1
|
Lee KH, Gumilang A, Fu T, Kang SW, Kim KS. The Autophagy Protein CsATG8 is Involved in Asexual Development and Virulence in the Pepper Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum scovillei. MYCOBIOLOGY 2022; 50:467-474. [PMID: 36721786 PMCID: PMC9848383 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2148393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy serves as a survival mechanism and plays important role in nutrient recycling under conditions of starvation, nutrient storage, ad differentiation of plant pathogenic fungi. However, autophagy-related genes have not been investigated in Colletotrichum scovillei, a causal agent of pepper fruit anthracnose disease. ATG8 is involved in autophagosome formation and is considered a marker of autophagy. Therefore, we generated an ATG8 deletion mutant, ΔCsatg8, via homologous recombination to determine the functional roles of CsATG8 in the development and virulence of C. scovillei. Compared with the wild-type, the deletion mutant ΔCsatg8 exhibited a severe reduction in conidiation. Conidia produced by ΔCsatg8 were defective in survival, conidial germination, and appressorium formation. Moreover, conidia of ΔCsatg8 showed reduced lipid amount and PTS1 selectivity. A virulence assay showed that anthracnose development on pepper fruits was reduced in ΔCsatg8. Taken together, our results suggest that CsATG8 plays various roles in conidium production and associated development, and virulence in C. scovillei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ho Lee
- Division of Bio-Resource Sciences and Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Adiyantara Gumilang
- Division of Bio-Resource Sciences and Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Teng Fu
- Division of Bio-Resource Sciences and Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sung Wook Kang
- Division of Bio-Resource Sciences and Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kyoung Su Kim
- Division of Bio-Resource Sciences and Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Duong HL, Paufler S, Harms H, Schlosser D, Maskow T. Fungal Lignocellulose Utilisation Strategies from a Bioenergetic Perspective: Quantification of Related Functional Traits Using Biocalorimetry. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081675. [PMID: 36014092 PMCID: PMC9415514 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether a non-invasive metabolic heat flux analysis could serve the determination of the functional traits in free-living saprotrophic decomposer fungi and aid the prediction of fungal influences on ecosystem processes. For this, seven fungi, including ascomycete, basidiomycete, and zygomycete species, were investigated in a standardised laboratory environment, employing wheat straw as a globally relevant lignocellulosic substrate. Our study demonstrates that biocalorimetry can be employed successfully to determine growth-related fungal activity parameters, such as apparent maximum growth rates (AMGR), cultivation times until the observable onset of fungal growth at AMGR (tAMGR), quotients formed from the AMGR and tAMGR (herein referred to as competitive growth potential, CGP), and heat yield coefficients (YQ/X), the latter indicating the degree of resource investment into fungal biomass versus other functional attributes. These parameters seem suitable to link fungal potentials for biomass production to corresponding ecological strategies employed during resource utilisation, and therefore may be considered as fungal life history traits. A close connection exists between the CGP and YQ/X values, which suggests an interpretation that relates to fungal life history strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Linh Duong
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, Vietnamese-German University (VGU), Le Lai Street, Hoa Phu Ward, Thủ Dầu Một 7500, Binh Duong, Vietnam
| | - Sven Paufler
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hauke Harms
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schlosser
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Thomas Maskow
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (T.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Li M, Liu X, Jiang Y, Zhao D, Gao J, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Chen C. RNA-Seq Provides Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying Ilyonectria robusta Responding to Secondary Metabolites of Bacillus methylotrophicus NJ13. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080779. [PMID: 35893148 PMCID: PMC9332032 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Ilyonectria robusta can cause ginseng to suffer from rusty root rot. Secondary metabolites (SMs) produced by Bacillus methylotrophicus NJ13 can inhibit the mycelial growth of I. robusta. However, the molecular mechanism of the inhibition and response remains unclear. (2) Methods: Through an in vitro trial, the effect of B. methylotrophicus NJ13’s SMs on the hyphae and conidia of I. robusta was determined. The change in the physiological function of I. robusta was evaluated in response to NJ13’s SMs by measuring the electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and glucose content. The molecular interaction mechanism of I. robusta’s response to NJ13’s SMs was analyzed by using transcriptome sequencing. (3) Results: NJ13’s SMs exhibited antifungal activity against I. robusta: namely, the hyphae swelled and branched abnormally, and their inclusions leaked out due to changes in the cell membrane permeability and the peroxidation level; the EC50 value was 1.21% (v/v). In transcripts at 4 dpi and 7 dpi, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (|log2(fold change)| > 1, p adj ≤ 0.05) was 1960 and 354, respectively. NJ13’s SMs affected the glucose metabolism pathway, and the sugar-transporter-related genes were downregulated, which are utilized by I. robusta for energy production. The cell wall structure of I. robusta was disrupted, and chitin-synthase-related genes were downregulated. (4) Conclusions: A new dataset of functional responses of the ginseng pathogenic fungus I. robusta was obtained. The results will benefit the development of targeted biological fungicides for I. robusta and the study of the molecular mechanisms of interaction between biocontrol bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Mengtao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Xiangkai Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Yilin Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Dongfang Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Agro-Tech Extension Center, Changchun 130031, China;
