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Wang Z, Ishii S, Novak PJ. Quantification of depth-dependent microbial growth in encapsulated systems. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2094-2104. [PMID: 37750468 PMCID: PMC10616645 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Encapsulated systems have been widely used in environmental applications to selectively retain and protect microorganisms. The permeable matrix used for encapsulation, however, limits the accessibility of existing analytical methods to study the behaviour of the encapsulated microorganisms. Here, we present a novel method that overcomes these limitations and enables direct observation and enumeration of encapsulated microbial colonies over a range of spatial and temporal scales. The method involves embedding, cross-sectioning, and analysing the system via fluorescence in situ hybridization and retains the structure of encapsulants and the morphology of encapsulated colonies. The major novelty of this method lies in its ability to distinguish between, and subsequently analyse, multiple microorganisms within a single encapsulation matrix across depth. Our results demonstrated the applicability and repeatability of this method with alginate-encapsulated pure (Nitrosomonas europaea) and enrichment cultures (anammox enrichment). The use of this method can potentially reveal interactions between encapsulated microorganisms and their surrounding matrix, as well as quantitatively validate predictions from mathematical models, thereby advancing our understanding of microbial ecology in encapsulated or even biofilm systems and facilitating the optimization of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyue Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Hawai'iHonoluluHawai'iUSA
- Water Resources Research CenterUniversity of Hawai'iHonoluluHawai'iUSA
- BioTechnology InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- BioTechnology InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Soil, Water and ClimateUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Paige J. Novak
- BioTechnology InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo‐EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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2
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Inlet flow rate of perfusion bioreactors affects fluid flow dynamics, but not oxygen concentration in 3D-printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: Computational analysis and experimental validation. Comput Biol Med 2020; 124:103826. [PMID: 32798924 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluid flow dynamics and oxygen-concentration in 3D-printed scaffolds within perfusion bioreactors are sensitive to controllable bioreactor parameters such as inlet flow rate. Here we aimed to determine fluid flow dynamics, oxygen-concentration, and cell proliferation and distribution in 3D-printed scaffolds as a result of different inlet flow rates of perfusion bioreactors using experiments and finite element modeling. Pre-osteoblasts were treated with 1 h pulsating fluid flow with low (0.8 Pa; PFFlow) or high peak shear stress (6.5 Pa; PFFhigh), and nitric oxide (NO) production was measured to validate shear stress sensitivity. Computational analysis was performed to determine fluid flow between 3D-scaffold-strands at three inlet flow rates (0.02, 0.1, 0.5 ml/min) during 5 days. MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast proliferation, matrix production, and oxygen-consumption in response to fluid flow in 3D-printed scaffolds inside a perfusion bioreactor were experimentally assessed. PFFhigh more strongly stimulated NO production by pre-osteoblasts than PFFlow. 3D-simulation demonstrated that dependent on inlet flow rate, fluid velocity reached a maximum (50-1200 μm/s) between scaffold-strands, and fluid shear stress (0.5-4 mPa) and wall shear stress (0.5-20 mPa) on scaffold-strands surfaces. At all inlet flow rates, gauge fluid pressure and oxygen-concentration were similar. The simulated cell proliferation and distribution, and oxygen-concentration data were in good agreement with the experimental results. In conclusion, varying a perfusion bioreactor's inlet flow rate locally affects fluid velocity, fluid shear stress, and wall shear stress inside 3D-printed scaffolds, but not gauge fluid pressure, and oxygen-concentration, which seems crucial for optimized bone tissue engineering strategies using bioreactors, scaffolds, and cells.
