1
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Ye L, Liao T, Deng X, Long H, Liu G, Ke W, Huang K. Establishment of an RNA-based transient expression system in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. N Biotechnol 2024; 83:175-187. [PMID: 39153527 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2024.08.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga, is a prominent model for green biotechnology and for studying organelles' function and biogenesis, such as chloroplasts and cilia. However, the stable expression of foreign genes from the nuclear genome in C. reinhardtii faces several limitations, including low expression levels and significant differences between clones due to genome position effects, epigenetic silencing, and time-consuming procedures. We developed a robust transient expression system in C. reinhardtii to overcome these limitations. We demonstrated efficient entry of in vitro-transcribed mRNA into wall-less cells and enzymatically dewalled wild-type cells via electroporation. The endogenous or exogenous elements can facilitate efficient transient expression of mRNA in C. reinhardtii, including the 5' UTR of PsaD and the well-characterized Kozak sequence derived from the Chromochloris zofingiensis. In the optimized system, mRNA expression was detectable in 120 h with a peak around 4 h after transformation. Fluorescently tagged proteins were successfully transiently expressed, enabling organelle labeling and real-time determination of protein sub-cellular localization. Remarkably, transiently expressed IFT46 compensated for the ift46-1 mutant phenotype, indicating the correct protein folding and function of IFT46 within the cells. Additionally, we demonstrated the feasibility of our system for studying protein-protein interactions in living cells using bimolecular fluorescence complementation. In summary, the established transient expression system provides a powerful tool for investigating protein localization, function, and interactions in C. reinhardtii within a relatively short timeframe, which will significantly facilitate the study of gene function, genome structure, and green biomanufacturing in C. reinhardtii and potentially in other algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Ye
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tancong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Huan Long
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Gai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wenting Ke
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Kaiyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
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2
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Oliverio R, Liberelle B, Patenaude V, Moreau V, Thomas E, Virgilio N, Banquy X, De Crescenzo G. Cofunctionalization of Macroporous Dextran Hydrogels with Adhesive Peptides and Growth Factors Enables Vascular Spheroid Sprouting. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:5080-5093. [PMID: 39038278 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Ensuring good definition of scaffolds used for 3D cell culture is a prominent challenge that hampers the development of tissue engineering platforms. Since dextran repels cell adhesion, using dextran-based materials biofunctionalized through a bottom-up approach allows for precise control over material definition. Here, we report the design of dextran hydrogels displaying a fully interconnected macropore network for the culture of vascular spheroids in vitro. We biofunctionalized the hydrogels with the RGD peptide sequence to promote cell adhesion. We used an affinity peptide pair, the E/K coiled coil, to load the gels with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Dual functionalization with adhesive and proliferative cues allows vascular spheroids to colonize naturally cell-repellant dextran. In supplement-depleted medium, we report improved colonization of the macropores compared to that of unmodified dextran. Altogether, we propose a well-defined and highly versatile platform for tissue engineering and tissue vascularization applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romane Oliverio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Axe Formulation et Analyse du Médicament (AFAM), Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoît Liberelle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Victor Patenaude
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Vaiana Moreau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre de Recherche sur les Systèmes Polymères et Composites à Haute Performance (CREPEC), Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Elian Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Nick Virgilio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre de Recherche sur les Systèmes Polymères et Composites à Haute Performance (CREPEC), Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Axe Formulation et Analyse du Médicament (AFAM), Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
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3
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Zhou J, Yan GG, Cluckey D, Meade C, Ruth M, Sorm R, Tam AS, Lim S, Petridis C, Lin L, D’Antona AM, Zhong X. Exploring Parametric and Mechanistic Differences between Expi293F TM and ExpiCHO-S TM Cells for Transient Antibody Production Optimization. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:53. [PMID: 37606437 PMCID: PMC10443273 DOI: 10.3390/antib12030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly producing drug-like antibody therapeutics for lead molecule discovery and candidate optimization is typically accomplished by large-scale transient gene expression technologies (TGE) with cultivated mammalian cells. The TGE methodologies have been extensively developed over the past three decades, yet produce significantly lower yields than the stable cell line approach, facing the technical challenge of achieving universal high expression titers for a broad range of antibodies and therapeutics modalities. In this study, we explored various parameters for antibody production in the TGE cell host Expi293FTM and ExpiCHO-STM with the transfection reagents ExpiFectamineTM and polyethylenimine. We discovered that there are significant differences between Expi293FTM and ExpiCHO-STM cells with regards to DNA complex formation time and ratio, complex formation buffers, DNA complex uptake trafficking routes, responses to dimethyl sulfoxide and cell cycle inhibitors, as well as light-chain isotype expression preferences. This investigation mechanistically dissected the TGE processes and provided a new direction for future transient antibody production optimization.
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4
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Oliverio R, Patenaude V, Liberelle B, Virgilio N, Banquy X, De Crescenzo G. Macroporous dextran hydrogels for controlled growth factor capture and delivery using coiled-coil interactions. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:190-203. [PMID: 36113720 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Macroporous hydrogels possess a vast potential for various applications in the biomedical field. However, due to their large pore size allowing for unrestricted diffusion in the macropore network, macroporous hydrogels alone are not able to efficiently capture and release biomolecules in a controlled manner. There is thus a need for biofunctionalized, affinity-based gels that can efficiently load and release biomolecules in a sustained and controlled manner. For this purpose, we report here the use of a E/K coiled-coil affinity pair for the controlled capture and delivery of growth factors from highly interconnected, macroporous dextran hydrogels. By conjugating the Kcoil peptide to the dextran backbone, we achieved controlled loading and release of Ecoil-tagged Epidermal and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors. To finely tune the behavior of the gels, we propose four control parameters: (i) macropore size, (ii) Kcoil grafting density, (iii) Ecoil valency and (iv) E/K affinity. We demonstrate that Kcoil grafting can produce a 20-fold increase in passive growth factor capture by macroporous dextran gels. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our gels can release as little as 20% of the loaded growth factors over one week, while retaining bioactivity. Altogether, we propose a versatile, highly tunable platform for the controlled delivery of growth factors in biomedical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work presents a highly tunable platform for growth factor capture and sustained delivery using affinity peptides in macroporous, fully interconnected dextran hydrogels. It addresses several ongoing challenges by presenting: (i) a versatile platform for the delivery of a wide range of stable, bioactive molecules, (ii) a passive, affinity-based loading of growth factors in the platform, paving the way for in situ (re)loading of the device and (iii) four different control parameters to finely tune growth factor capture and release. Altogether, our macroporous dextran hydrogels have a vast potential for applications in controlled delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romane Oliverio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Axe Formulation et Analyse du Médicament (AFAM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Victor Patenaude
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Benoît Liberelle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Nick Virgilio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre de Recherche sur les Systèmes Polymères et Composites à Haute Performance (CREPEC), Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Axe Formulation et Analyse du Médicament (AFAM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.
