25. [PMID: 27503857 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00191-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is tightly controlled by negative feedback regulators, such as the tumor suppressor SPRED1. The SPRED1 gene also carries loss-of-function mutations in the RASopathy Legius syndrome. Growth factor stimulation translocates SPRED1 to the plasma membrane, triggering its inhibitory activity. However, it remains unclear whether SPRED1 there acts at the level of Ras or Raf. We show that pharmacological or galectin-1 (Gal-1)-mediated induction of B- and C-Raf-containing dimers translocates SPRED1 to the plasma membrane. This is facilitated in particular by SPRED1 interaction with B-Raf and, via its N terminus, with Gal-1. The physiological significance of these novel interactions is supported by two Legius syndrome-associated mutations that show diminished binding to both Gal-1 and B-Raf. On the plasma membrane, SPRED1 becomes enriched in acidic membrane domains to specifically perturb membrane organization and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling of active K-ras4B (here, K-ras) but not H-ras. However, SPRED1 also blocks on the nanoscale the positive effects of Gal-1 on H-ras. Therefore, a combinatorial expression of SPRED1 and Gal-1 potentially regulates specific patterns of K-ras- and H-ras-dependent signaling output. More broadly, our results open up the possibility that related SPRED and Sprouty proteins act in a similar Ras and Raf isoform-specific manner.
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Monteil DT, Juvet V, Paz J, Moniatte M, Baldi L, Hacker DL, Wurm FM. A comparison of orbitally-shaken and stirred-tank bioreactors: pH modulation and bioreactor type affect CHO cell growth and protein glycosylation. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1174-1180. [PMID: 27453130 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Orbitally shaken bioreactors (OSRs) support the suspension cultivation of animal cells at volumetric scales up to 200 L and are a potential alternative to stirred-tank bioreactors (STRs) due to their rapid and homogeneous mixing and high oxygen transfer rate. In this study, a Chinese hamster ovary cell line producing a recombinant antibody was cultivated in a 5 L OSR and a 3 L STR, both operated with or without pH control. Effects of bioreactor type and pH control on cell growth and metabolism and on recombinant protein production and glycosylation were determined. In pH-controlled bioreactors, the glucose consumption and lactate production rates were higher relative to cultures grown in bioreactors without pH control. The cell density and viability were higher in the OSRs than in the STRs, either with or without pH control. Volumetric recombinant antibody yields were not affected by the process conditions, and a glycan analysis of the antibody by mass spectrometry did not reveal major process-dependent differences in the galactosylation index. The results demonstrated that OSRs are suitable for recombinant protein production from suspension-adapted animal cells. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1174-1180, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique T Monteil
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Juvet
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Paz
- Proteomics Core Facility (PCF), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Marc Moniatte
- Proteomics Core Facility (PCF), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Baldi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - David L Hacker
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.,Protein Expression Core Facility (PECF), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Florian M Wurm
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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27
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Najumudeen AK, Posada IMD, Lectez B, Zhou Y, Landor SKJ, Fallarero A, Vuorela P, Hancock J, Abankwa D. Phenotypic Screening Identifies Protein Synthesis Inhibitors as H-Ras-Nanocluster-Increasing Tumor Growth Inducers. Biochemistry 2015; 54:7212-21. [PMID: 26568031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ras isoforms H-, N-, and K-ras are each mutated in specific cancer types at varying frequencies and have different activities in cell fate control. On the plasma membrane, Ras proteins are laterally segregated into isoform-specific nanoscale signaling hubs, termed nanoclusters. As Ras nanoclusters are required for Ras signaling, chemical modulators of nanoclusters represent ideal candidates for the specific modulation of Ras activity in cancer drug development. We therefore conducted a chemical screen with commercial and in-house natural product libraries using a cell-based H-ras-nanoclustering FRET assay. Next to established Ras inhibitors, such as a statin and farnesyl-transferase inhibitor, we surprisingly identified five protein synthesis inhibitors as positive regulators. Using commonly employed cycloheximide as a representative compound, we show that protein synthesis inhibition increased nanoclustering and effector recruitment specifically of active H-ras but not of