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Schollmeyer J, Waldburger S, Njo K, Yehia H, Kurreck A, Neubauer P, Riedel SL. Bioprocess development to produce a hyperthermostable S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3322-3334. [PMID: 37574915 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside phosphorylases are important biocatalysts for the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of nucleosides and their analogs which are, among others, used for the treatment of viral infections or cancer. S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylases (MTAP) are a group of nucleoside phosphorylases and the thermostable MTAP of Aeropyrum pernix (ApMTAP) was described to accept a wide range of modified nucleosides as substrates. Therefore, it is an interesting biocatalyst for the synthesis of nucleoside analogs for industrial and therapeutic applications. To date, thermostable nucleoside phosphorylases were produced in shake flask cultivations using complex media. The drawback of this approach is low volumetric protein yields which hamper the wide-spread application of the thermostable nucleoside phosphorylases in large scale. High cell density (HCD) cultivations allow the production of recombinant proteins with high volumetric yields, as final optical densities >100 can be achieved. Therefore, in this study, we developed a suitable protocol for HCD cultivations of ApMTAP. Initially, optimum expression conditions were determined in 24-well plates using a fed-batch medium. Subsequently, HCD cultivations were performed using E. coli BL21-Gold cells, by employing a glucose-limited fed-batch strategy. Comparing different growth rates in stirred-tank bioreactors, cultivations revealed that growth at maximum growth rates until induction resulted in the highest yields of ApMTAP. On a 500-mL scale, final cell dry weights of 87.1-90.1 g L-1 were observed together with an overproduction of ApMTAP in a 1.9%-3.8% ratio of total protein. Compared to initially applied shake flask cultivations with terrific broth (TB) medium the volumetric yield increased by a factor of 136. After the purification of ApMTAP via heat treatment and affinity chromatography, a purity of more than 90% was determined. Activity testing revealed specific activities in the range of 0.21 ± 0.11 (low growth rate) to 3.99 ± 1.02 U mg-1 (growth at maximum growth rate). Hence, growth at maximum growth rate led to both an increased expression of the target protein and an increased specific enzyme activity. This study paves the way towards the application of thermostable nucleoside phosphorylases in industrial applications due to an improved heterologous expression in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schollmeyer
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Berlin, Germany
- BioNukleo GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Waldburger
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kendra Njo
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Berlin, Germany
- BioNukleo GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heba Yehia
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anke Kurreck
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Berlin, Germany
- BioNukleo GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian L Riedel
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Berlin, Germany
- Berliner Hochschule für Technik, Department VIII - Mechanical Engineering, Event Technology and Process Engineering, Environmental and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Berlin, Germany
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Zafar A, Rahman Z, Mubeen H, Makhdoom J, Tariq J, Mahjabeen, Ali Z, Hamid A, Shafique E, Aftab MN. Heterologous expression, molecular studies and biochemical characterization of a novel alkaline esterase gene from Bacillus thuringiensis for detergent industry. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34482-34495. [PMID: 36545586 PMCID: PMC9709933 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06138d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Present study was aimed to clone and express the esterase encoding gene from Bacillus thuringiensis in E. coli BL21. Purification of recombinant esterase enzyme was achieved up to 48.6 purification folds by ion exchange chromatography with specific activity of 126.36 U mg-1. Molecular weight of esterase enzyme was 29 kDa as measured by SDS-PAGE. Purified esterase enzyme showed stability up to 90% at 90 °C and remained stable in a wide pH range (8-11). Molecular docking strengthens the experimental results by showing the higher binding energy with p-NP-butyrate. Enzyme activity was found to be reduced by EDTA but enhanced in the presence of other metal ions. Enzyme activity was reduced with 1% SDS, PMSF, and urea but organic solvents did not show considerable impact on it even at higher concentrations. Purified recombinant esterase was also found to be compatible with commercial laundry detergents and showed very good stability (up to 90%). All these properties proved the esterase enzyme from B. thuringensis a significant addition in detergent industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Zafar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central PunjabLahorePakistan+92-3006485797
| | - Ziaur Rahman
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central PunjabLahorePakistan+92-3006485797
| | - Hira Mubeen
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central PunjabLahorePakistan+92-3006485797
| | | | - Javeria Tariq
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central PunjabLahorePakistan+92-3006485797
| | - Mahjabeen
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central PunjabLahorePakistan+92-3006485797
| | - Zulqurnain Ali
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central PunjabLahorePakistan+92-3006485797
| | - Attia Hamid
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Govt. College UniversityLahorePakistan
| | - Eeza Shafique
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central PunjabLahorePakistan+92-3006485797
