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Martier A, Chen Z, Schaps H, Mondrinos MJ, Fang JS. Capturing physiological hemodynamic flow and mechanosensitive cell signaling in vessel-on-a-chip platforms. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1425618. [PMID: 39135710 PMCID: PMC11317428 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1425618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in organ chip (or, "organ-on-a-chip") technologies and microphysiological systems (MPS) have enabled in vitro investigation of endothelial cell function in biomimetic three-dimensional environments under controlled fluid flow conditions. Many current organ chip models include a vascular compartment; however, the design and implementation of these vessel-on-a-chip components varies, with consequently varied impact on their ability to capture and reproduce hemodynamic flow and associated mechanosensitive signaling that regulates key characteristics of healthy, intact vasculature. In this review, we introduce organ chip and vessel-on-a-chip technology in the context of existing in vitro and in vivo vascular models. We then briefly discuss the importance of mechanosensitive signaling for vascular development and function, with focus on the major mechanosensitive signaling pathways involved. Next, we summarize recent advances in MPS and organ chips with an integrated vascular component, with an emphasis on comparing both the biomimicry and adaptability of the diverse approaches used for supporting and integrating intravascular flow. We review current data showing how intravascular flow and fluid shear stress impacts vessel development and function in MPS platforms and relate this to existing work in cell culture and animal models. Lastly, we highlight new insights obtained from MPS and organ chip models of mechanosensitive signaling in endothelial cells, and how this contributes to a deeper understanding of vessel growth and function in vivo. We expect this review will be of broad interest to vascular biologists, physiologists, and cardiovascular physicians as an introduction to organ chip platforms that can serve as viable model systems for investigating mechanosensitive signaling and other aspects of vascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Martier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Z. Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - H. Schaps
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - M. J. Mondrinos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - J. S. Fang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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2
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Lee H, Hyun J. Biophotovoltaic living hydrogel of an ion-crosslinked carboxymethylated cellulose nanofiber/alginate. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121299. [PMID: 37739532 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to the low electrical power generation in liquid cultures of photosynthetic microalgae, a solid medium culture is demanded for the efficient design of biophotovoltaic (BPV) cells. In particular, the conductivity of the culture medium and the contact of microalgae with an electrode are crucial in harvesting electrons in BPV cells. Here, an ion-crosslinked carboxymethylated cellulose nanofiber (CM-CNF)/alginate is proposed as a living hydrogel for the green power generation of Chlorella vulgaris embedded in the hydrogel. The hydrogel crosslinked with Ca2+ and Fe3+ ions showed more efficient BPV properties than the hydrogel crosslinked with only Ca2+ due to the increase of conductivity. The efficient transport of electrons generated by C. vulgaris improves the power generation of BPV cells. Moreover, the fluid channels imprinted in the living hydrogel maintain the viability of C. vulgaris even under the ambient environment by preventing the solid medium from being dried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwarueon Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Hyun
- Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Chen S, Gao Q, Hu Q, Zhang H. Preparation of a scaffold for a vascular network channel with spatially varying diameter based on sucrose. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:065004. [PMID: 37691568 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acf541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, although tissue engineering has made significant progress and achieved many accomplishments, there are still some key problems that remain unsolved. One of the urgent research challenges in this field is how to prepare large-scale tissue engineering scaffolds with spatially complex structures. In this work, a sacrificial template process using sucrose as the sacrificial material and a gelatin/microbial transglutaminase mixed solution as the bio-scaffold material is proposed to fabricate a bio-scaffold with multi-level branching and spatially complex vascular network channels that mimic the structure and function of the human vascular network. To validate the feasibility of the fabrication process and the rationality of the process parameters, the morphological characteristics, connectivity of vascular network channels, shaping accuracy, and mechanical properties of the bio-scaffold were tested and analyzed. The results showed that the bio-scaffold fabricated using this process had a complete morphology and excellent connectivity. The diameter of the sucrose sacrificial template showed a linear relationship with the feeding speed, and the average diameter error rate between the sucrose sacrificial template and the vascular network channels inside the bio-scaffold was less than 8%. The mechanical properties of the bio-scaffold met the requirements for large-scale tissue defect repair. To evaluate the effect of the bio-scaffold on cell activity, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were seeded into the vascular network channels of the bio-scaffold, and their attachment, growth, and proliferation on the surface of the vascular network channels were observed. To further assess the biocompatibility of the bio-scaffold, the bio-scaffold was implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal tissue of rats, and the tissue regeneration status was compared and analyzed through immunohistochemical analysis. The results showed that the vascular network channels within the bio-scaffold allowed uniform cell attachment, growth, with fewer dead cells and high cell viability. Moreover, clear cell attachment and growth were observed within the vascular network channels of the bio-scaffold after implantation in rats. These results indicate that the fabricated bio-scaffold meets the basic performance requirements for the repair and regeneration of large-scale tissue defects, providing a new approach for oxygen and nutrient transport in large-scale tissues and opening up new avenues for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianmin Gao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxi Hu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiguang Zhang
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
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Franca CM, Athirasala A, Subbiah R, Tahayeri A, Selvakumar P, Mansoorifar A, Horsophonphong S, Sercia A, Nih L, Bertassoni LE. High-Throughput Bioprinting of Geometrically-Controlled Pre-Vascularized Injectable Microgels for Accelerated Tissue Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202840. [PMID: 37219011 PMCID: PMC10526736 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Successful integration of cell-laden tissue constructs with host vasculature depends on the presence of functional capillaries to provide oxygen and nutrients to the embedded cells. However, diffusion limitations of cell-laden biomaterials challenge regeneration of large tissue defects that require bulk-delivery of hydrogels and cells. Herein, a strategy to bioprint geometrically controlled, endothelial and stem-cell laden microgels in high-throughput is introduced, allowing these cells to form mature and functional pericyte-supported vascular capillaries in vitro, and then injecting these pre-vascularized constructs minimally invasively in-vivo. It is demonstrated that this approach offers both desired scalability for translational applications as well as unprecedented levels of control over multiple microgel parameters to design spatially-tailored microenvironments for better scaffold functionality and vasculature formation. As a proof-of-concept, the regenerative capacity of the bioprinted pre-vascularized microgels is compared with that of cell-laden monolithic hydrogels of the same cellular and matrix composition in hard-to-heal defects in vivo. The results demonstrate that the bioprinted microgels have faster and higher connective tissue formation, more vessels per area, and widespread presence of functional chimeric (human and murine) vascular capillaries across regenerated sites. The proposed strategy, therefore, addresses a significant issue in regenerative medicine, demonstrating a superior potential to facilitate translational regenerative efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane M Franca
- Knight Cancer Precision Biofabrication Hub, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Division of Biomaterial and Biosciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Avathamsa Athirasala
- Knight Cancer Precision Biofabrication Hub, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Division of Biomaterial and Biosciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Ramesh Subbiah
- Division of Biomaterial and Biosciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Anthony Tahayeri
- Knight Cancer Precision Biofabrication Hub, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Division of Biomaterial and Biosciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Prakash Selvakumar
- Division of Biomaterial and Biosciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Amin Mansoorifar
- Division of Biomaterial and Biosciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Sivaporn Horsophonphong
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand
| | - Ashley Sercia
- Division of Biomaterial and Biosciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Lina Nih
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Luiz E Bertassoni
- Knight Cancer Precision Biofabrication Hub, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Division of Biomaterial and Biosciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
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5
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de Silva L, Bernal PN, Rosenberg A, Malda J, Levato R, Gawlitta D. Biofabricating the vascular tree in engineered bone tissue. Acta Biomater 2023; 156:250-268. [PMID: 36041651 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of tissue engineering strategies for treatment of large bone defects has become increasingly relevant, given the growing demand for bone substitutes. Native bone is composed of a dense vascular network necessary for the regulation of bone development, regeneration and homeostasis. A major obstacle in fabricating living, clinically relevant-sized bone mimics (1-10 cm3) is the limited supply of nutrients, including oxygen to the core of the construct. Therefore, strategies to support vascularization are pivotal for the development of tissue engineered bone constructs. Creating a functional bone construct integrated with a vascular network, capable of delivering the necessary nutrients for optimal tissue development is imperative for translation into the clinics. The vascular system is composed of a complex network that runs throughout the body in a tree-like hierarchical branching fashion. A significant challenge for tissue engineering approaches lies in mimicking the intricate, multi-scale structures consisting of larger vessels (macro-vessels) which interconnect with multiple sprouting vessels (microvessels) in a closed network. The advent of biofabrication has enabled complex, out of plane channels to be generated and has laid the groundwork for the creation of multi-scale vasculature in recent years. This review highlights the key state-of-the-art achievements for the development of vascular networks of varying scales in the field of biofabrication with a particular focus for its application in developing a functional tissue engineered bone construct. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There is a growing need for bone substitutes to overcome the limited supply of patient-derived bone. Bone tissue engineering aims to overcome this by combining stem cells with scaffolds to restore missing bone. The current bottleneck in upscaling is the lack of an integrated vascular network, required for the delivery of nutrients to cells. 3D bioprinting techniques has enabled the creation of complex hollow structures of varying dimensions that resemble native blood vessels. The convergence of multiple materials, cell types and fabrication approaches, opens the possibility of developing clinically-relevant sized vascularized bone constructs. This review provides an up-to-date insight of the technologies currently available for the generation of complex vascular networks, with a focus on their application in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne de Silva
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 GA, the Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, the Netherlands.
