1
|
Wang HL, Sun HP, Zheng PR, Cheng RT, Liu ZW, Yuan H, Gao WY, Li H. Re-investigation of in vitro activity of acetohydroxyacid synthase I holoenzyme from Escherichia coli. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 754:109962. [PMID: 38499055 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) is one of the key enzymes of the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids, it is also an effective target for the screening of herbicides and antibiotics. In this study we present a method for preparing Escherichia coli AHAS I holoenzyme (EcAHAS I) with exceptional stability, which provides a solid ground for us to re-investigate the in vitro catalytic properties of the protein. The results show EcAHAS I synthesized in this way exhibits similar function to Bacillus subtilis acetolactate synthase in its catalysis with pyruvate and 2-ketobutyrate (2-KB) as dual-substrate, producing four 2-hydroxy-3-ketoacids including (S)-2-acetolactate, (S)-2-aceto-2-hydroxybutyrate, (S)-2-propionyllactate, and (S)-2-propionyl-2-hydroxybutyrate. Quantification of the reaction indicates that the two substrates almost totally consume, and compound (S)-2-aceto-2- hydroxybutyrate forms in the highest yield among the four major products. Moreover, the protein also condenses two molecules of 2-KB to furnish (S)-2-propionyl-2-hydroxybutyrate. Further exploration manifests that EcAHAS I ligates pyruvate/2-KB and nitrosobenzene to generate two arylhydroxamic acids N-hydroxy-N-phenylacetamide and N-hydroxy-N-phenyl- propionamide. These findings enhance our comprehension of the catalytic characteristics of EcAHAS I. Furthermore, the application of this enzyme as a catalyst in construction of C-N bonds displays promising potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Hui-Peng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Pei-Rong Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Rui-Tong Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Heng Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Wen-Yun Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Heng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alvarado O, García-Meseguer R, Ruiz-Pernía JJ, Tuñon I, Delgado EJ. Mechanistic study of the biosynthesis of R-phenylacetylcarbinol by acetohydroxyacid synthase enzyme using hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 707:108849. [PMID: 33832752 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of R-phenylacetylcarbinol (R-PAC) by the acetohydroxy acid synthase, (AHAS) is addressed by molecular dynamics simulations (MD), hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM), and QM/MM free energy calculations. The results show the reaction starts with the nucleophilic attack of the C2α atom of the HEThDP intermediate on the Cβ atom of the carbonyl group of benzaldehyde substrate via the formation of a transition state (TS1) with the HEThDP intermediate under 4'-aminopyrimidium (APH+) form. The calculated activation free energy for this step is 17.4 kcal mol-1 at 27 °C. From this point, the reaction continues with the abstraction of Hβ atom of the HEThDP intermediate by the Oβ atom of benzaldehyde to form the intermediate I. The reaction is completed with the cleavage of the bond C2α-C2 to form the product R-PAC and to regenerate the ylide intermediate under the APH+ form, allowing in this way to reinitiate to the catalytic cycle once more. The calculated activation barrier for this last step is 15.9 kcal mol-1 at 27 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Alvarado
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Collao 1202, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rafael García-Meseguer
- School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Physical Chemistry, Universitat de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | | | - Iñaki Tuñon
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Universitat de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Eduardo J Delgado
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liang YF, Long ZX, Zhang YJ, Luo CY, Yan LT, Gao WY, Li H. The chemical mechanisms of the enzymes in the branched-chain amino acids biosynthetic pathway and their applications. Biochimie 2021; 184:72-87. [PMID: 33607240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
l-Valine, l-isoleucine, and l-leucine are three key proteinogenic amino acids, and they are also the essential amino acids required for mammalian growth, possessing important and to some extent, special physiological and biological functions. Because of the branched structures in their carbon chains, they are also named as branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). This review will highlight the advance in studies of the enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of BCAAs, concentrating on their chemical mechanisms and applications in screening herbicides and antibacterial agents. The uses of some of these enzymes in lab scale organic synthesis are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Liang
- College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zi-Xian Long
- College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ya-Jian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Cai-Yun Luo
- College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Le-Tian Yan
- College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Wen-Yun Gao
- College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Heng Li