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Zafar A, Hamid A, Peng L, Wang Y, Aftab MN. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass using a novel, thermotolerant recombinant xylosidase enzyme from Clostridium clariflavum: a potential addition for biofuel industry. RSC Adv 2022; 12:14917-14931. [PMID: 35702232 PMCID: PMC9115876 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00304j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the cloning, expression, purification and characterization of the xylosidase gene (1650 bp) from a thermophilic bacterium Clostridium clariflavum into E. coli BL21 (DE3) using the expression vector pET-21a(+) for utilization in biofuel production. The recombinant xylosidase enzyme was purified to homogeneity by heat treatment and immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE determined that the molecular weight of purified xylosidase was 60 kDa. This purified recombinant xylosidase showed its maximum activity at a temperature of 37 °C and pH 6.0. The purified recombinant xylosidase enzyme remains stable up to 90 °C for 4 h and retained 54.6% relative activity as compared to the control. The presence of metal ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ showed a positive impact on xylosidase enzyme activity whereas Cu2+ and Hg2+ inhibit its activity. Organic solvents did not considerably affect the stability of the purified xylosidase enzyme while DMSO and SDS cause the inhibition of enzyme activity. Pretreatment experiments were run in triplicate for 72 h at 30 °C using 10% NaOH. Saccharification experiment was performed by using 1% substrate (pretreated plant biomass) in citrate phosphate buffer of pH 6.5 loaded with 150 U mL−1 of purified recombinant xylosidase enzyme along with ampicillin (10 μg mL−1). Subsequent incubation was carried out at 50 °C and 100 rpm in a shaking incubator for 24 h. Saccharification potential of the recombinant xylosidase enzyme was calculated against both pretreated and untreated sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw as 9.63% and 8.91% respectively. All these characteristics of the recombinant thermotolerant xylosidase enzyme recommended it as a potential candidate for biofuel industry. The present study describes the cloning, expression, purification and characterization of a xylosidase gene from Clostridium clariflavum into E. coli BL21 (DE3) using the expression vector pET-21a(+) for utilization in biofuel production.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Zafar
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab Lahore Pakistan
| | - Attia Hamid
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore 54000 Pakistan +92 99213341 +92 3444704190
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agriculture University Wuhan China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agriculture University Wuhan China
| | - Muhammad Nauman Aftab
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore 54000 Pakistan +92 99213341 +92 3444704190
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Implementation of a Practical Teaching Course on Protein Engineering. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030387. [PMID: 35336761 PMCID: PMC8944992 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Proteins are the workhorses of the cell. With different combinations of the 20 common amino acids and some modifications of these amino acids, proteins have evolved with a staggering array of new functions and capabilities due to Protein Engineering techniques. The practical course presented was offered to undergraduate bioengineering and chemical students at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (Portugal) and consists of sequential laboratory sessions to learn the basic skills related to the expression and purification of recombinant proteins in bacterial hosts. These experiments were successfully applied by students as all working groups were able to isolate a model recombinant protein (the enhanced green fluorescent protein) from a cell lysate containing a mixture of proteins and other biomolecules produced by an Escherichia coli strain and evaluate the performance of the extraction and purification procedures they learned. Abstract Protein Engineering is a highly evolved field of engineering aimed at developing proteins for specific industrial, medical, and research applications. Here, we present a practical teaching course to demonstrate fundamental techniques used to express, purify and analyze a recombinant protein produced in Escherichia coli—the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). The methodologies used for eGFP production were introduced sequentially over six laboratory sessions and included (i) bacterial growth, (ii) sonication (for cell lysis), (iii) affinity chromatography and dialysis (for eGFP purification), (iv) bicinchoninic acid (BCA) and fluorometry assays for total protein and eGFP quantification, respectively, and (v) sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for qualitative analysis. All groups were able to isolate the eGFP from the cell lysate with purity levels up to 72%. Additionally, a mass balance analysis performed by the students showed that eGFP yields up to 46% were achieved at the end of the purification process following the adopted procedures. A sensitivity analysis was performed to pinpoint the most critical steps of the downstream processing.
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Gomes L, Monteiro G, Mergulhão F. The Impact of IPTG Induction on Plasmid Stability and Heterologous Protein Expression by Escherichia coli Biofilms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020576. [PMID: 31963160 PMCID: PMC7013871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This work assesses the effect of chemical induction with isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) on the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) by planktonic and biofilm cells of Escherichia coli JM109(DE3) transformed with a plasmid containing a T7 promoter. It was shown that induction negatively affected the growth and viability of planktonic cultures, and eGFP production did not increase. Heterologous protein production was not limited by gene dosage or by transcriptional activity. Results suggest that plasmid maintenance at high copy number imposes a metabolic burden that precludes high level expression of the heterologous protein. In biofilm cells, the inducer avoided the overall decrease in the amount of expressed eGFP, although this was not correlated with the gene dosage. Higher specific production levels were always attained with biofilm cells and it seems that while induction of biofilm cells shifts their metabolism towards the maintenance of heterologous protein concentration, in planktonic cells the cellular resources are directed towards plasmid replication and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Gomes
- LEPABE—Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Gabriel Monteiro
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Filipe Mergulhão
- LEPABE—Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225081668
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Jing J, Chen Y, Sheng L, Wu M. Optimized production of insulin variant, a recombinant platelet aggregation inhibitor, by high cell-density fermentation of recombinant Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 152:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zeeshan N, Naz S, Naz S, Afroz A, Zahur M, Zia S. Heterologous expression and enhanced production of β-1,4-glucanase of Bacillus halodurans C-125 in Escherichia coli. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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Development of an efficient process intensification strategy for enhancing Pfu DNA polymerase production in recombinant Escherichia coli. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 38:651-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chen H, Jiang P, Li F, Wu H. Improving production of thermostable and fluorescent holo-β-allophycocyanin by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli using response surface methodology. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 45:730-41. [PMID: 25181561 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.943374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A stable fluorescent holo-β-allophycocyanin (holo-ApcB) was produced by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. The E. coli cells harbored two plasmids for expression of five genes that were involved in the holo-ApcB production. Response surface methodology was employed to investigate the individual and interactive effects of four variables, i.e., initial pH of culture medium, IPTG concentration, post-induction temperature, and induction start time, on holo-ApcB production by E. coli. The experimental results showed that the IPTG concentration, postinduction temperature, and induction start time had significant individual effects on holo-ApcB production. A significant interactive effect was also found between the initial pH of culture and induction start time. The maximum holo-ApcB production of 45.3 mg/L was predicted under the following optimized culture conditions: a postinduction temperature of 28.4°C, initial pH of culture of 7.3, IPTG concentration of 1.1 mM, and postinduction time of 66 min. Holo-ApcB production under the optimized culture conditions increased 5.8-fold, compared with that under the nonoptimized conditions. Response surface methodology proved to be a valuable tool for optimization of holo-ApcB production by metabolically engineered E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China
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10
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Baig F, Fernando LP, Salazar MA, Powell RR, Bruce TF, Harcum SW. Dynamic transcriptional response of Escherichia coli to inclusion body formation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:980-99. [PMID: 24338599 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is used intensively for recombinant protein production, but one key challenge with recombinant E. coli is the tendency of recombinant proteins to misfold and aggregate into insoluble inclusion bodies (IBs). IBs contain high concentrations of inactive recombinant protein that require recovery steps to salvage a functional recombinant protein. Currently, no universally effective method exists to prevent IB formation in recombinant E. coli. In this study, DNA microarrays were used to compare the E. coli gene expression response dynamics to soluble and insoluble recombinant protein production. As expected and previously reported, the classical heat-shock genes had increased expression due to IB formation, including protein folding chaperones and proteases. Gene expression levels for protein synthesis-related and energy-synthesis pathways were also increased. Many transmembrane transporter and corresponding catabolic pathways genes had decreased expression for substrates not present in the culture medium. Additionally, putative genes represented over one-third of the genes identified to have significant expression changes due to IB formation, indicating many important cellular responses to IB formation still need to be characterized. Interestingly, cells grown in 3% ethanol had significantly reduced gene expression responses due to IB formation. Taken together, these results indicate that IB formation is complex, stimulates the heat-shock response, increases protein and energy synthesis needs, and streamlines transport and catabolic processes, while ethanol diminished all of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Baig
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 301 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634
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Chew FN, Tan WS, Boo HC, Tey BT. Statistical optimization of green fluorescent protein production from Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 42:535-50. [PMID: 23030465 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2012.660903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An optimized cultivation condition is needed to maximize the functional green fluorescent protein (GFP) production. Six process variables (agitation rate, temperature, initial medium pH, concentration of inducer, time of induction, and inoculum density) were screened using the fractional factorial design. Three variables (agitation rate, temperature, and time of induction) exerted significant effects on functional GFP production in E. coli shake flask cultivation and were optimized subsequently using the Box-Behnken design. An agitation rate of 206 rpm at 31°C and induction of the protein expression when the cell density (OD(600nm)) reaches 1.04 could enhance the yield of functional GFP production from 0.025 g/L to 0.241 g/L, which is about ninefold higher than the unoptimized conditions. Unoptimized cultivation conditions resulted in protein aggregation and hence reduced the quantity of functional GFP. The model and regression equation based on the shake flask cultivation could be applied to a 2-L bioreactor for maximum functional GFP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Few Ne Chew
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
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12
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Moradian C, Fazeli M, Abedi D. Over expression of the Interferon β-1b by optimizing induction conditions using response surface meth-odology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.15412/j.jbtw.01020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Xu J, Qian Y, Skonezny PM, You L, Xing Z, Meyers DS, Stankavage RJ, Pan SH, Li ZJ. Reduction of N-terminal methionylation while increasing titer by lowering metabolic and protein production rates in E. coli auto-induced fed-batch fermentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:1199-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A standard fed-batch fermentation process using 1 mM isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction at 37 °C in complex batch and feed media had been developed for manufacturing of a therapeutic protein (TP) expressed in inclusion bodies (IBs) by E. coli BL21 (DE3) driven by T7 promoter. Six unauthentic TP N-terminal variants were identified, of which methionylated TP (Met-TP) ratio was predominant. We hypothesized that lowering metabolic and protein production rates would reduce the Met-TP ratio while improving TP titer. The standard process was surprisingly auto-induced without added IPTG due to galactose in the complex media. Without changing either the clone or the batch medium, a new process was developed using lower feed rates and auto-induction at 29 °C after glucose depletion while increasing induction duration. In comparison to the standard process, the new process reduced the unauthentic Met-TP ratio from 23.6 to 9.6 %, increased the TP titer by 85 %, and the specific production yield from 210 to 330 mg TP per gram of dry cell weight. Furthermore, the TP recovery yield in the purified IBs was improved by ~20 %. Adding together, ~105 % more TP recovered in the purified IBs from per liter of fermentation broth for the new process than the standard process. The basic principles of lowering metabolic and production rates should be applicable to other recombinant protein production in IBs by fed-batch fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Xu
