1
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Chae SY, Shin H, Woo J, Kang S, Lee SM, Min DH. Metabolic Modulation of Kynurenine Based on Kynureninase-Loaded Nanoparticle Depot Overcomes Tumor Immune Evasion in Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:18490-18502. [PMID: 38573937 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Evading recognition of immune cells is a well-known strategy of tumors used for their survival. One of the immune evasion mechanisms is the synthesis of kynurenine (KYN), a metabolite of tryptophan, which suppresses the effector T cells. Therefore, lowering the KYN concentration can be an efficient antitumor therapy by restoring the activity of immune cells. Recently, kynureninase (KYNase), which is an enzyme transforming KYN into anthranilate, was demonstrated to show the potential to decrease KYN concentration and inhibit tumor growth. However, due to the limited bioavailability and instability of proteins in vivo, it has been challenging to maintain the KYNase concentration sufficiently high in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we developed a nanoparticle system loaded with KYNase, which formed a Biodegradable and Implantable Nanoparticle Depot named 'BIND' following subcutaneous injection. The BIND sustainably supplied KYNase around the TME while located around the tumor, until it eventually degraded and disappeared. As a result, the BIND system enhanced the proliferation and cytokine production of effector T cells in the TME, followed by tumor growth inhibition and increased mean survival. Finally, we showed that the BIND carrying KYNase significantly synergized with PD-1 blockade in three mouse models of colon cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Youl Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojeong Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seounghun Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal-Hee Min
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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2
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Kehrein J, Sotriffer C. Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Rationalizing Polymer Bioconjugation Strategies: Challenges, Recent Developments, and Future Opportunities. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:51-74. [PMID: 37466304 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The covalent modification of proteins with polymers is a well-established method for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of therapeutically valuable biologics. The conjugated polymer chains of the resulting hybrid represent highly flexible macromolecular structures. As the dynamics of such systems remain rather elusive for established experimental techniques from the field of protein structure elucidation, molecular dynamics simulations have proven as a valuable tool for studying such conjugates at an atomistic level, thereby complementing experimental studies. With a focus on new developments, this review aims to provide researchers from the polymer bioconjugation field with a concise and up to date overview of such approaches. After introducing basic principles of molecular dynamics simulations, as well as methods for and potential pitfalls in modeling bioconjugates, the review illustrates how these computational techniques have contributed to the understanding of bioconjugates and bioconjugation strategies in the recent past and how they may lead to a more rational design of novel bioconjugates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Kehrein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Christoph Sotriffer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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3
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Mahri S, Wilms T, Hagedorm P, Guichard MJ, Vanvarenberg K, Dumoulin M, Frijlink H, Vanbever R. Nebulization of PEGylated recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I using vibrating membrane nebulizers: A technical feasibility study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 189:106522. [PMID: 37423579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (rhDNase, Pulmozyme®) is the most frequently used mucolytic agent for the symptomatic treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Conjugation of rhDNase to polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been shown to greatly prolong its residence time in the lungs and improve its therapeutic efficacy in mice. To present an added value over current rhDNase treatment, PEGylated rhDNase needs to be efficiently and less frequently administrated by aerosolization and possibly at higher concentrations than existing rhDNase. In this study, the effects of PEGylation on the thermodynamic stability of rhDNase was investigated using linear 20 kDa, linear 30 kDa and 2-armed 40 kDa PEGs. The suitability of PEG30-rhDNase to electrohydrodynamic atomization (electrospraying) as well as the feasibility of using two vibrating mesh nebulizers, the optimized eFlow® Technology nebulizer (eFlow) and Innospire Go, at varying protein concentrations were investigated. PEGylation was shown to destabilize rhDNase upon chemical-induced denaturation and ethanol exposure. Yet, PEG30-rhDNase was stable enough to withstand aerosolization stresses using the eFlow and Innospire Go nebulizers even at higher concentrations (5 mg of protein per ml) than conventional rhDNase formulation (1 mg/ml). High aerosol output (up to 1.5 ml per min) and excellent aerosol characteristics (up to 83% fine particle fraction) were achieved while preserving protein integrity and enzymatic activity. This work demonstrates the technical feasibility of PEG-rhDNase nebulization with advanced vibrating membrane nebulizers, encouraging further pharmaceutical and clinical developments of a long-acting PEGylated alternative to rhDNase for treating patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohaib Mahri
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tobias Wilms
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Hagedorm
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Julie Guichard
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin Vanvarenberg
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mireille Dumoulin
- University of Liège, Center for Protein Engineering, InBioS, Nanobodies to Explore Protein Structure and Functions, Liège, Belgium
| | - Henderik Frijlink
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rita Vanbever
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium.
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4
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Bisirri EA, Wright TA, Schwartz DK, Kaar JL. Tuning Polymer Composition Leads to Activity-Stability Tradeoff in Enzyme-Polymer Conjugates. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4033-4041. [PMID: 37610792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein-polymer conjugation provides an opportune means to adjust the local environment of proteins and enhance protein stability, performance, and solubility. Although much attention has been focused on tuning protein-polymer interactions, the properties of polymer-modified proteins may also be altered by polymer-polymer interactions. Herein, we sought to better understand the influence of polymer-polymer interactions on Candida rugosa lipase, which was modified with random co-polymers composed of sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA). Our findings suggest that there is an apparent activity-stability tradeoff as a function of polymer composition. Specifically, as the ratio of SBMA to PEGMA increased, lipase stability was enhanced, whereas activity decreased. By tuning the monomer ratio, we showed that lipase productivity could be optimized. These findings are discussed in the context of complex enzyme-polymer and polymer-polymer interactions and ultimately may enable more informed conjugate designs and improved enzyme productivity in industrial biotransformations under harsh or extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Bisirri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joel L Kaar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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5
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Deng B, Burns E, McNelles SA, Sun J, Ortega J, Adronov A. Molecular Sieving with PEGylated Dendron-Protein Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1467-1476. [PMID: 37499133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of generation 3-5 dendrons based on a bis(2,2-hydroxymethylpropionic acid) (bis-MPA) scaffold bearing three respective lengths of linear poly(ethylene glycol) at their periphery and a dibenzocyclooctyne unit at their core was prepared. These dendrons were appended to the surface of azide-decorated α-chymotrypsin (α-CT) via strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition to yield a library of dendron-protein conjugates. These conjugates were characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy and were imaged using cryo-electron microscopy. The activity of the PEGylated α-CT-dendron conjugates was investigated using a small molecule (benzoyl-l-tyrosine p-nitroanilide) as well as different proteins of different sizes and crystallinities (casein and bovine serum albumin) as substrates. It was found that the activity of the conjugates toward the small molecule was largely retained, while the activity toward the proteins was significantly diminished. Furthermore, the results indicate that for most of the conjugates the PEG length had a more pronounced impact on enzyme activity than the dendron generation. Overall, the highest sieving ratios were found for α-CT-dendron conjugates decorated with G3-PEG2000, G4-PEG2000, and G5-PEG1000, with the latter two structures offering the best combination of sieving ratio and small molecule activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Evan Burns
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Stuart A McNelles
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
- Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Joaquin Ortega
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
- Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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6