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3
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Ji Y, Wang YT. Se(VI) reduction by continuous-flow reactors packed with Shigella fergusonii strain TB42616 immobilized by Ca2+-alginate gel beads. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Zhu K, Arnold WA, Novak PJ. Modeling alginate encapsulation system for biological hydrogen production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3189-3199. [PMID: 31448828 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment using encapsulated biomass is a promising approach for high-rate resource recovery. Encapsulation matrices can be customized to achieve desired biomass retention and mass transport performance. This, in turn, facilitates treatment of different waste streams. In this study, a model was developed to describe calcium-alginate beads encapsulating hydrogen-producing biomass, with the goal of enabling appropriate a priori customization of the system. The model was based on a classic diffusion-reaction model, but also included the growth of encapsulated biomass and product inhibition. Experimental data were used to verify the model, which accurately described the effect of hydraulic retention time, bead size, and feed concentration on resource (hydrogen) recovery from brewery wastewater. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the hydrogen production rate was insensitive to substrate diffusivity and bead size, but sensitive to the substrate partition coefficient, initial encapsulated biomass concentration, and the total volume of beads in the reactor, demonstrating that this system was growth-limited rather than diffusion-limited under the tested conditions. Because the model quantifies the relationship between the hydrogen production rate and various input and operating parameters, it should be possible to extend the model to determine the most cost-effective system for optimal performance with a given waste stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang Zhu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Paige J Novak
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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5
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Roohian H, Mehranbod N. Investigation of bio-augmentation of overloaded activated sludge plant operation by computer simulation. Comput Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Noriega E, Laca A, Díaz M. Modelling of diffusion-limited growth for food safety in simulated cheeses. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Mota M, Yelshin A, Fidaleo M, Flickinger MC. Modelling diffusivity in porous polymeric membranes with an intermediate layer containing microbial cells. Biochem Eng J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Rahardjo YSP, Tramper J, Rinzema A. Modeling conversion and transport phenomena in solid-state fermentation: A review and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2006; 24:161-79. [PMID: 16263234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is accompanied inevitably by development of concentration and temperature gradients within the substrate particles and microbial biofilms. These gradients are needed for driving the transport of substrates and products. In addition, concentration gradients have been suggested to be crucial for obtaining the characteristics that define the products of SSF; nevertheless, gradients are also known to result in reduced productivity and unwanted side reactions. Solid-state fermentations are generally batch processes and this further complicates their understanding as conditions change with time. Mathematical models are therefore needed for improving the understanding of SSF processes and allowing their manipulation to achieve the desired outcomes. Existing models of SSF processes describe coupled substrate conversion and diffusion and the consequent microbial growth. Existing models disregard many of the significant phenomena that are known to influence SSF. As a result, available models cannot explain the generation of the numerous products that form during any SSF process and the outcome of the process in terms of the characteristics of the final product. This review critically evaluates the proposed models and their experimental validation. In addition, important issues that need to be resolved for improved modeling of SSF are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yovita S P Rahardjo
- Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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10
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Schepers AW, Thibault J, Lacroix C. Continuous lactic acid production in whey permeate/yeast extract medium with immobilized Lactobacillus helveticus in a two-stage process: Model and experiments. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Moussa MS, Hooijmans CM, Lubberding HJ, Gijzen HJ, van Loosdrecht MCM. Modelling nitrification, heterotrophic growth and predation in activated sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2005; 39:5080-98. [PMID: 16313939 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A mathematical model describing the interaction between nitrifiers, heterotrophs and predators in wastewater treatment has been developed. The inclusion of a predation mechanism is a new addition to the existing activated sludge models. The developed model considered multi-substrate consumption and multi-species growth, maintenance and decay in a culture where nitrifiers, heterotrophs and predators (protozoa and metazoa) are coexisting. Two laboratory-scale sequenced batch reactors (SBRs) operated at different sludge retention time (SRT) of 30 and 100 days for a period of 4 years were used to calibrate and validate the model. Moreover, to assess the predator activity, a simple procedure was developed, based on measuring the respiration rate with and without the presence of the predators. The model successfully described the performance of two SBRs systems. The fraction of active biomass (ammonia oxidisers, nitrite oxidisers and heterotrophs) predicted by the proposed model was only 33% and 14% at SRT of 30 and 100 days, respectively. The high fraction of inert biomass predicted by the model was in accordance with the microscopic investigations of biomass viability in both reactors. The presented model was used to investigate the effect of increasing sludge age and the role of predators on the biomass composition of the tested SBR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Moussa
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, Netherlands.
