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Mao L, Schneider JW, Robinson AS. Use of single analytic tool to quantify both absolute N-glycosylation and glycan distribution in monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3365. [PMID: 37221987 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins represent almost half of the top selling therapeutics-with over a hundred billion dollars in global sales-and their efficacy and safety strongly depend on glycosylation. In this study, we showcase a simple method to simultaneously analyze N-glycan micro- and macroheterogeneity of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) by quantifying glycan occupancy and distribution. Our approach is linear over a wide range of glycan and glycoprotein concentrations down to 25 ng/mL. Additionally, we present a case study demonstrating the effect of small molecule metabolic regulators on glycan heterogeneity using this approach. In particular, sodium oxamate (SOD) decreased Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) glucose metabolism and reduced IgG glycosylation by 40% through upregulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing the UDP-GlcNAc pool, while maintaining a similar glycan profile to control cultures. Here, we suggest glycan macroheterogeneity as an attribute should be included in bioprocess screening to identify process parameters that optimize culture performance without compromising antibody quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leran Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James W Schneider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne S Robinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Kajiura H, Tatematsu KI, Nomura T, Miyazawa M, Usami A, Tamura T, Sezutsu H, Fujiyama K. Insights into the quality of recombinant proteins produced by two different Bombyx mori expression systems. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18502. [PMID: 36323753 PMCID: PMC9628610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is an attractive host for recombinant protein production due to its high expression efficiency, quality, and quantity. Two expression systems have been widely used for recombinant protein production in B. mori: baculovirus/silkworm expression system and transgenic silkworm expression system. Both expression systems enable high protein production, but the qualities of the resulting recombinant proteins have not been well evaluated. In this study, we expressed bovine interferon γ (IFN-γ) using the two systems and examined the quality of the resulting proteins in terms of N-glycosylation and protein cleavage. Both expression systems successfully produced IFN-γ as an N-glycoprotein. Although the production in the baculovirus/silkworm expression system was much more efficient than that in the transgenic silkworm expression system, unexpected variants of IFN-γ were also produced in the former system due to the different N-glycosylation and C-terminal truncations. These results indicate that while high protein production could be achieved in the baculovirus/silkworm expression system, unintentional protein modification might occur, and therefore protein expression in the transgenic silkworm expression system is preferable from the point-of-view of N-glycosylation of the recombinant protein and evasion of unexpected attack by a protease in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kajiura
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita-Shi, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita-Shi, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Tatematsu
- grid.416835.d0000 0001 2222 0432Division of Silk-Producing Insect Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nomura
- grid.419812.70000 0004 1777 4627Sysmex Corporation, 1548 Ooaza Shimookudomi, Sayama, Saitama 350-1332 Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Miyazawa
- grid.416835.d0000 0001 2222 0432Division of Biomaterial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan
| | - Akihiro Usami
- grid.419812.70000 0004 1777 4627Sysmex Corporation, 1548 Ooaza Shimookudomi, Sayama, Saitama 350-1332 Japan
| | - Toshiki Tamura
- grid.416629.e0000 0004 0377 2137Silk Science and Technology Research Institute, 1053, Iikura, Ami-Machi, Ibaraki, 300-0324 Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- grid.416835.d0000 0001 2222 0432Division of Silk-Producing Insect Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita-Shi, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita-Shi, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Osaka University Cooperative Research Station in Southeast Asia (OU:CRS), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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3
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Savizi ISP, Maghsoudi N, Motamedian E, Lewis NE, Shojaosadati SA. Valine feeding reduces ammonia production through rearrangement of metabolic fluxes in central carbon metabolism of CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1113-1126. [PMID: 35044498 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia is a toxic byproduct of CHO cell metabolism, which inhibits cell growth, reduces cell viability, alters glycosylation, and decreases recombinant protein productivity. In an attempt to minimize the ammonium accumulation in cell culture media, different amino acids were added individually to the culture medium before the production phase to alleviate the negative effects of ammonium on cell culture performance. Among all the amino acids examined in this study, valine showed the most positive impact on CHO cell culture performance. When the cultured CHO cells were fed with 5 mM valine, EPO titer was increased by 25% compared to the control medium, and ammonium and lactate production were decreased by 23 and 26%, respectively, relative to the control culture. Moreover, the sialic acid content of the EPO protein in valine-fed culture was higher than in the control culture, most likely because of the lower ammonium concentration. Flux balance analysis (FBA) results demonstrated that the citric acid cycle was enriched by valine feeding. The measurement of TCA cycle activity supported this finding. The analysis revealed that there might be a link between promoting tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolism in valine-fed culture and reduction in lactate and ammonia accumulation. Furthermore, in valine-fed culture, FBA outcomes showed that alanine was excreted into the medium as the primary mechanism for reducing ammonium concentration. It was predicted that the elevated TCA cycle metabolism was concurrent with an increment in recombinant protein production. Taken together, our data demonstrate that valine addition could be an effective strategy for mitigating the negative impacts of ammonium and enhancing glycoprotein production in both quality and quantity. KEY POINTS: • Valine feeding can mitigate the negative impacts of ammonia on CHO cell growth. • Valine addition assists the ammonia removal mechanism by enriching the TCA cycle. • Ammonia is removed from the media through alanine excretion in valine-fed culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Shahidi Pour Savizi
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-4838, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Maghsoudi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Motamedian
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-4838, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.,School of Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Seyed Abbas Shojaosadati