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Jia Y, Fernandez A, Sampath J. PEGylation of Insulin and Lysozyme To Stabilize against Thermal Denaturation: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:6856-6866. [PMID: 37498538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Biologic drugs or "biologics" (proteins derived from living organisms) are one of the fastest-growing classes of FDA-approved therapeutics. These compounds are often fragile and require conjugation to polymers for stabilization, with many proteins too ephemeral for therapeutic use. During storage or administration, proteins tend to unravel and lose their secondary structure due to changes in solution temperature, pH, and other external stressors. To enhance their lifetime, protein drugs currently in the market are conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), owing to its ability to increase the stability, solubility, and pharmacokinetics of protein drugs. Here, we perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to study the unfolding process of egg-white lysozyme and insulin at elevated temperatures. We test the validity of two force fields─CHARMM36 and Amber ff99SB-ILDN─in the unfolding process. By calculating global and local properties, we capture residues that deteriorate first─these are the "weak links" in the proteins. Next, we conjugate both proteins with PEG and find that PEG preserves the native structure of the proteins at elevated temperatures by blocking water molecules from entering the hydrophobic core, thereby causing the secondary structure to stabilize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhao Jia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam Fernandez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Janani Sampath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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7
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Holz E, Darwish M, Tesar DB, Shatz-Binder W. A Review of Protein- and Peptide-Based Chemical Conjugates: Past, Present, and Future. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020600. [PMID: 36839922 PMCID: PMC9959917 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the complexity of molecular entities being advanced for therapeutic purposes has continued to evolve. A main propellent fueling innovation is the perpetual mandate within the pharmaceutical industry to meet the needs of novel disease areas and/or delivery challenges. As new mechanisms of action are uncovered, and as our understanding of existing mechanisms grows, the properties that are required and/or leveraged to enable therapeutic development continue to expand. One rapidly evolving area of interest is that of chemically enhanced peptide and protein therapeutics. While a variety of conjugate molecules such as antibody-drug conjugates, peptide/protein-PEG conjugates, and protein conjugate vaccines are already well established, others, such as antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates and peptide/protein conjugates using non-PEG polymers, are newer to clinical development. This review will evaluate the current development landscape of protein-based chemical conjugates with special attention to considerations such as modulation of pharmacokinetics, safety/tolerability, and entry into difficult to access targets, as well as bioavailability. Furthermore, for the purpose of this review, the types of molecules discussed are divided into two categories: (1) therapeutics that are enhanced by protein or peptide bioconjugation, and (2) protein and peptide therapeutics that require chemical modifications. Overall, the breadth of novel peptide- or protein-based therapeutics moving through the pipeline each year supports a path forward for the pursuit of even more complex therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Holz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Martine Darwish
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Devin B. Tesar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Whitney Shatz-Binder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Correspondence:
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8
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Li Y, Zhang Z, Abbaspourrad A. Improved pH stability, heat stability, and functionality of phycocyanin after PEGylation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1758-1767. [PMID: 36195233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phycocyanin (PC), a spirulina-derived protein-chromophore complex, suffers from poor techno-functional properties and is highly susceptible to aggregation and color changes upon heating and pH fluctuations. We tackled these issues by modifying PC via PEGylation. Electrophoresis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy proved successful conjugation of methoxy PEG (mPEG) chains on PC after PEGylation. Circular dichroism indicated highly ordered folding states adopted by PEGylated PC, which we attributed to the mPEG chains on the protein surface that sterically stabilized the protein structure. Consequently, the mPEG-PC conjugates exhibited high blue color intensity and improved thermodynamic stability. Further, benefit from an electrostatic shielding effect of mPEG chains, surface charges of PEGylated PC were neutralized over pH 2-9 and the blue hue of PC was stabilized against pH variations. Additionally, the flexible and hydrophilic mPEG polymers on the PC surface promoted protein-protein and protein-water interactions. PEGylated PC thus gained increased protein solubility, techno-functionality (emulsifying, foaming, and gelling performance), and antioxidant activities, when compared to unmodified PC. Heat-induced gels formed by mPEG-PC conjugates exhibited increased stiffness, higher water retention, and weak gel-type rheological properties. After PEGylation, the improved functional properties, bioactivity, and color stability against heat and pH fluctuations will facilitate food and pharmaceutical applications of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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9
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Liu X, Kouassi KGW, Vanbever R, Dumoulin M. Impact of the PEG length and PEGylation site on the structural, thermodynamic, thermal, and proteolytic stability of mono-PEGylated alpha-1 antitrypsin. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4392. [PMID: 36040264 PMCID: PMC9375436 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation to polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a widely used approach to improve the therapeutic value of proteins essentially by prolonging their body residence time. PEGylation may however induce changes in the structure and/or the stability of proteins and thus on their function(s). The effects of PEGylation on the thermodynamic stability can either be positive (stabilization), negative (destabilization), or neutral (no effect). Moreover, various factors such as the PEG length and PEGylation site can influence the consequences of PEGylation on the structure and stability of proteins. In this study, the effects of PEGylation on the structure, stability, and polymerization of alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) were investigated, using PEGs with different lengths, different structures (linear or 2-armed) and different linking chemistries (via amine or thiol) at two distinct positions of the sequence. The results show that whatever the size, position, and structure of PEG chains, PEGylation (a) does not induce significant changes in AAT structure (either at the secondary or tertiary level); (b) does not alter the stability of the native protein upon both chemical- and heat-induced denaturation; and (c) does not prevent AAT to fully refold and recover its activity following chemical denaturation. However, the propensity of AAT to aggregate upon heat treatment was significantly decreased by PEGylation, although PEGylation did not prevent the irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. Moreover, conjugation to PEG, especially 2-armed 40 kDa PEG, greatly improved the proteolytic resistance of AAT. PEGylation of AAT could be a promising strategy to prolong its half-life after infusion in AAT-deficient patients and thereby decrease the frequency of infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Advanced Drug Delivery and BiomaterialsLouvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Kobenan G. W. Kouassi
- Advanced Drug Delivery and BiomaterialsLouvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Rita Vanbever
- Advanced Drug Delivery and BiomaterialsLouvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Mireille Dumoulin
- Department of Life SciencesInBios, Center for Protein Engineering, Nanobodies to Explore Protein Structure and Functions, University of LiègeLiègeBelgium
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10
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Conjugation of a zwitterionic polymer with dimethyl chains to lipase significantly increases the enzyme activity and stability. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Kumar K, Venkatesu P. Role of protein-copolymer assembly in controlling micellization process of amphiphilic triblock copolymer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:2142-2157. [PMID: 34758421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Triblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG) forms a well-known micellar assembly at a particular temperature. Apart from regular assembly within the copolymer, it is crucial to explore additional assembly behaviour via simple exposure of proteins which unveils biased interactions with blocks of copolymer. The current work focuses on the examination of Pluronic F108 i.e. PEG-PPG-PEG with two different proteins i.e. α-chymotrypsin (CT) and lysozyme (LSZ), aiming at probing the critical micellization temperature (CMT) and molecular level interactions. EXPERIMENTS Potential role of protein-copolymer assembly formation at a particular concentration of protein in modulating CMT was shown by a systematic experimental approach combined with a series of physicochemical methods. The sophisticated multiple techniques include fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, molecular docking studies were also employed to correlate theoretical insights with experimental findings. FINDINGS CT and LSZ decrease CMT in regular concentration-dependent manner except for particular concentration (1.5 mg/mL) of LSZ which shows anomalous behaviour in steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, temperature dependent fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and DLS measurements. SEM and TEM results clearly reveal protein-copolymer assembly formation. The assembled structure has different biophysical properties. Docking studies elucidate several bio macromolecular interactions which can be involved in assembly formation. Based on obtained results from biophysical techniques mechanism of CMT variation was deduced. Obtained results can be useful in biosensors and targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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12