K-ras. Consistent with these data, cycloheximide treatment activated both Erk and Akt kinases and specifically promoted H-rasG12V-induced, but not K-rasG12V-induced, PC12 cell differentiation. Intriguingly, cycloheximide increased the number of mammospheres, which are enriched for cancer stem cells. Depletion of H-ras in combination with cycloheximide significantly reduced mammosphere formation, suggesting an exquisite synthetic lethality. The potential of cycloheximide to promote tumor cell growth was also reflected in its ability to increase breast cancer cell tumors grown in ovo. These results illustrate the possibility of identifying Ras-isoform-specific modulators using nanocluster-directed screening. They also suggest an unexpected feedback from protein synthesis inhibition to Ras signaling, which might present a vulnerability in certain tumor cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafath K Najumudeen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University , Tykistökatu 6B, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Itziar M D Posada
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University , Tykistökatu 6B, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Benoit Lectez
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University , Tykistökatu 6B, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Yong Zhou
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Sebastian K-J Landor
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University , Tykistökatu 6B, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet , SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Vuorela
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - John Hancock
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University , Tykistökatu 6B, 20520 Turku, Finland
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28
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Approaches for recombinant human factor IX production in serum-free suspension cultures. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 38:385-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Rajendra Y, Balasubramanian S, Kiseljak D, Baldi L, Wurm FM, Hacker DL. Enhanced plasmid DNA utilization in transiently transfected CHO-DG44 cells in the presence of polar solvents. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1571-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yashas Rajendra
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Sowmya Balasubramanian
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Divor Kiseljak
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Lucia Baldi
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Florian M. Wurm
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - David L. Hacker
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC) and Protein Expression Core Facility (PECF); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
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30
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Rapid recombinant protein production from piggyBac transposon-mediated stable CHO cell pools. J Biotechnol 2015; 200:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Decoding mechanisms by which silent codon changes influence protein biogenesis and function. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:58-74. [PMID: 25817479 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Synonymous codon usage has been a focus of investigation since the discovery of the genetic code and its redundancy. The occurrences of synonymous codons vary between species and within genes of the same genome, known as codon usage bias. Today, bioinformatics and experimental data allow us to compose a global view of the mechanisms by which the redundancy of the genetic code contributes to the complexity of biological systems from affecting survival in prokaryotes, to fine tuning the structure and function of proteins in higher eukaryotes. Studies analyzing the consequences of synonymous codon changes in different organisms have revealed that they impact nucleic acid stability, protein levels, structure and function without altering amino acid sequence. As such, synonymous mutations inevitably contribute to the pathogenesis of complex human diseases. Yet, fundamental questions remain unresolved regarding the impact of silent mutations in human disorders. In the present review we describe developments in this area concentrating on mechanisms by which synonymous mutations may affect protein function and human health. PURPOSE This synopsis illustrates the significance of synonymous mutations in disease pathogenesis. We review the different steps of gene expression affected by silent mutations, and assess the benefits and possible harmful effects of codon optimization applied in the development of therapeutic biologics. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL RELEVANCE Understanding mechanisms by which synonymous mutations contribute to complex diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration and genetic disorders, including the limitations of codon-optimized biologics, provides insight concerning interpretation of silent variants and future molecular therapies.