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-4838, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Savizi ISP, Motamedian E, E Lewis N, Jimenez Del Val I, Shojaosadati SA. An integrated modular framework for modeling the effect of ammonium on the sialylation process of monoclonal antibodies produced by CHO cells. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100019. [PMID: 34021707 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibodies (mABs) have emerged as one of the most important therapeutic recombinant proteins in the pharmaceutical industry. Their immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy are influenced by post-translational modifications, specifically the glycosylation process. Bioprocess conditions can influence the intracellular process of glycosylation. Among all the process conditions that have been recognized to affect the mAB glycoforms, the detailed mechanism underlying how ammonium could perturb glycosylation remains to be fully understood. It was shown that ammonium induces heterogeneity in protein glycosylation by altering the sialic acid content of glycoproteins. Hence, understanding this mechanism would aid pharmaceutical manufacturers to ensure consistent protein glycosylation. METHODS Three different mechanisms have been proposed to explain how ammonium influences the sialylation process. In the first, the inhibition of CMP-sialic acid transporter, which transports CMP-sialic acid (sialylation substrate) into the Golgi, by an increase in UDP-GlcNAc content that is brought about by the augmented incorporation of ammonium into glucosamine formation. In the second, ammonia diffuses into the Golgi and raises its pH, thereby decreasing the sialyltransferase enzyme activity. In the third, the reduction of sialyltransferase enzyme expression level in the presence of ammonium. We employed these mechanisms in a novel integrated modular platform to link dynamic alteration in mAB sialylation process with extracellular ammonium concentration to elucidate how ammonium alters the sialic acid content of glycoproteins. RESULTS Our results show that the sialylation reaction rate is insensitive to the first mechanism. At low ammonium concentration, the second mechanism is the controlling mechanism in mAB sialylation and by increasing the ammonium level (< 8 mM) the third mechanism becomes the controlling mechanism. At higher ammonium concentrations (> 8 mM) the second mechanism becomes predominant again. CONCLUSION The presented model in this study provides a connection between extracellular ammonium and the monoclonal antibody sialylation process. This computational tool could help scientists to develop and formulate cell culture media. The model illustrated here can assist the researchers to select culture media that ensure consistent mAB sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Shahidi Pour Savizi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Motamedian
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.,School of Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Seyed Abbas Shojaosadati
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Aoki-Kinoshita KF. Glycome informatics: using systems biology to gain mechanistic insights into glycan biosynthesis. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Brantley TJ, Mitchelson FG, Khattak SF. A class of low-cost alternatives to kifunensine for increasing high mannose N-linked glycosylation for monoclonal antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 37:e3076. [PMID: 32888259 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is an important product quality attribute for drug safety and efficacy. An increase in the percent of high mannose N-linked glycosylation may be required for drug efficacy or to match the glycosylation profile of the innovator drug during the development of a biosimilar. In this study, the addition of several chemical additives to a cell culture process resulted in high mannose N-glycans on monoclonal antibodies produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells without impacting cell culture performance. The additives, which include known mannosidase inhibitors (kifunensine and deoxymannojirimycin) as well as novel inhibitors (tris, bis-tris, and 1-amino-1-methyl-1,3-propanediol), contain one similar molecular structure: 2-amino-1,3-propanediol, commonly referred to as serinol. The shared chemical structure provides insight into the binding and inhibition of mannosidase in CHO cells. One of the novel inhibitors, tris, is safer compared to kifunensine, 35x as cost-effective, and stable at room temperature. In addition, tris and bis-tris provide multiple low-cost alternatives to kifunensine for manipulating glycosylation in monoclonal antibody production in a cell culture process with minimal impact to productivity or cell health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Brantley
- Cell Culture Development, Pharmaceutical Operations and Technology, Biogen Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fernie G Mitchelson
- Manufacturing Sciences, Pharmaceutical Operations and Technology, Biogen Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarwat F Khattak
- Cell Culture Development, Pharmaceutical Operations and Technology, Biogen Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Sha S, Handelman G, Agarabi C, Yoon S. A high-resolution measurement of nucleotide sugars by using ion-pair reverse chromatography and tandem columns. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3683-3693. [PMID: 32300845 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
N-Linked glycosylation is a cellular process transferring sugars from glycosyl donors to proteins or lipids. Biopharmaceutical products widely produced by culturing mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are typically glycosylated during biosynthesis. For some biologics, the N-linked glycan is a critical quality attribute of the drugs. Nucleotide sugars are the glycan donors and impact the intracellular glycosylation process. In current analytical methods, robust separation of nucleotide sugar isomers such as UDP glucose and UDP galactose remains a challenge because of their structural similarity. In this study, we developed a strategy to resolve the separation of major nucleotide sugars including challenging isomers based on the use of ion-pair reverse phase (IP-RP) chromatography. The strategy applies core-shell columns and connects multiple columns in tandem to increase separation power and ultimately enables high-resolution detection of nucleotide sugars from cell extracts. The key parameters in the IP-RP method, including temperature, mobile phase, and flow rates, have been systematically evaluated in this work and the theoretical mechanisms of the chromatographic behavior were proposed. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sha
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Garry Handelman
- Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Cyrus Agarabi
- U.S. FDA, CDER/OBP/Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA. .,Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
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8
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Tang P, Xu J, Louey A, Tan Z, Yongky A, Liang S, Li ZJ, Weng Y, Liu S. Kinetic modeling of Chinese hamster ovary cell culture: factors and principles. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:265-281. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1711015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Tang
- Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Jianlin Xu
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Alastair Louey
- Elpiscience Biopharma, Cayman Islands George Town, Grand Cayman, UK
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Yongky
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Shaoyan Liang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Yongyan Weng
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY, USA
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10
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Prediction of N-linked Glycoform Profiles of Monoclonal Antibody with Extracellular Metabolites and Two-Step Intracellular Models. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are commonly glycosylated and show varying levels of galactose attachment. A set of experiments in our work showed that the galactosylation level of mAbs was altered by the culture conditions of hybridoma cells. The uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-Gal) is one of the substrates of galactosylation. Based on that, we proposed a two-step model to predict N-linked glycoform profiles by solely using extracellular metabolites from cell culture. At the first step, the flux level of UDP-Gal in each culture was estimated based on a computational flux balance analysis (FBA); its level was found to be linear with the galactosylation degree on mAbs. At the second step, the glycoform profiles especially for G0F (agalactosylated), G1F (monogalactosylated) and G2F (digalactosylated) were predicted by a kinetic model. The model outputs well matched with the experimental data. Our study demonstrated that the integrated mathematical approach combining FBA and kinetic model is a promising strategy to predict glycoform profiles for mAbs during cell culture processes.