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Zhenhui Wang
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Yun Jiang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Changqing Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pexophagy modes during penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium rubens P2-32-T. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:2337-2341. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01939-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
5
|
Laundon D, Chrismas N, Wheeler G, Cunliffe M. Chytrid rhizoid morphogenesis resembles hyphal development in multicellular fungi and is adaptive to resource availability. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200433. [PMID: 32517626 PMCID: PMC7341943 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key to the ecological prominence of fungi is their distinctive cell biology, our understanding of which has been principally based on dikaryan hyphal and yeast forms. The early-diverging Chytridiomycota (chytrids) are ecologically important and a significant component of fungal diversity, yet their cell biology remains poorly understood. Unlike dikaryan hyphae, chytrids typically attach to substrates and feed osmotrophically via anucleate rhizoids. The evolution of fungal hyphae appears to have occurred from rhizoid-bearing lineages and it has been hypothesized that a rhizoid-like structure was the precursor to multicellular hyphae. Here, we show in a unicellular chytrid, Rhizoclosmatium globosum, that rhizoid development exhibits striking similarities with dikaryan hyphae and is adaptive to resource availability. Rhizoid morphogenesis exhibits analogous patterns to hyphal growth and is controlled by β-glucan-dependent cell wall synthesis and actin polymerization. Chytrid rhizoids growing from individual cells also demonstrate adaptive morphological plasticity in response to resource availability, developing a searching phenotype when carbon starved and spatial differentiation when interacting with particulate organic matter. We demonstrate that the adaptive cell biology and associated developmental plasticity considered characteristic of hyphal fungi are shared more widely across the Kingdom Fungi and therefore could be conserved from their most recent common ancestor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davis Laundon
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nathan Chrismas
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Glen Wheeler
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
| | - Michael Cunliffe
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vrabl P, Schinagl CW, Artmann DJ, Heiss B, Burgstaller W. Fungal Growth in Batch Culture - What We Could Benefit If We Start Looking Closer. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2391. [PMID: 31681243 PMCID: PMC6805767 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since filamentous fungi rapidly adjust their metabolic properties to environmental changes, a rigorous standardization and characterization of cultivation conditions is necessary to obtain meaningful and reproducible results. In batch cultures, which are commonly characterized according to the classical growth curve in textbooks (i.e., lag, exponential, stationary, and declining phase), this is of special difficulty. Although various studies in literature report atypically shaped growth curves of filamentous fungi in batch culture, systematic investigations on this topic are scarce and deviations are barely mentioned in textbooks. Summarizing approximately a decade of observations of growth characteristics from bioreactor batch grown filamentous fungi - in particular two strains (CBS123.823 and CBS123.824) of Penicillium ochrochloron - we demonstrate with a series of highly standardized bioreactor batch culture experiments that the classical growth curve failed to describe growth dynamics of the studied fungi in this work. The nature of the first exhausted nutrient was of remarkable importance for the resulting shape of the growth curve. In all experiments, online respirometry proved to be a powerful tool to distinguish growth phases and revealed more physiological states than expected from the mere biomass curve. In this respect we discuss why "atypical" shaped growth curves often remain unrecognized and that they might be the rule rather than the exception. Acknowledging the importance of the correct presentation of this complex topic in textbooks, we also propose a modified growth curve scheme to sensitize students for potential alternative shaped growth curves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Vrabl
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chelius CL, Ribeiro LFC, Huso W, Kumar J, Lincoln S, Tran B, Goo YA, Srivastava R, Harris SD, Marten MR. Phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal multiple functions for Aspergillus nidulans MpkA independent of cell wall stress. