1
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Li S, Chen M, Wang Z, Abudourexiti W, Zhang L, Ding C, Ding L, Gong J. Ant may well destroy a whole dam: glycans of colonic mucus barrier disintegrated by gut bacteria. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127599. [PMID: 38219635 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The colonic mucus layer plays a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the colonic mucosal barrier, serving as the primary defense against colonic microorganisms. Predominantly composed of mucin 2 (MUC2), a glycosylation-rich protein, the mucus layer forms a gel-like coating that covers the colonic epithelium surface. This layer provides a habitat for intestinal microorganisms, which can utilize mucin glycans present in the mucus layer as a sustainable source of nutrients. Additionally, metabolites produced by the microbiota during the metabolism of mucus glycans have a profound impact on host health. Under normal conditions, the production and consumption of mucus maintain a dynamic balance. However, several studies have demonstrated that certain factors, such as dietary fiber deficiency, can enhance the metabolism of mucus glycans by gut bacteria, thereby disturbing this balance and weakening the mucus barrier function of the mucus layer. To better understand the occurrence and development of colon-related diseases, it is crucial to investigate the complex metabolic patterns of mucus glycosylation by intestinal microorganisms. Our objective was to comprehensively review these patterns in order to clarify the effects of mucus layer glycan metabolism by intestinal microorganisms on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingfei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Waresi Abudourexiti
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Romann P, Vuillemin T, Pavone S, Jordan M, Perilleux A, Souquet J, Bielser JM, Herwig C, Villiger TK. Maduramycin, a novel glycosylation modulator for mammalian fed-batch and steady-state perfusion processes. J Biotechnol 2024; 383:73-85. [PMID: 38340899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Controlling high-mannose (HM) content of therapeutic proteins during process intensification, reformulation for subcutaneous delivery, antibody-drug conjugate or biosimilar manufacturing represents an ongoing challenge. Even though a range of glycosylation levers to increase HM content exist, modulators specially increasing M5 glycans are still scarce. Several compounds of the polyether ionophore family were screened for their ability to selectively increase M5 glycans of mAb products and compared to the well-known α-mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine known to increase mainly M8-M9 glycans. Maduramycin, amongst other promising polyether ionophores, showed the desired effect on different cell lines. For fed-batch processes, a double bolus addition modulator feed strategy was developed maximizing the effect on glycosylation by minimizing impact on culture performance. Further, a continuous feeding strategy for steady-state perfusion processes was successfully developed, enabling consistent product quality at elevated HM glycan levels. With kifunensine and maduramycin showing inverse effects on the relative HM distribution, a combined usage of these modulators was further evaluated to fine-tune a desired HM glycan pattern. The discovered HM modulators expand the current HM modulating toolbox for biotherapeutics. Their application not only for fed-batch processes, but also steady-state perfusion processes, make them a universal tool with regards to fully continuous manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Romann
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland; Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Vuillemin
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Pavone
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Perilleux
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Bielser
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas K Villiger
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland.
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3
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Isu S, Vinskus L, Silva D, Cunningham K, Elich T, Greenhalgh P, Sokolnicki A, Raghunath B. Leveraging bioanalytical characterization of fractionated monoclonal antibody pools to identify aggregation-prone and less filterable proteoforms during virus filtration. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3451. [PMID: 38450976 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an essential class of biotherapeutics. A platform process is used for mAb development to ensure clinically safe and stable molecules. Regulatory authorities ensure that mAb production processes include sufficient viral clearance steps to achieve less than one virus particle per million doses of product. Virus filtration is used for size-based removal of enveloped and nonenveloped viruses during downstream processing of mAbs. Process development in mAb purification relies on empirical approaches and often includes adsorptive prefiltration to mitigate virus filter fouling. Opportunities for molecular-level prediction of mAb filterability are needed to plug the existing knowledge gap in downstream processing. A molecular-level approach to understanding the factors influencing mAb filterability may reduce process development time, material loss, and processing costs due to oversized virus filters. In this work, pH step gradient fractionation was applied on polished bulk mAb feed to obtain concentrated pools of fractionated mAb variants. Biophysical properties and quality attributes of fractionated pools, including oligomeric state (size), isoelectric point profile, diffusion interaction parameters, and glycoform profile, were determined using bioanalytical methods. Filterability (loading and throughput) of fractionated pools were evaluated. Statistical methods were used to obtain correlations between quality attributes of mAb fractions and filterability on the Viresolve Pro virus filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Isu
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lilia Vinskus
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Derek Silva
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Thomas Elich
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Adam Sokolnicki
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bala Raghunath
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Rocamora F, Peralta AG, Shin S, Sorrentino J, Wu MYM, Toth EA, Fuerst TR, Lewis NE. Glycosylation shapes the efficacy and safety of diverse protein, gene and cell therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108206. [PMID: 37354999 PMCID: PMC11168894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Over recent decades, therapeutic proteins have had widespread success in treating a myriad of diseases. Glycosylation, a near universal feature of this class of drugs, is a critical quality attribute that significantly influences the physical properties, safety profile and biological activity of therapeutic proteins. Optimizing protein glycosylation, therefore, offers an important avenue to developing more efficacious therapies. In this review, we discuss specific examples of how variations in glycan structure and glycoengineering impacts the stability, safety, and clinical efficacy of protein-based drugs that are already in the market as well as those that are still in preclinical development. We also highlight the impact of glycosylation on next generation biologics such as T cell-based cancer therapy and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Rocamora
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Angelo G Peralta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Seunghyeon Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James Sorrentino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mina Ying Min Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric A Toth
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Thomas R Fuerst
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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5
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Vattepu R, Sneed SL, Anthony RM. Sialylation as an Important Regulator of Antibody Function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:818736. [PMID: 35464485 PMCID: PMC9021442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a critical role in linking the adaptive immune response to the innate immune system. In humans, antibodies are categorized into five classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD, based on constant region sequence, structure, and tropism. In serum, IgG is the most abundant antibody, comprising 75% of antibodies in circulation, followed by IgA at 15%, IgM at 10%, and IgD and IgE are the least abundant. All human antibody classes are post-translationally modified by sugars. The resulting glycans take on many divergent structures and can be attached in an N-linked or O-linked manner, and are distinct by antibody class, and by position on each antibody. Many of these glycan structures on antibodies are capped by sialic acid. It is well established that the composition of the N-linked glycans on IgG exert a profound influence on its effector functions. However, recent studies have described the influence of glycans, particularly sialic acid for other antibody classes. Here, we discuss the role of glycosylation, with a focus on terminal sialylation, in the biology and function across all antibody classes. Sialylation has been shown to influence not only IgG, but IgE, IgM, and IgA biology, making it an important and unappreciated regulator of antibody function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Vattepu