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11
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Li MY, Ebel B, Blanchard F, Paris C, Guedon E, Marc A. Control of IgG glycosylation by in situ and real-time estimation of specific growth rate of CHO cells cultured in bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:985-993. [PMID: 30636319 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cell-specific growth rate (µ) is a critical process parameter for antibody production processes performed by animal cell cultures, as it describes the cell growth and reflects the cell physiological state. When there are changes in these parameters, which are indicated by variations of µ, the synthesis and the quality of antibodies are often affected. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and control the variations of µto assure the antibody production and achieve high product quality. In this study, a novel approach for on-line estimation of µ was developed based on the process analytical technology initiative by using an in situ dielectric spectroscopy. Critical moments, such as significant µ decreases, were successfully detected by this method, in association with changes in cell physiology as well as with an accumulation of nonglycosylated antibodies. Thus, this method was used to perform medium renewals at the appropriate time points, maintaining the values of µ close to its maximum. Using this method, we demonstrated that the physiological state of cells remained stable, the quantity and the glycosylation quality of antibodies were assured at the same time, leading to better process performances compared with the reference feed-harvest cell cultures carried out by using off-line nutrient measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yao Li
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Ebel
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Fabrice Blanchard
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Cédric Paris
- Structural and Metabolomics Analyses Platform, SF4242, Université de Lorraine, EFABA, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Emmanuel Guedon
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Annie Marc
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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12
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Naik HM, Majewska NI, Betenbaugh MJ. Impact of nucleotide sugar metabolism on protein N-glycosylation in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell culture. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Vergara M, Torres M, Müller A, Avello V, Acevedo C, Berrios J, Reyes JG, Valdez-Cruz NA, Altamirano C. High glucose and low specific cell growth but not mild hypothermia improve specific r-protein productivity in chemostat culture of CHO cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202098. [PMID: 30114204 PMCID: PMC6095543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the biopharmaceutical sector, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have become the host of choice to produce recombinant proteins (r-proteins) due to their capacity for correct protein folding, assembly, and posttranslational modification. However, the production of therapeutic r-proteins in CHO cells is expensive and presents insufficient production yields for certain proteins. Effective culture strategies to increase productivity (qp) include a high glucose concentration in the medium and mild hypothermia (28–34 °C), but these changes lead to a reduced specific growth rate. To study the individual and combined impacts of glucose concentration, specific growth rate and mild hypothermia on culture performance and cell metabolism, we analyzed chemostat cultures of recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (rh-tPA)-producing CHO cell lines fed with three glucose concentrations in feeding media (20, 30 and 40 mM), at two dilution rates (0.01 and 0.018 1/h) and two temperatures (33 and 37 °C). The results indicated significant changes in cell growth, cell cycle distribution, metabolism, and rh-tPA productivity in response to the varying environmental culture conditions. High glucose feed led to constrained cell growth, increased specific rh-tPA productivity and a higher number of cells in the G2/M phase. Low specific growth rate and temperature (33 °C) reduced glucose consumption and lactate production rates. Our findings indicated that a reduced specific growth rate coupled with high feed glucose significantly improves r-protein productivity in CHO cells. We also observed that low temperature significantly reduced qp, but not cell growth when dilution rate was manipulated, regardless of the glucose concentration or dilution rate. In contrast, we determined that feed glucose concentration and consumption rate were the dominant aspects of the growth and productivity in CHO cells by using multivariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Vergara
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Institute of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Mauro Torres
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrea Müller
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Verónica Avello
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cristian Acevedo
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Institute of Physics, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Julio Berrios
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan G. Reyes
- Institute of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Norma A. Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Regional Center for Healthy Food Studies (CREAS) R17A10001, CONICYT REGIONAL, GORE Valparaiso, Chile
- * E-mail:
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14
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Biochemical and metabolic engineering approaches to enhance production of therapeutic proteins in animal cell cultures. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Tejwani V, Andersen MR, Nam JH, Sharfstein ST. Glycoengineering in CHO Cells: Advances in Systems Biology. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700234. [PMID: 29316325 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, glycoprotein biologics have been successfully produced from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The therapeutic efficacy and potency of glycoprotein biologics are often dictated by their post-translational modifications, particularly glycosylation, which unlike protein synthesis, is a non-templated process. Consequently, both native and recombinant glycoprotein production generate heterogeneous mixtures containing variable amounts of different glycoforms. Stability, potency, plasma half-life, and immunogenicity of the glycoprotein biologic are directly influenced by the glycoforms. Recently, CHO cells have also been explored for production of therapeutic glycosaminoglycans (e.g., heparin), which presents similar challenges as producing glycoproteins biologics. Approaches to controlling heterogeneity in CHO cells and directing the biosynthetic process toward desired glycoforms are not well understood. A systems biology approach combining different technologies is needed for complete understanding of the molecular processes accounting for this variability and to open up new venues in cell line development. In this review, we describe several advances in genetic manipulation, modeling, and glycan and glycoprotein analysis that together will provide new strategies for glycoengineering of CHO cells with desired or enhanced glycosylation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Tejwani
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | - Mikael R Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Susan T Sharfstein
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
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16