- College of Life Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alvarado O, García-Meseguer R, Ruiz-Pernía JJ, Tuñon I, Delgado EJ. Mechanistic study of the biosynthesis of R-phenylcarbinol by acetohydroxyacid synthase enzyme using hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 701:108807. [PMID: 33587902 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of R-phenylacetylcarbinol (R-PAC) by the acetohydroxy acid synthase, (AHAS) is addressed by molecular dynamics simulations (MD), hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM), and QM/MM free energy calculations. The results show the reaction starts with the nucleophilic attack of the C2α atom of the HEThDP intermediate on the Cβ atom of the carbonyl group of benzaldehyde substrate via the formation of a transition state (TS1) with the HEThDP intermediate under 4'-aminopyrimidium (APH+) form. The calculated activation free energy for this step is 17.4kcal mol-1 at 27 °C. From this point, the reaction continues with the abstraction of Hβ atom of the HEThDP intermediate by the Oβ atom of benzaldehyde to form the intermediate I. The reaction is completed with the cleavage of the bond C2α-C2 to form the product R-PAC and to regenerate the ylide intermediate under the APH+ form, allowing in this way to reinitiate to the catalytic cycle once more. The calculated activation barrier for this last step is 15.9kcal mol-1 at 27 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Alvarado
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Collao 1202, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rafael García-Meseguer
- School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Physical Chemistry, Universitat de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | | | - Iñaki Tuñon
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Universitat de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Eduardo J Delgado
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Erdmann V, Sehl T, Frindi-Wosch I, Simon RC, Kroutil W, Rother D. Methoxamine Synthesis in a Biocatalytic 1-Pot 2-Step Cascade Approach. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Erdmann
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Torsten Sehl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- HERBRAND PharmaChemicals GmbH, 77723 Gengenbach, Germany
| | - Ilona Frindi-Wosch
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Robert C. Simon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Roche-Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dörte Rother
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saepua S, Kornsakulkarn J, Somyong W, Laksanacharoen P, Isaka M, Thongpanchang C. Bioactive compounds from the scale insect fungus Conoideocrella tenuis BCC 44534. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Alvarado O, Lizana I, Jaña G, Tuñon I, Delgado E. A DFT study on the chiral synthesis of R-phenylacetyl carbinol within the quantum chemical cluster approach. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
8
|
Li H, Liu N, Hui X, Gao WY. An improved enzymatic method for the preparation of (R)-phenylacetyl carbinol. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04641c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(R)-Phenylacetyl carbinol (R-PAC) is one of the key chiral α-hydroxyketones utilized as a synthon in the synthesis of a number of pharmaceuticals having α- and β-adrenergic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems
- College of Life Sciences
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Experimental Surgery
- Tangdu Hospital
- Fourth Military Medical University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Xian Hui
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems
- College of Life Sciences
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Wen-Yun Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems
- College of Life Sciences
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu Y, Li Y, Wang X. Acetohydroxyacid synthases: evolution, structure, and function. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8633-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Giovannini PP, Lerin LA, Müller M, Bernacchia G, Bastiani MD, Catani M, Di Carmine G, Massi A. (S
)-Selectivity in Phenylacetyl Carbinol Synthesis Using the Wild-Type Enzyme Acetoin:Dichlorophenolindophenol Oxidoreductase from Bacillus licheniformis. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università di Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara 17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Lindomar Alberto Lerin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università di Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara 17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Giovanni Bernacchia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie; Università di Ferrara; Via L. Borsari 46 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Morena De Bastiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie; Università di Ferrara; Via L. Borsari 46 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università di Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara 17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università di Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara 17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università di Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara 17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Eram MS, Ma K. Pyruvate decarboxylase activity of the acetohydroxyacid synthase of Thermotoga maritima. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:394-399. [PMID: 28955930 PMCID: PMC5613635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) catalyzes the production of acetolactate from pyruvate. The enzyme from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima has been purified and characterized (kcat ~100 s−1). It was found that the same enzyme also had the ability to catalyze the production of acetaldehyde and CO2 from pyruvate, an activity of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) at a rate approximately 10% of its AHAS activity. Compared to the catalytic subunit, reconstitution of the individually expressed and purified catalytic and regulatory subunits of the AHAS stimulated both activities of PDC and AHAS. Both activities had similar pH and temperature profiles with an optimal pH of 7.0 and temperature of 85 °C. The enzyme kinetic parameters were determined, however, it showed a non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics for pyruvate only. This is the first report on the PDC activity of an AHAS and the second bifunctional enzyme that might be involved in the production of ethanol from pyruvate in hyperthermophilic microorganisms. The acetohydroxyacid synthase of T. maritima has pyruvate decarboxylase activity The AHAS and PDC activities share the same temperature and pH optima Reconstitution of the catalytic and regulatory subunits increases both PDC and AHAS activities
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Eram
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kesen Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mal K, Kaur A, Haque F, Das I. PPh3·HBr–DMSO: A Reagent System for Diverse Chemoselective Transformations. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6400-10. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Mal
- Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Amanpreet Kaur
- Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Fazle Haque
- Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Indrajit Das
- Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kerfah R, Plevin MJ, Pessey O, Hamelin O, Gans P, Boisbouvier J. Scrambling free combinatorial labeling of alanine-β, isoleucine-δ1, leucine-proS and valine-proS methyl groups for the detection of long range NOEs. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2015; 61:73-82. [PMID: 25430061 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-014-9887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Specific isotopic labeling of methyl groups in proteins has greatly extended the applicability of solution NMR spectroscopy. Simultaneous labeling of the methyl groups of several different amino acid types can offer a larger number of useful probes that can be used for structural characterisations of challenging proteins. Herein, we propose an improved AILV methyl-labeling protocol in which L and V are stereo-specifically labeled. We show that 2-ketobutyrate cannot be combined with Ala and 2-acetolactate (for the stereo-specific labeling of L and V) as this results in co-incorporation incompatibility and isotopic scrambling. Thus, we developed a robust and cost-effective enzymatic synthesis of the isoleucine precursor, 2-hydroxy-2-(1'-[(2)H2], 2'-[(13)C])ethyl-3-keto-4-[(2)H3]butanoic acid, as well as an incorporation protocol that eliminates metabolic leakage. We show that application of this labeling scheme to a large 82 kDa protein permits the detection of long-range (1)H-(1)H NOE cross-peaks between methyl probes separated by up to 10 Å.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rime Kerfah
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 10090, 38044, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sánchez L, Jaña GA, Delgado EJ. A QM/MM study on the reaction pathway leading to 2-Aceto-2-hydroxybutyrate in the catalytic cycle of AHAS. J Comput Chem 2014; 35:488-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Sánchez
- Computational Biological Chemistry Group, Faculty of Chemical Sciences; Universidad de Concepción; Concepción
| | - Gonzalo A. Jaña
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Sede Concepción; Universidad Andrés Bello; Concepcion
| | - Eduardo J. Delgado
- Computational Biological Chemistry Group, Faculty of Chemical Sciences; Universidad de Concepción; Concepción
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hailes HC, Rother D, Müller M, Westphal R, Ward JM, Pleiss J, Vogel C, Pohl M. Engineering stereoselectivity of ThDP-dependent enzymes. FEBS J 2013; 280:6374-94. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen C. Hailes
- Department of Chemistry; Christopher Ingold Laboratories; University College London; UK
| | - Dörte Rother
- IBG-1: Biotechnology; Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Freiburg; Germany
| | | | - John M. Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; UK
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Germany
| | - Constantin Vogel
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Germany
