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Dos Santos AC, Ximenes E, Kim Y, Ladisch MR. Lignin-Enzyme Interactions in the Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 37:518-531. [PMID: 30477739 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is central to overcoming recalcitrance in the enzyme hydrolysis of lignocellulose. While the term implies a physical barrier in the cell wall structure, there are also important biochemical components that direct interactions between lignin and the hydrolytic enzymes that attack cellulose in plant cell walls. Progress toward a deeper understanding of the lignin synthesis pathway - and the consistency between a range of observations over the past 40 years in the very extensive literature on cellulose hydrolysis - is resulting in advances in reducing a major impediment to cellulose conversion: the cost of enzymes. This review addresses lignin and its role in the hydrolysis of hardwood and other lignocellulosic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carlos Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Eduardo Ximenes
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
| | - Michael R Ladisch
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; www.purdue.edu/LORRE.
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Surendran A, Siddiqui Y, Ali NS, Manickam S. Inhibition and kinetic studies of cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes of Ganoderma boninense by naturally occurring phenolic compounds. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1544-1555. [PMID: 29405525 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ganoderma sp, the causal pathogen of the basal stem rot (BSR) disease of oil palm, secretes extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. These play an important role in the pathogenesis of BSR by nourishing the pathogen through the digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose of the host tissue. Active suppression of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by Ganoderma boninense by various naturally occurring phenolic compounds and estimation of their efficacy on pathogen suppression is focused in this study. METHODS AND RESULTS Ten naturally occurring phenolic compounds were assessed for their inhibitory effect on the hydrolytic enzymes of G. boninense. The enzyme kinetics (Vmax and Km ) and the stability of the hydrolytic enzymes were also characterized. The selected compounds had shown inhibitory effect at various concentrations. Two types of inhibitions namely uncompetitive and noncompetitive were observed in the presence of phenolic compounds. Among all the phenolic compounds tested, benzoic acid was the most effective compound suppressive to the growth and production of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by G. boninense. The phenolic compounds as inhibitory agents can be a better replacement for the metal ions which are known as conventional inhibitors till date. The three hydrolytic enzymes were stable in a wide range of pH and temperature. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the efficacy of the applications of phenolic compounds to control Ganoderma. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study has proved a replacement for chemical controls of G. boninense with naturally occurring phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Surendran
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and food Security, The Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Y Siddiqui
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and food Security, The Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - N S Ali
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S Manickam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
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Kim Y, Kreke T, Hendrickson R, Parenti J, Ladisch MR. Fractionation of cellulase and fermentation inhibitors from steam pretreated mixed hardwood. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23186672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of liquid hot water and steam pretreatment of wood is to fractionate hemicelluloses, partially solubilize lignin, and enhance enzyme hydrolysis of cellulose. The pretreatment also solubilizes sugar oligomers, lignin-derived phenolic compounds, acetic acid, and furan derivatives that inhibit cellulase enzymes and/or impede fermentation of hydrolysates by yeasts. This work extends knowledge of the relative contribution of identified inhibitors, and the effect of temperature on their release when pretreated materials are washed and filtered with hot water. Dramatic yield improvements occur when polymeric or activated carbon adsorbs and removes inhibitors. By desorbing, recovering, and characterizing adsorbed molecules we found phenolic compounds were strong inhibitors of enzyme hydrolysis and fermentation of concentrated filtrates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeast NRRL Y-1536 or xylose fermenting yeast 424A (LNH-ST). These data show that separation of inhibitors from pretreatment liquid will be important in achieving maximal enzyme activity and efficient fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Kim
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022, USA
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Reddy AP, Allgaier M, Singer SW, Hazen TC, Simmons BA, Hugenholtz P, VanderGheynst JS. Bioenergy feedstock-specific enrichment of microbial populations during high-solids thermophilic deconstruction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2088-98. [PMID: 21520015 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thermophilic microbial communities that are active in a high-solids environment offer great potential for the discovery of industrially relevant enzymes that efficiently deconstruct bioenergy feedstocks. In this study, finished green waste compost was used as an inoculum source to enrich microbial communities and associated enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose and hemicellulose during thermophilic high-solids fermentation of the bioenergy feedstocks switchgrass and corn stover. Methods involving the disruption of enzyme and plant cell wall polysaccharide interactions were developed to recover xylanase and endoglucanase activity from deconstructed solids. Xylanase and endoglucanase activity increased by more than a factor of 5, upon four successive enrichments on switchgrass. Overall, the changes for switchgrass were more pronounced than for corn stover; solids reduction between the first and second enrichments increased by a factor of four for switchgrass while solids reduction remained relatively constant for corn stover. Amplicon pyrosequencing analysis of small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes recovered from enriched samples indicated rapid changes in the microbial communities between the first and second enrichment with the simplified communities achieved by the third enrichment. The results demonstrate a successful approach for enrichment of unique microbial communities and enzymes active in a thermophilic high-solids environment.