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Li MY, Ebel B, Paris C, Chauchard F, Guedon E, Marc A. Real-time monitoring of antibody glycosylation site occupancy by in situ Raman spectroscopy during bioreactor CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:486-493. [PMID: 29314747 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), a known critical quality attribute, is often greatly modified during the production process by animal cells. It is essential for biopharmaceutical industries to monitor and control this glycosylation. However, current glycosylation characterization techniques involve time- and labor-intensive analyses, often carried out at the end of the culture when the product is already synthesized. This study proposes a novel methodology for real-time monitoring of antibody glycosylation site occupancy using Raman spectroscopy. It was first observed in CHO cell batch culture that when low nutrient concentrations were reached, a decrease in mAb glycosylation was induced, which made it essential to rapidly detect this loss of product quality. By combining in situ Raman spectroscopy with chemometric tools, efficient prediction models were then developed for both glycosylated and nonglycosylated mAbs. By comparing variable importance in projection profiles of the prediction models, it was confirmed that Raman spectroscopy is a powerful method to distinguish extremely similar molecules, despite the high complexity of the culture medium. Finally, the Raman prediction models were used to monitor batch and feed-harvest cultures in situ. For the first time, it was demonstrated that the concentrations of glycosylated and nonglycosylated mAbs could be successfully and simultaneously estimated in real time with high accuracy, including their sudden variations due to medium exchanges. Raman spectroscopy can thus be considered as a promising PAT tool for feedback process control dedicated to on-line optimization of mAb quality. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:486-493, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yao Li
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS-Lorraine University, UMR 7274, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Ebel
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS-Lorraine University, UMR 7274, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Cédric Paris
- Platform of Structural and Metabolomics Analyses, SF4242, EFABA, Lorraine University, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Guedon
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS-Lorraine University, UMR 7274, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Annie Marc
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS-Lorraine University, UMR 7274, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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17
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Karst DJ, Scibona E, Serra E, Bielser JM, Souquet J, Stettler M, Broly H, Soos M, Morbidelli M, Villiger TK. Modulation and modeling of monoclonal antibody N-linked glycosylation in mammalian cell perfusion reactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1978-1990. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Karst
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; HCI F-129, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ernesto Scibona
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; HCI F-129, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Elisa Serra
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; HCI F-129, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Bielser
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; HCI F-129, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Merck Serono SA; Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B 1809; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Merck Serono SA; Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B 1809; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Merck Serono SA; Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B 1809; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Serono SA; Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B 1809; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; HCI F-129, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Chemistry and Technology; Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; HCI F-129, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Thomas K. Villiger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; HCI F-129, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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18
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Villiger TK, Scibona E, Stettler M, Broly H, Morbidelli M, Soos M. Controlling the time evolution of mAb N-linked glycosylation - Part II: Model-based predictions. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1135-1148. [PMID: 27273889 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is known to be a crucial factor for the therapeutic efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and many other glycoproteins. The nontemplate process of glycosylation is influenced by external factors which have to be tightly controlled during the manufacturing process. In order to describe and predict mAb N-linked glycosylation patterns in a CHO-S cell fed-batch process, an existing dynamic mathematical model has been refined and coupled to an unstructured metabolic model. High-throughput cell culture experiments carried out in miniaturized bioreactors in combination with intracellular measurements of nucleotide sugars were used to tune the parameter configuration of the coupled models as a function of extracellular pH, manganese and galactose addition. The proposed modeling framework is able to predict the time evolution of N-linked glycosylation patterns during a fed-batch process as a function of time as well as the manipulated variables. A constant and varying mAb N-linked glycosylation pattern throughout the culture were chosen to demonstrate the predictive capability of the modeling framework, which is able to quantify the interconnected influence of media components and cell culture conditions. Such a model-based evaluation of feeding regimes using high-throughput tools and mathematical models gives rise to a more rational way to control and design cell culture processes with defined glycosylation patterns. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1135-1148, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Villiger
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ernesto Scibona
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck-Serono S.A., Corsier-sur-Vevey, 1809, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck-Serono S.A., Corsier-sur-Vevey, 1809, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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19
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Del Val IJ, Polizzi KM, Kontoravdi C. A theoretical estimate for nucleotide sugar demand towards Chinese Hamster Ovary cellular glycosylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28547. [PMID: 27345611 PMCID: PMC4921913 DOI: 10.1038/srep28547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation greatly influences the safety and efficacy of many of the highest-selling recombinant therapeutic proteins (rTPs). In order to define optimal cell culture feeding strategies that control rTP glycosylation, it is necessary to know how nucleotide sugars (NSs) are consumed towards host cell and rTP glycosylation. Here, we present a theoretical framework that integrates the reported glycoproteome of CHO cells, the number of N-linked and O-GalNAc glycosylation sites on individual host cell proteins (HCPs), and the carbohydrate content of CHO glycosphingolipids to estimate the demand of NSs towards CHO cell glycosylation. We have identified the most abundant N-linked and O-GalNAc CHO glycoproteins, obtained the weighted frequency of N-linked and O-GalNAc glycosites across the CHO cell proteome, and have derived stoichiometric coefficients for NS consumption towards CHO cell glycosylation. By combining the obtained stoichiometric coefficients with previously reported data for specific growth and productivity of CHO cells, we observe that the demand of NSs towards glycosylation is significant and, thus, is required to better understand the burden of glycosylation on cellular metabolism. The estimated demand of NSs towards CHO cell glycosylation can be used to rationally design feeding strategies that ensure optimal and consistent rTP glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioscani Jimenez Del Val