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12
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Zhang S, Norrlöw O, Dey ES. Improvement of NaNO2-oxidizing activity in Nitrobacter vulgaris by coentrapment in polyacrylamide containing polydimethylsiloxane copolymer and DEAE-sephadex. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:5888-92. [PMID: 16204501 PMCID: PMC1265958 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.10.5888-5892.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of nitrite and nitrate from drinking water has attracted great attention in recent years because of the human health risk induced by the exposure to contaminated groundwater and surface water. We have therefore tested a model nitrite oxidation system by coentrapping the NaNO2 oxidizer Nitrobacter vulgaris with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) copolymer and DEAE-Sephadex in a polyacrylamide gel. The copolymer and the anion exchanger facilitate the diffusion of oxygen and NaNO2, respectively, into the gel matrix. To test the nitrite-oxidizing activity, the entrapped cells were coupled to a thermal sensor. Coentrapment of 5% (wt/vol) DEAE-Sephadex with Nitrobacter vulgaris increased the nitrite-oxidizing activity by a factor of 3.7 compared to entrapped cells alone, and by the addition of 0.86% (wt/vol) artificial oxygen carrier PDMS copolymer increased the activity further to 4.3 times higher. Operational and storage stability of the coentrapped N.vulgaris also improved. This suggests that this enhanced immobilized cell system can also be used for nitrite oxidation to nitrate in drinking water as an on-line thermally monitored bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songping Zhang
- Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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13
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Benyahia F, Polomarkaki R. Mass transfer and kinetic studies under no cell growth conditions in nitrification using alginate gel immobilized Nitrosomonas. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Wijffels RH, Hunik JH, Leenen EJTM, Günther A, de Castro JMO, Tramper J, Englund G, Bakketun Å. Effects of diffusion limitation on immobilized nitrifying microorganisms at low temperatures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 45:1-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260450102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Cachon R, Molin P, Diviès C. Modeling of continuous Ph-stat stirred tank reactor withLactococcus lactisssp.lactisbv.diacetylactisimmobilized in calcium alginate gel beads. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 47:567-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260470509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Marcelis C, van Leeuwen M, Polderman H, Janssen A, Lettinga G. Model description of dibenzothiophene mass transfer in oil/water dispersions with respect to biodesulfurization. Biochem Eng J 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1369-703x(03)00041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Banerjee I, Modak JM, Bandopadhyay K, Das D, Maiti BR. Mathematical model for evaluation of mass transfer limitations in phenol biodegradation by immobilized Pseudomonas putida. J Biotechnol 2001; 87:211-23. [PMID: 11334665 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(01)00235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A mathematical model is proposed to analyze the mass transfer limitations in phenol biodegradation using Pseudomonas putida immobilized in calcium alginate. The model takes into account internal and external mass transfer limitations, substrate inhibition kinetics and the dependence of the effective diffusivity of phenol in alginate gel on cell concentration. The model is validated with the experimental data from batch fermentation. The effect of various operating conditions such as initial phenol concentration, initial cell loading, alginate gel loading on the biodegradation of phenol is experimentally demonstrated. Phenol degradation time is found to decrease initially and reach stationary value with increase in cell loading as well as gel loading. The model predicts these trends reasonably well and shows the presence of external mass transfer limitations. A new concept of effectiveness factor is introduced to analyze the overall performance of batch fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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18
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Gonzalez-Gil G, Seghezzo L, Lettinga G, Kleerebezem R. Kinetics and mass-transfer phenomena in anaerobic granular sludge. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 73:125-34. [PMID: 11255160 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic properties of acetate-degrading methanogenic granular sludge of different mean diameters were assessed at different up-flow velocities (V(up)). Using this approach, the influence of internal and external mass transfer could be estimated. First, the apparent Monod constant (K(S)) for each data set was calculated by means of a curve-fitting procedure. The experimental results revealed that variations in the V(up) did not affect the apparent K(S)-value, indicating that external mass-transport resistance normally can be neglected. With regard to the granule size, a clear increase in K(S) was found at increasing granule diameters. The experimental data were further used to validate a dynamic mathematical biofilm model. The biofilm model was able to describe reaction-diffusion kinetics in anaerobic granules, using a single value for the effective diffusion coefficient in the granules. This suggests that biogas formation did not influence the diffusion-rates in the granular biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gonzalez-Gil
- Subdepartment of Environmental Technology, Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Systems Technology, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands. graciela
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Abstract