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 125:1-12. [PMID: 30639305 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase MpkA plays a prominent role in the cell wall integrity signaling (CWIS) pathway, acting as the terminal MAPK activating expression of genes which encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes and other repair functions. Numerous studies focus on MpkA function during cell wall perturbation. Here, we focus on the role MpkA plays outside of cell wall stress, during steady state growth. In an effort to seek other, as yet unknown, connections to this pathway, an mpkA deletion mutant (ΔmpkA) was subjected to phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic analysis. When compared to the control (isogenic parent of ΔmpkA), there is strong evidence suggesting MpkA is involved with maintaining cell wall strength, branching regulation, and the iron starvation pathway, among others. Particle-size analysis during shake flask growth revealed ΔmpkA mycelia were about 4 times smaller than the control strain and more than 90 cell wall related genes show significantly altered expression levels. The deletion mutant had a significantly higher branching rate than the control and phosphoproteomic results show putative branching-regulation proteins, such as CotA, LagA, and Cdc24, have a significantly different level of phosphorylation. When grown in iron limited conditions, ΔmpkA had no difference in growth rate or production of siderophores, whereas the control strain showed decreased growth rate and increased siderophore production. Transcriptomic data revealed over 25 iron related genes with altered transcript levels. Results suggest MpkA is involved with regulation of broad cellular functions in the absence of stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Chelius
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Liliane F C Ribeiro
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Walker Huso
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Jyothi Kumar
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Stephen Lincoln
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Bao Tran
- Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Young Ah Goo
- Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Ranjan Srivastava
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Steven D Harris
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Mark R Marten
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zacchetti B, Wösten HA, Claessen D. Multiscale heterogeneity in filamentous microbes. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:2138-2149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
9
|
Koepff J, Sachs CC, Wiechert W, Kohlheyer D, Nöh K, Oldiges M, Grünberger A. Germination and Growth Analysis of Streptomyces lividans at the Single-Cell Level Under Varying Medium Compositions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2680. [PMID: 30524383 PMCID: PMC6262040 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative single-cell cultivation has provided fundamental contributions to our understanding of heterogeneity among industrially used microorganisms. Filamentous growing Streptomyces species are emerging platform organisms for industrial production processes, but their exploitation is still limited due to often reported high batch-to-batch variations and unexpected growth and production differences. Population heterogeneity is suspected to be one responsible factor, which is so far not systematically investigated at the single-cell level. Novel microfluidic single-cell cultivation devices offer promising solutions to investigate these phenomena. In this study, we investigated the germination and growth behavior of Streptomyces lividans TK24 under varying medium compositions on different complexity levels (i.e., mycelial growth, hyphal growth and tip elongation) on single-cell level. Our analysis reveals a remarkable stability within growth and germination of spores and early mycelium development when exposed to constant and defined environments. We show that spores undergo long metabolic adaptation processes of up to > 30 h to adjust to new medium conditions, rather than using a "persister" strategy as a possibility to cope with rapidly changing environments. Due to this uniform behavior, we conclude that S. lividans can be cultivated quite robustly under constant environmental conditions as provided by microfluidic cultivation approaches. Failure and non-reproducible cultivations are thus most likely to be found in less controllable larger-scale cultivation workflows and as a result of environmental gradients within large-scale cultivations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Koepff
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Carsten Sachs
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wiechert
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Computational Systems Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University – Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dietrich Kohlheyer
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Microscale Bioengineering, RWTH Aachen University – Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Nöh
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marco Oldiges
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Grünberger
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Multiscale Bioengineering, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ribeiro GF, de Góes CG, Onorio DS, de Campos CBL, Morais FV. Autophagy in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis under normal mycelia to yeast transition and under selective nutrient deprivation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202529. [PMID: 30138387 PMCID: PMC6107164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides spp. is a thermally dimorphic fungus endemic to Latin America and the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a granulomatous disease acquired through fungal propagule inhalation by its mammalian host. The infection is established after successful mycelia to yeast transition in the host pulmonary alveoli. The challenging environment inside the host exposes the fungus to the need of adaptation in order to circumvent nutritional, thermal, oxidative, immunological and other stresses that can directly affect their survival. Considering that autophagy is a response to abrupt environmental changes and is induced by stress conditions, this study hypothesizes that this process might be crucially involved in the adaptation of Paracoccidioides spp. to the host and, therefore, it is essential for the proper establishment of the disease. By labelling autophagous vesicles with monodansylcadaverine, autophagy was observed as an early event in cells during the normal mycelium to yeast transition, as well as in yeast cells of P. brasiliensis under glucose deprivation, and under either rapamycin or 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Findings in this study demonstrated that autophagy is triggered in P. brasiliensis during the thermal-induced mycelium to yeast transition and by glucose-limited conditions in yeasts, both of which modulated by rapamycin or 3-MA. Certainly, further genetic and in vivo analyses are needed in order to finally address the contribution of autophagy for adaptation. Yet, our data propose that autophagy possibly plays an important role in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis virulence and pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Ferreira Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular de Fungos, Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Gonçalves de Góes