- School of Chemical &Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield campus, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Karen M Polizzi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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20
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Villiger TK, Steinhoff RF, Ivarsson M, Solacroup T, Stettler M, Broly H, Krismer J, Pabst M, Zenobi R, Morbidelli M, Soos M. High-throughput profiling of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars to evaluate their impact on antibody N-glycosylation. J Biotechnol 2016; 229:3-12. [PMID: 27131894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in miniaturized cell culture systems have facilitated the screening of media additives on productivity and protein quality attributes of mammalian cell cultures. However, intracellular components are not routinely measured due to the limited throughput of available analytical techniques. In this work, time profiling of intracellular nucleotides and nucleotide sugars of CHO-S cell fed-batch processes in a micro-scale bioreactor system was carried out using a recently developed high-throughput method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). Supplementation of various media additives significantly altered the intracellular nucleotides and nucleotide sugars that are inextricably linked to the process of glycosylation. The results revealed that UDP-Gal synthesis appeared to be particularly limiting whereas the impact of elevated UDP-GlcNAc and GDP-Fuc levels on the final glycosylation patterns was only marginally important. In contrast, manganese and asparagine supplementation altered the glycan profiles without affecting intracellular components. The combination of miniaturized cell cultures and high-throughput analytical techniques serves therefore as a useful tool for future quality driven media optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Villiger
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert F Steinhoff
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marija Ivarsson
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Solacroup
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B, CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B, CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B, CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Krismer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pabst
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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21
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Sha S, Agarabi C, Brorson K, Lee DY, Yoon S. N-Glycosylation Design and Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:835-846. [PMID: 27016033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The N-linked glycan profiles on recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics significantly affect antibody biological functions and are largely determined by host cell genotypes and culture conditions. A key step in bioprocess development for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) involves optimization and control of N-glycan profiles. With pressure from pricing and biosimilars looming, more efficient and effective approaches are sought in the field of glycoengineering. Metabolic studies and mathematical modeling are two such approaches that optimize bioprocesses by better understanding and predicting glycosylation. In this review, we summarize a group of strategies currently used for glycan profile modulation and control. Metabolic analysis and mathematical modeling are then explored with an emphasis on how these two techniques can be utilized to advance glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sha
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01850, USA
| | - Cyrus Agarabi
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Office of Biotechnology Products, OPQ, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kurt Brorson
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Office of Biotechnology Products, OPQ, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01850, USA.
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22
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Fan Y, Jimenez Del Val I, Müller C, Lund AM, Sen JW, Rasmussen SK, Kontoravdi C, Baycin-Hizal D, Betenbaugh MJ, Weilguny D, Andersen MR. A multi-pronged investigation into the effect of glucose starvation and culture duration on fed-batch CHO cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2172-84. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Fan
- Network Engineering of Eukaryotic Cell Factories; Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Building 223; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
- Symphogen A/S; Pederstrupvej; 93, 2750 Ballerup Denmark
| | - Ioscani Jimenez Del Val
- Center for Process Systems Engineering; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | | | - Anne Mathilde Lund
- Network Engineering of Eukaryotic Cell Factories; Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Building 223; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | | | | | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Center for Process Systems Engineering; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Deniz Baycin-Hizal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland 21218
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland 21218
| | | | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Network Engineering of Eukaryotic Cell Factories; Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Building 223; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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23
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Pfizenmaier J, Matuszczyk JC, Takors R. Changes in intracellular ATP-content of CHO cells as response to hyperosmolality. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1212-6. [PMID: 26146937 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A variety of approaches has been published to enhance specific productivity (qp) of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Changes in culture conditions, e. g. temperature shifts, sodium butyrate treatment and hyperosmolality, were shown to improve qp . To contribute to a better understanding of the correlation between hyperosmolality and enhanced qp , we analyzed cellular kinetics and intracellular adenine nucleotide pools during osmotic shift periods. Known phenotypes like increased formation rates for lactate and product (anti-IL-8 antibody; qlactate, qp) as well as increased cell specific uptake rate for glucose (qglucose ) were found--besides inhibition of cell growth and G1-arrest occurred during batch cultivations with osmotic shift. The analysis of intracellular AXP pools revealed enlarged ATP amounts for cells as response to hyperosmolality while energy charges remained unchanged. Enhanced ATP-pools coincided with severely increased ATP formation rates (qATP ) which outweighed by far the putative requirements attributed to regulatory volume increase. Therefore elevated qATP mirrored an increased cellular demand for energy while experiencing hyperosmotic shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pfizenmaier
- The Inst. of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Takors
- The Inst. of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
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24
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Onitsuka M, Omasa T. Rapid evaluation of N-glycosylation status of antibodies with chemiluminescent lectin-binding assay. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:107-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Glutamine substitution: the role it can play to enhance therapeutic protein production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.15.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Surve T, Gadgil M. Manganese increases high mannose glycoform on monoclonal antibody expressed in CHO when glucose is absent or limiting: Implications for use of alternate sugars. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:460-7. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Surve