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sunny Lyn Sneed
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert M Anthony
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Singh SK, Lee KH. Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Glycan Heterogeneity Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:805788. [PMID: 35087805 PMCID: PMC8786911 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.805788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) is an invaluable technology for the characterization of protein glycosylation. HILIC/MS-based glycan analysis relies on the library search using Glucose Units (GU) and accurate mass (AM) as the primary search parameters for identification. However, GU-based identifications are gradient-dependent and are not suitable for applications where separation gradients need to be optimized to analyze complex samples or achieve higher throughput. Additionally, the workflow requires calibration curves (using dextran ladder) to be generated for each analysis campaign, which in turn, are used to derive the GU values of the separated glycan species. To overcome this limitation, we employed a two-step strategy for targeted glycan analysis of a mAb expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The first step is to create a custom library of the glycans of interest independent of GU values (thereby eliminating the need for a calibration curve) and instead uses AM and retention time (RT) as the primary search variables. The second step is to perform targeted glycan screening using the custom-built library. The developed workflow was applied for targeted glycan analysis of a mAb expressed in CHO for 1) cell line selection 2) characterizing the day-wise glycan evolution in a model mAb during a fed-batch culture, 3) assessing the impact of different media conditions on glycosylation, and 4) evaluating the impact of two different process conditions on glycosylation changes in a model mAb grown in a bioreactor. Taken together, the data presented in this study provides insights into the sources of glycan heterogeneity in a model mAb that are seen during its commercial manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.,School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, India
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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7
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Caso S, Aeby M, Jordan M, Guillot R, Bielser J. Effects of pyruvate on primary metabolism and product quality for a high‐density perfusion process. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1053-1061. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.28033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Caso
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Aeby
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
| | - Raphael Guillot
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
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8
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Wang Q, Wang T, Zhang R, Yang S, McFarland KS, Chung CY, Jia H, Wang LX, Cipollo JF, Betenbaugh MJ. The interplay of protein engineering and glycoengineering to fine-tune antibody glycosylation and its impact on effector functions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:102-117. [PMID: 34647616 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The N-glycan pattern of an IgG antibody, attached at a conserved site within the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region, is a critical antibody quality attribute whose structural variability can also impact antibody function. For tailoring the Fc glycoprofile, glycoengineering in cell lines as well as Fc amino acid mutations have been applied. Multiple glycoengineered Chinese hamster ovary cell lines were generated, including defucosylated (FUT8KO), α-2,6-sialylated (ST6KI), and defucosylated α-2,6-sialylated (FUT8KOST6KI), expressing either a wild-type anti-CD20 IgG (WT) or phenylalanine to alanine (F241A) mutant. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry characterization of antibody N-glycans revealed that the F241A mutation significantly increased galactosylation and sialylation content and glycan branching. Furthermore, overexpression of recombinant human α-2,6-sialyltransferase resulted in a predominance of α-2,6-sialylation rather than α-2,3-sialylation for both WT and heavily sialylated F241A antibody N-glycans. Interestingly, knocking out α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8KO), which removed core fucose, lowered the content of N-glycans with terminal Gal and increased levels of terminal GlcNAc and Man5 groups on WT antibody. Further complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) analysis revealed that, regardless of the production cells, WT antibody samples have higher cytotoxic CDC activity with more exposed Gal residues compared to their individual F241A mutants. However, the FUT8KO WT antibody, with a large fraction of bi-GlcNAc structures (G0), displayed the lowest CDC activity of all WT antibody samples. Furthermore, for the F241A mutants, a higher CDC activity was observed for α-2,6- compared to α-2,3-sialylation. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) analysis revealed that the defucosylated WT and F241A mutants showed enhanced in vitro ADCC performance compared to their fucosylated counterparts, with the defucosylated WT antibodies displaying the highest overall ADCC activity, regardless of sialic acid substitution. Moreover, the FcγRIIIA receptor binding by antibodies did not always correspond directly with ADCC result. This study demonstrates that glycoengineering and protein engineering can both promote and inhibit antibody effector functions and represent practical approaches for varying glycan composition and functionalities during antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiexin Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roushu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuang Yang
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products (DBPAP), Laboratory for Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin S McFarland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cheng-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - John F Cipollo
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products (DBPAP), Laboratory for Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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9
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Xiao S, Ahmed W, Mohsin A, Guo M. Continuous Feeding Reduces the Generation of Metabolic Byproducts and Increases Antibodies Expression in Chinese Hamster Ovary-K1 Cells. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090945. [PMID: 34575094 PMCID: PMC8469772 DOI: 10.3390/life11090945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most important host system used for monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression. Moreover, the fed-batch culture mode is the most widely used method to increase mAb expression in CHO cells by increasing the amount of feed. However, a high amount of culture feed results in the production of metabolic byproducts. In this work, we used a continuous feeding strategy to reduce metabolic byproducts and improve mouse–human chimeric anti-epidermal growth factor receptor vIII (EGFRvIII) antibody C12 expression in Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells. Moreover, the effects of the feeding strategy on the cell culture and monoclonal antibody production were evaluated in chemically defined suspension cultures of recombinant CHO-K1 cells. Compared with bolus feeding methods, the continuous feeding method did not have any advantages when the feeding amount was low, but with a high feeding amount, the continuous feeding method significantly reduced the concentrations of lactate and NH4+ in the later culture stage. At the end of the culture stage, compared with bolus feeding methods, the lactate and NH4+ concentrations under the continuous feeding mode were reduced by approximately 45% and 80%, respectively. In addition, the antibody C12 expression level was also increased by almost 10%. Compared to the bolus feeding method, the antibody C12 produced by the continuous feeding method had a lower content of high-mannose glycoforms. Further analysis found that the osmolality of the continuous feeding method was lower than that of the typical fed-batch bolus feeding method. Conclusively, these results indicate that the continuous feeding method is very useful for reducing metabolic byproducts and achieving higher levels of mAb production.