| | - Paulina N Bernal
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Ajw Rosenberg
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 GA, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CT, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 GA, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CT, the Netherlands
| | - Debby Gawlitta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 GA, the Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, the Netherlands
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6
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Pedram P, Mazio C, Imparato G, Netti PA, Salerno A. Spatial patterning of PCL µ-scaffolds directs 3D vascularized bio-construct morphogenesis in vitro. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35917812 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac8620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Modular tissue engineering (mTE) strategies aim to build three-dimensional tissue analogues in vitro by the sapient combination of cells, micro-scaffolds (μ-scaffs) and bioreactors. The translation of these newly engineered tissues into current clinical approaches is, among other things, dependent on implant-to-host microvasculature integration, a critical issue for cells and tissue survival in vivo. In this work we reported, for the first time, a computer-aided modular approach suitable to build fully vascularized hybrid (biological/synthetic) constructs (bio-constructs) with micro-metric size scale control of blood vessels growth and orientation. The approach consists of four main steps, starting with the fabrication of polycaprolactone μ-scaffs by fluidic emulsion technique, which exhibit biomimetic porosity features. In the second step, layers of μ-scaffs following two different patterns, namely ordered and disordered, were obtained by a soft lithography-based process. Then, the as obtained μ-scaff patterns were used as template for human dermal fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells co-culture, aiming to promote and guide the biosynthesis of collagenous extracellular matrix and the growth of new blood vessels within the mono-layered bio-constructs. Finally, bi-layered bio-constructs were built by the alignment, stacking and fusion of two vascularized mono-layered samples featuring ordered patterns. Our results demonstrated that, if compared to the disordered pattern, the ordered one provided better control over bio-constructs shape and vasculature architecture, while minor effect was observed with respect to cell colonization and new tissue growth. Furthermore, by assembling two mono-layered bio-constructs it was possible to build 1-mm thick fully vascularized viable bio-constructs and to study tissue morphogenesis during 1 week of in vitro culture. In conclusion, our results highlighted the synergic role of μ-scaff architectural features and spatial patterning on cells colonization and biosynthesis, and pay the way for the possibility to create in silico designed vasculatures within modularly engineered bio-constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Pedram
- Italian Institute of Technology Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Napoli, Campania, 80125, ITALY
| | - Claudia Mazio
- Italian Institute of Technology Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Napoli, Campania, 80125, ITALY
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Italian Institute of Technology Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Napoli, Campania, 80125, ITALY
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- University of Naples Federico II Faculty of Engineering, Piazz.le Tecchio, Napoli, Campania, 80138, ITALY
| | - Aurelio Salerno
- Italian Institute of Technology Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Napoli, 80125, ITALY
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7
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Tsai MC, Wei SY, Fang L, Chen YC. Viscous Fingering as a Rapid 3D Pattering Technique for Engineering Cell-Laden Vascular-Like Constructs. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101392. [PMID: 34694752 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are much larger than the diffusion limit distance, so rapidly providing blood vessels to supply embedded cells inside tissues with sufficient nutrients and oxygen is regarded as a major strategy for the success of bioengineered large and thick tissue constructs. Here, a patterning technique, viscous fingering, is developed to bioengineer vascularized-like tissues within a few minutes. By controlling viscosity, flow rate, and the volume of photo-cross-linkable prepolymer, macro- and microscale vascular network structures can be precisely engineered using the Hele-Shaw cell that is designed in this study. After cross-linking, a vascular-like gel with fingering structures is formed between the bottom and top base gels, creating a sandwich-like structure. Cells can be incorporated into the fingers, bases, or both gels. The spreading and growth direction of the embedded cells are successfully controlled and guided by manipulating the physical properties of the fingering and base gels individually. Moreover, fingering is generated, connected, and surrounded prepared cell-laden microgels in base prepolymers to form prevascularized tissue-like constructs. Taken together, the 3D cell patterning technique extends the potential for modeling and fabricating large and stackable vascularized tissue-like constructs for both ex vivo and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chun Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yen Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ling Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
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8
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Engineering Biological Tissues from the Bottom-Up: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. MICROMACHINES 2021; 13:mi13010075. [PMID: 35056239 PMCID: PMC8780533 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering provides a powerful solution for current organ shortages, and researchers have cultured blood vessels, heart tissues, and bone tissues in vitro. However, traditional top-down tissue engineering has suffered two challenges: vascularization and reconfigurability of functional units. With the continuous development of micro-nano technology and biomaterial technology, bottom-up tissue engineering as a promising approach for organ and tissue modular reconstruction has gradually developed. In this article, relevant advances in living blocks fabrication and assembly techniques for creation of higher-order bioarchitectures are described. After a critical overview of this technology, a discussion of practical challenges is provided, and future development prospects are proposed.
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Zhou C, Liang S, Li Y, Chen H, Li J. Fabrication of sharp-edged 3D microparticles via folded PDMS microfluidic channels. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 22:148-155. [PMID: 34870665 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00807b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
3D microparticles have promising applications in self-assembly, biomedical engineering, mechanical engineering, etc. The shape of microparticles plays a significant role in their functionalities. Although numerous investigations have been conducted to tailor the shape of microparticles, the diversity is still limited, and it remains a challenge to fabricate 3D microparticles with sharp edges. Here, we present a facile approach that combines a folded PDMS channel and orthogonal projection lithography for shaping sharp-edged 3D microparticles. By adjusting the number and the length of channel sides, both regular and irregular polyhedral cross-sections of the folded channel can be obtained. UV light with diverse patterns is applied vertically as the second shape controlling factor. A variety of 3D microparticles are obtained with sharp edges, which are potential templates for micromachining tools and abrasives. Some sharp-edged microparticles are assembled into 2D and 3D mesoscale structures, which demonstrates their prospective applications in self-assembly, tissue engineering, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuaishuai Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yongjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiang Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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10
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Dellaquila A, Le Bao C, Letourneur D, Simon‐Yarza T. In Vitro Strategies to Vascularize 3D Physiologically Relevant Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100798. [PMID: 34351702 PMCID: PMC8498873 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vascularization of 3D models represents a major challenge of tissue engineering and a key prerequisite for their clinical and industrial application. The use of prevascularized models built from dedicated materials could solve some of the actual limitations, such as suboptimal integration of the bioconstructs within the host tissue, and would provide more in vivo-like perfusable tissue and organ-specific platforms. In the last decade, the fabrication of vascularized physiologically relevant 3D constructs has been attempted by numerous tissue engineering strategies, which are classified here in microfluidic technology, 3D coculture models, namely, spheroids and organoids, and biofabrication. In this review, the recent advancements in prevascularization techniques and the increasing use of natural and synthetic materials to build physiological organ-specific models are discussed. Current drawbacks of each technology, future perspectives, and translation of vascularized tissue constructs toward clinics, pharmaceutical field, and industry are also presented. By combining complementary strategies, these models are envisioned to be successfully used for regenerative medicine and drug development in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Dellaquila
- Université de ParisINSERM U1148X Bichat HospitalParisF‐75018France
- Elvesys Microfluidics Innovation CenterParis75011France
- Biomolecular PhotonicsDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of BielefeldBielefeld33615Germany
| | - Chau Le Bao
- Université de ParisINSERM U1148X Bichat HospitalParisF‐75018France
- Université Sorbonne Paris NordGalilée InstituteVilletaneuseF‐93430France
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11
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Zhu X, Wang Z, Teng F. A review of regulated self-organizing approaches for tissue regeneration. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 167:63-78. [PMID: 34293337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue and organ regeneration is the dynamic process by which a population of cells rearranges into a specific form with specific functions. Traditional tissue regeneration utilizes tissue grafting, cell implantation, and structured scaffolds to achieve clinical efficacy. However, tissue grafting methods face a shortage of donor tissue, while cell implantation may involve leakage of the implanted cells without a supportive 3D matrix. Cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation in structured scaffolds may disorganize and frustrate the artificially pre-designed structures, and sometimes involve immunogenic reactions. To overcome this limitation, the self-organizing properties and innate regenerative capability of tissue/organism formation in the absence of guidance by structured scaffolds has been investigated. This review emphasizes the growing subfield of the regulated self-organizing approach for neotissue formation and describes advances in the subfield using diverse, cutting-edge, inter-disciplinarity technologies. We cohesively summarize the directed self-organization of cells in the micro-engineered cell-ECM system and 3D/4D cell printing. Mathematical modeling of cellular self-organization is also discussed for providing rational guidance to intractable problems in tissue regeneration. It is envisioned that future self-organization approaches integrating biomathematics, micro-nano engineering, and gene circuits developed from synthetic biology will continue to work in concert with self-organizing morphogenesis to enhance rational control during self-organizing in tissue and organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhu
- College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213022, China; Changzhou Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacture Technology, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213022, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Special Robot Technology, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213022, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213022, China
| | - Fang Teng
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China.