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Rajendra Y, Kiseljak D, Baldi L, Wurm FM, Hacker DL. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional limitations of high-yielding, PEI-mediated transient transfection with CHO and HEK-293E cells. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:541-9. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yashas Rajendra
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Divor Kiseljak
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Lucia Baldi
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Florian M. Wurm
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - David L. Hacker
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Protein Expression Core Facility (PECF), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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Cervera L, Gutiérrez-Granados S, Berrow NS, Segura MM, Gòdia F. Extended gene expression by medium exchange and repeated transient transfection for recombinant protein production enhancement. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:934-46. [PMID: 25421734 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Production of recombinant products in mammalian cell cultures can be achieved by stable gene expression (SGE) or transient gene expression (TGE). The former is based on the integration of a plasmid DNA into the host cell genome allowing continuous gene expression. The latter is based on episomal plasmid DNA expression. Conventional TGE is limited to a short production period of usually about 96 h, therefore limiting productivity. A novel gene expression approach termed extended gene expression (EGE) is explored in this study. The aim of EGE is to prolong the production period by the combination of medium exchange and repeated transfection of cell cultures with plasmid DNA to improve overall protein production. The benefit of this methodology was evaluated for the production of three model recombinant products: intracellular GFP, secreted GFP, and a Gag-GFP virus-like particles (VLPs). Productions were carried out in HEK 293 cell suspension cultures grown in animal-derived component free media using polyethylenimine (PEI) as transfection reagent. Transfections were repeated throughout the production process using different plasmid DNA concentrations, intervals of time, and culture feeding conditions in order to identify the best approach to achieve sustained high-level gene expression. Using this novel EGE strategy, the production period was prolonged between 192 and 240 h with a 4-12-fold increase in production levels, depending on the product type considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cervera
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cellular i Tissular, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Salt ions and related parameters affect PEI-DNA particle size and transfection efficiency in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cytotechnology 2013; 67:67-74. [PMID: 24166598 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfection efficiency is directly associated with the expression level and quantity of recombinant protein after the transient transfection of animal cells. The transfection process can be influenced by many still-unknown factors, so it is valuable to study the precise mechanism and explore these factors in gene delivery. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is considered to have high transfection efficiency and endosome-disrupting capacity. Here we aimed to investigate optimal conditions for transfection efficiency by setting different parameters, including salt ion concentration, DNA/PEI ratio, and incubation time. We examined the PEI-DNA particle size using a Malvern particle size analyzer and assessed the transfection efficiency using flow cytometry in Chinese hamster ovary-S cells. Salt ions, higher amounts of PEI tended to improve the aggregation of PEI-DNA particles and the particle size of PEI-DNA complexes and the transfection efficiency were increased. Besides, the particle size was also found to benefit from longer incubation time. However, the transfection efficiency increased to maximum of 68.92 % at an incubation time of 10 min, but decreased significantly thereafter to 23.71 %, when incubating for 120 min (P < 0.05). Besides, PEI-DNA complexes formed in salt-free condition were unstable. Our results suggest DNA and PEI incubated in 300 mM NaCl at a ratio of 1:4 for 10 min could achieve the optimal transfection efficiency. Our results might provide guidance for the optimization of transfection efficiency and the industrial production of recombinant proteins.
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36
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Hacker DL, Kiseljak D, Rajendra Y, Thurnheer S, Baldi L, Wurm FM. Polyethyleneimine-based transient gene expression processes for suspension-adapted HEK-293E and CHO-DG44 cells. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 92:67-76. [PMID: 24021764 PMCID: PMC7129890 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A brief overview of principles of TGE using mammalian cells. Description of TGE processes for HEK293 and CHO cells. Description of orbitally shaken bioreactors for suspension cell cultivation. Description of polyethylenime-based transfection processes.
Transient gene expression (TGE) from mammalian cells is an increasingly important tool for the rapid production of recombinant proteins for research applications in biochemistry, structural biology, and biomedicine. Here we review methods for the transfection of human embryo kidney (HEK-293) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in suspension culture using the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) for gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Hacker
- Protein Expression Core Facility, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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37