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10
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Factors affecting the quality of therapeutic proteins in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107831. [PMID: 34480988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most widely used mammalian host cells for the commercial production of therapeutic proteins. Fed-batch culture is widely used to produce therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, because of its operational simplicity and high product titer. Despite technical advances in the development of culture media and cell cultures, it is still challenging to maintain high productivity in fed-batch cultures while also ensuring good product quality. In this review, factors that affect the quality attributes of therapeutic proteins in recombinant CHO (rCHO) cell culture, such as glycosylation, charge variation, aggregation, and degradation, are summarized and categorized into three groups: culture environments, chemical additives, and host cell proteins accumulated in culture supernatants. Understanding the factors that influence the therapeutic protein quality in rCHO cell culture will facilitate the development of large-scale, high-yield fed-batch culture processes for the production of high-quality therapeutic proteins.
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11
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Rameez S, Gowtham YK, Nayar G, Mostafa SS. Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3176. [PMID: 34021724 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. As such, it is important to match the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product to that of the innovator product. The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. Because the HM level of the mAb was observed to impact ADCC activity, it was desirable to match it to the innovator mAb's levels. Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. The process conditions evaluated varied in impact on HM levels, process performance and product quality. One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. Interestingly, a secondary interaction between sugar and amino sugar supplemented feeds and osmolality was observed during process scale-up. These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Rameez
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gautam Nayar
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sigma S Mostafa
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Xu P, Xu S, He C, Khetan A. Applications of small molecules in modulating productivity and product quality of recombinant proteins produced using cell cultures. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107577. [PMID: 32540474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cell cultures have been used extensively for production of recombinant protein therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins and enzymes for decades. Small molecules have been investigated as media supplements to improve process productivity and reduce cost of goods. Those chemicals can lead to significant yield improvement through different mechanisms such as cell cycle modulation, cellular redox regulation, etc. In addition to productivity, small molecules have also been routinely used to regulate post-translational modifications of recombinant proteins. This review summarizes key applications of small molecules in protein productivity improvement and product quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development & Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States of America.
| | - Sen Xu
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development & Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States of America
| | - Chunyan He
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development & Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States of America
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development & Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States of America
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13
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Voruganti S, Xu J, Li X, Balakrishnan G, Singh SM, Kar SR, Das TK. A Detailed Protocol for Generation of Therapeutic Antibodies with Galactosylated Glycovariants at Laboratory Scale Using In-Vitro Glycoengineering Technology. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:935-945. [PMID: 33039440 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is an important post translational modification that occurs on Asparagine 297 residue or a homologous position on the Fc portion of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAb Fc glycans play important roles in antibody structure, stability, and function including effector function and pharmacokinetics. The Fc glycans are made up of a wide variety of sugars including galactose, mannose, and sialic acid. The role of galactose in mediating antibody effector functions is not well understood. Hence, there is widespread interest in the antibody research community to understand the role of galactose in antibody effector functions as galactose is a major constituent of antibody glycans. This requires generation of highly enriched galactosylated variants that has been very challenging via cell culture process. To tackle this challenge, we developed a laboratory scale biochemical process to produce highly enriched galactosylated variants. In this article, we report optimized lab-scale workflows and detailed protocols for generation of deglycosylated, hypo-galactosylated and hyper-galactosylated variants of IgG therapeutic antibodies using the in-vitro glycoengineering technology. The optimized workflows offer short turnaround time and produce highly enriched deglycosylated/hypo-galactosylated/hyper-galactosylated IgG glycovariants, with high purity & molecular integrity as demonstrated by data from an example IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Voruganti
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Gurusamy Balakrishnan
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Surinder M Singh
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sambit R Kar
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Tapan K Das
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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14
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He K, Zeng S, Qian L. Recent progress in the molecular imaging of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:397-413. [PMID: 33133724 PMCID: PMC7591813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have become one of the central components of the healthcare system and continuous efforts are made to bring innovative antibody therapeutics to patients in need. It is equally critical to acquire sufficient knowledge of their molecular structure and biological functions to ensure the efficacy and safety by incorporating new detection approaches since new challenges like individual differences and resistance are presented. Conventional techniques for determining antibody disposition including plasma drug concentration measurements using LC-MS or ELISA, and tissue distribution using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence are now complemented with molecular imaging modalities like positron emission tomography and near-infrared fluorescence imaging to obtain more dynamic information, while methods for characterization of antibody's interaction with the target antigen as well as visualization of its cellular and intercellular behavior are still under development. Recent progress in detecting therapeutic antibodies, in particular, the development of methods suitable for illustrating the molecular dynamics, is described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng He
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Linghui Qian
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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15