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12
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Liu H, Li M, Huang G, Li J, Xu F. Bioinspired Microstructure Platform for Modular Cell-Laden Microgel Fabrication. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100110. [PMID: 34216432 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell-laden microgels have attracted increasing interest in various biomedical fields, as living building blocks to construct spatially organized multicellular structures or complex tissue features (e.g., cell spheroids and aligned cells/fibers). Although numerous approaches have been developed to tailor cell-laden microgels, there is still an unmet need for modular, versatile, convenient, and high-throughput methods. In this study, as inspired by the phenomena of water droplet manipulation from natural microstructures, a novel platform is developed to manipulate microscale hydrogel droplets and fabricate modular cell-laden microgels. First, taking antenna-like trichome as a template, catcher-like bioinspired microstructures are fabricated and hydrogel droplets are manipulated modularly in a versatile, convenient, and high-throughput manner, which is compatible with various types of hydrogels (e.g., photo-cross-linking, thermal-cross-linking, and ion-cross-linking). It is demonstrated that this platform can manipulate cell-laden microgels as modular units, such as two or more cell-laden microgels on one single catcher-like structure and different structures on one single chip. The authors also demonstrate the application of this platform on constructing complex tissue features like myocardial fibrosis tissue models to study cardiac fibrosis. The developed platform will be a powerful tool for engineering various in vitro tissue models for widespread biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases co-constructed by Henan province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450016, P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Moxiao Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases co-constructed by Henan province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450016, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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13
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Liu X, Yue T, Kojima M, Huang Q, Arai T. Bio-assembling and Bioprinting for Engineering Microvessels from the Bottom Up. Int J Bioprint 2021; 7:366. [PMID: 34286151 PMCID: PMC8287491 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v7i3.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are essential in transporting nutrients, oxygen, metabolic wastes, and maintaining the homeostasis of the whole human body. Mass of engineered microvessels is required to deliver nutrients to the cells included in the constructed large three-dimensional (3D) functional tissues by diffusion. It is a formidable challenge to regenerate microvessels and build a microvascular network, mimicking the cellular viabilities and activities in the engineered organs with traditional or existing manufacturing techniques. Modular tissue engineering adopting the "bottom-up" approach builds one-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) modular tissues in micro scale first and then uses these modules as building blocks to generate large tissues and organs with complex but indispensable microstructural features. Building the microvascular network utilizing this approach could be appropriate and adequate. In this review, we introduced existing methods using the "bottom-up" concept developed to fabricate microvessels including bio-assembling powered by different micromanipulation techniques and bioprinting utilizing varied solidification mechanisms. We compared and discussed the features of the artificial microvessels engineered by these two strategies from multiple aspects. Regarding the future development of engineering the microvessels from the bottom up, potential directions were also concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, and School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tao Yue
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Masaru Kojima
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka 5608531, Japan
| | - Qiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, and School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tatsuo Arai
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, and School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Center for Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, the University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 1828585, Japan
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14
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Salameh S, Tissot N, Cache K, Lima J, Suzuki I, Marinho PA, Rielland M, Soeur J, Takeuchi S, Germain S, Breton L. A perfusable vascularized full-thickness skin model for potential topical and systemic applications. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 33910175 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abfca8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascularization of reconstructed tissues is one of the remaining hurdles to be considered to improve both the functionality and viability of skin grafts and the relevance ofin vitroapplications. Our study, therefore, sought to develop a perfusable vascularized full-thickness skin equivalent that comprises a more complex blood vasculature compared to existing models. We combined molding, auto-assembly and microfluidics techniques in order to create a vascularized skin equivalent representing (a) a differentiated epidermis with a physiological organization and correctly expressing K14, K10, Involucrin, TGM1 and Filaggrin, (b) three perfusable vascular channels with angiogenic sprouts stained with VE-Caderin and Collagen IV, (c) an adjacent microvascular network created via vasculogenesis and connected to the sprouting macrovessels. Histological analysis and immunostaining of CD31, Collagen IV, Perlecan and Laminin proved the integrity of vascular constructs. In order to validate the vascularized skin potential of topical and systemic applications, caffeine and minoxidil, two compounds with different chemical properties, were topically applied to measure skin permeability and benzo[a]pyrene pollutant was systemically applied to evaluate systemic delivery. Our results demonstrated that perfusion of skin reconstructs and the presence of a complex vascular plexus resulted in a more predictive and reliable model to assess respectively topical and systemic applications. This model is therefore aimed at furthering drug discovery and improving clinical translation in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Salameh
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.,Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tissot
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Kevin Cache
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Joaquim Lima
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Itaru Suzuki
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | | | - Maité Rielland
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Jérémie Soeur
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Stéphane Germain
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Breton
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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15
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Chang B, Liu X. Osteon: Structure, Turnover, and Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:261-278. [PMID: 33487116 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone is composed of dense and solid cortical bone and honeycomb-like trabecular bone. Although cortical bone provides the majority of mechanical strength for a bone, there are few studies focusing on cortical bone repair or regeneration. Osteons (the Haversian system) form structural and functional units of cortical bone. In recent years, emerging evidences have shown that the osteon structure (including osteocytes, lamellae, lacunocanalicular network, and Haversian canals) plays critical roles in bone mechanics and turnover. Therefore, reconstruction of the osteon structure is crucial for cortical bone regeneration. This article provides a systematic summary of recent advances in osteons, including the structure, function, turnover, and regenerative strategies. First, the hierarchical structure of osteons is illustrated and the critical functions of osteons in bone dynamics are introduced. Next, the modeling and remodeling processes of osteons at a cellular level and the turnover of osteons in response to mechanical loading and aging are emphasized. Furthermore, several bioengineering approaches that were recently developed to recapitulate the osteon structure are highlighted. Impact statement This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in osteons, especially the roles in bone formation, remodeling, and regeneration. Besides introducing the hierarchical structure and critical functions of osteons, we elucidate the modeling and remodeling of osteons at a cellular level. Specifically, we highlight the bioengineering approaches that were recently developed to mimic the hierarchical structure of osteons. We expect that this review will provide informative insights and attract increasing attentions in orthopedic community, shedding light on cortical bone regeneration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
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16
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Synergistic control of mechanics and microarchitecture of 3D bioactive hydrogel platform to promote the regenerative potential of engineered hepatic tissue. Biomaterials 2021; 270:120688. [PMID: 33549994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Culturing autologous cells with therapeutic potential derived from a patient within a bioactive scaffold to induce functioning tissue formation is considered the ideal methodology towards realizing patient-specific regenerative medicine. Hydrogels are often employed as the scaffold material for this purpose mainly for their tunable mechanical and diffusional properties as well as presenting cell-responsive moieties. Herein, a two-fold strategy was employed to control the physicomechanical properties and microarchitecture of hydrogels to maximize the efficacy of engineered hepatic tissues. First, a hydrophilic polymeric crosslinker with a tunable degree of reactive functional groups was employed to control the mechanical properties in a wide range while minimizing the change in diffusional properties. Second, photolithography technique was utilized to introduce microchannels into hydrogels to overcome the critical diffusional limit of bulk hydrogels. Encapsulating hepatic progenitor cells derived via direct reprogramming of tissue-harvested fibroblasts, the application of this strategy to control the mechanics, diffusion, and architecture of hydrogels in a combinatorial manner could allow the optimization of their hepatic functions. The regenerative capacity of this engineered hepatic tissue was further demonstrated using an in vivo acute liver injury model.