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Yueming Qian
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Paul M Skonezny
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Li You
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Zizhuo Xing
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - David S Meyers
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Robert J Stankavage
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Shih-Hsie Pan
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
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Xu J, Banerjee A, Pan SH, Li ZJ. Galactose can be an inducer for production of therapeutic proteins by auto-induction using E. coli BL21 strains. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 83:30-6. [PMID: 22425658 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently lactose mediated auto-induction in Escherichia coli has gained a lot of interest because higher protein titer could be achieved without the need to monitor growth and add inducer at the proper time. In this study a high level therapeutic protein production by auto-induction was observed in E. coli BL21 using either T7 or tac promoters in the modified Luria Bertani (mLB) medium containing soy peptone instead of tryptone in Luria Bertani (LB) medium. Based on medium analysis and spiking experiments it was found that 0.4 mM galactose from the soy peptone caused the auto-induction. E. coli cultures induced by galactose can saturate at considerably higher density than cultures induced by IPTG. Galactose is not consumed by E. coli BL21. Finally it has been demonstrated that auto-induction can be effectively used in fed-batch fermentation for the industrial production of a therapeutic protein. The principle of galactose mediated auto-induction should be able to apply to high throughput microplates, shake flasks and fed-batch fermentors for clone screening and therapeutic protein expression in E. coli gal(-) strains such as most commonly used BL21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Xu
- Biologics Process Science, Technical Operations, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Syracuse, NY 13057, United States
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15
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Wen WS, Hsieh MC, Wang SSS. High-level expression and purification of human γD-crystallin in Escherichia coli. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Einsfeldt K, Severo Júnior JB, Corrêa Argondizzo AP, Medeiros MA, Alves TLM, Almeida RV, Larentis AL. Cloning and expression of protease ClpP from Streptococcus pneumoniae in Escherichia coli: study of the influence of kanamycin and IPTG concentration on cell growth, recombinant protein production and plasmid stability. Vaccine 2011; 29:7136-43. [PMID: 21651937 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae are one of the main causes of death around the world. In order to address this problem, investigations are being made into the development of a protein-based vaccine. The aims of this study were to clone and express ClpP, a protein from S. pneumoniae serotype 14 in Escherichia coli, to optimize protein expression by using experimental design and to study plasmid segregation in the system. ClpP was cloned into the pET28b vector and expressed in E. coli BL21 Star (DE3). Protein expression was optimized by using central composite design, varying the inducer (IPTG) and kanamycin concentration, with a subsequent analysis being made of the concentration of heterologous protein, cell growth and the fraction of plasmid-bearing cells. In all the experiments, approximately the same concentration of ClpP was expressed in its soluble form, with a mean of 240.4mg/L at the center point. Neither the IPTG concentration nor the kanamycin concentration was found to have any statistically significant influence on protein expression. Also, higher IPTG concentrations were found to have a negative effect on cell growth and plasmid stability. Plasmid segregation was identified in the system under all the concentrations studied. Using statistical analysis, it was possible to ascertain that the procedures for determining plasmid stability (serial dilution and colony counting) were reproducible. It was concluded that the inducer concentration could be reduced tenfold and the antibiotic eliminated from the system without significantly affecting expression levels and with the positive effect of reducing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Einsfeldt
- Programa de Engenharia Química - COPPE - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) - Av. Horácio Macedo 2030, Bloco G, Sala 115 - Centro de Tecnologia (CT) - Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Caixa Postal 68502 - 21941-972, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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LuxS coexpression enhances yields of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli in part through posttranscriptional control of GroEL. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2141-52. [PMID: 21278275 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02347-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication, or quorum sensing (QS), enables cell density-dependent regulation of bacterial gene expression which can be exploited for the autonomous-signal-guided expression of recombinant proteins (C. Y. Tsao, S. Hooshangi, H. C. Wu, J. J. Valdes, and W. E. Bentley, Metab. Eng. 12:291-297, 2010). Earlier observations that the metabolic potential of Escherichia coli is conveyed via the QS signaling molecule autoinducer-2 (AI-2) suggested that the capacity for protein synthesis could also be affected by AI-2 signaling (M. P. DeLisa, J. J. Valdes, and W. E. Bentley, J. Bacteriol. 183:2918-2928, 2001). In this work, we found that simply adding conditioned medium containing high levels of AI-2 at the same time as inducing the synthesis of recombinant proteins doubled the yield of active product. We have hypothesized that AI-2 signaling "conditions" cells as a natural consequence of cell-to-cell communication and that this could tweak the signal transduction cascade to alter the protein synthesis landscape. We inserted luxS (AI-2 synthase) into vectors which cosynthesized proteins of interest (organophosphorus hydrolase [OPH], chloramphenicol acetyltransferase [CAT], or UV-variant green fluorescent protein [GFPuv]) and evaluated the protein expression in luxS-deficient hosts. In this way, we altered the level of luxS in the cells in order to "tune" the synthesis of AI-2. We found conditions in which the protein yield was dramatically increased. Further studies demonstrated coincident upregulation of the chaperone GroEL, which may have facilitated higher yields and is shown for the first time to be positively regulated at the posttranscriptional level by AI-2. This report is the first to demonstrate that the protein synthesis capacity of E. coli can be altered by rewiring quorum sensing circuitry.