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Mastrangeli R, Audino MC, Palinsky W, Broly H, Bierau H. The Formidable Challenge of Controlling High Mannose-Type N-Glycans in Therapeutic mAbs. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1154-1168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Bolisetty P, Tremml G, Xu S, Khetan A. Enabling speed to clinic for monoclonal antibody programs using a pool of clones for IND-enabling toxicity studies. MAbs 2020; 12:1763727. [PMID: 32449878 PMCID: PMC7531531 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1763727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of speed to clinic for medicines that may address unmet medical needs puts pressure on product development timelines. Historically, both toxicology and first-in-human clinical materials are generated using the same clonal-derived cells to ensure safety and minimize any development risks. However, cell line development with single cell cloning is time consuming, and aggravated by the time needed to screen for a lead clone based on cell line stability and manufacturability. In order to achieve faster timelines, we have used pools of up to six clones for earlier production of drug substance for regulatory filing-enabling toxicology studies, and then the final single clone was selected for production of clinical materials. This approach was enabled by using platform processes across all stages of early development, including expression vectors, host cell lines, media, and production processes. Through comprehensive cell culture and product quality analysis, we demonstrated that the toxicology material was representative of the clinical material for all six monoclonal antibody programs evaluated. Our extensive development experience further confirmed that using a pool of clones for toxicology material generation is a reliable approach to shorten the early development timeline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabi Tremml
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sen Xu
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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17
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Mastrangeli R, Palinsky W, Bierau H. Glycoengineered antibodies: towards the next-generation of immunotherapeutics. Glycobiology 2019; 29:199-210. [PMID: 30289453 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently the largest and fastest growing class of biopharmaceuticals, and they address unmet medical needs, e.g., in oncology and in auto-immune diseases. Their clinical efficacy and safety is significantly affected by the structure and composition of their glycosylation profile which is commonly heterogeneous, heavily dependent on the manufacturing process, and thus susceptible to variations in the cell culture conditions. Glycosylation is therefore considered a critical quality attribute for mAbs. Commonly, in currently marketed therapeutic mAbs, the glycosylation profile is suboptimal in terms of biological properties such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity or may give rise to safety concerns due to the presence of non-human glycans. This article will review recent innovative developments in chemo-enzymatic glycoengineering, which allow generating mAbs carrying single, well-defined, uniform Fc glycoforms, which confers the desired biological properties for the target application. This approach offers significant benefits such as enhanced Fc effector functions, improved safety profiles, higher batch-to-batch consistency, decreased risks related to immunogenicity and manufacturing process changes, and the possibility to manufacture mAbs, in an economical manner, in non-mammalian expression systems. Overall, this approach could facilitate and reduce mAb manufacturing costs which in turn would translate into tangible benefits for both patients and manufacturers. The first glycoengineered mAbs are about to enter clinical trials and it is expected that, once glycoengineering reagents are available at affordable costs, and in-line with regulatory requirements, that targeted remodeling of antibody Fc glycosylation will become an integral part in manufacturing the next-generation of immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Mastrangeli
- Biotech Development Programme, CMC Science & Intelligence, Merck Serono SpA, an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Via Luigi Einaudi, 11. Guidonia Montecelio (Roma), Italy
| | - Wolf Palinsky
- Biotech Development Programme, Merck Biopharma, an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Zone Industrielle de l'Ouriettaz, Aubonne, Switzerland
| | - Horst Bierau
- Biotech Development Programme, CMC Science & Intelligence, Merck Serono SpA, an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Via Luigi Einaudi, 11. Guidonia Montecelio (Roma), Italy
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18
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Kelley B, Kiss R, Laird M. A Different Perspective: How Much Innovation Is Really Needed for Monoclonal Antibody Production Using Mammalian Cell Technology? ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:443-462. [PMID: 29721583 DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As biopharmaceutical companies have optimized cell line and production culture process development, titers of recombinant antibodies have risen steadily to 3-8 g/L for fed-batch mammalian cultures at production scales of 10 kL or larger. Most new antibody products are produced from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines, and there are relatively few alternative production hosts under active evaluation. Many companies have adopted a strategy of using the same production cell line for early clinical phases as well as commercial production, which reduces the risk of product comparability issues during the development lifecycle. Product quality and consistency expectations rest on the platform knowledge of the CHO host cell line and processes used for the production of many licensed antibodies. The lack of impact of low-level product variants common to this platform on product safety and efficacy also builds on the established commercial history of recombinant antibodies, which dates back to 1997.Efforts to increase titers further will likely yield diminishing returns. Very few products would benefit significantly from a titer greater than 8 g/L; in many cases, a downstream processing bottleneck would preclude full recovery from production-scale bioreactors for high titer processes. The benefits of a process platform based on standard fed-batch production culture include predictable scale-up, process transfer, and production within a company's manufacturing network or at a contract manufacturing organization. Furthermore, the confidence in an established platform provides key support towards regulatory flexibility (e.g., design space) for license applications following a quality-by-design strategy.These factors suggest that novel technologies for antibody production may not provide a substantial return on investment. What, then, should be the focus of future process development efforts for companies that choose to launch antibody products using their current platform? This review proposes key focus areas in an effort to continually improve process consistency, assure acceptable product quality, and establish appropriate process parameter limits to enable flexible manufacturing options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kelley
- Vir Biotechnology, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Robert Kiss
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Laird
- Genentech (A Member of the Roche Group), San Francisco, CA, USA
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19
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Prediction of N-linked Glycoform Profiles of Monoclonal Antibody with Extracellular Metabolites and Two-Step Intracellular Models. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are commonly glycosylated and show varying levels of galactose attachment. A set of experiments in our work showed that the galactosylation level of mAbs was altered by the culture conditions of hybridoma cells. The uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-Gal) is one of the substrates of galactosylation. Based on that, we proposed a two-step model to predict N-linked glycoform profiles by solely using extracellular metabolites from cell culture. At the first step, the flux level of UDP-Gal in each culture was estimated based on a computational flux balance analysis (FBA); its level was found to be linear with the galactosylation degree on mAbs. At the second step, the glycoform profiles especially for G0F (agalactosylated), G1F (monogalactosylated) and G2F (digalactosylated) were predicted by a kinetic model. The model outputs well matched with the experimental data. Our study demonstrated that the integrated mathematical approach combining FBA and kinetic model is a promising strategy to predict glycoform profiles for mAbs during cell culture processes.