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune 411008 India
| | - Mugdha Gadgil
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune 411008 India
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27
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Junot C, Fenaille F, Colsch B, Bécher F. High resolution mass spectrometry based techniques at the crossroads of metabolic pathways. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:471-500. [PMID: 24288070 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The metabolome is the set of small molecular mass compounds found in biological media, and metabolomics, which refers to as the analysis of metabolome in a given biological condition, deals with the large scale detection and quantification of metabolites in biological media. It is a data driven and multidisciplinary approach combining analytical chemistry for data acquisition, and biostatistics, informatics and biochemistry for mining and interpretation of these data. Since the middle of the 2000s, high resolution mass spectrometry is widely used in metabolomics, mainly because the detection and identification of metabolites are improved compared to low resolution instruments. As the field of HRMS is quickly and permanently evolving, the aim of this work is to review its use in different aspects of metabolomics, including data acquisition, metabolite annotation, identification and quantification. At last, we would like to show that, thanks to their versatility, HRMS instruments are the most appropriate to achieve optimal metabolome coverage, at the border of other omics fields such as lipidomics and glycomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Junot
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre de Saclay, DSV/iBiTec-S/SPI, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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28
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Fan Y, Jimenez Del Val I, Müller C, Wagtberg Sen J, Rasmussen SK, Kontoravdi C, Weilguny D, Andersen MR. Amino acid and glucose metabolism in fed-batch CHO cell culture affects antibody production and glycosylation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:521-35. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Fan
- Network Engineering of Eukaryotic Cell Factories; Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Building 223 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
- Symphogen A/S; Pederstrupvej 93; 2750 Ballerup Denmark
| | - Ioscani Jimenez Del Val
- Center for Process Systems Engineering; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; London UK
| | | | | | | | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Center for Process Systems Engineering; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; London UK
| | | | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Network Engineering of Eukaryotic Cell Factories; Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Building 223 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
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29
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Role of Chinese hamster ovary central carbon metabolism in controlling the quality of secreted biotherapeutic proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Liu B, Spearman M, Doering J, Lattová E, Perreault H, Butler M. The availability of glucose to CHO cells affects the intracellular lipid-linked oligosaccharide distribution, site occupancy and the N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody. J Biotechnol 2013; 170:17-27. [PMID: 24286971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylation pattern of a chimeric heavy chain antibody (EG2) produced from CHO cells was affected by the glucose concentration (0-25mM) of cultures established at high density (>10(6)ml(-1)) over 24h. The resulting proportion of non-glycosylated Mab was directly correlated to the exposure time of cells to media depleted of glucose. Deprivation of glucose for the full 24h resulted in a 45% non-glycosylated Mab fraction. Analysis of steady state levels of intracellular lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs) showed that under glucose limitation there was a reduction in the amount of full length LLO (Glc3Man9GlcNac2), with a concomitant increase in the smaller mannosyl-glycans (Man2-5GlcNAc2). Glycan microheterogeneity was quantified by galactosylation and sialylation indices (GI and SI) which showed a direct correlation to the cell specific glucose uptake. The GI increased to 0.83 following media supplementation with a cocktail of uridine, manganese and galactose. This is significantly higher than for a fully humanized antibody (DP12) produced under the similar conditions or for similar antibodies reported in the literature. The high GI of the chimeric antibody (EG2) may be due to its low molecular weight and unusual structure. These findings are important in relation to the low substrate that may occur in fed-batch cultures for Mab production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Maureen Spearman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - John Doering
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Erica Lattová
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Hélène Perreault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.
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31
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del Val IJ, Kyriakopoulos S, Polizzi KM, Kontoravdi C. An optimized method for extraction and quantification of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars from mammalian cells. Anal Biochem 2013; 443:172-80. [PMID: 24036437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical attribute of therapeutic proteins given its impact on the clinical safety and efficacy of these molecules. The biochemical process of glycosylation is inextricably dependent on metabolism and ensuing availability of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars (NSs) during cell culture. Herein, we present a comprehensive methodology to extract and quantify these metabolites from cultured cells. To establish the full protocol, two methods for the extraction of these compounds were evaluated for efficiency, and the requirement for quenching and washing the sample was assessed. A chromatographic method based on anion exchange has been optimized to separate and quantify eight nucleotides and nine NSs in less than 30 min. Degradation of nucleotides and NSs under extraction conditions was evaluated to aid in selection of the most efficient extraction protocol. We conclude that the optimized chromatographic method is quick, robust, and sensitive for quantifying nucleotides and NSs. Furthermore, our results show that samples taken from cell culture should be treated with 50% v/v acetonitrile and do not require quenching or washing for reliable extraction of nucleotides and NSs. This comprehensive protocol should prove useful in determining the impact of nucleotide and NS metabolism on protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioscani Jimenez del Val
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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32