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Gao J, Le S, Thayumanavan S. Enzyme Catalysis in Non‐Native Environment with Unnatural Selectivity Using Polymeric Nanoreactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Gao
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Center for Nanomedicine and Division of Engineering in Medicine Department of Anesthesiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA 02115 USA
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Stephanie Le
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01003 USA
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13
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Karamitros CS, Somody CM, Agnello G, Rowlinson S. Engineering of the Recombinant Expression and PEGylation Efficiency of the Therapeutic Enzyme Human Thymidine Phosphorylase. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:793985. [PMID: 34976980 PMCID: PMC8718881 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.793985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human thymidine phosphorylase (HsTP) is an enzyme with important implications in the field of rare metabolic diseases. Defective mutations of HsTP lead to mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE), a disease with a high unmet medical need that is associated with severe neurological and gastrointestinal complications. Current efforts focus on the development of an enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using the Escherichia coli ortholog (EcTP). However, bacterial enzymes are counter-indicated for human therapeutic applications because they are recognized as foreign by the human immune system, thereby eliciting adverse immune responses and raising significant safety and efficacy risks. Thus, it is critical to utilize the HsTP enzyme as starting scaffold for pre-clinical drug development, thus de-risking the safety concerns associated with the use of bacterial enzymes. However, HsTP expresses very poorly in E. coli, whereas its PEGylation, a crucial chemical modification for achieving long serum persistence of therapeutic enzymes, is highly inefficient and negatively affects its catalytic activity. Here we focused on the engineering of the recombinant expression profile of HsTP in E. coli cells, as well as on the optimization of its PEGylation efficiency aiming at the development of an alternative therapeutic approach for MNGIE. We show that phylogenetic and structural analysis of proteins can provide important insights for the rational design of N’-terminus-truncation constructs which exhibit significantly improved recombinant expression levels. In addition, we developed and implemented a criteria-driven rational surface engineering strategy for the substitution of arginine-to-lysine and lysine-to-arginine residues to achieve more efficient, homogeneous and reproducible PEGylation without negatively affecting the enzymatic catalytic activity upon PEGylation. Collectively, our proposed strategies provide an effective way to optimize enzyme PEGylation and E. coli recombinant expression and are likely applicable for other proteins and enzymes.
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14
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Hauptstein N, Pouyan P, Kehrein J, Dirauf M, Driessen MD, Raschig M, Licha K, Gottschaldt M, Schubert US, Haag R, Meinel L, Sotriffer C, Lühmann T. Molecular Insights into Site-Specific Interferon-α2a Bioconjugates Originated from PEG, LPG, and PEtOx. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4521-4534. [PMID: 34643378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of biologics with polymers modulates their pharmacokinetics, with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the gold standard. We compared alternative polymers and two types of cyclooctyne linkers (BCN/DBCO) for bioconjugation of interferon-α2a (IFN-α2a) using 10 kDa polymers including linear mPEG, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx), and linear polyglycerol (LPG). IFN-α2a was azide functionalized via amber codon expansion and bioorthogonally conjugated to all cyclooctyne linked polymers. Polymer conjugation did not impact IFN-α2a's secondary structure and only marginally reduced IFN-α2a's bioactivity. In comparison to PEtOx, the LPG polymer attached via the less rigid cyclooctyne linker BCN was found to stabilize IFN-α2a against thermal stress. These findings were further detailed by molecular modeling studies which showed a modulation of protein flexibility upon PEtOx conjugation and a reduced amount of protein native contacts as compared to PEG and LPG originated bioconjugates. Polymer interactions with IFN-α2a were further assessed via a limited proteolysis (LIP) assay, which resulted in comparable proteolytic cleavage patterns suggesting weak interactions with the protein's surface. In conclusion, both PEtOx and LPG bioconjugates resulted in a similar biological outcome and may become promising PEG alternatives for bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hauptstein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paria Pouyan
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Kehrein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Dirauf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marc D Driessen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Raschig
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kai Licha
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Sotriffer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Gao J, Le S, Thayumanavan S. Enzyme Catalysis in Non-Native Environment with Unnatural Selectivity Using Polymeric Nanoreactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27189-27194. [PMID: 34510672 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of enzymes for catalysis in organic solvents, while exhibiting selectivity to different substrates, is a big challenge. We report an amphiphilic random copolymer system that self-assembles with enzymes in an organic solvent to form nanoreactors. These encapsulated enzymes are not denatured and they do preserve the catalytic activity. The cross-linkable functional groups in the hydrophobic compartments of the polymers offer to control accessibility to the enzyme. This varied accessibility due to the polymer host, rather than the enzyme itself, endows the nanoreactor with an unnatural selectivity. The findings here highlight the significant potential of simple polymer-based enzyme nanoreactors to execute selective organic reactions under non-native conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.,Center for Nanomedicine and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - S Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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16
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Fucci IJ, Sinha K, Rule GS. Protein Dynamics Is Altered by a High Surface Density of Atomic Transfer Radical Polymerization Polymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:7185-7193. [PMID: 34048258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) polymers on the structure and dynamics of a 14.5 kDa RNA binding protein, Rho130, was assessed using NMR. A near-homogeneous sample was generated by optimizing initiator coupling to maximize the number of modified Lys residues. The reactivity of individual Lys residues was correlated with the average solvent accessible surface area from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and influenced by local interactions. Larger structural changes were seen with the addition of the initiator alone than with polymer growth. Structural changes were localized to the N-terminal helical domain of the protein and MD simulations suggest stabilization of the terminus of one helix by the addition of the ATRP initiator and an initiator-induced change in interhelical angles. Relaxation dispersion shows that polymer addition, but not attachment of the initiator, causes a reduction in the microsecond-millisecond dynamics of the hydrophobic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Fucci
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kaustubh Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gordon S Rule
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Das
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, United States
| | - Liangjun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, United States
| | - Kristen Elofson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, United States
| | - M.G. Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, United States
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18
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Nieto-Orellana A, Li H, Rosiere R, Wauthoz N, Williams H, Monteiro CJ, Bosquillon C, Childerhouse N, Keegan G, Coghlan D, Mantovani G, Stolnik S. Targeted PEG-poly(glutamic acid) complexes for inhalation protein delivery to the lung. J Control Release 2019; 316:250-262. [PMID: 31678655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery is increasingly seen as an attractive, non-invasive route for the delivery of forthcoming protein therapeutics. In this context, here we describe protein complexes with a new 'complexing excipient' - vitamin B12-targeted poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(glutamic acid) copolymers. These form complexes in sub-200nm size with a model protein, suitable for cellular targeting and intracellular delivery. Initially we confirmed expression of vitamin B12-internalization receptor (CD320) by Calu-3 cells of the in vitro lung epithelial model used, and demonstrated enhanced B12 receptor-mediated cellular internalization of B12-targeted complexes, relative to non-targeted counterparts or protein alone. To develop an inhalation formulation, the protein complexes were spray dried adopting a standard protocol into powders with aerodynamic diameter within the suitable range for lower airway deposition. The cellular internalization of targeted complexes from dry powders applied directly to Calu-3 model was found to be 2-3 fold higher compared to non-targeted complexes. The copolymer complexes show no complement activation, and in vivo lung tolerance studies demonstrated that repeated administration of formulated dry powders over a 3 week period in healthy BALB/c mice induced no significant toxicity or indications of lung inflammation, as assessed by cell population count and quantification of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α pro-inflammatory markers. Importantly, the in vivo data appear to suggest that B12-targeted polymer complexes administered as dry powder enhance lung retention of their protein payload, relative to protein alone and non-targeted counterparts. Taken together, our data illustrate the potential developability of novel B12-targeted poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(glutamic acid) copolymers as excipients suitable to be formulated into a dry powder product for the inhalation delivery of proteins, with no significant lung toxicity, and with enhanced protein retention at their in vivo target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nieto-Orellana
- Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - H Li
- Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - R Rosiere
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics (ULBGAL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, BE, Belgium
| | - N Wauthoz
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics (ULBGAL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, BE, Belgium
| | - H Williams
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - C J Monteiro
- Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - C Bosquillon
- Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - G Keegan
- Vectura Group plc, Chippenhafm, UK
| | | | - G Mantovani
- Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - S Stolnik
- Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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19
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Kaur N, Sinha PK, Sahni G. Site-specific PEGylation of micro-plasmin for improved thrombolytic therapy through engineering enhanced resistance against serpin mediated inhibition. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217234. [PMID: 31141522 PMCID: PMC6541275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively rapid inhibition of microplasmin by α2-AP leads to short functional half-life of the molecule in vivo, causing inefficient clot dissolution, even after site-specific, local catheter-based delivery. Here, we describe a PEGylation approach for improving the therapeutic potential via improving the survival of microplasmin in presence of its cognate inhibitor, α2-AP, wherein a series of strategically designed cysteine analogs of micro-plasminogen were prepared and expressed in E. coli, and further modified by covalent grafting in vitro with PEG groups of different molecular sizes so as to select single or double PEG chains that increase the molecular weight and hydrodynamic radii of the conjugates, but with a minimal discernible effect on intrinsic plasmin activity and structural framework, as explored by amidolytic activity and CD-spectroscopy, respectively. Interestingly, some of the purified PEG-coupled proteins after conversion to their corresponding proteolytically active forms were found to exhibit significantly reduced inhibition rates (up to 2-fold) by α2-AP relative to that observed with wild-type microplasmin. These results indicate an interesting, and not often observed, effect of PEG groups through reduced/altered dynamics between protease and inhibitor, likely through a steric hindrance mechanism. Thus, the present study successfully identifies single- and double-site PEGylated muteins of microplasmin with significantly enhanced functional half-life through enhanced resistance to inactivation by its in vivo plasma inhibitor. Such an increased survival of bioactivity in situ, holds unmistakable potential for therapeutic exploitation, especially in ischemic strokes where a direct, catheter-based deposition within the cranium has been shown to be promising, but is currently limited by the very short in vivo bioactive half-life of the fibrin dissolving agent/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prakash Kumar Sinha
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Girish Sahni
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail:
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20
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Baker SL, Murata H, Kaupbayeva B, Tasbolat A, Matyjaszewski K, Russell AJ. Charge-Preserving Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Initiator Rescues the Lost Function of Negatively Charged Protein–Polymer Conjugates. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2392-2405. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adina Tasbolat
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty 050040, Republic of Kazakhstan
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21
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Wright TA, Page RC, Konkolewicz D. Polymer conjugation of proteins as a synthetic post-translational modification to impact their stability and activity. Polym Chem 2019; 10:434-454. [PMID: 31249635 PMCID: PMC6596429 DOI: 10.1039/c8py01399c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
For more than 40 years, protein-polymer conjugates have been widely used for many applications, industrially and biomedically. These bioconjugates have been shown to modulate the activity and stability of various proteins while introducing reusability and new activities that can be used for drug delivery, improve pharmacokinetic ability, and stimuli-responsiveness. Techniques such as RDRP, ROMP and "click" have routinely been utilized for development of well-defined bioconjugate and polymeric materials. Synthesis of bioconjugate materials often take advantage of natural amino acids present within protein and peptide structures for a host of coupling chemistries. Polymer modification may elicit increased or decreased activity, activity retention under harsh conditions, prolonged activity in vivo and in vitro, and introduce stimuli responsiveness. Bioconjugation has resulted to modulated thermal stability, chemical stability, storage stability, half-life and reusability. In this review we aim to provide a brief state of the field, highlight a wide range of behaviors caused by polymer conjugation, and provide areas of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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22
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Lapuhs P, Fuhrmann G. Engineering Strategies for Oral Therapeutic Enzymes to Enhance Their Stability and Activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1148:151-172. [PMID: 31482499 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7709-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral application of therapeutic enzymes is a promising and non-invasive administration that improves patient compliance. However, the gastrointestinal tract poses several challenges to the oral delivery of proteins, including harsh pH conditions and digestive proteases. A promising way to stabilise enzymes during their gastrointestinal route is by modification with polymers that can provide both steric shielding and selective interaction in different digestive compartments. We give an overview of modification technologies for oral enzymes ranging from functionalisation of native proteins, to site-specific mutation and protein-polymer engineering. We specifically focus on enzymes that are active directly in the gastrointestinal lumen and not systemically absorbed. In addition, we discuss examples of microparticle and nanoparticle encapsulated enzymes for improved oral delivery. The modification of orally administered enzymes offers a broad chemical variability and may be a promising tool for enhancing their gastrointestinal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lapuhs
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group (BION), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group (BION), Saarbrücken, Germany. .,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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23
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Baker SL, Munasinghe A, Murata H, Lin P, Matyjaszewski K, Colina CM, Russell AJ. Intramolecular Interactions of Conjugated Polymers Mimic Molecular Chaperones to Stabilize Protein–Polymer Conjugates. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3798-3813. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Scott Hall 4N201, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Aravinda Munasinghe
- Department of Chemistry, 312 Leigh Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ping Lin
- Department of Chemistry, 312 Leigh Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Coray M. Colina
- Department of Chemistry, 312 Leigh Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Alan J. Russell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Scott Hall 4N201, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Disruptive Health Technology Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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24
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Ramirez-Paz J, Saxena M, Delinois LJ, Joaquín-Ovalle FM, Lin S, Chen Z, Rojas-Nieves VA, Griebenow K. Thiol-maleimide poly(ethylene glycol) crosslinking of L-asparaginase subunits at recombinant cysteine residues introduced by mutagenesis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197643. [PMID: 30052638 PMCID: PMC6063399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Asparaginase is an enzyme successfully being used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. However, some disadvantages still limit its full application potential, e.g., allergic reactions, pancreatitis, and blood clotting impairment. Therefore, much effort has been directed at improving its performance. A popular strategy is to randomly conjugate L-asparaginase with mono-methoxy polyethylene glycol, which became a commercial FDA approved formulation widely used in recent years. To improve this formulation by PEGylation, herein we performed cysteine-directed conjugation of the L-asparaginase subunits to prevent dissociation-induced loss of activity. The recombinant cysteine conjugation sites were introduced by mutagenesis at surface-exposed positions on the protein to avoid affecting the catalytic activity. Three conjugates were obtained using different linear PEGs of 1000, 2000, and 5000 g/mol, with physical properties ranging from a semi-solid gel to a fully soluble state. The soluble-conjugate exhibited higher catalytic activity than the non-conjugated mutant, and the same activity than the native enzyme. The cysteine-directed crosslinking of the L-asparaginase subunits produced a higher molecular weight conjugate compared to the native tetrameric enzyme. This strategy might improve L-asparaginase efficiency for leukemia treatment by reducing glomerular filtration due to the increase in hydrodynamic size thus extending half-live, while at the same time retaining full catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josell Ramirez-Paz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Manoj Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Delinois