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20
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Naik HM, Majewska NI, Betenbaugh MJ. Impact of nucleotide sugar metabolism on protein N-glycosylation in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell culture. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Buettner MJ, Shah SR, Saeui CT, Ariss R, Yarema KJ. Improving Immunotherapy Through Glycodesign. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2485. [PMID: 30450094 PMCID: PMC6224361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is revolutionizing health care, with the majority of high impact "drugs" approved in the past decade falling into this category of therapy. Despite considerable success, glycosylation-a key design parameter that ensures safety, optimizes biological response, and influences the pharmacokinetic properties of an immunotherapeutic-has slowed the development of this class of drugs in the past and remains challenging at present. This article describes how optimizing glycosylation through a variety of glycoengineering strategies provides enticing opportunities to not only avoid past pitfalls, but also to substantially improve immunotherapies including antibodies and recombinant proteins, and cell-based therapies. We cover design principles important for early stage pre-clinical development and also discuss how various glycoengineering strategies can augment the biomanufacturing process to ensure the overall effectiveness of immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Buettner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sagar R Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christopher T Saeui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pharmacology/Toxicology Branch I, Division of Clinical Evaluation and Pharmacology/Toxicology, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ryan Ariss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevin J Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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22
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Loebrich S, Clark E, Ladd K, Takahashi S, Brousseau A, Kitchener S, Herbst R, Ryll T. Comprehensive manipulation of glycosylation profiles across development scales. MAbs 2018; 11:335-349. [PMID: 30252592 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1527665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent and pattern of glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies can influence their circulatory half-life, engagement of effector functions, and immunogenicity, with direct consequences to efficacy and patient safety. Hence, controlling glycosylation patterns is central to any drug development program, yet poses a formidable challenge to the bio-manufacturing industry. Process changes, which can affect glycosylation patterns, range from manufacturing at different scales or sites, to switching production process mode, all the way to using alternative host cell lines. In the emerging space of biosimilars development, often times all of these aspects apply. Gaining a deep understanding of the direction and extent to which glycosylation quality attributes can be modulated is key for efficient fine-tuning of glycan profiles in a stage appropriate manner, but establishment of such platform knowledge is time consuming and resource intensive. Here we report an inexpensive and highly adaptable screening system for comprehensive modulation of glycans on antibodies expressed in CHO cells. We characterize 10 media additives in univariable studies and in combination, using a design of experiments approach to map the design space for tuning glycosylation profile attributes. We introduce a robust workflow that does not require automation, yet enables rapid process optimization. We demonstrate scalability across deep wells, shake flasks, AMBR-15 cell culture system, and 2 L single-use bioreactors. Further, we show that it is broadly applicable to different molecules and host cell lineages. This universal approach permits fine-tuned modulation of glycan product quality, reduces development costs, and enables agile implementation of process changes throughout the product lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Loebrich
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | - Elisa Clark
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | - Kristina Ladd
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | - Stefani Takahashi
- b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA.,c Process Analytics , Waltham , USA
| | - Anna Brousseau
- b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA.,d High Throughput Sciences , Waltham , USA
| | - Seth Kitchener
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | | | - Thomas Ryll
- b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
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23
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Stuible M, Burlacu A, Perret S, Brochu D, Paul-Roc B, Baardsnes J, Loignon M, Grazzini E, Durocher Y. Optimization of a high-cell-density polyethylenimine transfection method for rapid protein production in CHO-EBNA1 cells. J Biotechnol 2018; 281:39-47. [PMID: 29886030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.06.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For pre-clinical evaluation of biotherapeutic candidates, protein production by transient gene expression (TGE) in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells offers important advantages, including the capability of rapidly and cost-effectively generating recombinant proteins that are highly similar to those produced in stable CHO clones. We have established a novel CHO clone (CHO-3E7) expressing a form of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) with improved TGE productivity relative to parental CHO cells. Taking advantage of a new transfection-compatible media formulation that permits prolonged, high-density culture, we optimized transfection parameters (cell density, plasmid vector and polyethylenimine concentrations) and post-transfection culture conditions to establish a new, high-performing process for rapid protein production. The growth media is chemically defined, and a single hydrolysate feed is added post-transfection, followed by periodic glucose supplementation. This method gave significantly higher yields than our standard low-cell density, F17-based CHO-3E7 TGE method, averaging several hundred mg/l for a panel of recombinant proteins and antibodies. Purified antibodies produced using the two methods had distinct glycosylation profiles but showed identical target binding kinetics by SPR. Key advantages of this new protein production platform include the cost-effectiveness of the transfection reagent, the commercial availability of the culture media and the ability to perform high-cell-density transfection without media change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stuible
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Alina Burlacu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Sylvie Perret
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Denis Brochu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Béatrice Paul-Roc
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Jason Baardsnes
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Martin Loignon
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Eric Grazzini
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada.
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24
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More AS, Toth RT, Okbazghi SZ, Middaugh CR, Joshi SB, Tolbert TJ, Volkin DB, Weis DD. Impact of Glycosylation on the Local Backbone Flexibility of Well-Defined IgG1-Fc Glycoforms Using Hydrogen Exchange-Mass Spectrometry. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2315-2324. [PMID: 29751008 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We have used hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry to characterize local backbone flexibility of 4 well-defined IgG1-Fc glycoforms expressed and purified from Pichia pastoris, 2 of which were prepared using subsequent in vitro enzymatic treatments. Progressively decreasing the size of the N-linked N297 oligosaccharide from high mannose (Man8-Man12), to Man5, to GlcNAc, to nonglycosylated N297Q resulted in progressive increases in backbone flexibility. Comparison of these results with recently published physicochemical stability and Fcγ receptor binding data with the same set of glycoproteins provide improved insights into correlations between glycan structure and these pharmaceutical properties. Flexibility significantly increased upon glycan truncation in 2 potential aggregation-prone regions. In addition, a correlation was established between increased local backbone flexibility and increased deamidation at asparagine 315. Interestingly, the opposite trend was observed for oxidation of tryptophan 277 where faster oxidation correlated with decreased local backbone flexibility. Finally, a trend of increasing C'E glycopeptide loop flexibility with decreasing glycan size was observed that correlates with their FcγRIIIa receptor binding properties. These well-defined IgG1-Fc glycoforms serve as a useful model system to identify physicochemical stability and local backbone flexibility data sets potentially discriminating between various IgG glycoforms for potential applicability to future comparability or biosimilarity assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva S More
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047; Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Ronald T Toth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047; Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Solomon Z Okbazghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047; Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047; Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Thomas J Tolbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047; Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047; Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045.
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25
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MS-based conformation analysis of recombinant proteins in design, optimization and development of biopharmaceuticals. Methods 2018; 144:134-151. [PMID: 29678586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for analyzing protein higher order structures have gained increasing application in the field of biopharmaceutical development. The predominant methods used in this area include native MS, hydrogen deuterium exchange-MS, covalent labeling, cross-linking and limited proteolysis. These MS-based methods will be briefly described in this article, followed by a discussion on how these methods contribute at different stages of discovery and development of protein therapeutics.