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Applying quality by design to glycoprotein therapeutics: experimental and computational efforts of process control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Zhu J. Mammalian cell protein expression for biopharmaceutical production. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1158-70. [PMID: 21968146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Beckmann TF, Krämer O, Klausing S, Heinrich C, Thüte T, Büntemeyer H, Hoffrogge R, Noll T. Effects of high passage cultivation on CHO cells: a global analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:659-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zandberg WF, Gao N, Kumarasamy J, Lehrman MA, Seidah NG, Pinto BM. 5-thiomannosides block the biosynthesis of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides and mimic class I congenital disorders of glycosylation. Chembiochem 2012; 13:392-401. [PMID: 22262650 PMCID: PMC3433809 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In a cell-based assay for novel inhibitors, we have discovered that two glycosides of 5-thiomannose, each containing an interglycosidic nitrogen atom, prevented the correct zymogen processing of the prohormone proopiomelanocortinin (POMC) and the transcription factor sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) in mouse pituitary cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, respectively. In the case of SREBP-2, these effects were correlated with the altered N-linked glycosylation of subtilisin/kexin-like isozyme-1 (SKI-1), the protease responsible for SREBP-2 processing under sterol-limiting conditions. Further examination of the effects of these compounds in CHO cells showed that they cause extensive protein hypoglycosylation in a manner similar to type I congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) since the remaining N-glycans in treated cells were complete (normal) structures. The under-glycosylation of glycoproteins in 5-thiomannoside-treated cells is now shown to be caused by the compromised biosynthesis of the dolichol-linked oligosaccharide (DLO) N-glycosylation donor, although the nucleotide sugars required for the synthesis of DLOs were neither reduced under these conditions, nor were their effects reversed upon the addition of exogenous mannose. Analysis of DLO intermediates by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis demonstrated that 5-thiomannose-containing glycosides block DLO biosynthesis most likely at a stage prior to the GlcNAc(2) Man(3) intermediate, on the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley F Zandberg
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Ningguo Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA, 75390-9041
| | | | - Mark A Lehrman
- Department of Pharmacology, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA, 75390-9041
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - B Mario Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
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Clincke MF, Guedon E, Yen FT, Ogier V, Goergen JL. Effect of iron sources on the glycosylation macroheterogeneity of human recombinant IFN-γ produced by CHO cells during batch processes. BMC Proc 2011; 5 Suppl 8:P114. [PMID: 22373344 PMCID: PMC3284886 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s8-p114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Françoise Clincke
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés UPR-CNRS 3349, ENSAIA-INPL, Nancy-Université, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France ; Lipidomix (EA4422), ENSAIA-INPL, Nancy-Université, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France ; Genclis SAS, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Emmanuel Guedon
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés UPR-CNRS 3349, ENSAIA-INPL, Nancy-Université, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Frances T Yen
- Lipidomix (EA4422), ENSAIA-INPL, Nancy-Université, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Goergen
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés UPR-CNRS 3349, ENSAIA-INPL, Nancy-Université, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Jiménez Del Val I, Nagy JM, Kontoravdi C. Quantification of intracellular nucleotide sugars and formulation of a mathematical model for prediction of their metabolism. BMC Proc 2011; 5 Suppl 8:P10. [PMID: 22373482 PMCID: PMC3284938 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s8-p10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit M Nagy
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Burleigh SC, van de Laar T, Stroop CJM, van Grunsven WMJ, O'Donoghue N, Rudd PM, Davey GP. Synergizing metabolic flux analysis and nucleotide sugar metabolism to understand the control of glycosylation of recombinant protein in CHO cells. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:95. [PMID: 22008152 PMCID: PMC3219575 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycosylation of recombinant proteins can be altered by a range of parameters including cellular metabolism, metabolic flux and the efficiency of the glycosylation process. We present an experimental set-up that allows determination of these key processes associated with the control of N-linked glycosylation of recombinant proteins. RESULTS Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) were cultivated in shake flasks at 0 mM glutamine and displayed a reduced growth rate, glucose metabolism and a slower decrease in pH, when compared to other glutamine-supplemented cultures. The N-linked glycosylation of recombinant human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was also altered under these conditions; the sialylation, fucosylation and antennarity decreased, while the proportion of neutral structures increased. A continuous culture set-up was subsequently used to understand the control of HCG glycosylation in the presence of varied glutamine concentrations; when glycolytic flux was reduced in the absence of glutamine, the glycosylation changes that were observed in shake flask culture were similarly detected. The intracellular content of UDP-GlcNAc was also reduced, which correlated with a decrease in sialylation and antennarity of the N-linked glycans attached to HCG. CONCLUSIONS The use of metabolic flux analysis illustrated a case of steady state multiplicity, where use of the same operating conditions at each steady state resulted in altered flux through glycolysis and the TCA cycle. This study clearly demonstrated that the control of glycoprotein microheterogeneity may be examined by use of a continuous culture system, metabolic flux analysis and assay of intracellular nucleotides. This system advances our knowledge of the relationship between metabolic flux and the glycosylation of biotherapeutics in CHO cells and will be of benefit to the bioprocessing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Burleigh
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Jimenez del Val I, Nagy JM, Kontoravdi C. A dynamic mathematical model for monoclonal antibody N-linked glycosylation and nucleotide sugar donor transport within a maturing Golgi apparatus. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1730-43. [PMID: 21956887 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most important products of the biopharmaceutical industry. Their therapeutic efficacy depends on the post-translational process of glycosylation, which is influenced by manufacturing process conditions. Herein, we present a dynamic mathematical model for mAb glycosylation that considers cisternal maturation by approximating the Golgi apparatus to a plug flow reactor and by including recycling of Golgi-resident proteins (glycosylation enzymes and transport proteins [TPs]). The glycosylation reaction rate expressions were derived based on the reported kinetic mechanisms for each enzyme, and transport of nucleotide sugar donors [NSDs] from the cytosol to the Golgi lumen was modeled to serve as a link between glycosylation and cellular metabolism. Optimization-based methodologies were developed for estimating unknown enzyme and TP concentration profile parameters. The resulting model is capable of reproducing glycosylation profiles of commercial mAbs. It can further reproduce the effect gene silencing of the FucT glycosylation enzyme and cytosolic NSD depletion have on the mAb oligosaccharide profile. All novel elements of our model are based on biological evidence and generate more accurate results than previous reports. We therefore believe that the improvements contribute to a more detailed representation of the N-linked glycosylation process. The overall results show the potential of our model toward evaluating cell engineering strategies that yield desired glycosylation profiles. Additionally, when coupled to cellular metabolism, this model could be used to assess the effect of process conditions on glycosylation and aid in the design, control, and optimization of biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioscani Jimenez del Val
