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Steering the formation of cellobiose and oligosaccharides during enzymatic hydrolysis of asparagus fibre. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2
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Gerlach JQ, Kilcoyne M, Farrell MP, Kane M, Joshi L. Differential release of high mannose structural isoforms by fungal and bacterial endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:1472-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05455h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bauer S, Vasu P, Mort AJ, Somerville CR. Cloning, expression, and characterization of an oligoxyloglucan reducing end-specific xyloglucanobiohydrolase from Aspergillus nidulans. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:2590-7. [PMID: 16214120 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An oligoxyloglucan reducing end-specific xyloglucanobiohydrolase from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris as a secreted histidine-tagged protein and purified by affinity chromatography. The enzyme acts on xyloglucan oligomers and releases the first two glycosyl residue segments from the reducing end, provided that neither the first glucose nor the xylose attached to the third glucose residue from the reducing end is not further substituted. The enzyme has a specific activity of 7 U/mg at the pH optimum of 3 and at the temperature optimum of 42 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bauer
- Carnegie Institution, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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5
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Kabel MA, van der Maarel MJEC, Klip G, Voragen AGJ, Schols HA. Standard assays do not predict the efficiency of commercial cellulase preparations towards plant materials. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 93:56-63. [PMID: 16196058 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Commercial cellulase preparations are potentially effective for processing biomass feedstocks in order to obtain bioethanol. In plant cell walls, cellulose fibrils occur in close association with xylans (monocotyls) or xyloglucans (dicotyls). The enzymatic conversion of cellulose/xylans is a complex process involving the concerted action of exo/endocellulases and cellobiases yielding glucose and xylanases yielding xylooligomers and xylose. An overview of commonly measured cellulase-, cellobiase-, and xylanase-activity, using respectively filter paper, cellobiose, and AZCL-dyed xylan as a substrate of 14 commercially available enzyme preparations from several suppliers is presented. In addition to these standardized tests, the enzyme-efficiency of degrading native substrates was studied. Grass and wheat bran were fractionated into a water unsoluble fraction (WUS), which was free of oligosaccharides and starch. Additionally, cellulose- and xylan-rich fractions were prepared by alkaline extraction of the WUS and were enzymatically digested. Hereby, the capability of cellulose and xylan conversion of the commercial enzyme preparations tested was measured. The results obtained showed that there was a large difference in the performance of the fourteen enzyme samples. Comparing all results, it was concluded that the choice of an enzyme preparation is more dependent on the characteristics of the substrate rather than on standard enzyme-activities measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam A Kabel
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bomenweg 2, The Netherlands
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6
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van Casteren WH, Kabel MA, Dijkema C, Schols HA, Beldman G, Voragen AG. Endoglucanase V and a phosphatase from Trichoderma viride are able to act on modified exopolysaccharide from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris B40. Carbohydr Res 1999; 317:131-44. [PMID: 10466211 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
EPS B40 from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris consists of a repeating unit of-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->4)-[alpha-L-Rhap-(1 -->2)][alpha-D-Galp-1-PO4-3]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->. A phosphatase from Trichoderma viride was able to release phosphate, but only after removal of rhamnosyl and galactosyl residues by mild CF3CO2H treatment. Purified endoV from T. viride was able to act on the backbone of the polymer, but only if rhamnosyl substituents and phosphate had been removed. After complete removal of phosphate and partial removal of rhamnosyl residues by HF treatment, incubation with endoV resulted in a homologous series of oligomers. Purification of these oligomers and subsequent characterisation by NMR demonstrated that endoV was able to cleave the beta-(1-->4) linkage between two glucopyranosyl residues when the galactopyranosyl residue towards the nonreducing end is unsubstituted. The mode of action of endoV on HF-treated EPS B40 is discussed on the basis of the subsite model described for endoV [J.-P. Vincken, G. Beldman, A.G.J. Voragen, Carbohydr. Res., 298 (1997) 299-310].