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17
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Yue T, Zhao D, Phan DTT, Wang X, Park JJ, Biviji Z, Hughes CCW, Lee AP. A modular microfluidic system based on a multilayered configuration to generate large-scale perfusable microvascular networks. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:4. [PMID: 33456784 PMCID: PMC7787972 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The vascular network of the circulatory system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. In this paper, a novel modular microfluidic system with a vertical two-layered configuration is developed to generate large-scale perfused microvascular networks in vitro. The two-layer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) configuration allows the tissue chambers and medium channels not only to be designed and fabricated independently but also to be aligned and bonded accordingly. This method can produce a modular microfluidic system that has high flexibility and scalability to design an integrated platform with multiple perfused vascularized tissues with high densities. The medium channel was designed with a rhombic shape and fabricated to be semiclosed to form a capillary burst valve in the vertical direction, serving as the interface between the medium channels and tissue chambers. Angiogenesis and anastomosis at the vertical interface were successfully achieved by using different combinations of tissue chambers and medium channels. Various large-scale microvascular networks were generated and quantified in terms of vessel length and density. Minimal leakage of the perfused 70-kDa FITC-dextran confirmed the lumenization of the microvascular networks and the formation of tight vertical interconnections between the microvascular networks and medium channels in different structural layers. This platform enables the culturing of interconnected, large-scale perfused vascularized tissue networks with high density and scalability for a wide range of multiorgan-on-a-chip applications, including basic biological studies and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Duc T. T. Phan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Micro Fabrication of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joshua Jonghyun Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Zayn Biviji
- Department of Applied Mathematics - Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Christopher C. W. Hughes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Abraham P. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
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18
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Dai L, Lin D, Wang X, Jiao N, Liu L. Integrated Assembly and Flexible Movement of Microparts Using Multifunctional Bubble Microrobots. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:57587-57597. [PMID: 33301292 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Industrial robots have been widely used for manufacturing and assembly in factories. However, at the microscale, most assembly technologies can only pattern the micromodules together loosely and can hardly combine the micromodules to directly form an entity that cannot be easily dispersed. In this study, surface bubbles are made to function as microrobots on a chip. These microrobots can move, fix, lift, and drop microparts and integratively assemble them into a tightly connected entity. As an example, the assembly of a pair of microparts with dovetails is considered. A jacklike bubble robot is used to lift and drop a micropart with a tail, whereas a mobile microrobot is used to push the other micropart with the corresponding socket to the proper position so that the tail can be inserted into the socket. The assembled microparts with the tail-socket joint can move as an entity without separation. Similarly, different types of parts are integratively assembled to form various structures such as gears, snake-shaped chains, and vehicles, which are then driven by bubble microrobots to perform different forms of movement. This assembly technology is simple and efficient and is expected to play an important role in micro-operation, modular assembly, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daojing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Niandong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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19
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Nie J, Fu J, He Y. Hydrogels: The Next Generation Body Materials for Microfluidic Chips? SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003797. [PMID: 33103353 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The integration of microfluidics with biomedical research is confronted with considerable limitations due to its body materials. With high content of water, hydrogels own superior biocompatibility and degradability. Can hydrogels become another material choice for the construction of microfluidic chips, particularly biofluidics? The present review aims to systematically establish the concept of hydrogel-based microfluidic chips (HMCs) and address three main concerns: i) why choosing hydrogels? ii) how to fabricate HMCs?, and iii) in which fields to apply HMCs? It is envisioned that hydrogels may be used increasingly as substitute for traditional materials and gradually act as the body material for microfluidic chips. The modifications of conventional process are highlighted to overcome issues arising from the incompatibility between the construction methods and hydrogel materials. Specifically targeting at the "soft and wet" hydrogels, an efficient flowchart of "i) high resolution template printing; ii) damage-free demolding; iii) twice-crosslinking bonding" is proposed. Accordingly, a broader microfluidic chip concept is proposed in terms of form and function. Potential biomedical applications of HMCs are discussed. This review also highlights the challenges arising from the material replacement, as well as the future directions of the proposed concept. Finally, the authors' viewpoints and perspectives for this emerging field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianzhong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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20
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Cheng M, Shi F. Precise Macroscopic Supramolecular Assemblies: Strategies and Applications. Chemistry 2020; 26:15763-15778. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering and Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beisanhuan East Road 15 100029 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering and Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beisanhuan East Road 15 100029 Beijing P. R. China
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21
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Caldwell AS, Aguado BA, Anseth KS. Designing Microgels for Cell Culture and Controlled Assembly of Tissue Microenvironments. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1907670. [PMID: 33841061 PMCID: PMC8026140 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201907670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Micron-sized hydrogels, termed microgels, are emerging as multifunctional platforms that can recapitulate tissue heterogeneity in engineered cell microenvironments. The microgels can function as either individual cell culture units or can be assembled into larger scaffolds. In this manner, individual microgels can be customized for single or multi-cell co-culture applications, or heterogeneous populations can be used as building blocks to create microporous assembled scaffolds that more closely mimic tissue heterogeneities. The inherent versatility of these materials allows user-defined control of the microenvironments, from the order of singly encapsulated cells to entire three-dimensional cell scaffolds. These hydrogel scaffolds are promising for moving towards personalized medicine approaches and recapitulating the multifaceted microenvironments that exist in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Caldwell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
| | - Brian A. Aguado
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
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22
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Xiao W, Qu X, Tan Y, Xiao J, Le Y, Li Y, Liu X, Li B, Liao X. Synthesis of photocrosslinkable hydrogels for engineering three-dimensional vascular-like constructs by surface tension-driven assembly. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111143. [PMID: 32806229 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Surface tension-driven assembly is a simple routine used in modular tissue engineering to create three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic tissues with desired structural and biological characteristics. A major bottleneck for this technology is the lack of suitable hydrogel materials to meet the requirements of the assembly process and tissue regeneration. Identifying specific requirements and synthesizing novel hydrogels will provide a versatile platform for generating additional biomimetic functional tissues using this approach. In this paper, we present a novel composite hydrogel system based on methacrylated gelatin and γ-polyglutamic acid by UV copolymerization as the building block for fabricating vascular-like tissue via surface tension-driven assembly. The resulting composite hydrogels exhibited the improved mechanical properties and hydrophilicity, which greatly facilitate the assembly process. Subsequent cell encapsulation experiment proved that the hydrogel could provide 3D support for cellular spreading and migration. Furthermore, based on the composite microgel building blocks, cylindrical vascular-like construct with a perfusable microchannel was generated by the needle-assisted sequential assembly. In order to construct a biomimetic vascular tissue, the endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells were encapsulated in the microgels assembly with a spatial arrangement to build a heterogeneous double-layer tubular structure and the cells could readily elongate and migrate in the hollow concentric construct over 3 days. These data suggest that this composite hydrogel is an attractive candidate for surface tension-driven assembly purposes, making the hydrogel potentially applicable in the fabrication of biomimetic vascularized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Xiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Xiaohang Qu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Yunfei Tan
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Yinpeng Le
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Xue Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, PR China.
| | - Xiaoling Liao
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, PR China.