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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Wong NSC, Wati L, Nissom PM, Feng HT, Lee MM, Yap MGS. An investigation of intracellular glycosylation activities in CHO cells: effects of nucleotide sugar precursor feeding. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 107:321-36. [PMID: 20506284 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Controlling glycosylation of recombinant proteins produced by CHO cells is highly desired as it can be directed towards maintaining or increasing product quality. To further our understanding of the different factors influencing glycosylation, a glycosylation sub-array of 79 genes and a capillary electrophoresis method which simultaneously analyzes 12 nucleotides and 7 nucleotide sugars; were used to generate intracellular N-glycosylation profiles. Specifically, the effects of nucleotide sugar precursor feeding on intracellular glycosylation activities were analyzed in CHO cells producing recombinant human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Galactose (+/-uridine), glucosamine (+/-uridine), and N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) (+/-cytidine) feeding resulted in 12%, 28%, and 32% increase in IFN-gamma sialylation as compared to the untreated control cultures. This could be directly attributed to increases in nucleotide sugar substrates, UDP-Hex ( approximately 20-fold), UDP-HexNAc (6- to 15-fold) and CMP-sialic acid (30- to 120-fold), respectively. Up-regulation of B4gal and St3gal could also have enhanced glycan addition onto the proteins, leading to more complete glycosylation (sialylation). Combined feeding of glucosamine + uridine and ManNAc + cytidine increased UDP-HexNAc and CMP-sialic acid by another two- to fourfold as compared to feeding sugar precursors alone. However, it did not lead to a synergistic increase in IFN-gamma sialylation. Other factors such as glycosyltransferase or glycan substrate levels could have become limiting. In addition, uridine feeding increased the levels of uridine- and cytidine-activated nucleotide sugars simultaneously, which could imply that uridine is one of the limiting substrates for nucleotide sugar synthesis in the study. Hence, the characterization of intracellular glycosylation activities has increased our understanding of how nucleotide sugar precursor feeding influence glycosylation of recombinant proteins produced in CHO cells. It has also led to the optimization of more effective strategies for manipulating glycan quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki S C Wong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
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Clincke MF, Guedon E, Yen FT, Ogier V, Roitel O, Goergen JL. Effect of surfactant pluronic F-68 on CHO cell growth, metabolism, production, and glycosylation of human recombinant IFN-γ in mild operating conditions. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 27:181-90. [PMID: 21312365 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The control of glycosylation to satisfy regulatory requirements and quality consistency of recombinant proteins produced by different processes has become an important issue. With two N-glycosylation sites, γ-interferon (IFN-γ) can be seen as a prototype of a recombinant therapeutic glycoprotein for this purpose. The effect of the nonionic surfactant Pluronic F-68 (PF-68) on cell growth and death was investigated, as well as production and glycosylation of recombinant IFN-γ produced by a CHO cell line that was maintained in a rich protein-free medium in the absence or presence of low agitation. Under these conditions, a dose-dependent effect of PF-68 (0-0.1%) was shown not only to significantly enhance growth but also to reduce cell lysis. Interestingly, supplementing the culture medium with PF-68 led to increased IFN-γ production as a result of both higher cell densities and a higher specific production rate of IFN-γ. If cells were grown with agitation, lack of PF-68 in the culture medium decreased the fraction of the fully glycosylated IFN-γ glycoform (2N) from 80% to 65-70% during the initial period. This effect appeared to be due to a lag phase in cell growth observed during this period. Finally, a global kinetic study of CHO cell metabolism indicated higher efficiency in the utilization of the two major carbon substrates when cultures were supplemented with PF-68. Therefore, these results highlight the importance of understanding how media surfactant can affect cell growth as well as cell death and the product quality of a recombinant glycoprotein expressed in CHO cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Françoise Clincke
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UPR-CNRS 3349, ENSAIA-INPL, Nancy Université, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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42
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Wong DCF, Wong NSC, Goh JSY, May LM, Yap MGS. Profiling of N-glycosylation gene expression in CHO cell fed-batch cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 107:516-28. [PMID: 20521304 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Chee Furng Wong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Singapore 138668, Singapore
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Gawlitzek M, Estacio M, Fürch T, Kiss R. Identification of cell culture conditions to control N-glycosylation site-occupancy of recombinant glycoproteins expressed in CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:1164-75. [PMID: 19418565 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of different cell culture conditions on N-glycosylation site-occupancy has been elucidated for two different recombinant glycoproteins expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and a recombinant enzyme (glycoprotein 2-GP2). Both molecules contain a N-glycosylation site that is variably occupied. Different environmental factors that affect the site-occupancy (the degree of occupied sites) of these molecules were identified. Supplementing the culture medium with additional manganese or iron increased the fraction of fully occupied t-PA (type I t-PA) by approximately 2.5-4%. Decreasing the cultivation temperature from 37 to 33 degrees C or 31 degrees C gradually increased site-occupancy of t-PA up to 4%. The addition of a specific productivity enhancer, butyrate, further increased site-occupancy by an additional 1% under each cultivation temperature tested. In addition, the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine increased site-occupancy of t-PA compared to control conditions by about 2%. In contrast, the addition of relevant nucleoside precursor molecules involved in N-glycan biosynthesis (e.g., uridine, guanosine, mannose) either had no effect or slightly reduced site-occupancy. For the recombinant enzyme (GP2), it was discovered that culture pH and the timing of butyrate addition can be used to control N-glycan site-occupancy within a specific range. An increase in culture pH correlated with a decrease in site-occupancy. Similarly, delaying the timing for butyrate addition also decreased site-occupancy of this molecule. These results highlight the importance of understanding how cell culture conditions and media components can affect the product quality of recombinant glycoproteins expressed in mammalian cell cultures. Furthermore, the identification of relevant factors will enable one to control product quality attributes, specifically N-glycan site-occupancy, within a specific range when applied appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gawlitzek
- Manufacturing Sciences & Technology, Genentech, Inc., One DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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44
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Hossler P, Khattak SF, Li ZJ. Optimal and consistent protein glycosylation in mammalian cell culture. Glycobiology 2009; 19:936-49. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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