The cultivation of cartilage cells (chondrocytes) in polymer scaffolds leads to implants that may potentially be used to repair damaged joint cartilage or for reconstructive surgery. For this technique to be medically applicable, the physical parameters that govern cell growth in a polymer scaffold must be understood. This understanding of cell behavior under in vitro conditions, where diffusion is the primary mode of transport of nutrients, may aid in the scale-up of the cartilage generation process. A mathematical model of chondrocyte generation and nutrient consumption is developed here to analyze the behavior of cell growth in a biodegradable polymer matrix for a series of different thickness polymers. Recent literature has implied that the diffusion of nutrients is a major factor that limits cell growth (Freed et al., 1994). In the present paper, a mathematical model is developed to directly relate the effects of increasing cell mass in the polymer matrix on the transport of nutrients. Reaction and diffusion of nutrients in the cell-polymer system are described using the fundamental species continuity equations and the volume averaging method. The volume averaging method is utilized to derive a single averaged nutrient continuity equation that includes the effective transport properties. This approach allows for the derivation of effective diffusion and rate coefficients as functions of the cell volume fraction. The cell volume fraction as a function of time is determined by solution of a material balance on cell mass. Growth functions including the Moser, a modified Contois, and an nth-order heterogeneous growth kinetic model are evaluated through a parameter analysis, and the results are compared to experimental data found in the literature. The results indicate that cellular functions in conjunction with mass transfer processes can account partially for the general trends in the cell growth behavior for various thickness polymers. The Contois growth function appeared to describe the data more accurately in terms of the lag period at early times and the long time limits. However, all kinetic growth functions required variations in the kinetic parameters to fully describe the effects of polymer thickness. This result implies that restricted diffusion of nutrients is not the sole factor limiting cell growth when the thickness of the polymer is changed. Therefore, further experimental data and model improvements are needed to accurately describe the cell growth process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Galban
- Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, USA
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Galban CJ, Locke BR. Effects of spatial variation of cells and nutrient and product concentrations coupled with product inhibition on cell growth in a polymer scaffold. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990920)64:6<633::aid-bit1>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Goodall JL, Peretti SW. Dynamic modeling of meta- and para-nitrobenzoate metabolism by a mixed co-immobilized culture of comamonas spp. JS46 and JS47. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998; 59:507-16. [PMID: 10099365 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980820)59:4<507::aid-bit14>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A model describing the transient activity of a mixed immobilized culture of Comamonas spp. JS46 and JS47 growing on mixed substrates is presented. The transient periods considered are those following changes in the feed carbon source, which alternated between meta- and para-nitrobenzoate. The feed profile alternately starved one of the species in the mixed culture. The response of the system, as quantified by the reactor effluent substrate concentrations, is dictated by the activity of the biomass and the appropriate biochemical pathway. As detailed mechanistic pathway information is not available, respirometry has been used to characterize both facets of activity. Two parameters were introduced: Psi representing pathway activity and Gamma representing biomass activity; a detailed description of the analysis is included. The model is compared to experimental investigation of the system and describes the reactor response well. The agreement between model and experiment suggests the usefulness of oxygen kinetics as global measurements to describe complex systems when mechanistic detail is not available. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- JL Goodall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA
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22
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Leenen EJTM, Boogert AA, van Lammeren AAM, Tramper J, Wijffels RH. Dynamics of artificially immobilizedNitrosomonas europaea: Effect of biomass decay. Biotechnol Bioeng 1997; 55:630-41. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19970820)55:4<630::aid-bit5>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Reduced temperature sensitivity of immobilized Nitrobacter agilis cells caused by diffusion limitation. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(96)00214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Catalan-Sakairi MAB, Wang PC, Matsumura M. Nitrification performance of marine nitrifiers immobilized in polyester- and macro-porous cellulose carriers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(97)81913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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25
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Tartakovsky B, Kotlar E, Sheintuch M. Coupled nitrification-denitrification processes in a mixed culture of coimmobilized cells: Analysis and experiment. Chem Eng Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(96)00089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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26
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Optimum design of a series of continuous stirred tank reactors containing immobilised growing cells. Biotechnol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00143459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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28
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Immobilized-Cell Growth: Diffusion Limitation in Expanding Micro-Colonies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-0423(96)80034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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29
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Willaert RG, Baron GV. GEL ENTRAPMENT AND MICRO-ENCAPSULATION: METHODS, APPLICATIONS AND ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES. REV CHEM ENG 1996. [DOI: 10.1515/revce.1996.12.1-2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Characteristics and selection criteria of support materials for immobilization of nitrifying bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-0423(96)80029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Dynamic Modelling of an Integrated Nitrogen Removal System Using Co-immobilized Microorganisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-0423(96)80067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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32
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33
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34
