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Guo H, Chen T, Zhu H, Wang H, Huo YX. Engineering amino acid residues of pentacyclic triterpene synthases for improving the activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:195. [PMID: 38324205 PMCID: PMC10850208 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids exhibit a wide range of biological activities which have wide applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. High-performance chassis strains have been developed for the production of various pentacyclic triterpenoids, e.g., lupane-type and oleanane-type triterpenoids. The production of common pentacyclic triterpenes and their derivatives is limited by the poor activity of typical pentacyclic triterpene synthases (PTSs). However, a general strategy applicable to typical PTSs is still lacking. As typical pentacyclic triterpenes are derived from the baccharenyl cation, engineering the non-active-site residues in the MXXXXR motif might be beneficial for the catalytic efficiencies of typical PTSs by the stabilization of the baccharenyl cation. Here, we develop a general strategy for improving the activity of typical PTSs. As a proof of concept, the activity of three PTSs such as lupeol synthase, β-amyrin synthase, and α-amyrin synthases was significantly increased up to 7.3-fold by site-directed saturation mutagenesis. This strategy could be applied to improve the activity of various typical PTSs. KEY POINTS: • The strategy could be applied to typical PTSs for improving the activity. • The catalytic activity of typical PTSs was significantly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tongtong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hanrong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yi-Xin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Tangshan), Translational Research Center, Hebei, China.
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Yanagibashi S, Bamba T, Kirisako T, Kondo A, Hasunuma T. Beneficial effect of optimizing the expression balance of the mevalonate pathway introduced into the mitochondria on terpenoid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:16-23. [PMID: 38042754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are used in various industries, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a promising microorganism for terpenoid production. Introducing the mevalonate (MVA) pathway into the mitochondria of a strain with an augmented inherent cytosolic MVA pathway increased terpenoid production but also led to the accumulation of toxic pyrophosphate intermediates that negatively affected terpenoid production. We first engineered the inherent MVA pathway in the cytosol and then introduced the MVA pathway into the mitochondria using several promoter combinations, considering the toxicity of pyrophosphate intermediates. However, the highest titer, 183 mg/L, tends to be only 5% higher than that of the strain that only augmented the inherent MVA pathway (SYCM1; 174 mg/L). Next, we hypothesized that, in addition to the toxicity of pyrophosphate, other compounds in the MVA pathway could affect the squalene titer. Thus, we constructed a combinatorial strain library expressing MVA pathway enzymes in the mitochondria with various promoter combinations. The highest squalene titer (230 mg/L) was 32% higher than that of SYCM1. The promoter set revealed that mitigation of mono- and pyrophosphate compound accumulation was important for mitochondrial usage. This study demonstrated that a combinatorial strain library is useful for discovering the optimal gene expression balance in engineering yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yanagibashi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Kirin Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company, Ltd., 26-1-12-12 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Bamba
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kirisako
- Kirin Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company, Ltd., 26-1-12-12 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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Bezold F, Scheffer J, Wendering P, Razaghi-Moghadam Z, Trauth J, Pook B, Nußhär H, Hasenjäger S, Nikoloski Z, Essen LO, Taxis C. Optogenetic control of Cdc48 for dynamic metabolic engineering in yeast. Metab Eng 2023; 79:97-107. [PMID: 37422133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic metabolic engineering is a strategy to switch key metabolic pathways in microbial cell factories from biomass generation to accumulation of target products. Here, we demonstrate that optogenetic intervention in the cell cycle of budding yeast can be used to increase production of valuable chemicals, such as the terpenoid β-carotene or the nucleoside analog cordycepin. We achieved optogenetic cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase by controlling activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system hub Cdc48. To analyze the metabolic capacities in the cell cycle arrested yeast strain, we studied their proteomes by timsTOF mass spectrometry. This revealed widespread, but highly distinct abundance changes of metabolic key enzymes. Integration of the proteomics data in protein-constrained metabolic models demonstrated modulation of fluxes directly associated with terpenoid production as well as metabolic subsystems involved in protein biosynthesis, cell wall synthesis, and cofactor biosynthesis. These results demonstrate that optogenetically triggered cell cycle intervention is an option to increase the yields of compounds synthesized in a cellular factory by reallocation of metabolic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipp Bezold
- Unit for Structural Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Scheffer
- Unit for Structural Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Wendering
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany; Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zahra Razaghi-Moghadam
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany; Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jonathan Trauth
- Unit for Structural Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Pook
- Unit for Structural Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Nußhär
- Unit for Structural Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Hasenjäger
- Unit for Structural Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany; Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lars-Oliver Essen
- Unit for Structural Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Christof Taxis
- Department of Biology/Genetics, Philipps-University Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany; School of Science and Technology, University Siegen, 57076, Siegen, Germany.