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular de Fungos, Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Santos Onorio
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular de Fungos, Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Barbosa Ladeira de Campos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Biologia Celular e Molecular de Fungos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia–Universidade Federal de São Paulo–UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavia Villaça Morais
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular de Fungos, Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Paço A, Duarte K, da Costa JP, Santos PSM, Pereira R, Pereira ME, Freitas AC, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos TAP. Biodegradation of polyethylene microplastics by the marine fungus Zalerion maritimum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:10-15. [PMID: 28199874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic yearly production has surpassed the 300milliontons mark and recycling has all but failed in constituting a viable solution for the disposal of plastic waste. As these materials continue to accumulate in the environment, namely, in rivers and oceans, in the form of macro-, meso-, micro- and nanoplastics, it becomes of the utmost urgency to find new ways to curtail this environmental threat. Multiple efforts have been made to identify and isolate microorganisms capable of utilizing synthetic polymers and recent results point towards the viability of a solution for this problem based on the biodegradation of plastics resorting to selected microbial strains. Herein, the response of the fungus Zalerion maritimum to different times of exposition to polyethylene (PE) pellets, in a minimum growth medium, was evaluated, based on the quantified mass differences in both the fungus and the microplastic pellets used. Additionally, molecular changes were assessed through attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Results showed that, under the tested conditions, Z. maritimum is capable of utilizing PE, resulting in the decrease, in both mass and size, of the pellets. These results indicate that this naturally occurring fungus may actively contribute to the biodegradation of microplastics, requiring minimum nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paço
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Kátia Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João P da Costa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia S M Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research & Green UP/CITAB-UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - M E Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana C Freitas
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Armando C Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa A P Rocha-Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chang CW, Webb C. Production of a generic microbial feedstock for lignocellulose biorefineries through sequential bioprocessing. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 227:35-43. [PMID: 28013134 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials, mostly from agricultural and forestry residues, provide a potential renewable resource for sustainable biorefineries. Reducing sugars can be produced only after a pre-treatment stage, which normally involves chemicals but can be biological. In this case, two steps are usually necessary: solid-state cultivation of fungi for deconstruction, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulolytic enzymes. In this research, the utilisation of solid-state bioprocessing using the fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum was implemented as a simultaneous microbial pretreatment and in-situ enzyme production method for fungal autolysis and further enzyme hydrolysis of fermented solids. Suspending the fermented solids in water at 50°C led to the highest hydrolysis yields of 226mg/g reducing sugar and 7.7mg/g free amino nitrogen (FAN). The resultant feedstock was shown to be suitable for the production of various products including ethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Webb
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mycelial development preceding basidioma formation in Moniliophthora perniciosa is associated to chitin, sugar and nutrient metabolism alterations involving autophagy. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 86:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
14
|
He P, Cai Y, Liu S, Han L, Huang L, Liu W. Morphological and ultrastructural examination of senescence in Morchella elata. Micron 2015; 78:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
15
|