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Dynamic modeling of immobilized Nitrosomonas europaea: Implementation of diffusion limitation over expanding microcolonies. Enzyme Microb Technol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)00105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Diffusion-reaction-growth coupling in gel-immobilized cell systems: Model and experiment. Enzyme Microb Technol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)00036-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Wijffels R, Eekhof MR, de Beer D, van den Heuvel JC, Tramper J. Pseudo-steady state oxygen-concentration profiles in an agar slab containing growing Nitrobacter agilis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(95)94086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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37
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Abstract
Within an immobilized cell matrix, mass transfer limitations on substrate delivery or product removal can often lead to a wide range of local chemical environments. As immobilized living cell populations actively grow and adapt to their surroundings, these mass transfer effects often lead to strong, time-dependent spatial variations in substrate concentration and biomass densities and growth rates. This review focuses on the methods that have been devised, both experimentally and theoretically, to study the non-uniform growth patterns that arise in the mass transfer limited environment of an immobilization matrix, with particular attention being paid to cell growth in polysaccharide gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Walsh
- School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Ireland
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38
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Beverloo WA, Tramper J. Intensity of microcarrier collisions in turbulent flow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00369627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A strategy to scale up nitrification processes with immobilized cells of nitrosomonas europaea and nitrobacter agilis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00389563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Norton S, Lacroix C, Vuillemard JC. Kinetic study of continuous whey permeate fermentation by immobilized Lactobacillus helveticus for lactic acid production. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hunik JH, Bos CG, van den Hoogen MP, De Gooijer CD, Tramper J. Co-immobilizedNitrosomonas europaea andNitrobacter agilis cells: validation of a dynamic model for simultaneous substrate conversion and growth in ?-carrageenan gel beads. Biotechnol Bioeng 1994; 43:1153-63. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260431121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hunik JH, van den Hoogen MP, de Boer W, Smit M, Tramper J. Quantitative Determination of the Spatial Distribution of
Nitrosomonas europaea
and
Nitrobacter agilis
Cells Immobilized in κ-Carrageenan Gel Beads by a Specific Fluorescent-Antibody Labelling Technique. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:1951-4. [PMID: 16348970 PMCID: PMC182191 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.6.1951-1954.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel technique, combining labelling and stereological methods, for the determination of spatial distribution of two microorganisms in a biofilm is presented. Cells of
Nitrosomonas europaea
(ATCC 19718) and
Nitrobacter agilis
(ATCC 14123) were homogeneously distributed in a κ-carrageenan gel during immobilization and allowed to grow out to colonies. The gel beads were sliced in thin cross sections after fixation and embedding. A two-step labelling method resulted in green fluorescent colonies of either
N. europaea
or
N. agilis
in the respective cross sections. The positions and surface areas of the colonies of each species were determined, and from that a biomass volume distribution for
N. europaea
and
N. agilis
in κ-carrageenan gel beads was estimated. This technique will be useful for the validation of biofilm models, which predict such biomass distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Hunik
- Department of Food Science, Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, and Department of Plant Cytology and Morphology, Agricultural University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, and Netherlands Institute for Ecology-Centre for Terrestrial Ecology, Heteren, The Netherlands
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Determination of the radial distribution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilised in calcium alginate gel beads. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00155476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Abstract
Over the review period, a significant amount of literature has been published documenting the impact of biofilms on engineered and biomedical systems. Reactor systems and analytical techniques have evolved to study the molecular chemistry and microbial ecology within biofilm layers only tens of micrometers thick, and various protocols have been developed to control cell adhesion and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Bryers
- Center for Interfacial Microbial Process Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717-0398
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Lefebvre J, Vincent J. Dynamic simulations of cell-bearing membranes: Modelling and optimization of bioreactors. Comput Chem Eng 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0098-1354(93)80233-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Santos VA, Tramper J, Wijffels RH. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification using immobilized microorganisms. BIOMATERIALS, ARTIFICIAL CELLS, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ARTIFICIAL CELLS AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 1993; 21:317-22. [PMID: 8399972 DOI: 10.3109/10731199309117369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen removal from wastewaters is a multiple step process in which nitrification is often a problem due to the slow growth rates of the nitrifying bacteria. By immobilization of these bacteria, nitrification can be efficiently accomplished in compact reactors. In this paper, the possibilities of integrated nitrification and denitrification within a single reactor system are evaluated. Two main systems are studied: a) Nitrosamines europaea and Pseudomonas denitrificans co-immobilized in a a gel bead and operated in an air-lift reactor; b) the same bacteria separately immobilized and operated in different compartments of a multiple gas-lift reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Santos
- Wageningen Agricultural University, Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, The Netherlands
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Wijffels RH, de Gooijer CD, Kortekaas S, Tramper J. Growth and substrate consumption ofNitrobacter agilis cells immobilized in carrageenan: Part 2. Model evaluation. Biotechnol Bioeng 1991; 38:232-40. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260380304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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