| | - Martina Pohl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology; Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Krizevski R, Bar E, Shalit OR, Levy A, Hagel JM, Kilpatrick K, Marsolais F, Facchini PJ, Ben-Shabat S, Sitrit Y, Lewinsohn E. Benzaldehyde is a precursor of phenylpropylamino alkaloids as revealed by targeted metabolic profiling and comparative biochemical analyses in Ephedra spp. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 81:71-9. [PMID: 22727117 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are phenylpropylamino alkaloids widely used in modern medicine. Some Ephedra species such as E. sinica Stapf (Ephedraceae), a widely used Chinese medicinal plant (Chinese name: Ma Huang), accumulate ephedrine alkaloids as active constituents. Other Ephedra species, such as E. foeminea Forssk. (syn. E. campylopoda C.A. Mey) lack ephedrine alkaloids and their postulated metabolic precursors 1-phenylpropane-1,2-dione and (S)-cathinone. Solid-phase microextraction analysis of freshly picked young E. sinica and E. foeminea stems revealed the presence of increased benzaldehyde levels in E. foeminea, whereas 1-phenylpropane-1,2-dione was detected only in E. sinica. Soluble protein preparations from E. sinica and E. foeminea stems catalyzed the conversion of benzaldehyde and pyruvate to (R)-phenylacetylcarbinol, (S)-phenylacetylcarbinol, (R)-2-hydroxypropiophenone (S)-2-hydroxypropiophenone and 1-phenylpropane-1,2-dione. The activity, termed benzaldehyde carboxyligase (BCL) required the presence of magnesium and thiamine pyrophosphate and was 40 times higher in E. sinica as compared to E. foeminea. The distribution patterns of BCL activity in E. sinica tissues correlates well with the distribution pattern of the ephedrine alkaloids. (S)-Cathinone reductase enzymatic activities generating (1R,2S)-norephedrine and (1S,1R)-norephedrine were significantly higher in E. sinica relative to the levels displayed by E. foeminea. Surprisingly, (1R,2S)-norephedrine N-methyltransferase activity which is a downstream enzyme in ephedrine biosynthesis was significantly higher in E. foeminea than in E. sinica. Our studies further support that benzaldehyde is the metabolic precursor to phenylpropylamino alkaloids in E. sinica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raz Krizevski
- Department of Aromatic, Medicinal and Spice Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gedi V, Yoon MY. Bacterial acetohydroxyacid synthase and its inhibitors - a summary of their structure, biological activity and current status. FEBS J 2012; 279:946-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Lehwald P, Richter M, Röhr C, Liu HW, Müller M. Enantioselective intermolecular aldehyde-ketone cross-coupling through an enzymatic carboligation reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:2389-92. [PMID: 20191639 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Lehwald
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lehwald P, Richter M, Röhr C, Liu HW, Müller M. Enantioselective Intermolecular Aldehyde-Ketone Cross-Coupling through an Enzymatic Carboligation Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Yun H, Kim BG. Enzymatic production of (R)-phenylacetylcarbinol by pyruvate decarboxylase from Zymomonas mobilis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
22
|
White RH. Biochemical Origins of Lactaldehyde and Hydroxyacetone in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. Biochemistry 2008; 47:5037-46. [DOI: 10.1021/bi800069x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. White
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
McCourt JA, Duggleby RG. Acetohydroxyacid synthase and its role in the biosynthetic pathway for branched-chain amino acids. Amino Acids 2006; 31:173-210. [PMID: 16699828 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The branched-chain amino acids are synthesized by plants, fungi and microorganisms, but not by animals. Therefore, the enzymes of this pathway are potential target sites for the development of antifungal agents, antimicrobials and herbicides. Most research has focused upon the first enzyme in this biosynthetic pathway, acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) largely because it is the target site for many commercial herbicides. In this review we provide a brief overview of the important properties of each enzyme within the pathway and a detailed summary of the most recent AHAS research, against the perspective of work that has been carried out over the past 50 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A McCourt
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vyazmensky M, Engel S, Kryukov O, Berkovich-Berger D, Kaplun L. Construction of an active acetohydroxyacid synthase I with a flexible linker connecting the catalytic and the regulatory subunits. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1764:955-960. [PMID: 16795146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase I (AHAS I), one of three isozymes in Escherichia coli catalyzing the first common step in the biosynthesis of branched amino acids, is composed of two kinds of subunits. The large catalytic (B) and small regulatory (N) subunits of the holoenzyme dissociate and associate freely and rapidly and are quite different in size, charge and hydrophobicity, so that high resolution purification methods lead to partial separation of subunits and to heterogeneity. We have prepared several linked AHAS I proteins, in which the large subunit B with a hexahistidine-tag at the N-terminus, was covalently joined by a flexible linker, containing several (X) amino acids, to the small subunit N to form His6-BuXN polypeptides. All linked BuXN polypeptides have similar specific activity, sensitivity to valine and substrate specificity as the wild type holoenzyme. The most successful BuXN linked protein (Bu30N-r) was inserted into and expressed in yeast and its catalytic properties were tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vyazmensky
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|