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Olaofe OA, Burton SG, Cowan DA, Harrison ST. Improving the production of a thermostable amidase through optimising IPTG induction in a highly dense culture of recombinant Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Harcum SW, Bentley WE. Response dynamics of 26-, 34-, 39-, 54-, and 80-kDa proteases in induced cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 42:675-85. [PMID: 18613100 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several researchers have demonstrated that the presence of a heterologous protein in recombinant Escherichia coli elicits a response similar to the heat-shock response, which includes enhanced protease expression. The present work detects, quantifies, and characterizes intracellular protease activity in E. coli that are "shocked" by the induction of a recombinant protein, CAT, which is an endogenous protein in some E. coli strains. A novel, sodium dodecyl sulfate gelatin poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-GPAGE) method is used to detect, quantify, and characterize the presence of these proteases. A hypothesis is proposed which links the amplified protease activity to a temporary depletion of specific amino acid pools, and a stringent-like stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Harcum
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Ramérez DM, Bentley WE. Enhancement of recombinant protein synthesis and stability via coordinated amino acid addition. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 41:557-65. [PMID: 18609587 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260410508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, effective feeding schemes that would minimize stress responses to cloned-protein overexpression are investigated. The cloned-protein (chloramphenicolacetyl-transferase, CAT) contains a high aromatic amino acid content, most notably a high phenylalanine content. Experiments performed on Escherichia coli RR1 [pBR329] (constitutive promoter) and E. coli JM105 [pSH101] (inducible promoter) demonstrated that phenylalanine addition increases the rate of synthesis and yield of CAT. A previous study correlating inducer strength with CAT expression in E. coli JM105 [pSH101] indicated that the highest expression rate was accompanied by the highest apparent rate of protein degradation. In this work, the combined addition of isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and phenylalanine at intermediate levels resulted in substantial increase of CAT synthesis and partial reduction of protein degradation. Furthermore, transmission electron micrographs verified the absence of inclusion bodies, which, along with proteases, were suspected to reduce protein activity. The research demonstrates that significant enhancement in production and stability of heterologous proteins is possible by designing feeding strategies that incorporate knowledge of the interaction between primary cellular metabolism and foreign protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ramérez
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Bentley WE, Quiroga OE. Investigation of subpopulation heterogeneity and plasmid stability in recombinant escherichia coli via a simple segregated model. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 42:222-34. [PMID: 18612983 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Many microbial and cell cultures exhibit phenomena that can best be described using a segregated modeling approach. Heterogeneties are more marked in recombinant cell cultures because subpopulations, which often exhibit different growth and productivity characteristics, are more easily identified by selective markers. A simple segregated mathematical model that simulates the growth of recombinant Escherichia coli cells is developed. Subpopulations of different growth rate, plasmid replication rate, and plasmid segregation probability are explicitly considered. Results indicate that a third mechanism of plasmid instability, referred to here as a "downward selective pressure," is significant when describing plasmid loss in batch and chemostat cultures. Also, the model agrees well with experimental data from cultures under antibiotic selective pressure. Finally, model simulations of chemostat cultures reveal the importance of initial conditions on culture stability and the possible presence of nonrandom partitioning functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Bentley
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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22
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Miao F, Kompala DS. Overexpression of cloned genes using recombinant Escherichia coli regulated by a T7 promoter: I. Batch cultures and kinetic modeling. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 40:787-96. [PMID: 18601182 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260400706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel Eschericha coli expression system directed by bacteriophage T7 RNA Polymerase utilized for overexpression of the cloned gene. The recombinant cell contains the plasmid with a bacteriophage promoter, the T7 promoter, to regulate the expression of the target gene. This promoter is recognized only by T7 RNA polymerase, whose gene has been fused into the host chromosome and is under control of the lacUV5 promoter. Therefore, the target gene on the plasmid can be expressed only in the presence of T7 RNA polymerase, which is induced by isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The batch cultures were performed to investigate the effect of induction on kinetics of cell growth and foreign protein formation and to determine the optimal induction strategy. It was observed that the specific growth rates of the recombinant cells dramatically decrease after induction, and that there is an optimal induction time for maximizing the accumulated intracellular foreign protein. This optimal induction time varies significantly with inducer concentration. To better understand the optimal behavior, a lumped mechanistic model was constructed to analyze the induced cell growth and foreign protein formation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Miao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424, USA
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23
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Cheraghi S, Akbarzade A, Farhangi A, Chiani M, Saffari Z, Ghassemi S, Rastegari H, Mehrabi MR. Improved production of L-lysine by over-expression of Meso-diaminopimelate decarboxylase enzyme of Corynebacterium glutamicum in Escherichia coli. Pak J Biol Sci 2010; 13:504-508. [PMID: 21848075 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2010.504.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is over-expression of Meso-diaminopimelate decarboxylase enzyme (EC 4.1.1.20) and enhancement of L-lysine production rate. The C. glutamicum LysA gene which encodes a Meso-diaminopimelate decarboxylase was cloned in E. coli. The cloned gene was sequenced; it encodes a 445 amino acids protein with molecular weight of 47 kD. Expression of the LysA gene in E. coli resulted in an increase in Meso-diaminopimelate decarboxylase activity, correlated with the presence in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamid gels of a clear protein band that corresponds to this enzyme. The induction of cloned gene by IPTG has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on cell growth due to over-expression of the cloned gene. A two fold increase in lysine production rate was observed after introduction of the cloned gene into E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cheraghi
- Department of Biochemistry, Payam-E-Noor University, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Cha HJ, Pham MQ, Rao G, Bentley WE. Expression of green fluorescent protein in insect larvae and its application for heterologous protein production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 56:239-47. [PMID: 18636639 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19971105)56:3<239::aid-bit1>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many eukaryotic proteins have been successfully expressed in insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus derived from the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV). There are, however, disadvantages with this cell-based system when carried out in suspension cultures at high bioreactor volume (e.g., limited oxygen transfer, susceptibility to contamination, high cost). These problems can be avoided by using whole larvae as the "reactors." There are, however, other problems encountered with larvae, one being their inaccessibility for product sampling. To combat this problem, we have investigated the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter molecule in Trichoplusia ni insect larvae. A high production level of GFPuv (1.58 mg per larva, 26% of total protein) was obtained, enabling the rapid and non-invasive monitoring of GFP. Bright green light was emitted directly from the large opaque carcasses ( approximately 30mm) after illumination with UV light. Based on the green light intensity and a correlation between intensity and GFP mass, we determined the optimal harvest time (c.a. approximately 3 days post-infection). In parallel experiments, we expressed human interleukin-2 (IL-2) from another recombinant baculovirus with an almost identical expression profile. Since both GFP and IL-2 were rapidly degraded by protease activity during the fourth day post-infection (another disadvantage with larvae), we found an accurate determination of harvest time was critical. Correspondingly, our results demonstrated that GFP was an effective on-line marker for expression of heterologous protein in insect larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Cha