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23
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On-Chip Construction of Multilayered Hydrogel Microtubes for Engineered Vascular-Like Microstructures. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10120840. [PMID: 31805688 PMCID: PMC6953073 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multilayered and multicellular structures are indispensable for constructing functional artificial tissues. Engineered vascular-like microstructures with multiple layers are promising structures to be functionalized as artificial blood vessels. In this paper, we present an efficient method to construct multilayer microtubes embedding different microstructures based on direct fabrication and assembly inside a microfluidic device. This four-layer microfluidic device has two separate inlets for fabricating various microstructures. We have achieved alternating-layered microtubes by controlling the fabrication, flow, and assembly time of each microstructure, and as well, double-layered microtubes have been built by a two-step assembly method. Modifications of both the inner and outer layers was successfully demonstrated, and the flow conditions during the on-chip assembly were evaluated and optimized. Each microtube was successfully constructed within several minutes, showing the potential applications of the presented method for building engineered vascular-like microstructures with high efficiency.
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Dai L, Ge Z, Jiao N, Liu L. 2D to 3D Manipulation and Assembly of Microstructures Using Optothermally Generated Surface Bubble Microrobots. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902815. [PMID: 31539203 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel microstructures that encapsulate cells can be assembled into tissues and have broad applications in biology and medicine. However, 3D posture control for a single arbitrary microstructure remains a challenge. A novel 3D manipulation and assembly technique based on optothermally generated bubble robots is proposed. The generation, rate of growth, and motion of a microbubble robot can be controlled by modulating the power of a laser focused on the interface between the substrate and a fluid. In addition to 2D operations, bubble robots are able to perform 3D manipulations. The 3D properties of hydrogel microstructures are adjusted arbitrarily, and convex and concave structures with different heights are designed. Furthermore, annular micromodules are assembled into 3D constructs, including tubular and concentric constructs. A variety of hydrogel microstructures of different sizes and shapes are operated and assembled in both 2D and 3D conformations by bubble robots. The manipulation and assembly methods are simple, rapid, versatile, and can be used for fabricating tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhixing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Niandong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
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Liu Y, Yang Y, Shen Y. Tubular Microcapsules with Polysaccharide Membranes Based on a Co-axial Microfluidic Chip. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6281-6289. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yajing Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Amin K, Moscalu R, Imere A, Murphy R, Barr S, Tan Y, Wong R, Sorooshian P, Zhang F, Stone J, Fildes J, Reid A, Wong J. The future application of nanomedicine and biomimicry in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2679-2696. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic surgery encompasses a broad spectrum of reconstructive challenges and prides itself upon developing and adopting new innovations. Practice has transitioned from microsurgery to supermicrosurgery with a possible future role in even smaller surgical frontiers. Exploiting materials on a nanoscale has enabled better visualization and enhancement of biological processes toward better wound healing, tumor identification and viability of tissues, all cornerstones of plastic surgery practice. Recent advances in nanomedicine and biomimicry herald further reconstructive progress facilitating soft and hard tissue, nerve and vascular engineering. These lay the foundation for improved biocompatibility and tissue integration by the optimization of engineered implants or tissues. This review will broadly examine each of these technologies, highlighting areas of progress that reconstructive surgeons may not be familiar with, which could see adoption into our armamentarium in the not-so-distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavit Amin
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery & Burns, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- The Transplant Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Roxana Moscalu
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Angela Imere
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering Research Institutes, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, UK
| | - Ralph Murphy
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery & Burns, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon Barr
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery & Burns, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Youri Tan
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery & Burns, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Wong
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery & Burns, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Parviz Sorooshian
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Fei Zhang
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering Research Institutes, The University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, UK
| | - John Stone
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- The Transplant Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - James Fildes
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- The Transplant Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Reid
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery & Burns, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jason Wong
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery & Burns, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Sharma D, Ross D, Wang G, Jia W, Kirkpatrick SJ, Zhao F. Upgrading prevascularization in tissue engineering: A review of strategies for promoting highly organized microvascular network formation. Acta Biomater 2019; 95:112-130. [PMID: 30878450 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional and perfusable vascular network formation is critical to ensure the long-term survival and functionality of engineered tissues after their transplantation. Although several vascularization strategies have been reviewed in past, the significance of microvessel organization in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds has been largely ignored. Advances in high-resolution microscopy and image processing have revealed that the majority of tissues including cardiac, skeletal muscle, bone, and skin contain highly organized microvessels that orient themselves to align with tissue architecture for optimum molecular exchange and functional performance. Here, we review strategies to develop highly organized and mature vascular networks in engineered tissues, with a focus on electromechanical stimulation, surface topography, micro scaffolding, surface-patterning, microfluidics and 3D printing. This review will provide researchers with state of the art approaches to engineer vascularized functional tissues for diverse applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Vascularization is one of the critical challenges facing tissue engineering. Recent technological advances have enabled researchers to develop microvascular networks in engineered tissues. Although far from translational applications, current vascularization strategies have shown promising outcomes. This review emphasizes the most recent technological advances and future challenges for developing organized microvascular networks in vitro. The next critical step is to achieve highly perfusable, dense, mature and organized microvascular networks representative of native tissues.
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Liu Y, Li G, Lu H, Yang Y, Liu Z, Shang W, Shen Y. Magnetically Actuated Heterogeneous Microcapsule-Robot for the Construction of 3D Bioartificial Architectures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:25664-25673. [PMID: 31268290 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell microcapsules as one type of the most attractive carriers and reactors have been widely applied in the fields of drug screening and tissue engineering owing to their excellent biocompatibility and semi-permeability. Yet, the spatial organization of microcapsules with specific shapes into three-dimensional (3D) ordered architectures still remains a big challenge. Here, we present a method to assemble shape-controllable core-shell microcapsules using an untethered magnetic microcapsule-robot. The microcapsule-robot with the shape-matching design can grab the building components tightly during the transportation and assembly processes. The core-shell feature of the microcapsule effectively prevents the magnetic nanoparticles from interacting with bioactive materials. The assembly results of cell-loaded heterogeneous microcapsules reveal that this strategy not only allows the magnetic microcapsule-robot to work in different workspaces in vitro for the creation of 3D constructions but also offers a noninvasive and dynamical manipulation platform by remotely controlling the position and orientation of the soft and liquid-like microcapsule components individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Gen Li
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , China
- Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Haojian Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Zeyang Liu
- Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Lab , Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Wanfeng Shang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Yajing Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