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5
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Lezin C, Mauduit P, Uzan G, Abdelgawad ME. An Evaluation of Different Types of Peptone as Partial Substitutes for Animal-derived Serum in Vero Cell Culture. Altern Lab Anim 2022; 50:339-348. [PMID: 36062749 DOI: 10.1177/02611929221122780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vero cells are one of the most frequently used cell types in virology. They can be used not only as a vehicle for the replication of viruses, but also as a model for investigating viral infectivity, cytopathology and vaccine production. There is increasing awareness of the need to limit the use of animal-derived components in cell culture media for a number of reasons, which include reducing the risk of contamination and decreasing costs related to the downstream processing of commercial products obtained via cell culture. The current study evaluates the use of protein hydrolysates (PHLs), also known as peptones, as partial substitutes for fetal bovine serum (FBS) in Vero cell culture. Eleven plant-based, two yeast-based, and three casein-based peptones were assessed, with different batches evaluated in the study. We tested the effects of three concentration ratios of FBS and peptone on Vero cell proliferation, four days after the initial cell seeding. Some of the tested peptones, when in combination with a minimal 1% level of FBS, supported cell proliferation rates equivalent to those achieved with 10% FBS. Collectively, our findings showed that plant-based peptones could represent promising options for the successful formulation of serum-reduced cell culture media for vaccine production. This is especially relevant in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, in view of the urgent need for SARS-CoV-2 virus production for certain types of vaccine. The current study contributes to the Three Rs principle of reduction, as well as addressing animal ethics concerns associated with FBS, by repurposing PHLs for use in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Lezin
- UMR-S-MD 1197, 27102Inserm, Villejuif, France.,Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France.,Organotechnie, R&D Department, La Courneuve, France
| | - Philippe Mauduit
- UMR-S-MD 1197, 27102Inserm, Villejuif, France.,Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Georges Uzan
- UMR-S-MD 1197, 27102Inserm, Villejuif, France.,Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Mohamed Essameldin Abdelgawad
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.,Innovative Cellular Microenvironment Optimization Platform (ICMOP), Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.,Precision Therapy Unit, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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6
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Heng ZSL, Yeo JY, Koh DWS, Gan SKE, Ling WL. Augmenting recombinant antibody production in HEK293E cells: Optimising transfection and culture parameters. Antib Ther 2022; 5:30-41. [PMID: 35146331 PMCID: PMC8825235 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Optimising recombinant antibody production is important for cost-effective therapeutics and diagnostics. With impact on commercialisation, higher productivity beyond laboratory scales is highly sought, where efficient production can also accelerate antibody characterisations and investigations.
Methods
Investigating HEK293E cells for mammalian antibody production, various transfection and culture parameters were systematically analysed for antibody light chain production before evaluating them for whole antibody production. Transfection parameters investigated include seeding cell density, the concentration of the transfection reagent and DNA, complexation time, temperature, and volume, as well as culture parameters such as medium replacement, serum deprivation, use of cell maintenance antibiotic, incubation temperature, medium volume, post-transfection harvest day and common nutrient supplements.
Results
Using 2 mL adherent HEK293E cell culture transfections with 25 kDa linear Polyethylenimine in the most optimised parameters, we demonstrated a ~ 2-fold production increase for light chain alone and for whole antibody production reaching 536 and 49 μg respectively in a cost-effective manner. With the addition of peptone, κ light chain increased by ~ 4-fold to 1032 μg while whole antibody increased to a lesser extent by ~ 2.5-fold to 51 μg, with benefits potentially for antibodies limited by their light chains in production.
Conclusions
Our optimised findings show promise for a more efficient and convenient antibody production method through transfection and culture optimisations that can be incorporated to scale up processes and with potential transferability to other mammalian-based recombinant protein production using HEK293E cells.
Statement of Significance
Recombinant antibody production is crucial for antibody research and development. Systematically investigating transfection and culture parameters such as PEI/DNA concentrations, complexation time, volume, and temperature, supplements, etc., we demonstrated a ~ 4-fold light chain alone production increase to 1032 μg and a 2.5-fold whole antibody production increase to 51 μg from 2 mL transfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zealyn Shi-Lin Heng
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Joshua Yi Yeo
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Darius Wen-Shuo Koh
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
- APD SKEG Pte Ltd., Singapore 439444, Singapore
- James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore
| | - Wei-Li Ling
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
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7
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Stähler T, Danquah W, Demeules M, Gondé H, Hardet R, Haag F, Adriouch S, Koch-Nolte F, Menzel S. Development of Antibody and Nanobody Tools for P2X7. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2510:99-127. [PMID: 35776322 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2384-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies that recognize the ATP-gated P2X7 ion channel are etablished research tools. Nanobodies correspond to the antigen-binding variable immunoglobulin domain (VHH) of heavy chain antibodies that naturally occur in camelids. Nanobodies display better solubility than the variable domains (VH) of conventional antibodies. Therefore, it is much easier to construct bivalent and multivalent fusion proteins with nanobodies than with VH domains or with paired VH-VL domains. Moreover, nanobodies can bind functional crevices that are poorly accessbile to conventional VH-VL domains. This makes nanobodies particulary well suited as functional modulators. Here we provide protocols to raise antibodies and nanobodies against mouse and human P2X7 using cDNA-immunization. This approach evokes antibodies and nanobodies that recognize the P2X7 ion channel in native confirmation, some of which inhibit or potentiate gating of P2X7 by extracellular ATP. Furthermore, we developed protocols for producing P2X7-specific nanobodies and antibodies in vivo using rAAV vectors (AAVnano). This approach can be used either to durably inhibit or potentiate P2X7 function in vivo, or to deplete P2X7-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Stähler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Welbeck Danquah
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Demeules
- UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, aNd immunoTHERapies (PANTHER), Normandie University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Henri Gondé
- UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, aNd immunoTHERapies (PANTHER), Normandie University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Romain Hardet
- UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, aNd immunoTHERapies (PANTHER), Normandie University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, aNd immunoTHERapies (PANTHER), Normandie University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Kronenberg J, Schrödter K, Noll GA, Twyman RM, Prüfer D, Känel P. The tobacco phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein NtFT4 simultaneously improves vitality, growth, and protein yield in human cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3770-3786. [PMID: 34110007 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The production of biopharmaceutical proteins in mammalian cells by transient expression or stable transformation requires robust and viable cells. Cell line engineering must therefore balance improved cell growth and viability with high productivity. We tested the ability of nonmammalian phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins to enhance cell proliferation in monolayers and suspension cultures. The tobacco protein NtFT4 improved the proliferation of multiple human cell lines. Viable cell density is usually impaired by efficient transfection, but we found that the number of HEK-293TNtFT4 cells at the peak of protein expression was twice that of standard HEK-293T cells, and the antibody yield increased by approximately one-third. Improved growth and viability were observed in different cell lines, in different culture media, and also after transient transfection, suggesting the beneficial trait is consistent and transferable. Additional modifications could boost the productivity of high-density HEK-293TNtFT4 cells even further as we showed for a fluorescent marker protein and recombinant antibody expressed in monolayer cultures. The HEK-293TNtFT4 cell line provides a new human model platform that increases cell proliferation, also achieving a fundamental improvement in recombinant protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kronenberg
- Department of Functional and Applied Genomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Schrödter
- Department of Functional and Applied Genomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
| | - Gundula A Noll
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Prüfer
- Department of Functional and Applied Genomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Philip Känel
- Department of Functional and Applied Genomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Münster, Germany
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9