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26
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Wang Q, Chung CY, Chough S, Betenbaugh MJ. Antibody glycoengineering strategies in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1378-1393. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Cheng-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Sandra Chough
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
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27
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Karst DJ, Scibona E, Serra E, Bielser JM, Souquet J, Stettler M, Broly H, Soos M, Morbidelli M, Villiger TK. Modulation and modeling of monoclonal antibody N-linked glycosylation in mammalian cell perfusion reactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1978-1990. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Karst
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; HCI F-129, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ernesto Scibona
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; HCI F-129, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Elisa Serra
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; HCI F-129, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Bielser
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; HCI F-129, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Merck Serono SA; Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B 1809; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Merck Serono SA; Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B 1809; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Merck Serono SA; Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B 1809; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Serono SA; Biotech Process Sciences, ZI B 1809; Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; HCI F-129, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Chemistry and Technology; Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; HCI F-129, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Thomas K. Villiger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; HCI F-129, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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Bora de Oliveira K, Spencer D, Barton C, Agarwal N. Site-specific monitoring of N-Glycosylation profiles of a CTLA4-Fc-fusion protein from the secretory pathway to the extracellular environment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1550-1560. [PMID: 28186328 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation often plays a key role in the safety and efficacy of therapeutic proteins to patients, thus underlying the need for consistent control of this important post-translational modification during biologics production. In this study, we profiled the site-specific evolution of N-glycans on a CTLA4-Fc-fusion protein, from the intracellular secretory pathway to the conditioned medium (CM) in fed-batch cell culture. For this, we developed an approach that combined sub-cellular fractionation with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. The study revealed that there was a significant amount of heterogeneity in the glycans displayed amongst the three distinct N-glycosylation sites. Furthermore, 54-60% of the intracellular protein was characterized by Man8 and Man9 glycans on day 10, when the cell density peaks, indicative of a significant bottleneck between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the cis-Golgi. At longer culture duration, the accumulation of intracellular protein with bi-antennary-fucosylated GlcNAc-terminated residues identified the formation of another bottleneck in the medial and trans-Golgi compartments, which subsequently led to a decrease in sialylated species in the secreted protein. Glucose deprivation caused a reduction in the Man8 and Man9 glycans in favor of Man5 glycans and bi-antennary-fucosylated GlcNAc-terminated residues in the organellar pool of the Fc-fusion protein. However, transient deprivation of glucose did not lead to major differences in the glycan profile of proteins secreted into the CM. The approach developed here allows us to probe the secretory pathway and sheds light on the site-specific intracellular processing of glycans during fed-batch cell culture, thus serving as an initial step towards their rational control. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1550-1560. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Spencer
- MedImmune LLC., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | | | - Nitin Agarwal
- MedImmune LLC., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
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Analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibody glycoforms by mass spectrometry for pharmacokinetics study. Talanta 2017; 165:664-670. [PMID: 28153314 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are one of the most important protein drugs have attracted increasing attention. However, the pharmacokinetics of mAbs has not been fully investigated due to the complexity of protein drugs. Traditonal immuno-based approaches can not recognize the proteoforms of mAbs because of the long development cycles, prohibitive cost, and interactions between different proteins. Therefore, reliable qualitative and quantitative analysis of the proteoforms of mAbs in biological samples is of crucial importance. Herein, a novel method was developed for absolute quantitation of mAbs and their glycoforms in complex biological samples such as serum and tissues. With the combination of HILIC enrichment and parallel reaction monitoring by high resolution mass spectrometry, most of the glycoforms can be accurately quantified at the fmol level through the use of the model mAb of bevacizumab. More importantly, the structural confirmation can be achieved simultaneously without the need for additional experiments. This strategy can be readily applied to the pharmacokinetic study of glycosylation modification and biomarker discovery for clinical applications.
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30
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Wang Y, Park D, Galermo AG, Gao D, Liu H, Lebrilla CB. Changes in cellular glycosylation of leukemia cells upon treatment with acridone derivatives yield insight into drug action. Proteomics 2016; 16:2977-2988. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yini Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Dayoung Park
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Ace G. Galermo
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Dan Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Metabolomics at Shenzhen; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Metabolomics at Shenzhen; Shenzhen P. R. China
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31
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Liu H, Nowak C, Shao M, Ponniah G, Neill A. Impact of cell culture on recombinant monoclonal antibody product heterogeneity. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1103-1112. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Mei Shao
- Late Stage Upstream Development, Global Process Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Gomathinayagam Ponniah
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Alyssa Neill
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
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32
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Ganguly B, Balasa B, Efros L, Hinton PR, Hartman S, Thakur A, Xiong JM, Schmidt B, Robinson RR, Sornasse T, Vexler V, Sheridan JP. The CD25-binding antibody Daclizumab High-Yield Process has a distinct glycosylation pattern and reduced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in comparison to Zenapax®. MAbs 2016; 8:1417-1424. [PMID: 27367933 PMCID: PMC5058627 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1207031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD25-binding antibody daclizumab high-yield process (DAC HYP) is an interleukin (IL)-2 signal modulating antibody that shares primary amino acid sequence and CD25 binding affinity with Zenapax®, a distinct form of daclizumab, which was approved for the prevention of acute organ rejection in patients receiving renal transplants as part of an immunosuppressive regimen that includes cyclosporine and corticosteroids. Comparison of the physicochemical properties of the two antibody forms revealed the glycosylation profile of DAC HYP differs from Zenapax in both glycan distribution and the types of oligosaccharides, most notably high-mannose, galactosylated and galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) oligosaccharides, resulting in a DAC HYP antibody material that is structurally distinct from Zenapax. Although neither antibody elicited complement-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro, DAC HYP antibody had significantly reduced levels of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The ADCC activity required natural killer (NK) cells, but not monocytes, suggesting the effects were mediated through binding to Fc-gamma RIII (CD16). Incubation of each antibody with peripheral blood mononuclear cells also caused the down-modulation of CD16 expression on NK cells and the CD16 down-modulation was greater for Zenapax in comparison to that observed for DAC HYP. The substantive glycosylation differences between the two antibody forms and corresponding greater Fc-mediated effector activities by Zenapax, including cell killing activity, manifest as a difference in the biological function and pharmacology between DAC HYP and Zenapax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishu Ganguly