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Kim Y, Ximenes E, Mosier NS, Ladisch MR. Soluble inhibitors/deactivators of cellulase enzymes from lignocellulosic biomass. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 48:408-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Elisashvili V, Kachlishvili E, Khardziani T, Agathos SN. Effect of aromatic compounds on the production of laccase and manganese peroxidase by white-rot basidiomycetes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 37:1091-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kumar R, Wyman C. Effect of enzyme supplementation at moderate cellulase loadings on initial glucose and xylose release from corn stover solids pretreated by leading technologies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:457-67. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Marsden WL, Gray PP, Mandels M. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose in Lignocellulosic Materials. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/07388558509150785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Ximenes EA, Brandon SK, Doran-Peterson J. Evaluation of a Hypocrea jecorina Enzyme Preparation for Hydrolysis of Tifton 85 Bermudagrass. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 146:89-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-8129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Endoglucanase Activity of Compost-Dwelling Fungus Paecilomyces inflatus is Stimulated by Humic Acids and Other Low Molecular Mass Aromatics. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-8291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Janshekar H, Fiechter A. Lignin: biosynthesis, application, and biodegradation. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 27:119-78. [PMID: 6437154 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0009107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Paul SS, Kamra DN, Sastry VRB, Sahu NP, Kumar A. Effect of phenolic monomers on biomass and hydrolytic enzyme activities of an anaerobic fungus isolated from wild nil gai (Baselophus tragocamelus). Lett Appl Microbiol 2003; 36:377-81. [PMID: 12753245 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To test the anaerobic fungus, Piromyces sp. FNG5, for its tolerance to phenolic monomers released in the rumen by degradation of lignocellulosic poor-quality feeds. METHODS AND RESULTS Effects of phenolic monomers on biomass and fibrolytic enzyme activities of a pure culture of lignocellulolytic anaerobic fungus (Piromyces sp. FNG5) isolated from faeces of wild nil gai (blue bull, Baselophus tragocamelus) were evaluated. There was a reduction in fungal biomass at 1 mm concentration of catechol with complete inhibition at 10 mm. p-Coumaric acid caused a reduction in biomass at 10 mm and no growth was observed above 20 mm concentration. The fungal isolate could tolerate up to 5 mm of ferulic acid without any reduction in biomass level, and was able to grow to some extent up to the highest level of ferulic acid tested (20 mm). Vanillic acid had no effect on biomass of the fungus even up to 50 mm level. The phenolic monomers varied in their potential to inhibit the secretion of carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase, beta-glucosidase and acetyl esterase activities with catechol being the most inhibitory and vanillic acid being the least inhibitory. After 14 days of incubation, 38.49-65.14%p-Coumaric acid, 65.22-74.10% ferulic acid and 34.13-66.78% vanillic acid disappeared from the medium under anaerobic conditions. CONCLUSIONS, SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY It is concluded that the anaerobic fungus Piromyces sp. FNG5 is tolerant to phenolic monomers and has ability to degrade them. Therefore, such anaerobic fungi may play an important role in fibre degradation in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Paul
- Microbiology Section, Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
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Tsujiyama SI. Effect of vanillin on the production of wood-decomposing enzymes from a wood-rotting fungus, Coriolus versicolor. MYCOSCIENCE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-003-0119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Tsujiyama SI, Sumida K, Ueno H. Influence of vanillin on the production of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes from a wood-rotting fungus, Coriolus versicolor. MYCOSCIENCE 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02460916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Rogalski J, Hatakka A, Wojta?-Wasilewska M, Leonowicz A. Cellulolytic enzymes of the ligninolytic white-rot fungusPhlebia radiata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/abio.370130108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Recycle of cellulases and the use of lignocellulosic residue for enzyme production after hydrolysis of steam-pretreated aspenwood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01575870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Feruloyl and p-coumaroyl esterase from anaerobic fungi in relation to plant cell wall degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00164534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Cellulolytic activities ofChaetomium globosum on different cellulosic substrates. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1990; 6:23-6. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01225350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/1989] [Accepted: 10/02/1989] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Kumakura M, Tamada M, Kasai N, Kaestu I, Kanno S. Enhancement of cellulase production by immobilization ofTrichoderma reesei cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 1989; 33:1358-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260331021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Martin SA, Akin DE. Effect of phenolic monomers on the growth and beta-glucosidase activity of Bacteroides ruminicola and on the carboxymethylcellulase, beta-glucosidase, and xylanase activities of Bacteroides succinogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:3019-22. [PMID: 3146948 PMCID: PMC204421 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.12.3019-3022.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