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Napoleone A, Laurén I, Linkgreim T, Dahllund L, Persson H, Andersson O, Olsson A, Hultqvist G, Frank P, Hall M, Morrison A, Andersson A, Lord M, Mangsbo S. Fed-batch production assessment of a tetravalent bispecific antibody: A case study on piggyBac stably transfected HEK293 cells. N Biotechnol 2021; 65:9-19. [PMID: 34273575 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The transition from preclinical biological drug development into clinical trials requires an efficient upscaling process. In this context, bispecific antibody drugs are particularly challenging due to their propensity to form aggregates and generally produce low titers. Here, the upscaling process for a tetravalent bispecific antibody expressed by a piggyBac transposon-mediated stable HEK293 cell pool has been evaluated. The project was performed as a case study at Testa Center, a non-GMP facility for scale-up testing of biologics in Sweden, and encompassed media adaptation strategies, fed-batch optimization and a novel antibody purification technology. The cell pool was adapted to different culture media for evaluation in terms of cell viability and titers compared to its original Expi293 Expression Medium. These parameters were assessed in both sequential stepwise adaption and direct media exchanges. By this, a more affordable medium was identified that did not require stepwise adaptation and with similar titers and viability as in the Expi293 Expression Medium. Fed-batch optimizations resulted in culture densities reaching up to 20 × 106 viable cells/mL with over 90 % viability 12 days post-inoculum, and antibody titers three times higher than corresponding batch cultures. By implementing a novel high-speed protein A fiber technology (Fibro PrismA) with a capture residence time of only 7.5 s, 8 L of supernatant could be purified in 4.5 h without compromising the purity, structural integrity and function of the bispecific antibody. Results from this study related to medium adaptation and design of fed-batch protocols will be highly beneficial during the forthcoming scale-up of this therapeutic antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Napoleone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Laurén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Triinu Linkgreim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Dahllund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery and Development & School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Persson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery and Development & School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oskar Andersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery and Development & School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Olsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery and Development & School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Greta Hultqvist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Frank
- Wicket AB, Väderkvarnsgatan 30, 75329 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Hall
- Cytiva AB, Björkgatan 30, 751 84 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Morrison
- Cytiva Testa Center AB, Björkgatan 30, 751 84 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Martin Lord
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Mangsbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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10
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Nguyen TN, Sha S, Hong MS, Maloney AJ, Barone PW, Neufeld C, Wolfrum J, Springs SL, Sinskey AJ, Braatz RD. Mechanistic model for production of recombinant adeno-associated virus via triple transfection of HEK293 cells. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 21:642-655. [PMID: 34095346 PMCID: PMC8143981 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Manufacturing of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) viral vectors remains challenging, with low yields and low full:empty capsid ratios in the harvest. To elucidate the dynamics of recombinant viral production, we develop a mechanistic model for the synthesis of rAAV viral vectors by triple plasmid transfection based on the underlying biological processes derived from wild-type AAV. The model covers major steps starting from exogenous DNA delivery to the reaction cascade that forms viral proteins and DNA, which subsequently result in filled capsids, and the complex functions of the Rep protein as a regulator of the packaging plasmid gene expression and a catalyst for viral DNA packaging. We estimate kinetic parameters using dynamic data from literature and in-house triple transient transfection experiments. Model predictions of productivity changes as a result of the varied input plasmid ratio are benchmarked against transfection data from the literature. Sensitivity analysis suggests that (1) the poorly coordinated timeline of capsid synthesis and viral DNA replication results in a low ratio of full virions in harvest, and (2) repressive function of the Rep protein could be impeding capsid production at a later phase. The analyses from the mathematical model provide testable hypotheses for evaluation and reveal potential process bottlenecks that can be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam N.T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sha Sha
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Moo Sun Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J. Maloney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul W. Barone
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caleb Neufeld
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Wolfrum
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stacy L. Springs
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony J. Sinskey
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard D. Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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11
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Faravelli S, Campioni M, Palamini M, Canciani A, Chiapparino A, Forneris F. Optimized Recombinant Production of Secreted Proteins Using Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK293) Cells Grown in Suspension. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3998. [PMID: 34124299 PMCID: PMC8160536 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are an essential milestone for a plethora of different applications ranging from pharmaceutical to clinical, and mammalian cell lines are among the currently preferred systems to obtain large amounts of proteins of interest due to their high level of post-translational modification and manageable large-scale production. In this regard, human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells constitute one of the main standard lab-scale mammalian hosts for recombinant protein production since these cells are relatively easy to handle, scale-up, and transfect. Here, we present a detailed protocol for the cost-effective, reproducible, and scalable implementation of HEK293 cell cultures in suspension (suitable for commercially available HEK293 cells, HEK293-F) for high-quantity recombinant production of secreted soluble multi-domain proteins. In addition, the protocol is optimized for a Monday-to-Friday maintenance schedule, thus simplifying and streamlining the work of operators responsible for cell culture maintenance. Graphic abstract: Schematic overview of the workflow described in this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Faravelli
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Campioni
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Martina Palamini
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anselmo Canciani
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Chiapparino
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Federico Forneris
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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12
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Castro R, Nobre LS, Eleutério RP, Thomaz M, Pires A, Monteiro SM, Mendes S, Gomes RA, Clemente JJ, Sousa MFQ, Pinto F, Silva AC, Freitas MC, Lemos AR, Akpogheneta O, Kosack L, Bergman ML, Duarte N, Matoso P, Costa J, Bandeiras TM, Gomes-Alves P, Gonçalves CP, Demengeot J, Alves PM. Production of high-quality SARS-CoV-2 antigens: Impact of bioprocess and storage on glycosylation, biophysical attributes, and ELISA serologic tests performance. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2202-2219. [PMID: 33624859 PMCID: PMC8014509 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serological assays are valuable tools to study SARS-CoV-2 spread and, importantly, to identify individuals that were already infected and would be potentially immune to a virus reinfection. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and its receptor binding domain (RBD) are the antigens with higher potential to develop SARS-CoV-2 serological assays. Moreover, structural studies of these antigens are key to understand the molecular basis for Spike interaction with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor, hopefully enabling the development of COVID-19 therapeutics. Thus, it is urgent that significant amounts of this protein became available at the highest quality. In this study, we produced Spike and RBD in two human derived cell hosts: HEK293-E6 and Expi293F™. We evaluated the impact of different and scalable bioprocessing approaches on Spike and RBD production yields and, more importantly, on these antigens' quality attributes. Using negative and positive sera collected from human donors, we show an excellent performance of the produced antigens, assessed in serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests, as denoted by the high specificity and sensitivity of the test. We show robust Spike productions with final yields of approx. 2 mg/L of culture that were maintained independently of the production scale or cell culture strategy. To the best of our knowledge, the final yield of 90 mg/L of culture obtained for RBD production, was the highest reported to date. An in-depth characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike and RBD proteins was performed, namely the antigen's oligomeric state, glycosylation profiles, and thermal stability during storage. The correlation of these quality attributes with ELISA performance show equivalent reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 positive serum, for all Spike and RBD produced, and for all storage conditions tested. Overall, we provide straightforward protocols to produce high-quality SARS-CoV-2 Spike and RBD antigens, that can be easily adapted to both academic and industrial settings; and integrate, for the first time, studies on the impact of bioprocess with an in-depth characterization of these proteins, correlating antigen's glycosylation and biophysical attributes to performance of COVID-19 serologic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Castro
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lígia S Nobre
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rute P Eleutério
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mónica Thomaz
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - António Pires
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Monteiro
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendes
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo A Gomes
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João J Clemente
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marcos F Q Sousa
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipe Pinto
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana C Silva
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Micael C Freitas
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana R Lemos