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Zheng Z, Wang H, Li J, Shi Q, Cui J, Sun T, Huang Q, Fukuda T. 3D Construction of Shape-Controllable Tissues through Self-Bonding of Multicellular Microcapsules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:22950-22961. [PMID: 31252493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Designed microtissues that replicate highly ordered three-dimensional (3D) multicellular in vivo structures have shown huge potential in biomedical research and drug discovery. Through microencapsulation and microfluidic techniques, cell-laden microcapsules have been widely used as pathological or pharmacological models. However, most conventional microtissue construction strategies can only engineer simply predefined microcapsules with monotonous biological components in two dimensions. Here, we propose a flexible 3D microtissue construction method through self-bonding of real-time shape-programmable microcapsules. The microcapsules are prepared by photo-induced electrodeposition of cell-laden alginate hydrogel and flexibly tailored into tissue-specific shapes, sizes, and arbitrary biocomponents. With the local fluidics-guided assembly, the microcapsules are spatially organized into 3D perfectly aligned microtissues. To mimic in vivo intercellular connection, the aligned microcapsules are precoated with fibroblasts to self-bond the adjacent layers into a robust assemblage through fibroblast-extracellular matrix interactions, which highly reproduces the tissue morphogenesis in natural organisms. As a typical complex tissue model, the 3D hepatic lobule was engineered utilizing HepG2 cells seeded into microcapsules with a fibroblast coating, and its biofunction including albumin and urea secretion was improved by nearly two-fold compared with cells seeded without a fibroblast coating. We anticipate that our method will be capable of regenerating more complex multicellular constructs with unprecedented possibilities for future tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zheng
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street , Haidian District, Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Huaping Wang
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street , Haidian District, Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Jianing Li
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street , Haidian District, Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Qing Shi
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street , Haidian District, Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Juan Cui
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street , Haidian District, Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Tao Sun
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street , Haidian District, Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street , Haidian District, Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Toshio Fukuda
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street , Haidian District, Beijing 100081 , China
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Costa J, Ahluwalia A. Advances and Current Challenges in Intestinal in vitro Model Engineering: A Digest. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:144. [PMID: 31275931 PMCID: PMC6591368 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological environment of the intestine is characterized by its variegated composition, numerous functions and unique dynamic conditions, making it challenging to recreate the organ in vitro. This review outlines the requirements for engineering physiologically relevant intestinal in vitro models, mainly focusing on the importance of the mechano-structural cues that are often neglected in classic cell culture systems. More precisely: the topography, motility and flow present in the intestinal epithelium. After defining quantitative descriptors for these features, we describe the current state of the art, citing relevant approaches used to address one (or more) of the elements in question, pursuing a progressive conceptual construction of an "ideal" biomimetic intestinal model. The review concludes with a critical assessment of the currently available methods to summarize the important features of the intestinal tissue in the light of their different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Research Center “E. Piaggio” and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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31
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Morss Clyne A, Swaminathan S, Díaz Lantada A. Biofabrication strategies for creating microvascular complexity. Biofabrication 2019; 11:032001. [PMID: 30743247 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Design and fabrication of effective biomimetic vasculatures constitutes a relevant and yet unsolved challenge, lying at the heart of tissue repair and regeneration strategies. Even if cell growth is achieved in 3D tissue scaffolds or advanced implants, tissue viability inevitably requires vascularization, as diffusion can only transport nutrients and eliminate debris within a few hundred microns. This engineered vasculature may need to mimic the intricate branching geometry of native microvasculature, referred to herein as vascular complexity, to efficiently deliver blood and recreate critical interactions between the vascular and perivascular cells as well as parenchymal tissues. This review first describes the importance of vascular complexity in labs- and organs-on-chips, the biomechanical and biochemical signals needed to create and maintain a complex vasculature, and the limitations of current 2D, 2.5D, and 3D culture systems in recreating vascular complexity. We then critically review available strategies for design and biofabrication of complex vasculatures in cell culture platforms, labs- and organs-on-chips, and tissue engineering scaffolds, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, challenges and future directions are outlined with the hope of inspiring researchers to create the reliable, efficient and sustainable tools needed for design and biofabrication of complex vasculatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Morss Clyne
- Vascular Kinetics Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
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Fukushi M, Kinoshita K, Yamada M, Yajima Y, Utoh R, Seki M. Formation of pressurizable hydrogel-based vascular tissue models by selective gelation in composite PDMS channels. RSC Adv 2019; 9:9136-9144. [PMID: 35517655 PMCID: PMC9062067 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00257j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular tissue models created in vitro are of great utility in the biomedical research field, but versatile, facile strategies are still under development. In this study, we proposed a new approach to prepare vascular tissue models in PDMS-based composite channel structures embedded with barium salt powders. When a cell-containing hydrogel precursor solution was continuously pumped in the channel, the precursor solution in the vicinity of the channel wall was selectively gelled because of the barium ions as the gelation agent supplied to the flow. Based on this concept, we were able to prepare vascular tissue models, with diameters of 1–2 mm and with tunable morphologies, composed of smooth muscle cells in the hydrogel matrix and endothelial cells on the lumen. Perfusion culture was successfully performed under a pressurized condition of ∼120 mmHg. The presented platform is potentially useful for creating vascular tissue models that reproduce the physical and morphological characteristics similar to those of vascular tissues in vivo. A new approach for the preparation of vascular tissue models in PDMS-based composite channel structures embedded with barium salt powders.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Fukushi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku 263-8522 Japan +81-43-290-3398
| | - Keita Kinoshita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku 263-8522 Japan +81-43-290-3398
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku 263-8522 Japan +81-43-290-3398
| | - Yuya Yajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku 263-8522 Japan +81-43-290-3398
| | - Rie Utoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku 263-8522 Japan +81-43-290-3398
| | - Minoru Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku 263-8522 Japan +81-43-290-3398
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Dumont CM, Carlson MA, Munsell MK, Ciciriello AJ, Strnadova K, Park J, Cummings BJ, Anderson AJ, Shea LD. Aligned hydrogel tubes guide regeneration following spinal cord injury. Acta Biomater 2019; 86:312-322. [PMID: 30610918 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Directing the organization of cells into a tissue with defined architectures is one use of biomaterials for regenerative medicine. To this end, hydrogels are widely investigated as they have mechanical properties similar to native soft tissues and can be formed in situ to conform to a defect. Herein, we describe the development of porous hydrogel tubes fabricated through a two-step polymerization process with an intermediate microsphere phase that provides macroscale porosity (66.5%) for cell infiltration. These tubes were investigated in a spinal cord injury model, with the tubes assembled to conform to the injury and to provide an orientation that guides axons through the injury. Implanted tubes had good apposition and were integrated with the host tissue due to cell infiltration, with a transient increase in immune cell infiltration at 1 week that resolved by 2 weeks post injury compared to a gelfoam control. The glial scar was significantly reduced relative to control, which enabled robust axon growth along the inner and outer surface of the tubes. Axon density within the hydrogel tubes (1744 axons/mm2) was significantly increased more than 3-fold compared to the control (456 axons/mm2), with approximately 30% of axons within the tube myelinated. Furthermore, implantation of hydrogel tubes enhanced functional recovery relative to control. This modular assembly of porous tubes to fill a defect and directionally orient tissue growth could be extended beyond spinal cord injury to other tissues, such as vascular or musculoskeletal tissue. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tissue engineering approaches that mimic the native architecture of healthy tissue are needed following injury. Traditionally, pre-molded scaffolds have been implemented but require a priori knowledge of wound geometries. Conversely, hydrogels can conform to any injury, but do not guide bi-directional regeneration. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of a system of modular hydrogel tubes to promote bi-directional regeneration after spinal cord injury. This system allows for tubes to be cut to size during surgery and implanted one-by-one to fill any injury, while providing bi-directional guidance. Moreover, this system of tubes can be broadly applied to tissue engineering approaches that require a modular guidance system, such as repair to vascular or musculoskeletal tissues.