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Frenzel A, Hust M, Schirrmann T. Expression of recombinant antibodies. Front Immunol 2013; 4:217. [PMID: 23908655 PMCID: PMC3725456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are highly specific detection probes in research, diagnostics, and have emerged over the last two decades as the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins. Antibody generation has been dramatically accelerated by in vitro selection systems, particularly phage display. An increasing variety of recombinant production systems have been developed, ranging from Gram-negative and positive bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, insect cell lines, mammalian cells to transgenic plants and animals. Currently, almost all therapeutic antibodies are still produced in mammalian cell lines in order to reduce the risk of immunogenicity due to altered, non-human glycosylation patterns. However, recent developments of glycosylation-engineered yeast, insect cell lines, and transgenic plants are promising to obtain antibodies with "human-like" post-translational modifications. Furthermore, smaller antibody fragments including bispecific antibodies without any glycosylation are successfully produced in bacteria and have advanced to clinical testing. The first therapeutic antibody products from a non-mammalian source can be expected in coming next years. In this review, we focus on current antibody production systems including their usability for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Frenzel
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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38
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Monteil DT, Tontodonati G, Ghimire S, Baldi L, Hacker DL, Bürki CA, Wurm FM. Disposable 600-mL orbitally shaken bioreactor for mammalian cell cultivation in suspension. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jäger V, Büssow K, Wagner A, Weber S, Hust M, Frenzel A, Schirrmann T. High level transient production of recombinant antibodies and antibody fusion proteins in HEK293 cells. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:52. [PMID: 23802841 PMCID: PMC3699382 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The demand of monospecific high affinity binding reagents, particularly monoclonal antibodies, has been steadily increasing over the last years. Enhanced throughput of antibody generation has been addressed by optimizing in vitro selection using phage display which moved the major bottleneck to the production and purification of recombinant antibodies in an end-user friendly format. Single chain (sc)Fv antibody fragments require additional tags for detection and are not as suitable as immunoglobulins (Ig)G in many immunoassays. In contrast, the bivalent scFv-Fc antibody format shares many properties with IgG and has a very high application compatibility. Results In this study transient expression of scFv-Fc antibodies in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells was optimized. Production levels of 10-20 mg/L scFv-Fc antibody were achieved in adherent HEK293T cells. Employment of HEK293-6E suspension cells expressing a truncated variant of the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen (EBNA) 1 in combination with production under serum free conditions increased the volumetric yield up to 10-fold to more than 140 mg/L scFv-Fc antibody. After vector optimization and process optimization the yield of an scFv-Fc antibody and a cytotoxic antibody-RNase fusion protein further increased 3-4-fold to more than 450 mg/L. Finally, an entirely new mammalian expression vector was constructed for single step in frame cloning of scFv genes from antibody phage display libraries. Transient expression of more than 20 different scFv-Fc antibodies resulted in volumetric yields of up to 600 mg/L and 400 mg/L in average. Conclusion Transient production of recombinant scFv-Fc antibodies in HEK293-6E in combination with optimized vectors and fed batch shake flasks cultivation is efficient and robust, and integrates well into a high-throughput recombinant antibody generation pipeline.
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Optimizing the transient transfection process of HEK-293 suspension cells for protein production by nucleotide ratio monitoring. Cytotechnology 2013; 66:493-514. [PMID: 23775287 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Large scale, transient gene expression (TGE) is highly dependent of the physiological status of a cell line. Therefore, intracellular nucleotide pools and ratios were used for identifying and monitoring the optimal status of a suspension cell line used for TGE. The transfection efficiency upon polyethyleneimine (PEI)-mediated transient gene delivery into HEK-293 cells cultured in suspension was investigated to understand the effect of different culture and transfection conditions as well as the significance of the culture age and the quality of the cell line used. Based on two different bicistronic model plasmids expressing the human erythropoietin gene (rHuEPO) in the first position and green fluorescent protein as reporter gene in the second position and vice versa, a completely serum-free transient transfection process was established. The process makes use of a 1:1 mixture of a special calcium-free DMEM and the FreeStyle™ 293 Expression Medium. Maximum transfectability was achieved by adjusting the ratio for complex formation to one mass part of DNA and three parts of PEI corresponding to an N/P (nitrogen residues/DNA phosphates) ratio of 23 representing a minimum amount of DNA for the polycation-mediated gene delivery. Applying this method, maximum transfectabilities between 70 and 96 % and a rHuEPO concentration of 1.6 μg mL(-1) 72 h post transfection were reached, when rHuEPO gene was expressed from the first position of the bicistronic mRNA. This corresponded to 10 % of the total protein concentration in the cell-free supernatant of the cultures in protein-free medium. Up to 30 % higher transfectabilities were found for cells of early passages compared to those from late passages under protein-free culture conditions. In contrast, when the same cells were propagated in serum-containing medium, higher transfectabilities were found for late-passage cells, while up to 40 % lower transfectabilities were observed for early-passage cells. Nucleotide pools were measured during all cell cultivations and the nucleoside triphosphate/uridine ratios were calculated. These 'nucleotide ratios' changed in an age-dependent manner and could be used to distinguish early- from late-passage cells. The observed effects were also dependent on the presence of serum in the culture. Nucleotide ratios were shown being applied to investigate the optimal passage number of cultured cell lines for achieving a maximum productivity in cultures used for transient gene expression. Furthermore, these nucleotide ratios proved to be different for transfected and untransfected cells, providing a high potential tool to monitor the status of transfection under various culture conditions.