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Freisa M. Joaquín-Ovalle
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Shiru Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Virginia A. Rojas-Nieves
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Kai Griebenow
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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26
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Kübelbeck S, Mikhael J, Keller H, Konradi R, Andrieu-Brunsen A, Baier G. Enzyme-Polymer Conjugates to Enhance Enzyme Shelf Life in a Liquid Detergent Formulation. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800095. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jules Mikhael
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Straße 38 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Harald Keller
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Straße 38 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Rupert Konradi
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Straße 38 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Annette Andrieu-Brunsen
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Grit Baier
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Straße 38 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
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27
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He Q, Sun X, He S, Wang T, Zhao J, Yang L, Wu Z, Sun H. PEGylation of black kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) protein isolate with potential functironal properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 164:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Murata H, Carmali S, Baker SL, Matyjaszewski K, Russell AJ. Solid-phase synthesis of protein-polymers on reversible immobilization supports. Nat Commun 2018; 9:845. [PMID: 29487296 PMCID: PMC5829226 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Facile automated biomacromolecule synthesis is at the heart of blending synthetic and biologic worlds. Full access to abiotic/biotic synthetic diversity first occurred when chemistry was developed to grow nucleic acids and peptides from reversibly immobilized precursors. Protein-polymer conjugates, however, have always been synthesized in solution in multi-step, multi-day processes that couple innovative chemistry with challenging purification. Here we report the generation of protein-polymer hybrids synthesized by protein-ATRP on reversible immobilization supports (PARIS). We utilized modified agarose beads to covalently and reversibly couple to proteins in amino-specific reactions. We then modified reversibly immobilized proteins with protein-reactive ATRP initiators and, after ATRP, we released and analyzed the protein polymers. The activity and stability of PARIS-synthesized and solution-synthesized conjugates demonstrated that PARIS was an effective, rapid, and simple method to generate protein-polymer conjugates. Automation of PARIS significantly reduced synthesis/purification timelines, thereby opening a path to changing how to generate protein-polymer conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sheiliza Carmali
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Stefanie L Baker
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Scott Hall 4N201, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Alan J Russell
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Scott Hall 4N201, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Disruptive Health Technology Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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29
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Wilding KM, Smith AK, Wilkerson JW, Bush DB, Knotts TA, Bundy BC. The Locational Impact of Site-Specific PEGylation: Streamlined Screening with Cell-Free Protein Expression and Coarse-Grain Simulation. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:510-521. [PMID: 29295615 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although polyethylene glycol (PEG) is commonly used to improve protein stability and therapeutic efficacy, the optimal location for attaching PEG onto proteins is not well understood. Here, we present a cell-free protein synthesis-based screening platform that facilitates site-specific PEGylation and efficient evaluation of PEG attachment efficiency, thermal stability, and activity for different variants of PEGylated T4 lysozyme, including a di-PEGylated variant. We also report developing a computationally efficient coarse-grain simulation model as a potential tool to narrow experimental screening candidates. We use this simulation method as a novel tool to evaluate the locational impact of PEGylation. Using this screen, we also evaluated the predictive impact of PEGylation site solvent accessibility, conjugation site structure, PEG size, and double PEGylation. Our findings indicate that PEGylation efficiency, protein stability, and protein activity varied considerably with PEGylation site, variations that were not well predicted by common PEGylation guidelines. Overall our results suggest current guidelines are insufficiently predictive, highlighting the need for experimental and simulation screening systems such as the one presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Wilding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Addison K. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Joshua W. Wilkerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Derek B. Bush
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Thomas A. Knotts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Bradley C. Bundy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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30
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Khan AK, Gudlur S, de Hoog HPM, Siti W, Liedberg B, Nallani M. Controlled Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Super-charged β-Lactoglobulin A-PEG Conjugates into Nanocapsules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Khan
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies; Interdisciplinary Graduate School; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 639798 Singapore
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637553 Singapore
| | - Sushanth Gudlur
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637553 Singapore
| | | | - Winna Siti
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637553 Singapore
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637553 Singapore
| | - Madhavan Nallani
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637553 Singapore
- ACM Biolabs; Nanyang Dr, Innovation Centre Block 2 Singapore 637723 Singapore
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31
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Controlled Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Super-charged β-Lactoglobulin A-PEG Conjugates into Nanocapsules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11754-11758. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Baumann P, Schermeyer MT, Burghardt H, Dürr C, Gärtner J, Hubbuch J. Prediction and characterization of the stability enhancing effect of the Cherry-Tag™ in highly concentrated protein solutions by complex rheological measurements and MD simulations. Int J Pharm 2017; 531:360-371. [PMID: 28811118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Solution stability attributes are one of the key parameters within the production and launching phase of new biopharmaceuticals. Instabilities of active biological compounds can reduce the yield of biopharmaceutical productions, and may induce undesired reactions in patients, such as immunogenic rejections. Protein solution stability thus needs to be engineered and monitored throughout production and storage. In contrast to the gold standard of long-term storage experiments applied in industry, novel experimental and in silico molecular dynamics tools for predicting protein solution stability can be applied within several minutes or hours. Here, a rheological approach in combination with molecular dynamics simulations are presented, for determining and predicting long-term phase behavior of highly concentrated protein solutions. A diversity of liquid phase conditions, including salt type, ionic strength, pH and protein concentration are tested in a Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) case study, in combination with the enzyme with and without solubility-enhancing Cherry-Tag™. The rheological characterization of GST and Cherry-GST solutions enabled a fast and efficient prediction of protein instabilities without the need of long-term protein phase diagrams. Finally, the strong solubility enhancing properties of the Cherry-Tag™ were revealed by investigating protein surface properties in MD simulations. The tag highly altered the overall surface charge and hydrophobicity of GST, making it less accessible to alteration by the chemical surrounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Baumann
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Marie-Therese Schermeyer
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Hannah Burghardt
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Cathrin Dürr
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Gärtner
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
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33