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Affiliation(s)
- W H van Casteren
- Wageningen Agricultural University, Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences, The Netherlands
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Vincken JP, Beldman G, Voragen AG. Substrate specificity of endoglucanases: what determines xyloglucanase activity? Carbohydr Res 1997; 298:299-310. [PMID: 9098958 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(96)00325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endoglucanases from Trichoderma viride differ in their activity and mode of action towards xyloglucans. In order to explain the basis for their different behavior, the number of substrate-binding sites of three endoglucanases (endoI, endoIV, and endoV) were determined using bond cleavage frequencies of both normal and reduced cellodextrins and Ko/K(m). EndoIV differed from other endoglucanases described so far, in having at least nine putative binding sites. The specificities of the three endoglucanases towards various xyloglucans derived from apple fruit and potato were determined. Also, the release of oligosaccharides from these substrates in time was monitored. It was concluded that the endoglucanases prefer to bind unbranched glucosyl residues. Because most xyloglucans are composed of XXXG-type of building units, distant subsites are needed to bind xyloglucan. Having at least nine substrate-binding sites, endoIV seems to be well equipped to degrade xyloglucans which was confirmed by its high xyloglucanase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Vincken
- Wageningen Agricultural University, Department of Food Science, The Netherlands
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Bajpai P. Microbial xylanolytic enzyme system: properties and applications. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1997; 43:141-94. [PMID: 9097414 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Bajpai
- Chemical Engineering Division, Thapar Corporate Research and Development Centre, Patiala, India
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Kang MK, Maeng PJ, Rhee YH. Purification and Characterization of Two Xylanases from Alkalophilic Cephalosporium sp. Strain RYM-202. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:3480-2. [PMID: 16535409 PMCID: PMC1388947 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.9.3480-3482.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different xylanases, CX-I and CX-II, from an alkalophilic fungus, Cephalosporium sp. strain RYM-202, have been purified to homogeneity. The enzymes had similar pH (7.5 to 8.0) and temperature (50(deg)C) optima and were stable over a wide pH range of 5.5 to 12.0. Both enzymes were shown to be cellulase-free endoxylanases with transglycosidation activity.
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Qy Y, Gao P, Wang D, Zhao X, Zhang X. Production, characterization and application of the cellulase-free xylanase from Aspergillus niger. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1996; 57-58:375-81. [PMID: 8669904 DOI: 10.1007/bf02941716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of carbon source on xylanase and cellulase production were studied. The extract of steam-exploded corn stover was found to be the best raw material for producing cellulase-free xylanase. The xylanolytic enzymes of Aspergillus niger An-76 were purified by chromatography, and the properties of the four purified components were analyzed. When the enzyme was used to treat the birch Kraft pulp, and followed by a subsequent CEH bleaching, a brightness of 6.8% SBD more than that of the untreated one using the same chlorine dosage, or a saving of nearly 50% of chlorine consumption with the same brightness, was realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qy
- Institute of Microbiology, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
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Viëtor RJ, Renard CM, Goldberg R, Catesson AM. Cell-wall polysaccharides in growing poplar bark tissue. Int J Biol Macromol 1995; 17:341-4. [PMID: 8789337 DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(96)81843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to study changes in the cell-wall composition of growing poplar cambium during the seasonal cycle, cell walls were isolated from the cambium and newly formed vascular tissues of poplar branches at three times during the year (winter, beginning of spring, end of summer). Polysaccharide material was isolated by sequential extraction of the cell walls and analysed. The principal polysaccharides identified were pectins and xylose- and glucose-containing polysaccharides, possibly xylans and (xylo)glucans. Our results indicate changes in the relative quantities of these polysaccharides during the seasonal cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Viëtor
- Laboratoire des Biomembranes et Surfaces Cellulaires Végétales, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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Chen H, Hayn M, Esterbauer H. Purification and characterization of two extracellular beta-glucosidases from Trichoderma reesei. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1121:54-60. [PMID: 1599951 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90336-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A major beta-glucosidase I and a minor beta-glucosidase II were purified from culture filtrates of the fungus Trichoderma reesei grown on wheat straw. The enzymes were purified using CM-Sepharose CL-6B cation-exchange and DEAE Bio-Gel A anion-exchange chromatography steps, followed by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. The isolated enzymes were homogeneous in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. beta-Glucosidase I (71 kDa) was isoelectric at pH 8.7 and contained 0.12% carbohydrate; beta-glucosidase II (114 kDa) was isoelectric at pH 4.8 and contained 9.0% carbohydrate. Both enzymes catalyzed the hydrolysis of cellobiose and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside (pNPG). The Km and kcat/Km values for cellobiose were 2.10 mM, 2.45.10(4) s-1 M-1 (beta-glucosidase I) and 11.1 mM, 1.68.10(3) s-1 M-1 (beta-glucosidase II). With pNPG as substrate the Km and kcat/Km values were 182 microM, 7.93.10(5) s-1 M-1 (beta-glucosidase I) and 135 microM, 1.02.10(6) s-1 M-1 (beta-glucosidase II). The temperature optimum was 65-70 degrees C for beta-glucosidase I and 60 degrees C for beta-glucosidase II, the pH optimum was 4.6 and 4.0, respectively. Several inhibitors were tested for their action on both enzymes. beta-Glucosidase I and II were competitively inhibited by desoxynojirimycin, gluconolactone and glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Graz, Austria