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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25
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Norsyahida A, Rahmah N, Ahmad R. Effects of feeding and induction strategy on the production ofBmR1 antigen in recombinantE. coli. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:544-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Optimal production of a novel endo-acting β-1,4-xylanase cloned from Saccharophagus degradans 2-40 into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). N Biotechnol 2009; 26:157-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Janardhan S, Pandiaraja P, Thirugnanam S, Balamurali MN, Fernando K, Mody HC, Desai PK, Meenakshisundaram S, Kaliraj P. Production, purification and diagnostic application of filarial recombinant protein WbSXP-1 expressed in salt inducible Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 34:675-83. [PMID: 17674066 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Wuchereria bancrofti protein WbSXP-1 was identified and established as a potential candidate for the diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis. For the economic production of rWbSXP-1, osmotically (salt) inducible Escherichia coli GJ1158 was preferred. Cultivation and expression was optimized in 3 L airlift bioreactor (ALB) and was successfully extended to 30 L ALB. Purification of rWbSXP-1 his-tag protein was optimized in technical scale using FPLC and the maximal recovery of rWbSXP-1 with significant level of purity was achieved using the combination of IMAC and gel filtration. Quality criteria for immuno-reactivity of purified rWbSXP-1 were established for diagnostic applications. Enhancement of sensitivity in rapid diagnostic format was optimized to effectively detect weak to strong antibody reactivity in individuals exposed to lymphatic filariasis. Performance of the rapid format during field evaluation was successful. The accelerated stability assessment of the rapid format satisfied the requirements of WHO-cGMP norms. This investigation presents a successful technical scale production and purification of rWbSXP-1 considering the future industrial application and an enhanced rapid flow through antibody assay for the diagnosis of human lymphatic filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Janardhan
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
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28
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Islam RS, Tisi D, Levy MS, Lye GJ. Framework for the Rapid Optimization of Soluble Protein Expression inEscherichia coliCombining Microscale Experiments and Statistical Experimental Design. Biotechnol Prog 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/bp070059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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29
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Sharma SS, Blattner FR, Harcum SW. Recombinant protein production in an Escherichia coli reduced genome strain. Metab Eng 2006; 9:133-41. [PMID: 17126054 PMCID: PMC3710453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, efforts have been made to improve the properties of Escherichia coli as a recombinant host by 'genomic surgery'-deleting large segments of the E. coli K12 MG1655 genome without scars. These excised segments included K-islands, which contain a high proportion of transposons, insertion sequences, cryptic phage, damaged, and unknown-function genes. The resulting multiple-deletion strain, designated E. coli MDS40, has a 14% (about 700 genes) smaller genome than the parent strain, E. coli MG1655. The multiple-deletion and parent E. coli strains were cultured in fed-batch fermenters to high cell densities on minimal medium to simulate industrial conditions for evaluating growth and recombinant protein production characteristics. Recombinant protein production and by-product levels were quantified at different controlled growth rates. These results indicate that the multiple-deletion strain's growth behavior and recombinant protein productivity closely matched the parent stain. Thus, the multiple-deletion strain E. coli MDS40 provides a suitable foundation for further genomic reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamik S. Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | | | - Sarah W. Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: . Phone: (864) 656 6865 Fax: (864) 656 0567
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30
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Optimization of the overexpression of glutamate mutase S component under the control of T7 system by using lactose and IPTG as the inducers. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Mantzaris NV, Daoutidis P, Srienc F, Fredrickson AG. Growth processes in a cascade of bioreactors: Comparison of modeling approaches. AIChE J 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.690450115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Zheng ZY, Yao SJ, Lin DQ. Using a kinetic model that considers cell segregation to optimize hEGF expression in fed-batch cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2005; 27:143-52. [PMID: 15806383 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-004-0376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth inhibition of recombinant Escherichia coli during the expression of human epidermal growth factor was observed. The recombinant cells could be segregated into three populations based on their cell division and plasmid maintenance abilities: dividing and plasmid-bearing cells, dividing and plasmid-free cells, and viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) cells. Fed-batch fermentations were performed to investigate the effect of cell segregation on the kinetics of growth and foreign protein production. The results showed that a low concentration of inducer caused weak induction, whereas high levels cause strong induction, resulting in cells segregating into VBNC bacteria and producing a low foreign protein yield. A kinetic model for cell segregation was proposed and its predictions correlated well with experimental data for cell growth and protein expression. The optimal induction strategy could then be predicted by the model, and this prediction was then verified by experimentally deriving the conditions necessary for maximum expression of recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
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33
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Analysis of the expression of the Trichoderma harzianum ech42 gene in two isogenic clones of Escherichia coli by surface response methodology. Process Biochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2003.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Ramírez DM, Bentley WE. Fed-batch feeding and induction policies that improve foreign protein synthesis and stability by avoiding stress responses. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 47:596-608. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260470512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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DeLisa MP, Valdes JJ, Bentley WE. Quorum signaling via AI-2 communicates the "Metabolic Burden" associated with heterologous protein production in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 75:439-50. [PMID: 11668443 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that bacterial cell-cell communication or quorum sensing is quite prevalent in pathogenic Escherichia coli, especially at high cell density; however, the role of quorum sensing in nonpathogenic E. coli is less clear and, in particular, there is no information regarding the role of quorum sensing in overexpression of plasmid-encoded genes. In this work, it was found that the activity of a quorum signaling molecule, autoinducer-2 (AI-2), decreased significantly following induction of several plasmid-encoded genes in both low and high-cell-density cultures of E. coli. Furthermore, we show that AI-2 signaling level was linearly related to the accumulation level of each protein product and that, in general, the highest rates of recombinant protein accumulation resulted in the greatest attenuation of AI-2 signaling. Importantly, our findings demonstrate for the first time that recombinant E. coli communicate the stress or burden of overexpressing heterologous genes through the quorum-based AI-2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P DeLisa