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Nadia Duarte
- IGC, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula Matoso
- IGC, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Júlia Costa
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Bandeiras
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Patricia Gomes-Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
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13
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Ho YY, Lu HK, Lim ZFS, Lim HW, Ho YS, Ng SK. Applications and analysis of hydrolysates in animal cell culture. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:93. [PMID: 34603939 PMCID: PMC8476327 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cells are used in the manufacturing of complex biotherapeutic products since the 1980s. From its initial uses in biological research to its current importance in the biopharmaceutical industry, many types of culture media were developed: from serum-based media to serum-free to protein-free chemically defined media. The cultivation of animal cells economically has become the ultimate goal in the field of biomanufacturing. Serum serves as a source of amino acids, lipids, proteins and most importantly growth factors and hormones, which are essential for many cell types. However, the use of serum is unfavorable due to its high price tag, increased lot-to-lot variations and potential risk of microbial contamination. Efforts are progressively being made to replace serum with recombinant proteins such as growth factors, cytokines and hormones, as well as supplementation with lipids, vitamins, trace elements and hydrolysates. While hydrolysates are more complex, they provide a diverse source of nutrients to animal cells, with potential beneficial effects beyond the nutritional value. In this review, we discuss the use of hydrolysates in animal cell culture and briefly cover the composition of hydrolysates, mode of action and potential contaminants with some perspectives on its potential role in animal cell culture media formulations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ying Ho
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668 Singapore
| | - Hao Kim Lu
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668 Singapore
| | - Zhi Feng Sherman Lim
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668 Singapore
| | - Hao Wei Lim
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668 Singapore
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668 Singapore
| | - Say Kong Ng
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668 Singapore
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14
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Ling WL, Su CTT, Lua WH, Poh JJ, Ng YL, Wipat A, Gan SKE. Essentially Leading Antibody Production: An Investigation of Amino Acids, Myeloma, and Natural V-Region Signal Peptides in Producing Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab Variants. Front Immunol 2020; 11:604318. [PMID: 33365032 PMCID: PMC7750424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Boosting the production of recombinant therapeutic antibodies is crucial in both academic and industry settings. In this work, we investigated the usage of varying signal peptides by antibody V-genes and their roles in recombinant transient production, systematically comparing myeloma and the native signal peptides of both heavy and light chains in 168 antibody permutation variants. We found that amino acids count and types (essential or non-essential) were important factors in a logistic regression equation model for predicting transient co-transfection protein production rates. Deeper analysis revealed that the culture media were often incomplete and that the supplementation of essential amino acids can improve the recombinant protein yield. While these findings are derived from transient HEK293 expression, they also provide insights to the usage of the large repertoire of antibody signal peptides, where by varying the number of specific amino acids in the signal peptides attached to the variable regions, bottlenecks in amino acid availability can be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Ling
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Newcastle Research and Innovation Institute (NewRIIS), Singapore, Singapore
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chinh Tran-To Su
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai-Heng Lua
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun-Jie Poh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuen-Ling Ng
- Newcastle Research and Innovation Institute (NewRIIS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anil Wipat
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Zhao H, Lee KJ, Daris M, Lin Y, Wolfe T, Sheng J, Plewa C, Wang S, Meisen WH. Creation of a High-Yield AAV Vector Production Platform in Suspension Cells Using a Design-of-Experiment Approach. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 18:312-320. [PMID: 32671134 PMCID: PMC7334306 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are a leading gene delivery platform, but vector manufacturing remains a challenge. New methods are needed to increase rAAV yields and reduce costs. Past efforts to improve rAAV production have focused on optimizing a single variable at a time, but this approach does not account for the interactions of multiple factors that contribute to vector generation. Here, we utilized a design-of-experiment (DOE) methodology to optimize rAAV production in a HEK293T suspension cell system. We simultaneously varied the transgene, packaging, and helper plasmid ratios, the total DNA concentration, and the cell density to systematically evaluate the impact of each variable across 52 conditions. The results revealed a unique set of parameters with a lower concentration of transgene plasmid, a higher concentration of packaging plasmid, and a higher cell density than previously described protocols. Using this DOE-optimized protocol, we achieved unpurified yields approaching 3 × 1014 viral genomes (VGs)/L of cell culture. Additionally, we incorporated polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based virus precipitation, pH-mediated protein removal, and affinity chromatography to our downstream processing, enabling average purified yields of >1 × 1014 VGs/L for rAAV-EGFPs across 13 serotypes and capsid variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiren Zhao
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ki-Jeong Lee
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Daris
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yun Lin
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Wolfe
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jackie Sheng
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cherylene Plewa
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Songli Wang
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Hans Meisen
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Glycoproteomic measurement of site-specific polysialylation. Anal Biochem 2020; 596:113625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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Hennicke J, Schwaigerlehner L, Grünwald-Gruber C, Bally I, Ling WL, Thielens N, Reiser JB, Kunert R. Transient pentameric IgM fulfill biological function-Effect of expression host and transfection on IgM properties. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229992. [PMID: 32163462 PMCID: PMC7067452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant production of IgM antibodies poses a special challenge due to the complex structure of the proteins and their not yet fully elucidated interactions with the immune effector proteins, especially the complement system. In this study, we present transient expression of IgM antibodies (IgM617, IgM012 and IgM012_GL) in HEK cells and compared it to the well-established stable expression system in CHO cells. The presented workflow investigates quality attributes including productivity, polymer distribution, glycosylation, antibody structure and activation of the classical complement pathway. The HEK293E transient expression system is able to generate comparable amounts and polymer distribution as IgM stably produced in CHO. Although the glycan profile generated by HEK293E cells contained a lower degree of sialylation and a higher portion of oligomannose structures, the potency to activate the complement cascade was maintained. Electron microscopy also confirmed the structural integrity of IgM pentamers produced in HEK293E cells, since the conventional star-shaped structure is observed. From our studies, we conclude that the transient expression system provides an attractive alternative for rapid, efficient and high-throughput production of complex IgM antibodies with slightly altered post-translational modifications, but comparable structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hennicke
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Linda Schwaigerlehner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Isabelle Bally
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Wai Li Ling
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicole Thielens
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Reiser
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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18
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Production of recombinant soluble dimeric C-type lectin-like receptors of rat natural killer cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17836. [PMID: 31780667 PMCID: PMC6882821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Working at the border between innate and adaptive immunity, natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in the immune system by protecting healthy cells and by eliminating malignantly transformed, stressed or virally infected cells. NK cell recognition of a target cell is mediated by a receptor “zipper” consisting of various activating and inhibitory receptors, including C-type lectin-like receptors. Among this major group of receptors, two of the largest rodent receptor families are the NKR-P1 and the Clr receptor families. Although these families have been shown to encode receptor-ligand pairs involved in MHC-independent self-nonself discrimination and are a target for immune evasion by tumour cells and viruses, structural mechanisms of their mutual recognition remain less well characterized. Therefore, we developed a non-viral eukaryotic expression system based on transient transfection of suspension-adapted human embryonic kidney 293 cells to produce soluble native disulphide dimers of NK cell C-type lectin-like receptor ectodomains. The expression system was optimized using green fluorescent protein and secreted alkaline phosphatase, easily quantifiable markers of recombinant protein production. We describe an application of this approach to the recombinant protein production and characterization of native rat NKR-P1B and Clr-11 proteins suitable for further structural and functional studies.