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Interleukin-10 Conjugation to Carboxylated PVP-Coated Silver Nanoparticles for Improved Stability and Therapeutic Efficacy. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7070165. [PMID: 28671603 PMCID: PMC5535231 DOI: 10.3390/nano7070165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a key anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine and therefore represents a potential therapeutic agent especially in inflammatory diseases. However, despite its proven therapeutic efficacy, its short half-life and proteolytic degradation in vivo combined with its low storage stability have limited its therapeutic use. Strategies have been developed to overcome most of these shortcomings, including in particular bioconjugation with stabilizing agents such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly (vinylpyrolidone) (PVP), but so far these have had limited success. In this paper, we present an alternative method consisting of bioconjugating IL-10 to PVP-coated silver nanoparticles (Ag-PVPs) in order to achieve its storage stability by preventing denaturation and to improve its anti-inflammatory efficacy. Silver nanoparticles capped with a carboxylated PVP were produced and further covalently conjugated with IL-10 protein by carbodiimide crosslinker chemistry. The IL-10 conjugated Ag-PVPs exhibited increased stability and anti-inflammatory effectiveness in vitro. This study therefore provides a novel approach to bioconjugating PVP-coated silver nanoparticles with therapeutic proteins, which could be useful in drug delivery and anti-inflammatory therapies.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M. Blanco
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, Department of Biocatalysis, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Roldán
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, Department of Biocatalysis, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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35
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Carmali S, Murata H, Cummings C, Matyjaszewski K, Russell AJ. Polymer-Based Protein Engineering: Synthesis and Characterization of Armored, High Graft Density Polymer-Protein Conjugates. Methods Enzymol 2017; 590:347-380. [PMID: 28411645 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from the surface of a protein can generate remarkably dense polymer shells that serve as armor and rationally tune protein function. Using straightforward chemistry, it is possible to covalently couple or display multiple small molecule initiators onto a protein surface. The chemistry is fine-tuned to be sequence specific (if one desires a single targeted site) at controlled density. Once the initiator is anchored on the protein surface, ATRP is used to grow polymers on protein surface, in situ. The technique is so powerful that a single-protein polymer conjugate molecule can contain more than 90% polymer coating by weight. If desired, stimuli-responsive polymers can be "grown" from the initiated sites to prepare enzyme conjugates that respond to external triggers such as temperature or pH, while still maintaining enzyme activity and stability. Herein, we focus mainly on the synthesis of chymotrypsin-polymer conjugates. Control of the number of covalently coupled initiator sites by changing the stoichiometric ratio between enzyme and the initiator during the synthesis of protein-initiator complexes allowed fine-tuning of the grafting density. For example, very high grafting density chymotrypsin conjugates were prepared from protein-initiator complexes to grow the temperature-responsive polymers, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), and poly[N,N'-dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium propane sulfonate]. Controlled growth of polymers from protein surfaces enables one to predictably manipulate enzyme kinetics and stability without the need for molecular biology-dependent mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheiliza Carmali
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ICES, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ICES, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chad Cummings
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ICES, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ICES, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alan J Russell
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ICES, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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36
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Wright TA, Stewart JM, Page RC, Konkolewicz D. Extraction of Thermodynamic Parameters of Protein Unfolding Using Parallelized Differential Scanning Fluorimetry. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:553-558. [PMID: 28067526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamic properties of protein unfolding have been extensively studied; however, the methods used have typically required significant preparation time and high protein concentrations. Here we present a facile, simple, and parallelized differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) method that enables thermodynamic parameters of protein unfolding to be extracted. This method assumes a two-state, reversible protein unfolding mechanism and provides the capacity to quickly analyze the biophysical mechanisms of changes in protein stability and to more thoroughly characterize the effect of mutations, additives, inhibitors, or pH. We show the utility of the DSF method by analyzing the thermal denaturation of lysozyme, carbonic anhydrase, chymotrypsin, horseradish peroxidase, and cellulase enzymes. Compared with similar biophysical analyses by circular dichroism, DSF allows for determination of thermodynamic parameters of unfolding while providing greater than 24-fold reduction in experimental time. This study opens the door to rapid characterization of protein stability on low concentration protein samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Jamie M Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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37
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Cummings CS, Campbell AS, Baker SL, Carmali S, Murata H, Russell AJ. Design of Stomach Acid-Stable and Mucin-Binding Enzyme Polymer Conjugates. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:576-586. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad S. Cummings
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan S. Campbell
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Stefanie L. Baker
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sheiliza Carmali
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan J. Russell
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, §Disruptive Health Technology
Institute, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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38
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Turecek PL, Bossard MJ, Schoetens F, Ivens IA. PEGylation of Biopharmaceuticals: A Review of Chemistry and Nonclinical Safety Information of Approved Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:460-475. [PMID: 26869412 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Modification of biopharmaceutical molecules by covalent conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules is known to enhance pharmacologic and pharmaceutical properties of proteins and other large molecules and has been used successfully in 12 approved drugs. Both linear and branched-chain PEG reagents with molecular sizes of up to 40 kDa have been used with a variety of different PEG derivatives with different linker chemistries. This review describes the properties of PEG itself, the history and evolution of PEGylation chemistry, and provides examples of PEGylated drugs with an established medical history. A trend toward the use of complex PEG architectures and larger PEG polymers, but with very pure and well-characterized PEG reagents is described. Nonclinical toxicology findings related to PEG in approved PEGylated biopharmaceuticals are summarized. The effect attributed to the PEG part of the molecules as observed in 5 of the 12 marketed products was cellular vacuolation seen microscopically mainly in phagocytic cells which is likely related to their biological function to absorb and remove particles and macromolecules from blood and tissues. Experience with marketed PEGylated products indicates that adverse effects in toxicology studies are usually related to the active part of the drug but not to the PEG moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary J Bossard
- Nektar Therapeutics, Department of Polymer Chemistry, Huntsville, Alabama 35801-5914
| | | | - Inge A Ivens
- Bayer, Toxicology, San Francisco, California 94158
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39
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Catalytic, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of stabilized Bacillus stearothermophilus alkaline protease. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 96:265-271. [PMID: 27899299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus stearothermophilus alkaline protease was conjugated to several oxidized polysaccharides of different chemical structure. The conjugates were evaluated for the kinetic and thermodynamic stability. The conjugated enzyme with oxidized pectin had the highest retained activity (79.5%) and the highest half-life (T1/2) at 50°C and pH 9.0. Compared to the native protease, the conjugated preparation exhibited lower activation energy (Ea), lower deactivation constant rate (kd), higher T1/2, and higher D values (decimal reduction time) within the temperature range of 50-60°C. The thermodynamic parameters for irreversible inactivation of native and conjugated protease indicated that conjugation significantly decreased entropy (ΔS*) and enthalpy (ΔH*) of deactivation. The calculated value of activation energy for thermal denaturation (Ead) for the conjugated enzyme was 20.4KJmole-1 higher over the native one. The results of thermodynamic analysis for substrate hydrolysis indicated that the enthalpy of activation (ΔH*) and free energy of activation (free energy of substrate binding) ΔG*E-S and (ΔG*), (free energy of transition state) ΔG*E-T values were lower for the modified protease. Similarly, there was significant improvement of kcat, kcat/Km values. The enzyme proved to be metalloprotease and significantly stimulated by Ca2+ and Mg2+ whereas Hg2+, Fe3+ Cu2+ and Zn2+ inhibited the enzyme activity. There was no pronounced effect on substrate specificity after conjugation.