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnological Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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36
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Chae HJ, Delisa MP, Cha HJ, Weigand WA, Rao G, Bentley WE. Framework for online optimization of recombinant protein expression in high-cell-density Escherichia coli cultures using GFP-fusion monitoring. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 69:275-85. [PMID: 10861407 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20000805)69:3<275::aid-bit5>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A framework for the online optimization of protein induction using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-monitoring technology was developed for high-cell-density cultivation of Escherichia coli. A simple and unstructured mathematical model was developed that described well the dynamics of cloned chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) production in E. coli JM105 was developed. A sequential quadratic programming (SQP) optimization algorithm was used to estimate model parameter values and to solve optimal open-loop control problems for piecewise control of inducer feed rates that maximize productivity. The optimal inducer feeding profile for an arabinose induction system was different from that of an isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction system. Also, model-based online parameter estimation and online optimization algorithms were developed to determine optimal inducer feeding rates for eventual use of a feedback signal from a GFP fluorescence probe (direct product monitoring with 95-minute time delay). Because the numerical algorithms required minimal processing time, the potential for product-based and model-based online optimal control methodology can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Chae
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park 20742, USA
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37
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Donovan RS, Robinson CW, Glick BR. Optimizing the expression of a monoclonal antibody fragment under the transcriptional control of the Escherichia coli lac promoter. Can J Microbiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/w00-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression of a monoclonal antibody Fab fragment in Escherichia coli strain RB791/pComb3, induced with either lactose or isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG), was compared to determine if lactose might provide an inexpensive alternative to induction with IPTG. Induction of Fab expression imposed a metabolic load on the recombinant cells, resulting in lower final cell yields compared to the non-induced controls. An IPTG concentration of 0.05 mM was sufficient to achieve maximal expression of soluble Fab protein when inducing in the early-, mid-, or late-log phases of batch cultures grown using either glucose or glycerol as a carbon source. The largest overall yield of Fab fragments when using 0.05 mM IPTG was achieved by increasing the final yield of cells through glycerol feeding following induction in late-log phase. Lactose was as effective as IPTG for inducing Fab expression in E. coli RB791/pComb3. The greatest overall level of Fab expression was found when cells grown on glycerol were induced with 2 g/L lactose in late-log phase. Since the cost of 0.05 mM of IPTG is significantly greater than the cost of 2 g/L lactose, lactose provides an inexpensive alternative to IPTG for inducing the expression of Fab fragments, and possibly other recombinant proteins, from the E. coli lac promoter.
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38
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Winther-Larsen HC, Josefsen KD, Brautaset T, Valla S. Parameters affecting gene expression from the Pm promoter in gram-negative bacteria. Metab Eng 2000; 2:79-91. [PMID: 10935724 DOI: 10.1006/mben.1999.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Pm promoter inserted chromosomally or in broad-host-range replicons based on plasmid RSF1010 or RK2 are useful systems for both high- and low-level expression of cloned genes in several gram-negative bacterial species. The positive Pm regulator XylS is activated by certain substituted benzoic acid derivatives, and here we show that these effectors induce expression of Pm at similar relative ranking levels in both Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa However, the kinetics of expression was not the same in the two organisms. Different carbon sources and dissolved oxygen levels displayed limited effects on expression, but surprisingly the pH of the growth medium was found to be of major importance. By combining the effects of genetic and environmental parameters, expression from Pm could be varied over a ten-thousand- to a hundred-thousand-fold continuous range, and as an example of its applications we showed that Pm can be used to control the xanthan biosynthesis in Xanthomonas campestris.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Winther-Larsen
- UNIGEN Center for Molecular Biology and Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim
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39
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Brautaset T, Petersen SB, Valla S. In vitro determined kinetic properties of mutant phosphoglucomutases and their effects on sugar catabolism in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2000; 2:104-14. [PMID: 10935726 DOI: 10.1006/mben.1999.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on primary amino acid sequence comparisons with other phosphoglucomutases, 12 conserved residues in the Acetobacter xylinum phosphoglucomutase (CelB) were substituted by site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in mutant enzymes with Kcat values [glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) to glucose-6-phosphate] ranging from 0 to 46% relative to that of the wild-type enzyme. In combination with a versatile set of plasmid expression vectors these proteins were used in a metabolic engineering study on sugar catabolism in Escherichia coli. Mutants of E. coli deficient in phosphoglucomutase synthesize intracellular amylose when grown on galactose, due to accumulation of G-1-P. Wild-type celB can complement this lesion, and we show here that the ability of the mutant enzymes to complement is sensitive to variations in their respective in vitro determined Kcat and Km G-1-P values. Reduced catalytic efficiencies could be compensated by increasing the CelB expression level, and in this way a mutant protein (substitution of Thr-45 to Ala) displaying a 7600-fold reduced catalytic efficiency could be used to eliminate the amylose accumulation. Complementation experiments with the homologous phosphoglucomutase indicated that a Km G-1-P value significantly below that of CelB is not critical for the in vivo conversion of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brautaset
- UNIGEN Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim
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40
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Panda AK, Khan RH, Rao KB, Totey SM. Kinetics of inclusion body production in batch and high cell density fed-batch culture of Escherichia coli expressing ovine growth hormone. J Biotechnol 1999; 75:161-72. [PMID: 10553655 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A process for maximizing the volumetric productivity of recombinant ovine growth hormone (r-oGH) expressed in Escherichia coli during high cell density fermentation process has been devised. Kinetics of r-oGH expression as inclusion bodies and its effect on specific growth rates of E. coli cells were monitored during batch fermentation process. It was observed that during r-oGH expression in E. coli, the specific growth rate of the culture became an intrinsic property of the cells which reduced in a programmed manner upon induction. Nutrient feeding during protein expression phase of the fed-batch process was designed according to the reduction in specific growth rate of the culture. By feeding yeast extract along with glucose during fed-batch operation, high cell growth with very little accumulation of acetic acid was observed. Use of yeast extract helped in maintaining high specific cellular protein yield which resulted in high volumetric productivity of r-oGH. In 16 h of fed-batch fermentation, 3.2 g l-1 of r-oGH were produced at a cell OD of 124. This is the highest concentration of r-oGH reported to date using E. coli expression system. The volumetric productivity of r-oGH was 0.2 g l-1 h-1, which is also the highest value reported for any therapeutic protein using IPTG inducible expression system in a single stage fed-batch process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Panda
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.