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19
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Schwaigerlehner L, Pechlaner M, Mayrhofer P, Oostenbrink C, Kunert R. Lessons learned from merging wet lab experiments with molecular simulation to improve mAb humanization. Protein Eng Des Sel 2018; 31:257-265. [PMID: 29757445 PMCID: PMC6277173 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzy009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are among the most promising modern therapeutics, but defined engineering strategies are still not available. Antibody humanization often leads to a loss of affinity, as it is the case for our model antibody Ab2/3H6 (PDB entry 3BQU). Identifying appropriate back-to-mouse mutations is needed to restore binding affinity, but highly challenging. In order to get more insight, we have applied molecular dynamics simulations and correlated them to antibody binding and expression in wet lab experiments. In this study, we discuss six mAb variants and investigate a tyrosine conglomeration, an isopolar substitution and the improvement of antibody binding towards wildtype affinity. In the 3D structure of the mouse wildtype, residue R94h is surrounded by three tyrosines which form a so-called 'tyrosine cage'. We demonstrate that the tyrosine cage has a supporting function for the CDRh3 loop conformation. The isopolar substitution is not able to mimic the function appropriately. Finally, we show that additional light chain mutations can restore binding to wildtype-comparable level, and also improve the expression of the mAb significantly. We conclude that the variable light chain of Ab2/3H6 is of underestimated importance for the interaction with its antigen mAb 2F5.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schwaigerlehner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Pechlaner
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Mayrhofer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Oostenbrink
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Zaongo SD, Shaio MF, Ji DD. Effects of Culture Media On Naegleria fowleri Growth At Different Temperatures. J Parasitol 2018; 104:451-456. [PMID: 29869929 DOI: 10.1645/18-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nelson medium and modified PYNFH medium were used for the axenic culture of the Naegleria fowleri clinical strain LDL to compare the effects of different temperatures on the organism's growth. In addition, Nelson medium supplemented with 1% peptone (N + pep) and modified PYNFH medium without peptone (PYNFH - pep), without yeast extract (PYNFH - yext), without folic acid (PYNFH - folac), and without yeast nucleic acid (PYNFH - yna) were used in order to compare the various effects of these medium components. In general, N. fowleri grew best at 37 C. The highest trophozoite densities per 10,000 μm2 were observed when N + pep and PYNFH - yext were used. At 25, 37, and 43 C, the growth density profile values were 50.5 ± 6.36 vs. 58 ± 1.41; 2,550 ± 494.97 vs. 2,100 ± 141.42; and 1,735 ± 21.21 vs. 1,800 ± 14.14, respectively. On the other hand, PYNFH - pep gave the lowest growth with its highest cell densities being 9 ± 1.41 at 25 C, 108 ± 7.07 at 37 C, and 169 ± 15.55 at 43 C. When the various medium components were compared, supplementation with peptone promoted parasite growth. Besides, yeast extract had an inhibitory effect and was able to swamp the growth promoting effect of peptone. Thus N + pep and PYNFH - yext are recommended as the best media for in vitro culture of N. fowleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D Zaongo
- 1 International Health Program, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Beitou District, Taipei (112), Taiwan
| | - Men-Fang Shaio
- 2 Department of Tropical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Beitou District, Taipei (112), Taiwan
| | - Dar-Der Ji
- 2 Department of Tropical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Beitou District, Taipei (112), Taiwan
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21
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Gutiérrez-Granados S, Cervera L, Kamen AA, Gòdia F. Advancements in mammalian cell transient gene expression (TGE) technology for accelerated production of biologics. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2018; 38:918-940. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1419459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gutiérrez-Granados
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Amine A. Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Chiuppesi F, Wussow F, Scharf L, Contreras H, Gao H, Meng Z, Nguyen J, Barry PA, Bjorkman PJ, Diamond DJ. Comparison of homologous and heterologous prime-boost vaccine approaches using Modified Vaccinia Ankara and soluble protein to induce neutralizing antibodies by the human cytomegalovirus pentamer complex in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183377. [PMID: 28813507 PMCID: PMC5558987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since neutralizing antibodies (NAb) targeting the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pentamer complex (PC) potently block HCMV host cell entry, anti-PC NAb induction is thought to be important for a vaccine formulation to prevent HCMV infection. By developing a vaccine strategy based on soluble PC protein and using a previously generated Modified Vaccinia Ankara vector co-expressing all five PC subunits (MVA-PC), we compared HCMV NAb induction by homologous immunization using prime-boost vaccine regimen employing only PC protein or MVA-PC and heterologous immunization using prime-boost combinations of PC protein and MVA-PC. Utilizing a recently isolated anti-PC NAb, we produced highly pure soluble PC protein that displayed conformational and linear neutralizing epitopes, interfered with HCMV entry, and was recognized by antibodies induced by HCMV during natural infection. Mice vaccinated by different immunization routes with the purified PC protein in combination with a clinically approved adjuvant formulation elicited high-titer and durable HCMV NAb. While MVA-PC and soluble PC protein either alone or in combination elicited robust HCMV NAb, significantly different potencies of these vaccine approaches were observed in dependence on immunization schedule. Using only two immunizations, vaccination with MVA-PC alone or prime-boost combinations of MVA-PC and PC protein was significantly more effective in stimulating HCMV NAb than immunization with PC protein alone. In contrast, with three immunizations, NAb induced by soluble PC protein either alone or combined with two boosts of MVA-PC increased to levels that exceeded NAb titer stimulated by MVA-PC alone. These results provide insights into the potency of soluble protein and MVA to elicit NAb by the HCMV PC via homologous and heterologous prime-boost immunization, which may contribute to develop clinically deployable vaccine strategies to prevent HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Chiuppesi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States of America
| | - Felix Wussow
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States of America
| | - Louise Scharf
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Heidi Contreras
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States of America
| | - Han Gao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Zhuo Meng
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States of America
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Don J. Diamond
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hussain H, Fisher DI, Abbott WM, Roth RG, Dickson AJ. Use of a protein engineering strategy to overcome limitations in the production of “Difficult to Express” recombinant proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirra Hussain
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Manchester; M1 7DN Manchester United Kingdom
| | - David I. Fisher
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park; Milton Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - W. Mark Abbott
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park; Milton Cambridge United Kingdom
| | | | - Alan J. Dickson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Manchester; M1 7DN Manchester United Kingdom
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Antigen Presentation by Individually Transferred HLA Class I Genes in HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C Null Human Cell Line Generated Using the Multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 System. J Immunother 2017; 40:201-210. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Elgundi Z, Sifniotis V, Reslan M, Cruz E, Kayser V. Laboratory Scale Production and Purification of a Therapeutic Antibody. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28190027 DOI: 10.3791/55153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the successful production of a therapeutic antibody begins early on in the development process. The first stage is vector expression of the antibody genes followed by stable transfection into a suitable cell line. The stable clones are subjected to screening in order to select those clones with desired production and growth characteristics. This is a critical albeit time-consuming step in the process. This protocol considers vector selection and sourcing of antibody sequences for the expression of a therapeutic antibody. The methods describe preparation of vector DNA for stable transfection of a suspension variant of human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cell line, using polyethylenimine (PEI). The cells are transfected as adherent cells in serum-containing media to maximize transfection efficiency, and afterwards adapted to serum-free conditions. Large scale production, setup as batch overgrow cultures is used to yield antibody protein that is purified by affinity chromatography using an automated fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) instrument. The antibody yields produced by this method can provide sufficient protein to begin initial characterization of the antibody. This may include in vitro assay development or physicochemical characterization to aid in the time-consuming task of clonal screening for lead candidates. This method can be transferable to the development of an expression system for the production of biosimilar antibodies.
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Petiot E, Cuperlovic-Culf M, Shen CF, Kamen A. Influence of HEK293 metabolism on the production of viral vectors and vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:5974-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Cervera L, Fuenmayor J, González-Domínguez I, Gutiérrez-Granados S, Segura MM, Gòdia F. Selection and optimization of transfection enhancer additives for increased virus-like particle production in HEK293 suspension cell cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9935-49. [PMID: 26278533 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals in mammalian cells typically relies on the use of stable producer cell lines. However, in recent years, transient gene expression has emerged as a suitable technology for rapid production of biopharmaceuticals. Transient gene expression is particularly well suited for early developmental phases, where several potential therapeutic targets need to be produced and tested in vivo. As a relatively new bioprocessing modality, a number of opportunities exist for improving cell culture productivity upon transient transfection. For instance, several compounds have shown positive effects on transient gene expression. These transfection enhancers either facilitate entry of PEI/DNA transfection complexes into the cell or nucleus or increase levels of gene expression. In this work, the potential of combining transfection enhancers to increase Gag-based virus-like particle production levels upon transfection of suspension-growing HEK 293 cells is evaluated. Using Plackett-Burman design of experiments, it is first tested the effect of eight transfection enhancers: trichostatin A, valproic acid, sodium butyrate, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), lithium acetate, caffeine, hydroxyurea, and nocodazole. An optimal combination of compounds exhibiting the highest effect on gene expression levels was subsequently identified using a surface response experimental design. The optimal consisted on the addition of 20 mM lithium acetate, 3.36 mM valproic acid, and 5.04 mM caffeine which increased VLP production levels 3.8-fold, while maintaining cell culture viability at 94%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cervera
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cellular i Bioprocés, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Javier Fuenmayor
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cellular i Bioprocés, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene González-Domínguez
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cellular i Bioprocés, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Gutiérrez-Granados
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cellular i Bioprocés, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Mercedes Segura