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Mu H, Sun Y, Yuan B, Wang Y. Betulinic acid in the treatment of breast cancer: Application and mechanism progress. Fitoterapia 2023; 169:105617. [PMID: 37479118 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) is a pentacyclic triterpene compound, which can be obtained by separation, chemical synthesis and biotransformation. BA has excellent biological activities, especially its role in the treatment of breast cancer deserves attention. Its mechanisms mainly include inducing mitochondrial oxidative stress, regulating specific protein (Sp) transcription factors, inhibiting breast cancer metastasis, inhibiting glucose metabolism and NF-κB pathway. In addition, BA can also increase the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to other chemotherapy drugs such as paclitaxel and reduce its toxic side effects. This article reviews the application and possible mechanism of BA in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Mu
- Department of Drug Clinical Trials, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Yuli Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China.
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Li Y, Wang J, Li L, Song W, Li M, Hua X, Wang Y, Yuan J, Xue Z. Natural products of pentacyclic triterpenoids: from discovery to heterologous biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1303-1353. [PMID: 36454108 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00063f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Pentacyclic triterpenoids are important natural bioactive substances that are widely present in plants and fungi. They have significant medicinal efficacy, play an important role in reducing blood glucose and protecting the liver, and have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, anti-viral, and anti-cancer activities. Pentacyclic triterpenoids are derived from the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, which generates common precursors of triterpenes and steroids, followed by cyclization with oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and decoration via cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) and glycosyltransferases (GTs). Many biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoid saponins have been elucidated by studying their metabolic regulation network through the use of multiomics and identifying their functional genes. Unfortunately, natural resources of pentacyclic triterpenoids are limited due to their low content in plant tissues and the long growth cycle of plants. Based on the understanding of their biosynthetic pathway and transcriptional regulation, plant bioreactors and microbial cell factories are emerging as alternative means for the synthesis of desired triterpenoid saponins. The rapid development of synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and fermentation technology has broadened channels for the accumulation of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins. In this review, we summarize the classification, distribution, structural characteristics, and bioactivity of pentacyclic triterpenoids. We further discuss the biosynthetic pathways of pentacyclic triterpenoids and involved transcriptional regulation. Moreover, the recent progress and characteristics of heterologous biosynthesis in plants and microbial cell factories are discussed comparatively. Finally, we propose potential strategies to improve the accumulation of triterpenoid saponins, thereby providing a guide for their future biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Linyong Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wenhui Song
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xin Hua
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Jifeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
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Mostafa MA, Khojah HM, Ohta T. Isolation and identification of novel selective antitumor constituents, sidrin and sidroside, from Zizyphus spina-christi. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:1019-1028. [PMID: 37234346 PMCID: PMC10205771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The leaves of Zizyphus spina-christi (L.) Willd contain several compounds exhibiting different pharmacologic activities. However, studies on the cytotoxic activity of these compounds are limited. Objectives We aimed to investigate and isolate cytotoxic compounds with selective antitumor effects from the leaves of Z. spina-christi using bioassay-guided fractionation of methanol extract. Methods Powdered, dried leaves were subjected to methanol extraction and fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Fractions with positive cytotoxicity against HeLa and THP-1 cell lines were further fractionated and eluted using various concentrations of organic solvents. Active compounds were isolated using different chromatographic methods and their chemical structures were determined using extensive spectroscopic methods, such as 1D NMR (1H NMR, 13C NMR, and DEPT), 2D NMR (COSY, HMBC, and HMQC), HRFAB-MS, and IR. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effects of the isolated compounds were evaluated against 62 tumor cell lines (including HeLa and THP-1) in addition to normal bone marrow cells. Results The chloroform and aqueous methanol fractions of the leaves showed cytotoxic activity. Two compounds were successfully isolated and named "sidrin" (13-β-hydroxy-lup-20(30)-ene-2,3-β-epoxy-28-carboxylate) and "sidroside" (3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-jujubogenin-20-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside). Sidrin exhibited cytotoxic activity against the human leukemia (Hl-60, RPMI-8226), lung cancer (A549, EKVX), breast cancer (BT-549, MDA-MB-231/ATCC), colon cancer (KM12), melanoma (M14, SK-MEL-5), and central nervous system (CNS) cancer (SF-295) cell lines, and selectivity was observed against the Hl-60, EKVX, BT-549, KM12, and SF-295 cell lines. In addition, sidrin was more active than sidroside and doxorubicin against the Hl-60 and EKVX cell lines. In contrast, sidrin had a similar effect to doxorubicin against the BT-549 and renal cancer (UO-31) cell lines. Sidroside was more selective against the leukemia (CCRF-CEM, MOLT-4), lung cancer (HOP-92, NCI-H322M), breast cancer (MDA-MB-468), melanoma (LOX IMVI), CNS cancer (SNB-19), ovarian cancer (OVCAR-8), renal cancer (UO-31, RXF 393), and prostate cancer (PC-3) cell lines. Both compounds exhibited similar activity against the breast cancer (MDA-MB-231, T-47D), colon cancer (HCC-2998, HCT-116), ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3), renal cancer (UO-31, 786-0, and SN 12C) cell lines. Normal bone marrow cells were unaffected at the same concentrations of sidrin and sidroside applied to tumor cells. Conclusions These results suggest tumor-selective cytotoxicity of sidrin and sidroside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A.H. Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University (Assiut Branch), 71524 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hani M.J. Khojah
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, P. O. Box 30051, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tomihisa Ohta
- College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Qiu S, Blank LM. Recent Advances in Yeast Recombinant Biosynthesis of the Triterpenoid Protopanaxadiol and Glycosylated Derivatives Thereof. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2197-2210. [PMID: 36696911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant natural products are a seemingly endless resource for novel chemical structures. However, their extraction often results in high prices, fluctuation in both quantity and quality, and negative environmental impact. The latter might result from the extraction procedure but more often from the high amount of plant biomass required. With the advent of synthetic biology, producing natural plant products in large quantities using yeasts as hosts has become possible. Here, we focus on the recent advances in metabolic engineering of the yeasts species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica for the synthesis of ginsenoside triterpenoids, namely, dammarenediol-II, protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, compound K, ginsenoside Rh1, ginsenoside Rh2, ginsenoside Rg3, and ginsenoside F1. A discussion is provided on advanced synthetic biology, bioprocess strategies, and current challenges for the biosynthesis of ginsenoside triterpenoids. Finally, future directions in metabolic and process engineering are summarized and may help reify sustainable ginsenoside production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangkun Qiu
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Jiang Y, Xia L, Gao S, Li N, Yu S, Zhou J. Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for enhanced (-)-α-bisabolol production. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:187-195. [PMID: 36824492 PMCID: PMC9941373 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
(-)-α-Bisabolol is naturally occurring in many plants and has great potential in health products and pharmaceuticals. However, the current extraction method from natural plants is unsustainable and cannot fulfil the increasing requirement. This study aimed to develop a sustainable strategy to enhance the biosynthesis of (-)-α-bisabolol by metabolic engineering. By introducing the heterologous gene MrBBS and weakening the competitive pathway gene ERG9, a de novo (-)-α-bisabolol biosynthesis strain was constructed that could produce 221.96 mg/L (-)-α-bisabolol. Two key genes for (-)-α-bisabolol biosynthesis, ERG20 and MrBBS, were fused by a flexible linker (GGGS)3 under the GAL7 promoter control, and the titer was increased by 2.9-fold. Optimization of the mevalonic acid pathway and multi-copy integration further increased (-)-α-bisabolol production. To promote product efflux, overexpression of PDR15 led to an increase in extracellular production. Combined with the optimal strategy, (-)-α-bisabolol production in a 5 L bioreactor reached 7.02 g/L, which is the highest titer reported in yeast to date. This work provides a reference for the efficient production of (-)-α-bisabolol in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinkun Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Song Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Ning Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Shiqin Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China,Corresponding author. Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Rd, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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9