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40
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Lawrence PB, Price JL. How PEGylation influences protein conformational stability. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 34:88-94. [PMID: 27580482 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PEGylation is an important strategy for enhancing the pharmacokinetic properties of protein therapeutics. The development of chemoselective side-chain modification reactions has enabled researchers to PEGylate proteins with high selectivity at defined locations. However, aside from avoiding active sites and binding interfaces, there are few guidelines for the selection of optimal PEGylation sites. Because conformational stability is intimately related to the ability of a protein to avoid proteolysis, aggregation, and immune responses, it is possible that PEGylating a protein at sites where PEG enhances conformational stability will result in PEG-protein conjugates with enhanced pharmacokinetic properties. However, the impact of PEGylation on protein conformational stability is incompletely understood. This review describes recent advances toward understanding the impact of PEGylation on protein conformational stability, along with the development of structure-based guidelines for selecting stabilizing PEGylation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Joshua L Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
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41
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Wei G, Xi W, Nussinov R, Ma B. Protein Ensembles: How Does Nature Harness Thermodynamic Fluctuations for Life? The Diverse Functional Roles of Conformational Ensembles in the Cell. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6516-51. [PMID: 26807783 PMCID: PMC6407618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
All soluble proteins populate conformational ensembles that together constitute the native state. Their fluctuations in water are intrinsic thermodynamic phenomena, and the distributions of the states on the energy landscape are determined by statistical thermodynamics; however, they are optimized to perform their biological functions. In this review we briefly describe advances in free energy landscape studies of protein conformational ensembles. Experimental (nuclear magnetic resonance, small-angle X-ray scattering, single-molecule spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy) and computational (replica-exchange molecular dynamics, metadynamics, and Markov state models) approaches have made great progress in recent years. These address the challenging characterization of the highly flexible and heterogeneous protein ensembles. We focus on structural aspects of protein conformational distributions, from collective motions of single- and multi-domain proteins, intrinsically disordered proteins, to multiprotein complexes. Importantly, we highlight recent studies that illustrate functional adjustment of protein conformational ensembles in the crowded cellular environment. We center on the role of the ensemble in recognition of small- and macro-molecules (protein and RNA/DNA) and emphasize emerging concepts of protein dynamics in enzyme catalysis. Overall, protein ensembles link fundamental physicochemical principles and protein behavior and the cellular network and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
- Sackler Inst. of Molecular Medicine Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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42
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Cao L, Shi X, Cui Y, Yang W, Chen G, Yuan L, Chen H. Protein–polymer conjugates prepared via host–guest interactions: effects of the conjugation site, polymer type and molecular weight on protein activity. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00882h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein–polymer conjugates are prepared via host–guest interactions and the effects of various parameters on protein activity are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Cao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Xiujuan Shi
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Yuecheng Cui
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Weikang Yang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Gaojian Chen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- P. R. China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
| | - Lin Yuan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
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43
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Hernández-Cancel G, Suazo-Dávila D, Ojeda-Cruzado AJ, García-Torres D, Cabrera CR, Griebenow K. Graphene oxide as a protein matrix: influence on protein biophysical properties. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:70. [PMID: 26482026 PMCID: PMC4617716 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study provides fundamental information on the influence of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and glycans on protein catalytic activity, dynamics, and thermal stability. We provide evidence of protein stabilization by glycans and how this strategy could be implemented when GO nanosheets is used as protein immobilization matrix. A series of bioconjugates was constructed using two different strategies: adsorbing or covalently attaching native and glycosylated bilirubin oxidase (BOD) to GO. Results Bioconjugate formation was followed by FT-IR, zeta-potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Enzyme kinetic parameters (km and kcat) revealed that the substrate binding affinity was not affected by glycosylation and immobilization on GO, but the rate of enzyme catalysis was reduced. Structural analysis by circular dichroism showed that glycosylation did not affect the tertiary or the secondary structure of BOD. However, GO produced slight changes in the secondary structure. To shed light into the biophysical consequence of protein glycosylation and protein immobilization on GO nanosheets, we studied structural protein dynamical changes by FT-IR H/D exchange and thermal inactivation. Conclusions It was found that glycosylation caused a reduction in structural dynamics that resulted in an increase in thermostability and a decrease in the catalytic activity for both, glycoconjugate and immobilized enzyme. These results establish the usefulness of chemical glycosylation to modulate protein structural dynamics and stability to develop a more stable GO-protein matrix. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-015-0134-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dámaris Suazo-Dávila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00931, USA.
| | - Axel J Ojeda-Cruzado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00931, USA.
| | - Desiree García-Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00931, USA.
| | - Carlos R Cabrera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00931, USA.
| | - Kai Griebenow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00931, USA.