- Bluebird Bio Pharmaceutical Sciences, Process Development Group, 150 2nd Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cellular i Bioprocés, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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Davami F, Eghbalpour F, Nematollahi L, Barkhordari F, Mahboudi F. Effects of Peptone Supplementation in Different Culture Media on Growth, Metabolic Pathway and Productivity of CHO DG44 Cells; a New Insight into Amino Acid Profiles. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 19:194-205. [PMID: 26232332 PMCID: PMC4649854 DOI: 10.7508/ibj.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: The optimization of bioprocess conditions towards improved growth profile and productivity yield is considered of great importance in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Peptones as efficient sources of nutrients have been studied for their effect on media development; however, their role on metabolic pathway is not well understood. Methods: In the present study, the effect of different concentration of peptones on a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line grown in three serum-free suspension cultures was determined. Six peptones of different origins and available amino acid profiles were investigated regarding their impact on cell growth, productivity, and metabolic pathways changes. Results: In optimized feeding strategies, increases of 136% and 159% in volumetric productivity (for a low-nutrient culture media) and 55% (for a high-nutrient culture media) were achieved. Furthermore, particular sources of peptones with specific amino acid profile developed preferential results for each different culture medium. Two peptones, SoyA2SC and SoyE-110, were the only hydrolysates that showed production improvement in all three media. Casein Peptone plus Tryptone N1 and SoyA3SC showed different improved results based on their implemented concentration for each individual basal medium. Conclusion: The amino acid profile of peptones may provide clues to identify the most effective feeding strategies for recombinant CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Davami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Eghbalpour
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University of Arak, Markazi Province, Iran
| | - Leila Nematollahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Expression and purification of soluble and stable ectodomain of natural killer cell receptor LLT1 through high-density transfection of suspension adapted HEK293S GnTI− cells. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 109:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Cervera L, Gutiérrez-Granados S, Berrow NS, Segura MM, Gòdia F. Extended gene expression by medium exchange and repeated transient transfection for recombinant protein production enhancement. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:934-46. [PMID: 25421734 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Production of recombinant products in mammalian cell cultures can be achieved by stable gene expression (SGE) or transient gene expression (TGE). The former is based on the integration of a plasmid DNA into the host cell genome allowing continuous gene expression. The latter is based on episomal plasmid DNA expression. Conventional TGE is limited to a short production period of usually about 96 h, therefore limiting productivity. A novel gene expression approach termed extended gene expression (EGE) is explored in this study. The aim of EGE is to prolong the production period by the combination of medium exchange and repeated transfection of cell cultures with plasmid DNA to improve overall protein production. The benefit of this methodology was evaluated for the production of three model recombinant products: intracellular GFP, secreted GFP, and a Gag-GFP virus-like particles (VLPs). Productions were carried out in HEK 293 cell suspension cultures grown in animal-derived component free media using polyethylenimine (PEI) as transfection reagent. Transfections were repeated throughout the production process using different plasmid DNA concentrations, intervals of time, and culture feeding conditions in order to identify the best approach to achieve sustained high-level gene expression. Using this novel EGE strategy, the production period was prolonged between 192 and 240 h with a 4-12-fold increase in production levels, depending on the product type considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cervera
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cellular i Tissular, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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32
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TANG YONG, GARSON KENNETH, LI LI, VANDERHYDEN BARBARAC. Optimization of lentiviral vector production using polyethylenimine-mediated transfection. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:55-62. [PMID: 25435933 PMCID: PMC4246624 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to optimize the polyethylenimine (PEI)-mediated transfection method in order to simplify the efficient production of lentiviral vectors (LvVs), and to compare the CaPO4- and PEI-mediated transfection methods for producing LvVs. Different titration methods of LvV stocks, as well as different culture media, culture durations, cell densities and DNA quantities were compared to obtain an optimized procedure for the production of LvVs. Optimization of the production method for LvVs was achieved using PEI-mediated transient transfections. Serum-free Opti-MEM® was used to directly produce LvVs that could be harvested 48 h after transfection. Furthermore, a cell density of 15×106 cells/10-cm plate and a DNA concentration of 1X were selected for the optimum production of LvVs. The optimized LvV titration method was simple and direct; it involved LvVs carrying fluorescent reporters, which proved to be faster than the standard methods but equally as sensitive. In conclusion, a scalable process for production of LvVs by PEI-mediated transfection was established and optimized. The optimized PEI-mediated transfection method was easy to use, as well as providing greater reliability with a higher degree of reproducibility and consistency. Despite using less DNA, the PEI-mediated transfection method resulted in viral titers that were the same as those achieved using the CaPO4-mediated method.
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Affiliation(s)
- YONG TANG
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - KENNETH GARSON
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - LI LI
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - BARBARA C. VANDERHYDEN
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
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33
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Estes B, Hsu YR, Tam LT, Sheng J, Stevens J, Haldankar R. Uncovering methods for the prevention of protein aggregation and improvement of product quality in a transient expression system. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:258-67. [PMID: 25395220 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian expression systems are used routinely for the production of recombinant proteins as therapeutic molecules as well as research tools. Transient expression has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its rapid timeline and improvements in expression level. While improvements to transient expression systems have focused mainly on the level of protein expression, the aspect of protein quality has received little attention. The removal of undesirable products, such as aggregation, depends primarily on purification, requiring additional cumbersome steps, which can lead to a lower product yield and longer timelines. In this study, we show that reducing the level of transcription by transfecting at a lower gene dose improves the quality of secreted molecules prone to aggregation. For gene dosing to have this effect, it is critical for the carrier DNA to be an empty vector containing the same elements as the gene containing plasmid. This approach can be used in combination with a temperature shift to hypothermic conditions during production to enhance the effect. The observed improvements not only minimized aggregation levels, but also generated products with overall superior quality, including more homogeneous signal peptide cleavage and N-linked glycosylation profiles. These techniques have produced a similar improvement in product quality with a variety of other molecules, suggesting that this may be a general approach to enhance product quality from transient expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Estes
- Amgen, Inc., Biologics, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320
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34
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Zustiak MP, Jose L, Xie Y, Zhu J, Betenbaugh MJ. Enhanced transient recombinant protein production in CHO cells through the co-transfection of the product gene with Bcl-xL. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:1164-74. [PMID: 24604826 PMCID: PMC4219531 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transient gene expression is gaining popularity as a method to rapidly produce recombinant proteins in mammalian cells. Although significant improvements have been made, in terms of expression, more improvements are needed to compete with the yields achievable in stable gene expression. Much progress has come from optimization of transfection media and parameters, as well as altering culturing conditions to enhance productivity. Recent studies have included cell lines engineered for apoptosis resistance through the constitutive expression of an anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-xL. In this study, we examine an alternative method of using the benefits of anti-apoptotic gene expression to enhance the transient expression of biotherapeutics, namely, through the co-transfection of Bcl-xL and the product-coding gene. CHO-S cells were co-transfected with the product-coding gene and a vector containing Bcl-xL using polyethylenimine. Cells co-transfected with Bcl-xL showed reduced levels of apoptosis, increased specific productivity, and an overall increase in product yield of approximately 100%. Similar results were produced by employing another anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2 delta, in CHO cells, or through the co-transfection with Bcl-xL using HEK-293E cells. This work provides an alternative method for increasing yields of therapeutic proteins in TGE applications without generating a stable cell line and subsequent screening, which are both time- and resource-consuming. See accompanying commentary by Matthias Hackl and Nicole Borth DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400104.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Zustiak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B Frederick MD, United States
| | - Lisa Jose
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B Frederick MD, United States
| | - Yueqing Xie
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B Frederick MD, United States
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B Frederick MD, United States
| | - Micheal J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, United States
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When less becomes more: Optimization of protein expression in HEK293–EBNA1 cells using plasmid titration – A case study for NLRs. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 99:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Selvakumar S, Bhutani P, Ghosh K, Krishnamurthy P, Kallipatti S, Selvam S, Ramarao M, Mandlekar S, Sinz MW, Rodrigues AD, Subramanian M. Expression and Characterization of Cynomolgus Monkey Cytochrome CYP3A4 in a Novel Human Embryonic Kidney Cell–Based Mammalian System. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:369-76. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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37
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IGFBP-4 anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic effects are associated with anti-cathepsin B activity. Neoplasia 2013; 15:554-67. [PMID: 23633927 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 (IGFBP-4/IBP-4) has potent IGF-independent anti-angiogenic and antitumorigenic effects. In this study, we demonstrated that these activities are located in the IGFBP-4 C-terminal protein fragment (CIBP-4), a region containing a thyroglobulin type 1 (Tg1) domain. Proteins bearing Tg1 domains have been shown to inhibit cathepsins, lysosomal enzymes involved in basement membrane degradation and implicated in tumor invasion and angiogenesis. In our studies, CIBP-4 was shown to internalize and co-localize with lysosomal-like structures in both endothelial cells (ECs) and glioblastoma U87MG cells. CIBP-4 also inhibited both growth factor-induced EC tubulogenesis in Matrigel and the concomitant increases in intracellular cathepsin B (CatB) activity. In vitro assays confirmed CIBP-4 capacity to block recombinant CatB activity. Biodistribution analysis of intravenously injected CIBP-4-Cy5.5 in a glioblastoma tumor xenograft model indicated targeted accumulation of CIBP-4 in tumors. Most importantly, CIBP-4 reduced tumor growth in this animal model by 60%. Pleiotropic anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic activities of CIBP-4 most likely underlie its observed therapeutic potential against glioblastoma.