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41
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Ramírez DM, Bentley WE. Characterization of stress and protein turnover from protein overexpression in fed-batch E. coli cultures. J Biotechnol 1999; 71:39-58. [PMID: 10483100 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A structured kinetic model that accounts for proteolytic degradation due to recombinant protein overexpression is introduced and its performance evaluated by comparison with previously reported fed-batch experimental data. This mathematical model contains an additional pool for a generic key precursor (in our case phenylalanine), an improved IPTG transport term, a phenylalanine transport term, and a variable protein turnover expression that accounts for proteolytic activity. The model predictions concerning proteolytic activity, glucose level, and cell growth are in very good agreement with an amino acid depletion hypothesis. Cultures exposed to greater stress showed higher and/or longer proteolysis, whereas less overall proteolytic activity was observed when the effect of induction was somewhat ameliorated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ramírez
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park 20742, USA
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42
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Cha HJ, Srivastava R, Vakharia VN, Rao G, Bentley WE. Green fluorescent protein as a noninvasive stress probe in resting Escherichia coli cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:409-14. [PMID: 9925561 PMCID: PMC91040 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.2.409-414.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed and characterized three stress probe plasmids which utilize a green fluorescent protein as a noninvasive reporter in order to elucidate Escherichia coli cellular stress responses in quiescent or resting cells. Cellular stress levels were easily detected by fusing three heat shock stress protein promoter elements, those of the heat shock transcription factor sigma32, the protease subunit ClpB, and the chaperone DnaK, to the reporter gene gfpuv. When perturbed by a chemical or physical stress (such as a heat shock, nutrient [amino acid] limitation, or addition of IPTG [isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside], acetic acid, ethanol, phenol, antifoam, or salt [osmotic shock]), the E. coli cells produced GFPuv, which was easily detected within the cells as emitted green fluorescence. Temporal and amplitudinal mapping of the responses was performed, and the results revealed regions where quantitative delineation of cell stress was afforded.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Cha
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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43
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Pham MQ, Naggie S, Wier M, Cha HJ, Bentley WE. Human interleukin-2 production in insect (Trichoplusia ni) larvae: effects and partial control of proteolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999; 62:175-82. [PMID: 10099527 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990120)62:2<175::aid-bit7>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many eukaryotic proteins have been successfully expressed in insect cells infected with a baculovirus in which the foreign gene has been placed under the control of a viral promoter. This system can be costly at large scale due to the quality of virus stock, problems of oxygen transfer, and severity of large-scale contamination. To circumvent this problem, we have investigated the expression of a foreign protein, human interleukin-2 (IL-2), in insect larvae, Trichoplusia ni, infected with the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV). The IL-2 gene was placed under control of the p10 promoter so that the polyhedra remained intact for efficient primary infection. From our results, it was clear that early infection limited larval growth and late infection delayed product production until near pupation, hence infection timing was important. Also, the harvest time was crucial for obtaining high yield, because IL-2 production had a sharp optimal peak with a time of occurrence dependent on both temperature and the initial amount of infection virus. Specifically, we found that, by raising the infection temperature to 30 degrees C, we more than doubled the protein productivity. Furthermore, a significant concern of the larvae/baculovirus expression system has been the large amount of protease produced by the larvae, which adversely affects the protein yield. Therefore, we screened several protease inhibitors and characterized the larval protease specificity and timing to attenuate their impact. This report elucidates and delineates the factors that most directly impact protein yield in the larvae expression system, using IL-2 as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Pham
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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44
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Optimization of fusion proinsulin production by high cell-density fermentation of recombinantE. coli. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Donovan RS, Robinson CW, Glick BR. Review: optimizing inducer and culture conditions for expression of foreign proteins under the control of the lac promoter. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 1996; 16:145-54. [PMID: 8652113 DOI: 10.1007/bf01569997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This review examines factors which influence the expression of foreign proteins in Escherichia coli under the transcriptional control of the lac and tac promoters, and discusses conditions for maximizing the production of a foreign protein using this system. Specifically, the influence of IPTG (isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside) concentration, temperature, composition of the growth medium, the point in the growth curve at which cells are induced with either IPTG or lactose, and the duration of the induction phase are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Donovan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Huang CT, Peretti SW, Bryers JD. Effects of inducer levels on a recombinant bacterial biofilm formation and gene expression. Biotechnol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00128622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Detection, quantification, and characterization of proteases in recombinant Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00155477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Huang CT, Peretti SW, Bryers JD. Plasmid retention and gene expression in suspended and biofilm cultures of recombinantEscherichia coli DH5?(pMJR1750). Biotechnol Bioeng 1993; 41:211-20. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260410207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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