- a Department Translational Medicine , AbbVie Biotherapeutics , Redwood City , CA , USA
| | - Balaji Balasa
- a Department Translational Medicine , AbbVie Biotherapeutics , Redwood City , CA , USA
| | - Lyubov Efros
- a Department Translational Medicine , AbbVie Biotherapeutics , Redwood City , CA , USA
| | - Paul R Hinton
- b Department Discovery Sciences , AbbVie Biotherapeutics , Redwood City , CA , USA
| | - Stephen Hartman
- c Department Analytical Development & QC , AbbVie Biotherapeutics , Redwood City , CA , USA
| | - Archana Thakur
- b Department Discovery Sciences , AbbVie Biotherapeutics , Redwood City , CA , USA
| | - Joanna M Xiong
- b Department Discovery Sciences , AbbVie Biotherapeutics , Redwood City , CA , USA
| | - Brian Schmidt
- c Department Analytical Development & QC , AbbVie Biotherapeutics , Redwood City , CA , USA
| | - Randy R Robinson
- d Department of Neuroscience Development , AbbVie Biotherapeutics , Redwood City , CA , USA
| | - Thierry Sornasse
- a Department Translational Medicine , AbbVie Biotherapeutics , Redwood City , CA , USA
| | - Vladimir Vexler
- a Department Translational Medicine , AbbVie Biotherapeutics , Redwood City , CA , USA
| | - James P Sheridan
- a Department Translational Medicine , AbbVie Biotherapeutics , Redwood City , CA , USA
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Villiger TK, Roulet A, Périlleux A, Stettler M, Broly H, Morbidelli M, Soos M. Controlling the time evolution of mAb N-linked glycosylation, Part I: Microbioreactor experiments. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1123-1134. [PMID: 27254475 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is of key importance for the efficacy of many biotherapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Media components and cell culture conditions have been shown to significantly affect N-linked glycosylation during the production of glycoproteins using mammalian cell fed-batch cultures. These parameters inevitably change in modern industrial processes with concentrated feed additions and cell densities beyond 2 × 107 cells/mL. In order to control the time-dependent changes of protein glycosylation, an automated microbioreactor system was used to investigate the effects of culture pH, ammonia, galactose, and manganese chloride supplementation on nucleotide sugars as well as mAb N-linked glycosylation in a time-dependent way. Two different strategies comprising of a single shift of culture conditions as well as multiple media supplementations along the culture duration were applied to obtain changing and constant glycosylation profiles. The different feeding approaches enabled constant glycosylation patterns throughout the entire culture duration at different levels. By modulating the time evolution of the mAb glycan pattern, not only the endpoint but also the ratios between different glycosylation structures could be modified. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1123-1134, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Villiger
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anaïs Roulet
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck-Serono S.A., Corsier-sur-Vevey, ZI B 1809, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Périlleux
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck-Serono S.A., Corsier-sur-Vevey, ZI B 1809, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck-Serono S.A., Corsier-sur-Vevey, ZI B 1809, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck-Serono S.A., Corsier-sur-Vevey, ZI B 1809, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Karst DJ, Serra E, Villiger TK, Soos M, Morbidelli M. Characterization and comparison of ATF and TFF in stirred bioreactors for continuous mammalian cell culture processes. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zalai D, Hevér H, Lovász K, Molnár D, Wechselberger P, Hofer A, Párta L, Putics Á, Herwig C. A control strategy to investigate the relationship between specific productivity and high-mannose glycoforms in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7011-24. [PMID: 26910040 PMCID: PMC4947490 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The integration of physiological knowledge into process control strategies is a cornerstone for the improvement of biopharmaceutical cell culture technologies. The present contribution investigates the applicability of specific productivity as a physiological control parameter in a cell culture process producing a monoclonal antibody (mAb) in CHO cells. In order to characterize cell physiology, the on-line oxygen uptake rate (OUR) was monitored and the time-resolved specific productivity was calculated as physiological parameters. This characterization enabled to identify the tight link between the deprivation of tyrosine and the decrease in cell respiration and in specific productivity. Subsequently, this link was used to control specific productivity by applying different feeding profiles. The maintenance of specific productivity at various levels enabled to identify a correlation between the rate of product formation and the relative abundance of high-mannose glycoforms. An increase in high mannose content was assumed to be the result of high specific productivity. Furthermore, the high mannose content as a function of cultivation pH and specific productivity was investigated in a design of experiment approach. This study demonstrated how physiological parameters could be used to understand interactions between process parameters, physiological parameters, and product quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Zalai
- Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21, Gyömrői út, Budapest, 1103, Hungary.,Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Hevér
- Spectroscopic Research Department, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21, Gyömrői út, Budapest, 1103, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Lovász
- Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21, Gyömrői út, Budapest, 1103, Hungary
| | - Dóra Molnár
- Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21, Gyömrői út, Budapest, 1103, Hungary
| | - Patrick Wechselberger
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,CD Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Hofer
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - László Párta
- Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21, Gyömrői út, Budapest, 1103, Hungary
| | - Ákos Putics
- Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21, Gyömrői út, Budapest, 1103, Hungary
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria. .,CD Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Vienna, Austria.
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36
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Slade PG, Caspary RG, Nargund S, Huang CJ. Mannose metabolism in recombinant CHO cells and its effect on IgG glycosylation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1468-80. [PMID: 26724786 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the causes of high-mannose (HM) glycosylation of recombinant IgG in CHO cells would facilitate the production of therapeutics. CHO cells grown with mannose as the major carbon source demonstrated a dramatic increase in total HM glycosylation in recombinant IgG, with no effect on cell growth, viability, or titer. Quantitative metabolomics and (13) C flux analysis were used to explore the mechanism for increased HM glycosylation and understand the metabolism of mannose in CHO cells. It was demonstrated that mannose was a good carbon source for CHO cell growth and IgG production, readily entering both glycolysis and the TCA Cycle. Previous mechanisms for increased HM glycosylation during antibody production have been attributed to changes in pH, osmolality, increased specific productivity, and nutrient limitation. The results from this study propose a novel mechanism where an increased carbon flux in the GDP-mannose synthetic pathway increased the intracellular concentration of mannose-containing metabolites. The abnormally high concentration of mannose and mannose-metabolites were shown to inhibit α-mannosidase activity and it was proposed that this inhibition in the ER and Golgi caused the production of IgG with increased high-mannose glycosylation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1468-1480. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Slade
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, 98119, Washington.