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38
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Chen CG, Fabri LJ, Wilson MJ, Panousis C. One-step zero-background IgG reformatting of phage-displayed antibody fragments enabling rapid and high-throughput lead identification. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:e26. [PMID: 24253301 PMCID: PMC3936716 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel cloning method, referred to as insert-tagged (InTag) positive selection, for the rapid one-step reformatting of phage-displayed antibody fragments to full-length immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs). InTag positive selection enables recombinant clones of interest to be directly selected without cloning background, bypassing the laborious process of plating out cultures and colony screening and enabling the cloning procedure to be automated and performed in a high-throughput format. This removes a significant bottleneck in the functional screening of phage-derived antibody candidates and enables a large number of clones to be directly reformatted into IgG without the intermediate step of Escherichia coli expression and testing of soluble antibody fragments. The use of InTag positive selection with the Dyax Fab-on-phage antibody library is demonstrated, and optimized methods for the small-scale transient expression of IgGs at high levels are described. InTag positive selection cloning has the potential for wide application in high-throughput DNA cloning involving multiple inserts, markedly improving the speed and quality of selections from protein libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Guang Chen
- Research and Development, CSL Limited, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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39
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Optimizing the transient transfection process of HEK-293 suspension cells for protein production by nucleotide ratio monitoring. Cytotechnology 2013; 66:493-514. [PMID: 23775287 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Large scale, transient gene expression (TGE) is highly dependent of the physiological status of a cell line. Therefore, intracellular nucleotide pools and ratios were used for identifying and monitoring the optimal status of a suspension cell line used for TGE. The transfection efficiency upon polyethyleneimine (PEI)-mediated transient gene delivery into HEK-293 cells cultured in suspension was investigated to understand the effect of different culture and transfection conditions as well as the significance of the culture age and the quality of the cell line used. Based on two different bicistronic model plasmids expressing the human erythropoietin gene (rHuEPO) in the first position and green fluorescent protein as reporter gene in the second position and vice versa, a completely serum-free transient transfection process was established. The process makes use of a 1:1 mixture of a special calcium-free DMEM and the FreeStyle™ 293 Expression Medium. Maximum transfectability was achieved by adjusting the ratio for complex formation to one mass part of DNA and three parts of PEI corresponding to an N/P (nitrogen residues/DNA phosphates) ratio of 23 representing a minimum amount of DNA for the polycation-mediated gene delivery. Applying this method, maximum transfectabilities between 70 and 96 % and a rHuEPO concentration of 1.6 μg mL(-1) 72 h post transfection were reached, when rHuEPO gene was expressed from the first position of the bicistronic mRNA. This corresponded to 10 % of the total protein concentration in the cell-free supernatant of the cultures in protein-free medium. Up to 30 % higher transfectabilities were found for cells of early passages compared to those from late passages under protein-free culture conditions. In contrast, when the same cells were propagated in serum-containing medium, higher transfectabilities were found for late-passage cells, while up to 40 % lower transfectabilities were observed for early-passage cells. Nucleotide pools were measured during all cell cultivations and the nucleoside triphosphate/uridine ratios were calculated. These 'nucleotide ratios' changed in an age-dependent manner and could be used to distinguish early- from late-passage cells. The observed effects were also dependent on the presence of serum in the culture. Nucleotide ratios were shown being applied to investigate the optimal passage number of cultured cell lines for achieving a maximum productivity in cultures used for transient gene expression. Furthermore, these nucleotide ratios proved to be different for transfected and untransfected cells, providing a high potential tool to monitor the status of transfection under various culture conditions.
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40
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Zhang C, Suckow AT, Chessler SD. Coculture analysis of extracellular protein interactions affecting insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells. J Vis Exp 2013:e50365. [PMID: 23793074 DOI: 10.3791/50365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between cell-surface proteins help coordinate the function of neighboring cells. Pancreatic beta cells are clustered together within pancreatic islets and act in a coordinated fashion to maintain glucose homeostasis. It is becoming increasingly clear that interactions between transmembrane proteins on the surfaces of adjacent beta cells are important determinants of beta-cell function. Elucidation of the roles of particular transcellular interactions by knockdown, knockout or overexpression studies in cultured beta cells or in vivo necessitates direct perturbation of mRNA and protein expression, potentially affecting beta-cell health and/or function in ways that could confound analyses of the effects of specific interactions. These approaches also alter levels of the intracellular domains of the targeted proteins and may prevent effects due to interactions between proteins within the same cell membrane to be distinguished from the effects of transcellular interactions. Here a method for determining the effect of specific transcellular interactions on the insulin secreting capacity and responsiveness of beta cells is presented. This method is applicable to beta-cell lines, such as INS-1 cells, and to dissociated primary beta cells. It is based on coculture models developed by neurobiologists, who found that exposure of cultured neurons to specific neuronal proteins expressed on HEK293 (or COS) cell layers identified proteins important for driving synapse formation. Given the parallels between the secretory machinery of neuronal synapses and of beta cells, we reasoned that beta-cell functional maturation might be driven by similar transcellular interactions. We developed a system where beta cells are cultured on a layer of HEK293 cells expressing a protein of interest. In this model, the beta-cell cytoplasm is untouched while extracellular protein-protein interactions are manipulated. Although we focus here primarily on studies of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, other processes can be analyzed; for example, changes in gene expression as determined by immunoblotting or qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Zhang
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego
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Crouch K, Smith LE, Williams R, Cao W, Lee M, Jensen A, Dooley H. Humoral immune response of the small-spotted catshark, Scyliorhinus canicula. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1158-1169. [PMID: 23439398 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cartilaginous fishes are the oldest group in which an adaptive immune system based on immunoglobulin-superfamily members is found. This manuscript compares humoral immune function in small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) with that described for spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), another member of the Squalomorphi superorder, and nurse shark, the model for humoral immunity in elasmobranchs and a member of the Galeomorphi superorder. Although small-spotted catshark and nurse shark are separated by over 200 million years we found that immunoglobulin isoforms are well conserved between the two species. However, the plasma protein profile of small-spotted catshark was most similar to that of spiny dogfish, with low levels of pentameric IgM, and IgNAR present as a multimer in plasma rather than a monomer. We show that an antigen-specific monomeric IgM response, with a profile similar to that described previously for nurse sharks, can be raised in small-spotted catshark. Lacking polyclonal or monoclonal antibody reagents for detecting catshark IgNAR we investigated phage-display and recombinant Fc-fusion protein expression as alternative methods to look for an antigen-specific response for this isotype. However, we could find no evidence of an antigen-specific IgNAR in the animals tested using either of these techniques. Thus, unlike nurse sharks where antigen-specific monomeric IgM and IgNAR appear together, it seems there may be a temporal or complete 'uncoupling' of these isotypes during a humoral response in the small-spotted catshark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Crouch
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZS, United Kingdom
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Corchero JL, Gasser B, Resina D, Smith W, Parrilli E, Vázquez F, Abasolo I, Giuliani M, Jäntti J, Ferrer P, Saloheimo M, Mattanovich D, Schwartz S, Tutino ML, Villaverde A. Unconventional microbial systems for the cost-efficient production of high-quality protein therapeutics. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 31:140-53. [PMID: 22985698 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Both conventional and innovative biomedical approaches require cost-effective protein drugs with high therapeutic potency, improved bioavailability, biocompatibility, stability and pharmacokinetics. The growing longevity of the human population, the increasing incidence and prevalence of age-related diseases and the better comprehension of genetic-linked disorders prompt to develop natural and engineered drugs addressed to fulfill emerging therapeutic demands. Conventional microbial systems have been for long time exploited to produce biotherapeutics, competing with animal cells due to easier operation and lower process costs. However, both biological platforms exhibit important drawbacks (mainly associated to intracellular retention of the product, lack of post-translational modifications and conformational stresses), that cannot be overcome through further strain optimization merely due to physiological constraints. The metabolic diversity among microorganisms offers a spectrum of unconventional hosts, that, being able to bypass some of these weaknesses, are under progressive incorporation into production pipelines. In this review we describe the main biological traits and potentials of emerging bacterial, yeast, fungal and microalgae systems, by comparing selected leading species with well established conventional organisms with a long run in protein drug production.