Morales MC, Verdejo V, Orlando J, Carú M. Fungal communities as an experimental approach to Darwin's naturalization hypothesis. Res Microbiol 2015; 167:126-32. [PMID: 26506029 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Darwin's naturalization hypothesis suggests that the success of an invasive species will be lower when colonizing communities are formed by phylogenetically related rather than unrelated species due to increased competition. Although microbial invasions are involved in both natural and anthropogenic processes, factors affecting the success of microbial invaders are unknown. A biological invasion assay was designed using Trichoderma cf. harzianum as the invader and two types of recipient communities assembled in microcosm assays: communities phylogenetically related to the invader, and communities phylogenetically unrelated to it. Both types of communities were invaded by T. cf. harzianum, and the success of colonization was monitored by qPCR; its effect on the genetic structure of recipient fungal communities was then assessed by DGGE profiles. T. cf. harzianum established itself in both communities, reaching 1000-10,000 times higher copy numbers in the non-related communities. However, invader establishment does not affect the structure of the invaded communities. These results suggest that the composition of recipient communities and their phylogenetic relationship to the invader affect the success of colonization by T. cf. harzianum. While this approach represents a very simplified assay, these microcosms enable an experimental test of Darwin's hypothesis in order to understand the biological invasion process in microbial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Camila Morales
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Verdejo
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julieta Orlando
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita Carú
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lenartowicz P, Kafarski P, Lipok J. The overproduction of 2,4-DTBP accompanying to the lack of available form of phosphorus during the biodegradative utilization of aminophosphonates by Aspergillus terreus. Biodegradation 2014; 26:65-76. [PMID: 25385070 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-014-9716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although information about the ability of some filamentous fungi to biodegrade organophosphonates is available, the knowledge about accompanying changes in fungal metabolism is very limited. The aim of our study was to determine the utilization of the chosen, structurally diverse aminophosphonates by Aspergillus terreus (Thom), in the context of the behaviour of this fungus while growing in unfavourable conditions, namely the lack of easily available phosphates. We found that all the studied compounds were utilized by fungus as nutritive sources of phosphorus, however, their effect on the production of fungal biomass depended on their structure. We also observed an interesting change in the metabolism of A. terreus; namely the overproduction of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), which is known to possess fungistatic activity. In the case of our study, the biosynthesis of this compound was induced by phosphorus starvation, caused either by the lack of that element in the medium, or the poor degradation of phosphonate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Lenartowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Self-eating to grow and kill: autophagy in filamentous ascomycetes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 97:9277-90. [PMID: 24077722 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly controlled degradation process in which eukaryotic cells digest their own cytoplasm containing protein complexes and organelles in the vacuole or lysosome. Two types of autophagy have been described: macroautophagy and microautophagy. Both types can be further divided into nonselective and selective processes. Molecular analysis of autophagy over the last two decades has mostly used the unicellular ascomycetes Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris. Genetic analysis in these yeasts has identified 36 autophagy-related (atg) genes; many are conserved in all eukaryotes, including filamentous ascomycetes. However, the autophagic machinery also evolved significant differences in fungi, as a consequence of adaptation to diverse fungal lifestyles. Intensive studies on autophagy in the last few years have shown that autophagy in filamentous fungi is not only involved in nutrient homeostasis but in other cellular processes such as cell differentiation, pathogenicity and secondary metabolite production. This mini-review focuses on the specific roles of autophagy in filamentous fungi.
Collapse
|
18
|
Nitsche BM, Burggraaf-van Welzen AM, Lamers G, Meyer V, Ram AFJ. Autophagy promotes survival in aging submerged cultures of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8205-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Yafremava LS, Wielgos M, Thomas S, Nasir A, Wang M, Mittenthal JE, Caetano-Anollés G. A general framework of persistence strategies for biological systems helps explain domains of life. Front Genet 2013; 4:16. [PMID: 23443991 PMCID: PMC3580334 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature and cause of the division of organisms in superkingdoms is not fully understood. Assuming that environment shapes physiology, here we construct a novel theoretical framework that helps identify general patterns of organism persistence. This framework is based on Jacob von Uexküll's organism-centric view of the environment and James G. Miller's view of organisms as matter-energy-information processing molecular machines. Three concepts describe an organism's environmental niche: scope, umwelt, and gap. Scope denotes the entirety of environmental events and conditions to which the organism is exposed during its lifetime. Umwelt encompasses an organism's perception of these events. The gap is the organism's blind spot, the scope that is not covered by umwelt. These concepts bring organisms of different complexity to a common ecological denominator. Ecological and physiological data suggest organisms persist using three strategies: flexibility, robustness, and economy. All organisms use umwelt information to flexibly adapt to environmental change. They implement robustness against environmental perturbations within the gap generally through redundancy and reliability of internal constituents. Both flexibility and robustness improve survival. However, they also incur metabolic matter-energy processing costs, which otherwise could have been used for growth and reproduction. Lineages evolve unique tradeoff solutions among strategies in the space of what we call "a persistence triangle." Protein domain architecture and other evidence support the preferential use of flexibility and robustness properties. Archaea and Bacteria gravitate toward the triangle's economy vertex, with Archaea biased toward robustness. Eukarya trade economy for survivability. Protista occupy a saddle manifold separating akaryotes from multicellular organisms. Plants and the more flexible Fungi share an economic stratum, and Metazoa are locked in a positive feedback loop toward flexibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila S Yafremava
- Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kautto L, Grinyer J, Paulsen I, Tetu S, Pillai A, Pardiwalla S, Sezerman U, Akcapinar GB, Bergquist P, Te’o J, Nevalainen H. Stress effects caused by the expression of a mutant cellobiohydrolase I and proteasome inhibition in Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:183-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
21
|
Liu J, Qi Z, Huang Q, Wei X, Ke Z, Fang Y, Tian Y, Yu Z. Study of energetic-particle-irradiation induced biological effect on Rhizopus oryzae through synchrotron-FTIR micro-spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
22
|
Nitsche BM, Jørgensen TR, Akeroyd M, Meyer V, Ram AFJ. The carbon starvation response of Aspergillus niger during submerged cultivation: insights from the transcriptome and secretome. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:380. [PMID: 22873931 PMCID: PMC3527191 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Filamentous fungi are confronted with changes and limitations of their carbon source during growth in their natural habitats and during industrial applications. To survive life-threatening starvation conditions, carbon from endogenous resources becomes mobilized to fuel maintenance and self-propagation. Key to understand the underlying cellular processes is the system-wide analysis of fungal starvation responses in a temporal and spatial resolution. The knowledge deduced is important for the development of optimized industrial production processes. Results This study describes the physiological, morphological and genome-wide transcriptional changes caused by prolonged carbon starvation during submerged batch cultivation of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. Bioreactor cultivation supported highly reproducible growth conditions and monitoring of physiological parameters. Changes in hyphal growth and morphology were analyzed at distinct cultivation phases using automated image analysis. The Affymetrix GeneChip platform was used to establish genome-wide transcriptional profiles for three selected time points during prolonged carbon starvation. Compared to the exponential growth transcriptome, about 50% (7,292) of all genes displayed differential gene expression during at least one of the starvation time points. Enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology, Pfam domain and KEGG pathway annotations uncovered autophagy and asexual reproduction as major global transcriptional trends. Induced transcription of genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes was accompanied by increased secretion of hydrolases including chitinases, glucanases, proteases and phospholipases as identified by mass spectrometry. Conclusions This study is the first system-wide analysis of the carbon starvation response in a filamentous fungus. Morphological, transcriptomic and secretomic analyses identified key events important for fungal survival and their chronology. The dataset obtained forms a comprehensive framework for further elucidation of the interrelation and interplay of the individual cellular events involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Nitsche
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pedersen L, Hansen K, Nielsen J, Lantz AE, Thykaer J. Industrial glucoamylase fed-batch benefits from oxygen limitation and high osmolarity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:116-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
24
|
Kim Y, Islam N, Moss BJ, Nandakumar MP, Marten MR. Autophagy induced by rapamycin and carbon-starvation have distinct proteome profiles in Aspergillus nidulans. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2705-15. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
25
|
Sharon A, Finkelstein A, Shlezinger N, Hatam I. Fungal apoptosis: function, genes and gene function. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 33:833-54. [PMID: 19416362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of all living organisms are programmed to self-destruct under certain conditions. The most well known form of programmed cell death is apoptosis, which is essential for proper development in higher eukaryotes. In fungi, apoptotic-like cell death occurs naturally during aging and reproduction, and can be induced by environmental stresses and exposure to toxic metabolites. The core apoptotic machinery in fungi is similar to that in mammals, but the apoptotic network is less complex and of more ancient origin. Only some of the mammalian apoptosis-regulating proteins have fungal homologs, and the number of protein families is drastically reduced. Expression in fungi of animal proteins that do not have fungal homologs often affects apoptosis, suggesting functional conservation of these components despite the absence of protein-sequence similarity. Functional analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae apoptotic genes, and more recently of those in some filamentous species, has revealed partial conservation, along with substantial differences in function and mode of action between fungal and human proteins. It has been suggested that apoptotic proteins might be suitable targets for novel antifungal treatments. However, implementation of this approach requires a better understanding of fungal apoptotic networks and identification of the key proteins regulating apoptotic-like cell death in fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sharon
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|