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44
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Why synthesize protein–polymer conjugates? The stability and activity of chymotrypsin-polymer bioconjugates synthesized by RAFT. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Hamed E, Ma D, Keten S. Effect of Polymer Conjugation Site on Stability and Self-Assembly of Coiled Coils. BIONANOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-015-0172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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46
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Mehtala JG, Kulczar C, Lavan M, Knipp G, Wei A. Cys34-PEGylated Human Serum Albumin for Drug Binding and Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:941-9. [PMID: 25918947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives were conjugated onto the Cys-34 residue of human serum albumin (HSA) to determine their effects on the solubilization, permeation, and cytotoxic activity of hydrophobic drugs such as paclitaxel (PTX). PEG(C34)HSA conjugates were prepared on a multigram scale by treating native HSA (n-HSA) with 5- or 20-kDa mPEG-maleimide, resulting in up to 77% conversion of the mono-PEGylated adduct. Nanoparticle tracking analysis of PEG(C34)HSA formulations in phosphate buffer revealed an increase in the number of nanosized aggregates relative to n-HSA, both in the absence and presence of PTX. Cell viability studies conducted with MCF-7 breast cancer cells indicated that PTX cytotoxicity was enhanced by PEG(C34)HSA when mixed at 10:1 mol ratios, up to a 2-fold increase in potency relative to n-HSA. The PEG(C34)HSA conjugates were also evaluated as PTX carriers across monolayers of HUVEC and hCMEC/D3 cells, and found to have permeation profiles nearly identical to those of n-HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Mehtala
- †Department of Chemistry ‡Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chris Kulczar
- †Department of Chemistry ‡Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Monika Lavan
- †Department of Chemistry ‡Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Gregory Knipp
- †Department of Chemistry ‡Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander Wei
- †Department of Chemistry ‡Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Abstract
It is well recognized that protein product development is far more challenging than that for small-molecule drugs. The major challenges include inherent sensitivity to different types of stresses during the drug product manufacturing process, high rate of physical and chemical degradation during long-term storage, and enhanced aggregation and/or viscosity at high protein concentrations. In the past decade, many novel formulation concepts and technologies have been or are being developed to address these product development challenges for proteins. These concepts and technologies include use of uncommon/combination of formulation stabilizers, conjugation or fusion with potential stabilizers, site-specific mutagenesis, and preparation of nontraditional types of dosage forms-semiaqueous solutions, nonfreeze-dried solid formulations, suspensions, and other emerging concepts. No one technology appears to be mature, ideal, and/or adequate to address all the challenges. These gaps will likely remain in the foreseeable future and need significant efforts for ultimate resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017.,Wang Biologics, LLC, 907 Wellesley Place, Chesterfield, Missouri, 63017
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48
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El-Sayed ASA, Hassan MN, Nada HMS. Purification, immobilization, and biochemical characterization of l-arginine deiminase from thermophilic Aspergillus fumigatus KJ434941: anticancer activity in vitro. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:396-405. [PMID: 25582958 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
l-Arginine deiminase (ADI) has a powerful anticancer activity against various tumors, via arginine depletion, arresting the cell cycle at G1 phase. However, the current clinically tried bacterial ADI displayed a higher antigenicity and lower thermal stability. Thus, our objective was to purify and characterize this enzyme from thermophilic fungi, to explore its catalytic and antigenic properties for therapeutic uses. ADI was purified from thermophilic Aspergillus fumigatus KJ434941 to its electrophoretic homogeneity by 5.1-fold, with molecular subunit 50 kDa. The purified ADI was PEGylated and covalently immobilized on dextran to explore its catalytic properties. The specific activity of free ADI, PEG-ADI, and Dex-ADI was 26.7, 21.5, and 18.0 U/mg, respectively. At 50°C, PEG-ADI displays twofold resistance to thermal denaturation (t1/2 13.9 h), than free ADI (t1/2 6.9 h), while at 70°C, the thermal stability of PEG-ADI was increased by 1.7-fold, with similar stability to Dex-ADI with the free one. Kinetically, free ADI had the higher catalytic affinity to arginine, followed by PEG-ADI and Dex-ADI. Upon proteolysis for 30 min, the residual activity of native ADI, PEG-ADI, and Dex-AD was 8.0, 32.0, and 20.0% for proteinase K and 10.0, 52.0, and 90.0% for acid protease, respectively. The anticancer activity of the ADIs was assessed against HCT, HEP-G2, and MCF7, in vitro. The free and PEG-ADI exhibits a similar cytotoxic efficacy for the tested cells, lower than Dex-ADI. The free ADI had IC50 value 22.0, 16.6, and 13.9 U/mL, while Dex-ADI had 3.98, 5.18, and 4.43 U/mL for HCT, MCF7, and HEPG-2, respectively. The in vitro anticancer activity of ADI against HCT, MCF7, and HEPG-2 was increased by five-, three-, and threefold upon covalent modification by dextran. The biochemical and hematological parameters of the experimented animals were not affected by ADIs dosing, with no signs of anti-ADI immunoglobulins in vivo. The in vivo half-life time of free ADI, PEG-ADI, and Dex-ADI was 29.7, 91.1, 59.6 h, respectively. The present findings explored a novel thermostable, less antigenic ADI from thermophilic A. fumigatus, with further molecular and crystallographic analyses, this enzyme will be a powerful candidate for clinical trials.
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Lawrence PB, Gavrilov Y, Matthews SS, Langlois MI, Shental-Bechor D, Greenblatt HM, Pandey BK, Smith MS, Paxman R, Torgerson CD, Merrell JP, Ritz CC, Prigozhin MB, Levy Y, Price JL. Criteria for Selecting PEGylation Sites on Proteins for Higher Thermodynamic and Proteolytic Stability. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17547-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5095183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Lawrence
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Yulian Gavrilov
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sam S. Matthews
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Minnie I. Langlois
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Dalit Shental-Bechor
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Harry M. Greenblatt
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Brijesh K. Pandey
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mason S. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Ryan Paxman
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Chad D. Torgerson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jacob P. Merrell
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Cameron C. Ritz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Maxim B. Prigozhin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yaakov Levy
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Joshua L. Price
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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50
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Locke AK, Cummins BM, Abraham A, Coté GL. PEGylation of concanavalin A to improve its stability for an in vivo glucose sensing assay. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9091-7. [PMID: 25133655 PMCID: PMC4165460 DOI: 10.1021/ac501791u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Competitive binding assays utilizing concanavalin A (ConA) have the potential to be the basis of improved continuous glucose monitoring devices. However, the efficacy and lifetime of these assays have been limited, in part, by ConA's instability due to its thermal denaturation in the physiological environment (37 °C, pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl) and its electrostatic interaction with charged molecules or surfaces. These undesirable interactions change the constitution of the assay and the kinetics of its behavior over time, resulting in an unstable glucose response. In this work, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains are covalently attached to lysine groups on the surface of ConA (i.e., PEGylation) in an attempt to improve its stability in these environments. Dynamic light scattering measurements indicate that PEGylation significantly improved ConA's thermal stability at 37 °C, remaining stable for at least 30 days. Furthermore, after PEGylation, ConA's binding affinity to the fluorescent competing ligand previously designed for the assay was not significantly affected and remained at ~5.4 × 10(6) M(-1) even after incubation at 37 °C for 30 days. Moreover, PEGylated ConA maintained the ability to track glucose concentrations when implemented within a competitive binding assay system. Finally, PEGylation showed a reduction in electrostatic-induced aggregation of ConA with poly(allylamine), a positively charged polymer, by shielding ConA's charges. These results indicate that PEGylated ConA can overcome the instability issues from thermal denaturation and nonspecific electrostatic binding while maintaining the required sugar-binding characteristics. Therefore, the PEGylation of ConA can overcome major hurdles for ConA-based glucose sensing assays to be used for long-term continuous monitoring applications in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander
A. Abraham
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gerard L. Coté
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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