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A multi-omics analysis of recombinant protein production in Hek293 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43394. [PMID: 22937046 PMCID: PMC3427347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hek293 cells are the predominant hosts for transient expression of recombinant proteins and are used for stable expression of proteins where post-translational modifications performed by CHO cells are inadequate. Nevertheless, there is little information available on the key cellular features underpinning recombinant protein production in Hek293 cells. To improve our understanding of recombinant protein production in Hek293 cells and identify targets for the engineering of an improved host cell line, we have compared a stable, recombinant protein producing Hek293 cell line and its parental cell line using a combination of transcriptomics, metabolomics and fluxomics. Producer cultures consumed less glucose than non-producer cultures while achieving the same growth rate, despite the additional burden of recombinant protein production. Surprisingly, there was no indication that producer cultures compensated for the reduction in glycolytic energy by increasing the efficiency of glucose utilization or increasing glutamine consumption. In contrast, glutamine consumption was lower and the majority of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation were downregulated in producer cultures. We observed an overall downregulation of a large number of genes associated with broad cellular functions (e.g., cell growth and proliferation) in producer cultures, and therefore speculate that a broad adaptation of the cellular network freed up resources for recombinant protein production while maintaining the same growth rate. Increased abundance of genes associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress indicated a possible bottleneck at the point of protein folding and assembly.
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Zwaagstra JC, Sulea T, Baardsnes J, Lenferink AEG, Collins C, Cantin C, Paul-Roc B, Grothe S, Hossain S, Richer LP, L'Abbé D, Tom R, Cass B, Durocher Y, O'Connor-McCourt MD. Engineering and therapeutic application of single-chain bivalent TGF-β family traps. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1477-87. [PMID: 22562986 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of TGF-β superfamily signaling is a causative factor in many diseases. Here we describe a protein engineering strategy for the generation of single-chain bivalent receptor traps for TGF-β superfamily ligands. Traps were assembled using the intrinsically disordered regions flanking the structured binding domain of each receptor as "native linkers" between two binding domains. This yields traps that are approximately threefold smaller than antibodies and consists entirely of native receptor sequences. Two TGF-β type II receptor-based, single-chain traps were designed, termed (TβRII)2 and (TβRIIb)2, that have native linker lengths of 35 and 60 amino acids, respectively. Both single-chain traps exhibit a 100 to 1,000 fold higher in vitro ligand binding and neutralization activity compared with the monovalent ectodomain (TβRII-ED), and a similar or slightly better potency than pan-TGF-β-neutralizing antibody 1D11 or an Fc-fused receptor trap (TβRII-Fc). Despite its short in vivo half-life (<1 hour), which is primarily due to kidney clearance, daily injections of the (TβRII)2 trap reduced the growth of 4T1 tumors in BALB/c mice by 50%, an efficacy that is comparable with 1D11 (dosed thrice weekly). In addition, (TβRII)2 treatment of mice with established 4T1 tumors (100 mm(3)) significantly inhibited further tumor growth, whereas the 1D11 antibody did not. Overall, our results indicate that our rationally designed bivalent, single-chain traps have promising therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Zwaagstra
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
The large-scale transfection of mammalian cells allows moderate (milligram to gram) amounts of recombinant proteins (r-proteins) to be obtained for fundamental or clinical research. In this article, we describe a one-liter transfection using polyethyleneimine (PEI) for DNA delivery into human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells cultivated in serum-free suspension to produce a recombinant human monoclonal antibody that yields up to about 1 g/L in a 10-day process. The method is based on a DNA delivery step performed at high cell density (20×10(6) cells/mL) by direct addition of DNA and PEI to the culture. Subsequently, the cells are diluted 20-fold for the 10-day production phase in the presence of valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. The methods for plasmid purification, antibody quantification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and affinity purification with protein A are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Baldi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The first protocols describing transient gene expression in mammalian cells for the rapid generation of recombinant proteins emerged more than 10 years ago as an alternative to the establishment of stable, often amplified clonal cell lines, and relieved somewhat the bias against mammalian cell systems as being too complicated, labor intensive, and tedious to serve as a source for tool proteins in industrial research and academia. Over the past decade, these attempts have been refined and optimized, giving rise to expression protocols applicable in every lab in dependence on available tools, equipment, and envisaged outcome. This chapter summarizes the development of transient expression technologies over the past decade up to its current status and provides an outlook into what may be the future of transient technology development.
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Raymond C, Tom R, Perret S, Moussouami P, L’Abbé D, St-Laurent G, Durocher Y. A simplified polyethylenimine-mediated transfection process for large-scale and high-throughput applications. Methods 2011; 55:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Corchero JL, Mendoza R, Lorenzo J, Rodríguez-Sureda V, Domínguez C, Vázquez E, Ferrer-Miralles N, Villaverde A. Integrated approach to produce a recombinant, his-tagged human α-galactosidase a in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1206-17. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Codamo J, Munro TP, Hughes BS, Song M, Gray PP. Enhanced CHO Cell-Based Transient Gene Expression with the Epi-CHO Expression System. Mol Biotechnol 2010; 48:109-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Investigation of antiangiogenic tumor therapy potential of microencapsulated HEK293 VEGF165b producing cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:645610. [PMID: 20976076 PMCID: PMC2957143 DOI: 10.1155/2010/645610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the antiangiogenic potential of encapsulated VEGF₁₆₅b producing HEK293 cells, Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293) cells were stably transfected to produce VEGF₁₆₅b. Then they were encapsulated in alginate-polylysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules. VEGF₁₆₅b productivity and viability of encapsulated cells were analyzed and compared with the non-encapsulated cells. Results showed that encapsulated cells proliferated and remained viable within the microcapsules throughout the 28-day period of the experiment. The quantity of VEGF₁₆₅b increased from 6.5 ± 1.2 μg/ml at day 13 to 13 ± 0.96 μg/ml at day 16. Then it gradually dropped to 5 ± 1.2 μg/ml for the last 3 days period as measured at day 28. Production of VEGF₁₆₅b from encapsulated and non-encapsulated cells was similar. The effect of VEGF₁₆₅b harvested from encapsulated cells on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cells (HUVECs) proliferation were also examined.The same inhibitory effects on HUVECs proliferation was seen when the cells were incubated with a mixture of VEGF₁₆₅b and a 2-fold VEGF₁₆₅b or with VEGF₁₆₅b and 2-fold excess VEGF₁₆₅b released from encapsulated cells. Subcutaneous injection of microencapsulated VEGF₁₆₅b producing cells in tumor site of nude mice resulted in the reduction of the number of vessels around the tumors.
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