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DNA delivery with hyperbranched polylysine: a comparative study with linear and dendritic polylysine. J Control Release 2013; 169:276-88. [PMID: 23379996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PEI and polylysine are among the most investigated synthetic polymeric carriers for DNA delivery. Apart from their practical use, these 2 classes of polymers are also of interest from a fundamental point of view as they both can be prepared in different architectures (linear and branched/dendritic) and in a wide range of molecular weights, which is attractive to establish basic structure-activity relationships. This manuscript reports the results of an extensive study on the influence of molecular weight and architecture of a library of polylysine variants that includes linear, dendritic and hyperbranched polylysine. Hyperbranched polylysine is a new polylysine-based carrier that is structurally related to dendritic polylysine but possesses a randomly branched structure. Hyperbranched polylysine is attractive as it can be prepared in a one-step process on a large scale. The performance of these 3 classes of polylysine analogs was evaluated by assessing eGFP and IgG production in transient gene expression experiments with CHO DG44 cells, which revealed that protein production generally increased with increasing molecular weight and that at comparable molecular weight, the hyperbranched analogs were superior as compared to the dendritic and linear polylysines. To understand the differences between the gene delivery properties of the hyperbranched polylysine analogs on the one hand and the dendritic and linear polylysines on the other hand, the uptake and trafficking of the corresponding polyplexes were investigated. These experiments allowed us to identify (i) polyplex-external cell membrane binding, (ii) free, unbound polylysine coexisting with polyplexes as well as (iii) polymer buffer capacity as three possible factors that may contribute to the superior transfection properties of the hyperbranched polylysines as compared to their linear and dendritic analogs. Altogether, the results of this study indicate that hyperbranched polylysine is an interesting, alternative synthetic gene carrier. Hyperbranched polylysine can be produced at low costs and in large quantities, is partially biodegradable, which may help to prevent cumulative cytotoxicity, and possesses transfection properties that can approach those of PEI.
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Wright JL, Jordan M, Wurm FM. Extraction of plasmid DNA using reactor scale alkaline lysis and selective precipitation for scalable transient transfection. Cytotechnology 2012; 35:165-73. [PMID: 22358855 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013106032341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA extracted and purified for vaccination, gene therapy or transfection of cultured cells has to meet different criteria. We describe herein, a scalable process for the primary extraction of plasmid DNA suitable for transient expression of recombinant protein. We focus on the scale up of alkaline lysis for the extraction of plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli, and use a simple stirred tank reactor system to achieve this. By adding a series of three precipitations (including a selective precipitation step with ammonium acetate) we enrich very quickly the plasmid DNA content in the extract. The process has been thus far used to extract up to 100 mg of plasmid from 1.5 l of clarified lysate, corresponding to an E.coli bioreactor fermentation of 3 l.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wright
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Corchero JL, Gasser B, Resina D, Smith W, Parrilli E, Vázquez F, Abasolo I, Giuliani M, Jäntti J, Ferrer P, Saloheimo M, Mattanovich D, Schwartz S, Tutino ML, Villaverde A. Unconventional microbial systems for the cost-efficient production of high-quality protein therapeutics. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 31:140-53. [PMID: 22985698 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Both conventional and innovative biomedical approaches require cost-effective protein drugs with high therapeutic potency, improved bioavailability, biocompatibility, stability and pharmacokinetics. The growing longevity of the human population, the increasing incidence and prevalence of age-related diseases and the better comprehension of genetic-linked disorders prompt to develop natural and engineered drugs addressed to fulfill emerging therapeutic demands. Conventional microbial systems have been for long time exploited to produce biotherapeutics, competing with animal cells due to easier operation and lower process costs. However, both biological platforms exhibit important drawbacks (mainly associated to intracellular retention of the product, lack of post-translational modifications and conformational stresses), that cannot be overcome through further strain optimization merely due to physiological constraints. The metabolic diversity among microorganisms offers a spectrum of unconventional hosts, that, being able to bypass some of these weaknesses, are under progressive incorporation into production pipelines. In this review we describe the main biological traits and potentials of emerging bacterial, yeast, fungal and microalgae systems, by comparing selected leading species with well established conventional organisms with a long run in protein drug production.