trans-p-Coumaric acid inhibited the growth of Bacteroides ruminicola on both cellobiose and glucose, while trans-ferulic acid and vanillin retarded growth. The phenolic monomers varied in their potential to inhibit the Bacteroides succinogenes beta-glucosidase, carboxymethylcellulase, and xylanase, with p-coumaric acid being the most inhibitory. The B. ruminicola beta-glucosidase was inhibited less than 10% by all three compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Martin
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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22
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Rolz C, Cabrera SD, Valdez MJ, De Arriola MDC, Valladares J. Biodegradation of pretreated ex-fermented sugar cane chips by fungal enzymes and mixtures of anaerobic bacteria. Biotechnol Prog 1986; 2:120-30. [PMID: 20568204 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.5420020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Rolz
- Central American Research Institute for Industry (ICAITI), P.O. Box 1552, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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23
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Sharma A, Milstein O, Vered Y, Gressel J, Flowers HM. Effects of aromatic compounds on hemicellulose-degrading enzymes inAspergillus japonicus. Biotechnol Bioeng 1985; 27:1095-101. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260270802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Microbial Biomass from Renewables: A Second Review of Alternatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-040307-3.50013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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25
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Chesson A, Stewart CS, Wallace RJ. Influence of Plant Phenolic Acids on Growth and Cellulolytic Activity of Rumen Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 44:597-603. [PMID: 16346090 PMCID: PMC242064 DOI: 10.1128/aem.44.3.597-603.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated rumen bacteria were examined for growth and, where appropriate, for their ability to degrade cellulose in the presence of the hydroxycinnamic acids
trans-p
-coumaric acid and
trans
-ferulic acid and the hydroxybenzoic acids vanillic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Ferulic and
p
-coumaric acids proved to be the most toxic of the acids examined and suppressed the growth of the cellulolytic strains
Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens
, and
Bacteroides succinogenes
when included in a simple sugars medium at concentrations of >5 mM. The extent of cellulose digestion by
R. flavefaciens
and
B. succinogenes
but not
R. albus
was also substantially reduced. Examination of rumen fluid from sheep maintained on dried grass containing 0.51% phenolic acids showed the presence of phloretic acid (0.1 mM) and 3-methoxyphloretic acid (trace) produced by hydrogenation of the 2-propenoic side chain of
p
-coumaric and ferulic acids, respectively. The parent acids were found in trace amounts only, although they represented the major phenolic acids ingested. Phloretic and 3-methoxyphloretic acids proved to be considerably less toxic than their parent acids. All of the cellulolytic strains (and
Streptococcus bovis
) showed at least a limited ability to hydrogenate hydroxycinnamic acids, with
Ruminococcus
spp. proving the most effective. No further modification of hydroxycinnamic acids was produced by the single strains of bacteria examined. However, a considerable shortfall in the recovery of added phenolic acids was noted in media inoculated with rumen fluid. It is suggested that hydrogenation may serve to protect cellulolytic strains from hydroxycinnamic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chesson
- Microbial Biochemistry Department, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, United Kingdom
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Shirkot CK, Mann D, Dhawan S, Gupta AK, Gupta KG. Effect of dithiocarbamates on cellulase activity in culture filtrates of Trichoderma reesei. Biotechnol Bioeng 1982; 24:1233-40. [PMID: 18546422 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260240602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Different concentrations of tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate (NaDDC), and zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (ZnDDC) affected the amount of cellulase(s) activity in the culture of Trichoderma reesei. After eight days incubation at 28 degrees C the greatest increase in Avicelase, CMCase, and beta-glucosidase over the control were observed at 0.1 ppm (TMTD) and 0.4 ppm (NaDDC and ZnDCC). There was decrease in the growth in the ZnDDC, but beta-glucosidase activity was reduced considerably. Total protein in the culture filtrate increased with the increase in cellulase(s) activity. No change in pH was observed at eight days incubation but pH increased (not exceeding 5.9) at 12 days incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Shirkot
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, CAZRI, Jodhpur, India
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Arrieta-Escobar A, Belin JM. Effects of polyphenolic compounds on the growth and cellulolytic activity of a strain of trichoderma viride. Biotechnol Bioeng 1982; 24:983-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260240420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mandels M. Cellulases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-040305-9.50006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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