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Obst F, Simon D, Mehner PJ, Neubauer JW, Beck A, Stroyuk O, Richter A, Voit B, Appelhans D. One-step photostructuring of multiple hydrogel arrays for compartmentalized enzyme reactions in microfluidic devices. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00349e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A moulding technique is presented for the simultaneous photostructuring on the μm scale of hydrogels with nanomaterials on one substrate, usable for the fabrication of microfluidic double-chamber reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Obst
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Organische Chemie der Polymere
| | - David Simon
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Organische Chemie der Polymere
| | - Philipp J. Mehner
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik
- 01187 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Jens W. Neubauer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Anthony Beck
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik
- 01187 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Oleksandr Stroyuk
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Physikalische Chemie
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik
- 01187 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Organische Chemie der Polymere
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
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35
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Rong M, Ma S, Lin P, Cai M, Zheng Z, Zhou F. Polymerization induced phase separation as a generalized methodology for multi-layered hydrogel tubes. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00185a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a conceptually chemical strategy to facilitate the fabrication of layered hydrogel tubes based on the polymerization-induced phase separation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Shuanhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Peng Lin
- Anhui University of Technology
- MaAnshan
- China
| | - Meirong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- China
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36
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Nie J, Gao Q, Wang Y, Zeng J, Zhao H, Sun Y, Shen J, Ramezani H, Fu Z, Liu Z, Xiang M, Fu J, Zhao P, Chen W, He Y. Vessel-on-a-chip with Hydrogel-based Microfluidics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802368. [PMID: 30307698 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel structures equipped with internal microchannels offer more in vivo-relevant models for construction of tissues and organs in vitro. However, currently used microfabrication methods of constructing microfluidic devices are not suitable for the handling of hydrogel. This study presents a novel method of fabricating hydrogel-based microfluidic chips by combining the casting and bonding processes. A twice cross-linking strategy is designed to obtain a bonding interface that has the same strength with the hydrogel bulk, which can be applied to arbitrary combinations of hydrogels. It is convenient to achieve the construction of hydrogel structures with channels in branched, spiral, serpentine, and multilayer forms. The experimental results show that the combination of gelatin and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) owns the best biocompatibility and can promote cell functionalization. Based on these, a vessel-on-a-chip system with vascular function in both physiological and pathological situations is established, providing a promising model for further investigations such as vascularization, vascular inflammation, tissue engineering, and drug development. Taken together, a facile and cytocompatible approach is developed for engineering a user-defined hydrogel-based chip that can be potentially useful in developing vascularized tissue or organ models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yidong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jiahui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Hamed Ramezani
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhenliang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhenjie Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jianzhong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Children's Hospital Affiliated and Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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37
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Sarker M, Naghieh S, Sharma N, Chen X. 3D biofabrication of vascular networks for tissue regeneration: A report on recent advances. J Pharm Anal 2018; 8:277-296. [PMID: 30345141 PMCID: PMC6190507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid progress in tissue engineering research in past decades has opened up vast possibilities to tackle the challenges of generating tissues or organs that mimic native structures. The success of tissue engineered constructs largely depends on the incorporation of a stable vascular network that eventually anastomoses with the host vasculature to support the various biological functions of embedded cells. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved with respect to extrusion, laser, micro-molding, and electrospinning-based techniques that allow the fabrication of any geometry in a layer-by-layer fashion. Moreover, decellularized matrix, self-assembled structures, and cell sheets have been explored to replace the biopolymers needed for scaffold fabrication. While the techniques have evolved to create specific tissues or organs with outstanding geometric precision, formation of interconnected, functional, and perfused vascular networks remains a challenge. This article briefly reviews recent progress in 3D fabrication approaches used to fabricate vascular networks with incorporated cells, angiogenic factors, proteins, and/or peptides. The influence of the fabricated network on blood vessel formation, and the various features, merits, and shortcomings of the various fabrication techniques are discussed and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.D. Sarker
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Saman Naghieh
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - N.K. Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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38
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Abstract
Vascularization is essential for tissue regeneration. Despite extensive efforts in the past decades, sufficient and rapid vascularization remains a major challenge in tissue engineering. Many studies have shown that the addition of channels in a porous scaffold can provide the ability to promote cell growth and rapid vascularization, thus leading to better outcomes in new tissue formation. Large size scaffolds lack perfusable channel networks and negatively impair the survival of transplanted cells and tissue function development, leading to necrotic core formation and the failure of functional tissue formation. Presently, there are many methods to produce channels in porous scaffolds for vascularization. Here, we review the function of channels in porous scaffolds and the approaches to produce those channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Kang
- Department of Ocean & Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.,Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Jia Chang
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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39
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Agrawal G, Agrawal R. Functional Microgels: Recent Advances in Their Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801724. [PMID: 30035853 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, a spotlight is shown on aqueous microgel particles which exhibit a great potential for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery, cell imaging, and tissue engineering. Herein, different synthetic methods to develop microgels with desirable functionality and properties along with degradable strategies to ensure their renal clearance are briefly presented. A special focus is given on the ability of microgels to respond to various stimuli such as temperature, pH, redox potential, magnetic field, light, etc., which helps not only to adjust their physical and chemical properties, and degradability on demand, but also the release of encapsulated bioactive molecules and thus making them suitable for drug delivery. Furthermore, recent developments in using the functional microgels for cell imaging and tissue regeneration are reviewed. The results reviewed here encourage the development of a new class of microgels which are able to intelligently perform in a complex biological environment. Finally, various challenges and possibilities are discussed in order to achieve their successful clinical use in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Agrawal
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Paper Mill Road, Saharanpur, 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Agrawal
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1500, USA
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40
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Mannino RG, Pradhan P, Roy K, Lam WA. 3D in vitro microvascular model-based lymphoma model. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 146:149-158. [PMID: 30037459 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a particularly aggressive cancer, impacting the lives of approximately 20,000 people annually in the United States. Elucidating cellular interactions that occur within the microenvironment of DLBCL tumors is crucial to the successful development of therapeutic strategies for this condition. As the in vivo microenvironment of DLBCL is quite complex and variable, in vitro platforms that can sufficiently recapitulate these multifaceted cellular interactions without introducing the complexities of in vivo systems are vital for understanding the pathophysiology of this disease. In this chapter, we present a method for fabrication and development of an in vitro DLBCL-on-chip model in which a fully vascularized, perfusable, microfluidic traverses a DLBCL tumor cell-laden hydrogel that successfully recapitulates hallmark attributes and cellular interaction that occur within the DLBCL tumor microenvironment. As this microfluidic approach makes use of common laboratory items and does not require traditional photolithography to fabricate, this system represents a vital tool that can unlock previously inaccessible research areas of the DLBCL tumor microenvironment to researchers across numerous fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Mannino
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pallab Pradhan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wilbur A Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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41
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Joshi R, Thakuri PS, Buchanan JC, Li J, Tavana H. Microprinted Stem Cell Niches Reveal Compounding Effect of Colony Size on Stromal Cells-Mediated Neural Differentiation. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:10.1002/adhm.201700832. [PMID: 29193846 PMCID: PMC5842135 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Microenvironmental factors have a major impact on differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Here, a novel phenomenon that size of ESC colonies has a significant regulatory role on stromal cells induced differentiation of ESCs to neural cells is reported. Using a robotic cell microprinting technology, defined densities of ESCs are confined within aqueous nanodrops over a layer of supporting stromal cells immersed in a second, immiscible aqueous phase to generate ESC colonies of defined sizes. Temporal protein and gene expression studies demonstrate that larger ESC colonies generate disproportionally more neural cells and longer neurite processes. Unlike previous studies that attribute neural differentiation of ESCs solely to interactions with stromal cells, it is found that increased intercellular signaling of ESCs significantly enhances neural differentiation. This study offers an approach to generate neural cells with improved efficiency for potential use in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramila Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Pradip Shahi Thakuri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - James C Buchanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Hossein Tavana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, 260 S. Forge St., Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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42
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Rose JC, De Laporte L. Hierarchical Design of Tissue Regenerative Constructs. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701067. [PMID: 29369541 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide shortage of organs fosters significant advancements in regenerative therapies. Tissue engineering and regeneration aim to supply or repair organs or tissues by combining material scaffolds, biochemical signals, and cells. The greatest challenge entails the creation of a suitable implantable or injectable 3D macroenvironment and microenvironment to allow for ex vivo or in vivo cell-induced tissue formation. This review gives an overview of the essential components of tissue regenerating scaffolds, ranging from the molecular to the macroscopic scale in a hierarchical manner. Further, this review elaborates about recent pivotal technologies, such as photopatterning, electrospinning, 3D bioprinting, or the assembly of micrometer-scale building blocks, which enable the incorporation of local heterogeneities, similar to most native extracellular matrices. These methods are applied to mimic a vast number of different tissues, including cartilage, bone, nerves, muscle, heart, and blood vessels. Despite the tremendous progress that has been made in the last decade, it remains a hurdle to build biomaterial constructs in vitro or in vivo with a native-like structure and architecture, including spatiotemporal control of biofunctional domains and mechanical properties. New chemistries and assembly methods in water will be crucial to develop therapies that are clinically translatable and can evolve into organized and functional tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas C. Rose