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A multi-omics analysis of recombinant protein production in Hek293 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43394. [PMID: 22937046 PMCID: PMC3427347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hek293 cells are the predominant hosts for transient expression of recombinant proteins and are used for stable expression of proteins where post-translational modifications performed by CHO cells are inadequate. Nevertheless, there is little information available on the key cellular features underpinning recombinant protein production in Hek293 cells. To improve our understanding of recombinant protein production in Hek293 cells and identify targets for the engineering of an improved host cell line, we have compared a stable, recombinant protein producing Hek293 cell line and its parental cell line using a combination of transcriptomics, metabolomics and fluxomics. Producer cultures consumed less glucose than non-producer cultures while achieving the same growth rate, despite the additional burden of recombinant protein production. Surprisingly, there was no indication that producer cultures compensated for the reduction in glycolytic energy by increasing the efficiency of glucose utilization or increasing glutamine consumption. In contrast, glutamine consumption was lower and the majority of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation were downregulated in producer cultures. We observed an overall downregulation of a large number of genes associated with broad cellular functions (e.g., cell growth and proliferation) in producer cultures, and therefore speculate that a broad adaptation of the cellular network freed up resources for recombinant protein production while maintaining the same growth rate. Increased abundance of genes associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress indicated a possible bottleneck at the point of protein folding and assembly.
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Nallet S, Fornelli L, Schmitt S, Parra J, Baldi L, Tsybin YO, Wurm FM. Glycan variability on a recombinant IgG antibody transiently produced in HEK-293E cells. N Biotechnol 2012; 29:471-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kadlecova Z, Rajendra Y, Matasci M, Hacker D, Baldi L, Wurm FM, Klok HA. Hyperbranched Polylysine: A Versatile, Biodegradable Transfection Agent for the Production of Recombinant Proteins by Transient Gene Expression and the Transfection of Primary Cells. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:794-804. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Rajendra Y, Kiseljak D, Manoli S, Baldi L, Hacker DL, Wurm FM. Role of non-specific DNA in reducing coding DNA requirement for transient gene expression with CHO and HEK-293E cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:2271-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Effect of addition of 'carrier' DNA during transient protein expression in suspension CHO culture. Cytotechnology 2012; 64:613-22. [PMID: 22415736 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient protein expression using polyethyleneimine as a transfection agent is useful for the rapid production of small amounts of recombinant proteins. It is known that an increase in extracellular DNA concentration during transfection can lead to a nonlinear increase in intracellular DNA concentration. We present an approach that hypothesizes that this nonlinearity can be used to decrease the amount of plasmid required for productive transfections. Through addition of non coding 'carrier' DNA to increase total DNA concentration during transfection, we report a statistically significant increase in protein (IgG) expression per unit plasmid used for transfection. This approach could be useful to increase protein yields for large scale transfections under conditions where plasmid availability is limited.
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Kadlecova Z, Nallet S, Hacker DL, Baldi L, Klok HA, Wurm FM. Poly(ethyleneimine)-mediated large-scale transient gene expression: influence of molecular weight, polydispersity and N-propionyl groups. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:628-36. [PMID: 22411776 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three synthesis lots of linear poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) are compared to a fully hydrolyzed linear PEI (commercially available as PEI "Max") regarding structure, polyplex formation with plasmid DNA, and transfection of suspension-adapted HEK-293E cells. PEI "Max" binds DNA more efficiently than the other PEIs, but it is the least effective in terms of transient recombinant protein yield. One PEI lot is fractionated by means of SEC. The fractions of high-M(n) PEI are the most efficient for complex formation and transfection. Nevertheless, the highest transient recombinant protein yields are achieved with unfractionated PEI. The results demonstrate that the polydispersity and charge density of linear PEI are important parameters for gene delivery to suspension-adapted HEK-293E cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kadlecova
- Laboratoire des Polymères, Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénieries Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Balasubramanian S, Matasci M, Baldi L, Hacker DL, Wurm FM. Transposon mediated co-integration and co-expression of transgenes in CHO-DG44 cells. BMC Proc 2012; 5 Suppl 8:P32. [PMID: 22373439 PMCID: PMC3284971 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s8-p32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Balasubramanian
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Matasci
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Baldi
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David L Hacker
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian M Wurm
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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