| | - R Guy Caspary
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, 98119, Washington
| | - Shilpa Nargund
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Chung-Jr Huang
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
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37
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Fang J, Richardson J, Du Z, Zhang Z. Effect of Fc-Glycan Structure on the Conformational Stability of IgG Revealed by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and Limited Proteolysis. Biochemistry 2016; 55:860-8. [PMID: 26812426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human therapeutic immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) molecules contain an N-glycan on each of their Fc CH2 domains. These glycans include high-mannose, hybrid, and complex types. Recombinant IgG molecules containing high-mannose glycans have been shown to clear faster in human blood, and exhibit decreased thermal stability. The molecular mechanism behind these observations, however, is not well understood. In this work, we used hydrogen/deuterium exchange combined with mass spectrometry (HDX MS), as well as proteolytic degradation under a native-like condition, to assess the impact of different glycoforms on the molecular structure and stability of recombinant IgG1 and IgG2 molecules expressed from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Our HDX MS data indicate that the conformation of these IgG molecules was indeed influenced by the glycan structure. IgG molecules containing high-mannose and hybrid glycans showed more conformational flexibility in the CH2 domain. This conclusion was further supported by the analysis of glycopeptides released from these molecules by trypsin digestion under a native-like condition. The higher CH2 conformational flexibility of IgG molecules with high-mannose and hybrid glycans contributes to their decreased thermal stability. IgG molecules containing sialylated glycans in the CH2 domain exhibited similar enzymatic degradation behavior as high-mannose glycans, suggesting decreased CH2-domain stability compared to shorter complex glycans, likely resulting from steric effect that decreased the glycan-CH2 domain interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc. , Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Jason Richardson
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc. , Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Zhimei Du
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc. , Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Zhongqi Zhang
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc. , Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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Spahn PN, Hansen AH, Hansen HG, Arnsdorf J, Kildegaard HF, Lewis NE. A Markov chain model for N-linked protein glycosylation--towards a low-parameter tool for model-driven glycoengineering. Metab Eng 2016; 33:52-66. [PMID: 26537759 PMCID: PMC5031499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of most recombinant biotherapeutics. Consequently, drug development requires careful control of glycoforms to meet bioactivity and biosafety requirements. However, glycoengineering can be extraordinarily difficult given the complex reaction networks underlying glycosylation and the vast number of different glycans that can be synthesized in a host cell. Computational modeling offers an intriguing option to rationally guide glycoengineering, but the high parametric demands of current modeling approaches pose challenges to their application. Here we present a novel low-parameter approach to describe glycosylation using flux-balance and Markov chain modeling. The model recapitulates the biological complexity of glycosylation, but does not require user-provided kinetic information. We use this method to predict and experimentally validate glycoprofiles on EPO, IgG as well as the endogenous secretome following glycosyltransferase knock-out in different Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. Our approach offers a flexible and user-friendly platform that can serve as a basis for powerful computational engineering efforts in mammalian cell factories for biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp N Spahn
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Anders H Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Henning G Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Johnny Arnsdorf
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Helene F Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
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39
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Cong Y, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Hu L, Gu J. Quantitative MS analysis of therapeutic mAbs and their glycosylation for pharmacokinetics study. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 10:303-14. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cong
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry; National Chromatographic R&A Center; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry; National Chromatographic R&A Center; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Shen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry; National Chromatographic R&A Center; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
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40
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Yang WC, Minkler DF, Kshirsagar R, Ryll T, Huang YM. Concentrated fed-batch cell culture increases manufacturing capacity without additional volumetric capacity. J Biotechnol 2015; 217:1-11. [PMID: 26521697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomanufacturing factories of the future are transitioning from large, single-product facilities toward smaller, multi-product, flexible facilities. Flexible capacity allows companies to adapt to ever-changing pipeline and market demands. Concentrated fed-batch (CFB) cell culture enables flexible manufacturing capacity with limited volumetric capacity; it intensifies cell culture titers such that the output of a smaller facility can rival that of a larger facility. We tested this hypothesis at bench scale by developing a feeding strategy for CFB and applying it to two cell lines. CFB improved cell line A output by 105% and cell line B output by 70% compared to traditional fed-batch (TFB) processes. CFB did not greatly change cell line A product quality, but it improved cell line B charge heterogeneity, suggesting that CFB has both process and product quality benefits. We projected CFB output gains in the context of a 2000-L small-scale facility, but the output was lower than that of a 15,000-L large-scale TFB facility. CFB's high cell mass also complicated operations, eroded volumetric productivity, and showed our current processes require significant improvements in specific productivity in order to realize their full potential and savings in manufacturing. Thus, improving specific productivity can resolve CFB's cost, scale-up, and operability challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Yang
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Daniel F Minkler
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Rashmi Kshirsagar
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Yao-Ming Huang
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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Fan Y, Jimenez Del Val I, Müller C, Lund AM, Sen JW, Rasmussen SK, Kontoravdi C, Baycin-Hizal D, Betenbaugh MJ, Weilguny D, Andersen MR. A multi-pronged investigation into the effect of glucose starvation and culture duration on fed-batch CHO cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2172-84. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Fan
- Network Engineering of Eukaryotic Cell Factories; Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Building 223; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
- Symphogen A/S; Pederstrupvej; 93, 2750 Ballerup Denmark
| | - Ioscani Jimenez Del Val
- Center for Process Systems Engineering; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | | | - Anne Mathilde Lund
- Network Engineering of Eukaryotic Cell Factories; Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Building 223; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | | | | | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Center for Process Systems Engineering; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Deniz Baycin-Hizal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland 21218
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland 21218
| | | | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Network Engineering of Eukaryotic Cell Factories; Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Building 223; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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Brühlmann D, Jordan M, Hemberger J, Sauer M, Stettler M, Broly H. Tailoring recombinant protein quality by rational media design. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:615-29. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Brühlmann
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biophysics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum; Am Hubland DE-97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Martin Jordan
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hemberger
- Inst. for Biochemical Engineering and Analytics; University of Applied Sciences Giessen; Wiesenstrasse 14, DE-35390 Giessen Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biophysics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum; Am Hubland DE-97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
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Wang JR, Guan WD, Yau LF, Gao WN, Zhan YQ, Liu L, Yang ZF, Jiang ZH. Glycomic signatures on serum IgGs for prediction of postvaccination response. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7648. [PMID: 25612906 PMCID: PMC4303884 DOI: 10.1038/srep07648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of individuals are vaccinated worldwide each year to stimulate their adaptive immune systems to produce protective antibodies and T-cell response against pathogens. Since glycosylation of the Fc region of immunoglobulin G (IgG) can be influenced by the host's immune status, it was inferred that glycosylation profile of IgG might be altered as a result of the immune response. Therefore, subclass-specific glycosylation profiles of serum IgGs from 26 healthy adults before and after vaccination with a trivalent subunit influenza virus vaccine were comprehensively analyzed to explore glycomic signatures for vaccination. The results showed that no significant changes in the glycosylation of total IgGs took place before and after vaccination, but distinct glycosylation profiles in responders (fourfold or more increase of HI titer after vaccination) and nonresponders (less than fourfold increase of HI titer) were observed. This difference between the responders and nonresponders occurred even in the resting state. On the basis of variable importance parameters, glycosylation markers that distinguish responders from nonresponders were identified. These markers can be used as molecular signatures to predict antibody titers after vaccination. This is the first study of serum IgG glycosylation profiles in healthy adults receiving a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Wen-Da Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lee-Fong Yau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Wei-Na Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yang-Qing Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Zi-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China [2] State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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