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Biely P, Vrsanská M, Claeyssens M. The endo-1,4-beta-glucanase I from Trichoderma reesei. Action on beta-1,4-oligomers and polymers derived from D-glucose and D-xylose. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 200:157-63. [PMID: 1879420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb21062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of the non-specific endo-1,4-beta-glucanase from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 (endoglucanase I) was investigated using both reducing-end3H-labelled and universally 14C-labelled cellooligosaccharides, as well as reducing-end3H-labelled xylooligosaccharides. The bond cleavage frequencies of cellooligosaccharides proved to be dependent upon the substrate concentration, especially in the case of cellotriose. In addition to simple hydrolytic cleavage, the enzyme catalyzes reactions along alternative pathways, including transglycosylations leading to products larger than the substrate. Some of these pathways were shown to be reversible. During cellotriose or cellopentaose degradation, substrate resynthesis was demonstrated by incorporation of added radioactive D-glucose or cellobiose. The endoglucanase I is active on xylan and xylooligosaccharides, but less than on soluble cellulose derivatives (e.g. hydroxyethylcellulose) and cellooligosaccharides. The fact that for these different types of substrates the same active site is operative is proven by the ability of the enzyme to utilize cellooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides as both glycosyl donors and acceptors. The mixed substrate reactions lead to products composed of D-glucosyl and D-xylosyl residues. The kinetic parameters for cellooligosaccharide degradation can be used for the description of an extended substrate binding site. Of the four putative glycosyl subsites, -II and +II show the highest affinities, 16.7 kJ.mol-1 and 7.1 kJ.mol-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Biely
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
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Renard C, Schols H, Voragen A, Thibault JF, Pilnik W. Studies on apple protopectin. III: Characterization of the material extracted by pure polysaccharidases from apple cell walls. Carbohydr Polym 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(91)90016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schols HA, Posthumus MA, Voragen AG. Structural features of hairy regions of pectins isolated from apple juice produced by the liquefaction process. Carbohydr Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(90)84011-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Substrate-velocity relationships for the Trichoderma viride cellulase-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:2311-8. [PMID: 2403250 PMCID: PMC184728 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.8.2311-2318.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of substrate and enzyme concentrations on the rate of saccharification of two defined insoluble cellulose substrates, Avicel (FMC Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.) and Solka-Floc (James River Co., Berlin, N.H.), by the cellulase enzyme system of Trichoderma viride was evaluated. In the assays, enzyme concentrations ranging from 0.004 to 0.016 IU/ml and substrate concentrations up to 10% (wt/vol) were used. Analysis by initial velocity methods found the maximum velocity of saccharification to be nearly equivalent for the two substrates and the Km for the two substrates to be of a similar magnitude, i.e., 0.20% (wt/vol) for Solka-Floc and 0.63% (wt/vol) for Avicel. Studies in which relatively high substrate concentrations (greater than 15 times the Km) were used demonstrated that the enzyme exhibited very different apparent substrate inhibition properties for the two substrates. The rate of saccharification of Avicel at relatively high substrate concentrations was up to 35% lower than the maximum rate which was observed at lower substrate concentrations. The Avicel concentration corresponding to the maximum rate of saccharification was dependent on the enzyme concentration. In contrast to the results with Avicel, the enzyme did not exhibit substrate inhibition with the Solka-Floc substrate. Potential differences in the degree of substrate inhibition with different substrates, as reported here, are particularly relevant to the experimental design of comparative studies.
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Senior DJ, Mayers PR, Saddler JN. Xylanase production by Trichoderma harzianum E58. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00165877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Senior DJ, Mayers PP, Miller D, Sutcliffe R, Tan L, Saddler JN. Selective solubilization of xylan in pulp using a purified xylanase fromTrichoderma harzianum. Biotechnol Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01027004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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