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 Aachen D‐52074 Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 Aachen D‐52074 Germany
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43
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Tamate R, Takahashi K, Ueki T, Akimoto AM, Yoshida R. Macroscopic Adhesion of Thermoreversible ABC Triblock Copolymer-Based Hydrogels Via Boronic Acid-Sugar Complexation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700835. [PMID: 29450926 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Two complementary thermoreversible ABC triblock copolymers containing either phenylboronic acids with low pKa values or galactosyl groups in the hydrophilic B blocks are synthesized by sequential reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and subsequent modification of the functional groups. Both ABC triblock copolymers undergo reversible sol-to-gel transitions upon temperature change and form physically cross-linked hydrogels under physiological conditions. Furthermore, the spontaneous adhesion of these thermoreversible hydrogels via the formation of boronic esters between the phenylboronic acid and galactosyl groups under physiological conditions is realized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tamate
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kotomi Takahashi
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ueki
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Aya Mizutani Akimoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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44
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Zhang YS, Oklu R, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A. Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Strategies for Tissue Engineering. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a025718. [PMID: 28289247 PMCID: PMC5793742 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, many approaches have been developed to fabricate biomimetic extracellular matrices of desired properties for engineering functional tissues. However, the inability of these techniques to precisely control the spatial architecture has posed a significant challenge in producing complex tissues. 3D bioprinting technology has emerged as a potential solution by bringing unprecedented freedom and versatility in depositing biological materials and cells in a well-controlled manner in the 3D volumes, therefore achieving precision engineering of functional tissues. In this article, we review the application of 3D bioprinting to tissue engineering. We first discuss the general strategies for printing functional tissue constructs. We next describe different types of bioprinting with a focus on nozzle-based techniques and their respective advantages. Finally, we summarize the limitations of current technologies and propose challenges for future development of bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - Mehmet Remzi Dokmeci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
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45
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Wang H, Cui J, Zheng Z, Shi Q, Sun T, Liu X, Huang Q, Fukuda T. Assembly of RGD-Modified Hydrogel Micromodules into Permeable Three-Dimensional Hollow Microtissues Mimicking in Vivo Tissue Structures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:41669-41679. [PMID: 29130303 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fabricated microscale tissues that replicate in vivo architectures have shown huge potential in regenerative medicine and drug discovery. Owing to the spatial organization of cell-encapsulated hydrogel microstructures, three-dimensional (3D) tissue structures have been broadly applied as novel pathological or pharmacological models. However, the spatial reorganization of arbitrary microstructures with tissue-specific shapes into 3D in vitro microtissues that mimic the physiological morphology and nutrient diffusion of native tissues presents a major challenge. Here, we develop a versatile method that engineers permeable 3D microtissues into tissue-specific microscopic architectures. The customized, arbitrarily shaped hollow micromodules are prepared by photocopolymerizing poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) with acryloyl-PEG-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS). These micromodules are spatially reorganized and self-aligned by a facile assembly process based on hydrodynamic interactions, forming an integrated geometry with tissue-specific morphology and a vessel-mimetic lumen. The RGD linkages create cell-adhesive structures in the PEGDA hydrogel, greatly increasing the long-term cell viability in 3D microtissue cultures. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties for fast cell spreading inside the microstructures can be optimized by modulating the PEGDA concentration. The 3D microtissues, with their different geometries and permeable tubular lumens, maintained cell proliferation over 14 days. The cell viabilities exceeded 98%. We anticipate that our method will regenerate complex tissues with physiological importance in future tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Wang
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Juan Cui
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Toshio Fukuda
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
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46
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Ige EO, Raj MK, Dare AA, Chakraborty S. Micromechanical properties of biomedical hydrogel for application as microchannel elastomer. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 77:217-224. [PMID: 28946052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are believed to be the building blocks for the creation of the next generation of materials and devices in practically all areas of biomedical research. There are a number of polymers that are being employed in varied applications in microfluidic platform due to the tremendous possibilities for soft matter based elastomers especially in biomedical applications. Polymeric hydrogels have been used as building block in micro-confinements and for specified function such as flow control. The need exists to suitably determine the mechanical characteristics of gel-based materials for possible use as a microchannel elastomer. In this investigation, we describe synthesis procedure, morphological, wettability characterization of hydrogel elastomer synthesized by free-radical polymerization crosslinked over varying acrylamide composition for 10% w/v: 25% w/w, 15% w/v: 25% w/w, 20% w/v: 25% w/w and 25% w/v: 25% w/w respectively. Micromechanical properties such as surface morphology, wettability, and micro-rheological behaviour of hydrogel elastomer using standard protocols was undertaken to determine roughness, contact angle, loss modulus and storage modulus over varied cross-linking of the constituent monomers. The impact of these parameters on flow transport and microchannel structural stability is well delineated in this report. We established that polymeric hydrogel could be a candidate for whole microchannel elastomer with suitable application in areas of tissues and biomedical engineering to mimic native biological transport conduits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer O Ige
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - M Kiran Raj
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Ademola A Dare
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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47
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Devarasetty M, Wang E, Soker S, Skardal A. Mesenchymal stem cells support growth and organization of host-liver colorectal-tumor organoids and possibly resistance to chemotherapy. Biofabrication 2017; 9:021002. [PMID: 28589925 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa7484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite having yielded extensive breakthroughs in cancer research, traditional 2D cell cultures have limitations in studying cancer progression and metastasis and screening therapeutic candidates. 3D systems can allow cells to grow, migrate, and interact with each other and the surrounding matrix, resulting in more realistic constructs. Furthermore, interactions between host tissue and developing tumors influence the susceptibility of tumors to drug treatments. Host-liver colorectal-tumor spheroids composed of primary human hepatocytes, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and colon carcinoma HCT116 cells were created in simulated microgravity rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactors. The cells were seeded on hyaluronic acid-based microcarriers, loaded with liver-specific growth factors and ECM components. Only in the presence of MSC, large tumor foci rapidly formed inside the spheroids and increased in size steadily over time, while not greatly impacting albumin secretion from hepatocytes. The presence of MSC appeared to drive self-organization and formation of a stroma-like tissue surrounding the tumor foci and hepatocytes. Exposure to a commonly used chemotherapeutic 5-FU showed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity. However, if tumor organoids were allowed to mature in the RWV, they were less sensitive to the drug treatment. These data demonstrate the potential utility of liver tumor organoids for cancer progression and drug response modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Devarasetty
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America. Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
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48
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Abstract
Hydrogels are formed from hydrophilic polymer chains surrounded by a water-rich environment. They have widespread applications in various fields such as biomedicine, soft electronics, sensors, and actuators. Conventional hydrogels usually possess limited mechanical strength and are prone to permanent breakage. Further, the lack of dynamic cues and structural complexity within the hydrogels has limited their functions. Recent developments include engineering hydrogels that possess improved physicochemical properties, ranging from designs of innovative chemistries and compositions to integration of dynamic modulation and sophisticated architectures. We review major advances in designing and engineering hydrogels and strategies targeting precise manipulation of their properties across multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
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49
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Schneeberger K, Spee B, Costa P, Sachs N, Clevers H, Malda J. Converging biofabrication and organoid technologies: the next frontier in hepatic and intestinal tissue engineering? Biofabrication 2017; 9:013001. [PMID: 28211365 PMCID: PMC7116183 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa6121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adult tissue stem cells can form self-organizing 3D organoids in vitro. Organoids resemble small units of their organ of origin and have great potential for tissue engineering, as well as models of disease. However, current culture technology limits the size, architecture and complexity of organoids. Here, we review the establishment of intestinal and hepatic organoids and discuss how the convergence of organoids and biofabrication technologies can help overcome current limitations, and thereby further advance the translational application of organoids in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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50
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Liu Z, Takeuchi M, Nakajima M, Hu C, Hasegawa Y, Huang Q, Fukuda T. Three-dimensional hepatic lobule-like tissue constructs using cell-microcapsule technology. Acta Biomater 2017; 50:178-187. [PMID: 27993637 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The proper functioning of the liver and tissues containing hepatocytes greatly depends upon the intricate organization of the cells. Consequently, controlling the shape of three-dimensional (3D) cellular constructs is an important issue for in vitro applications of fabricated artificial livers. However, the precise control of tissue shape at the microscale cannot be achieved with various commonly used 3D tissue-engineered building units, such as spheroids. Here, we present the fabrication of hepatic lobule-shaped microtissue (HLSM) containing rat liver (RLC-18) cells. By using cell-microcapsule technology, RLC-18 cells were encapsulated in the core region of poly-l-lysine-alginate microcapsules. After 14days of long-term cultivation, RLC-18 cells self-assembled into HLSM, and the cells fully occupied the microcapsule. By monitoring the cell number and albumin secretion during culture and characterizing the dimensions of the fabricated tissue, we demonstrated that the HLSM showed higher hepatic function as compared with normal cell spheroids. We also showcased the assembly of these microtissues into a 3D four-layered hepatic lobule model by a facile micromanipulation method. Our technology for fabricating 3D multilayer hepatic lobule-like, biofunctional tissue enables the precise control of tissue shape in three dimensions. Furthermore, these constructs can serve as tissue-engineered building blocks for larger organs and cellular implants in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyang Liu
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Masaru Takeuchi
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakajima
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, CLA H3, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Yasuhisa Hasegawa
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Qiang Huang
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education of China, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Toshio Fukuda
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education of China, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
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