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Mouren A, Avérous L. Sustainable cycloaliphatic polyurethanes: from synthesis to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:277-317. [PMID: 36520183 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00509c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are a versatile and major polymer family, mainly produced via polyaddition between polyols and polyisocyanates. A large variety of fossil-based building blocks is commonly used to develop a wide range of macromolecular architectures with specific properties. Due to environmental concerns, legislation, rarefaction of some petrol fractions and price fluctuation, sustainable feedstocks are attracting significant attention, e.g., plastic waste and biobased resources from biomass. Consequently, various sustainable building blocks are available to develop new renewable macromolecular architectures such as aromatics, linear aliphatics and cycloaliphatics. Meanwhile, the relationship between the chemical structures of these building blocks and properties of the final PUs can be determined. For instance, aromatic building blocks are remarkable to endow materials with rigidity, hydrophobicity, fire resistance, chemical and thermal stability, whereas acyclic aliphatics endow them with oxidation and UV light resistance, flexibility and transparency. Cycloaliphatics are very interesting as they combine most of the advantages of linear aliphatic and aromatic compounds. This original and unique review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis of sustainable cycloaliphatic PUs using various renewable products such as biobased terpenes, carbohydrates, fatty acids and cholesterol and/or plastic waste. Herein, we summarize the chemical modification of the main sustainable cycloaliphatic feedstocks, synthesis of PUs using these building blocks and their corresponding properties and subsequently present their major applications in hot-topic fields, including building, transportation, packaging and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Mouren
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
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10
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Dianat M, Münchberg U, Blank LM, Freier E, Ebert BE. Non-invasive monitoring of microbial triterpenoid production using nonlinear microscopy techniques. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1106566. [PMID: 36926686 PMCID: PMC10012247 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1106566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Bioproduction of plant-derived triterpenoids in recombinant microbes is receiving great attention to make these biologically active compounds industrially accessible as nutraceuticals, pharmaceutics, and cosmetic ingredients. So far, there is no direct method for detecting triterpenoids under physiological conditions on a cellular level, information yet highly relevant to rationalizing microbial engineering. Methods: Here, we show in a proof-of-concept study, that triterpenoids can be detected and monitored in living yeast cells by combining coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and second-harmonic-generation (SHG) microscopy techniques. We applied CARS and SHG microscopy measurements, and for comparison classical Nile Red staining, on immobilized and growing triterpenoid-producing, and non-producing reference Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Results and Discussion: We found that the SHG signal in triterpenoid-producing strains is significantly higher than in a non-producing reference strain, correlating with lipophile content as determined by Nile red staining. In growing cultures, both CARS and SHG signals showed changes over time, enabling new insights into the dynamics of triterpenoid production and storage inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Dianat
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ute Münchberg
- University Development and Strategy, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Erik Freier
- Interdisciplinary Center for Machine Learning and Data Analytics (IZMD), University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Birgitta E Ebert
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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11
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Romsuk J, Yasumoto S, Seki H, Fukushima EO, Muranaka T. Identification of key amino acid residues toward improving the catalytic activity and substrate specificity of plant-derived cytochrome P450 monooxygenases CYP716A subfamily enzyme for triterpenoid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:955650. [PMID: 36061436 PMCID: PMC9437279 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.955650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids constitute a group of specialized plant metabolites with wide structural diversity and high therapeutic value for human health. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP) are a family of enzymes important for generating the structural diversity of triterpenoids by catalyzing the site-specific oxidization of the triterpene backbone. The CYP716 enzyme family has been isolated from various plant families as triterpenoid oxidases; however, their experimental crystal structures are not yet available and the detailed catalytic mechanism remains elusive. Here, we address this challenge by integrating bioinformatics approaches with data from other CYP families. Medicago truncatula CYP716A12, the first functionally characterized CYP716A subfamily enzyme, was chosen as the model for this study. We performed homology modeling, structural alignment, in silico site-directed mutagenesis, and molecular docking analysis to search and screen key amino acid residues relevant to the catalytic activity and substrate specificity of the CYP716A subfamily enzyme in triterpenoid biosynthesis. An in vivo functional analysis using engineered yeast that endogenously produced plant-derived triterpenes was performed to elucidate the results. When the amino acids in the signature region and substrate recognition sites (SRSs) were substituted, the product profile of CYP716A12 was modified. We identified amino acid residues that control the substrate contraction of the enzyme (D292) and engineered the enzyme to improve its catalytic activity and substrate specificity (D122, I212, and Q358) for triterpenoid biosynthesis. In addition, we demonstrated the versatility of this strategy by changing the properties of key residues in SRSs to improve the catalytic activity of Arabidopsis thaliana CYP716A1 (S356) and CYP716A2 (M206, F210) at C-28 on the triterpene backbone. This research has the potential to help in the production of desired triterpenoids in engineered yeast by increasing the catalytic activity and substrate specificity of plant CYP716A subfamily enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutapat Romsuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yasumoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ery Odette Fukushima
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Plant Traslational Research Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Tena, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: Ery Odette Fukushima, ; Toshiya Muranaka,
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ery Odette Fukushima, ; Toshiya Muranaka,
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12
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Guo H, Wang H, Chen T, Guo L, Blank LM, Ebert BE, Huo YX. Engineering Critical Amino Acid Residues of Lanosterol Synthase to Improve the Production of Triterpenoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2685-2696. [PMID: 35921601 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are a subgroup of terpenoids and have wide applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. The heterologous production of various triterpenoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as other microbes, has been successfully implemented as these production hosts not only produce the precursor of triterpenoids 2,3-oxidosqualene by the mevalonate pathway but also allow simple expression of plant membrane-anchored enzymes. Nevertheless, 2,3-oxidosqualene is natively converted to lanosterol catalyzed by the endogenous lanosterol synthase (Erg7p), causing low production of recombinant triterpenoids. While simple deletion of ERG7 was not effective, in this study, the critical amino acid residues of Erg7p were engineered to lower this critical enzyme activity. The engineered S. cerevisiae indeed accumulated 2,3-oxidosqualene up to 180 mg/L. Engineering triterpenoid synthesis into the ERG7-modified strain resulted in 7.3- and 3-fold increases in the titers of dammarane-type and lupane-type triterpenoids, respectively. This study presents an efficient inducer-free strategy for lowering Erg7p activity, thereby providing 2,3-oxidosqualene for the enhanced production of various triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Huiyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Tongtong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Birgitta E Ebert
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland Cnr College Rd & Cooper Rd, St Luci a, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yi-Xin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, 100081 Beijing, China
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13
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Oliveira-Costa JF, Meira CS, Neves MVGD, Dos Reis BPZC, Soares MBP. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Betulinic Acid: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:883857. [PMID: 35677426 PMCID: PMC9168372 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.883857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have a high prevalence and has become of great interest due to the increase in life expectancy and the costs to the health care system worldwide. Chronic diseases require long-term treatment frequently using corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are associated with diverse side effects and risk of toxicity. Betulinic acid, a lupane-type pentacyclic triterpene, is a potential lead compound for the development of new anti-inflammatory treatments, and a large number of derivatives have been produced and tested. The potential of betulinic acid and its derivatives has been shown in a number of pre-clinical studies using different experimental models. Moreover, several molecular mechanisms of action have also been described. Here we reviewed the potential use of betulinic acid as a promissory lead compound with anti-inflammatory activity and the perspectives for its use in the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cássio Santana Meira
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
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14
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Satta A, Lu Z, Plan MR, Esquirol L, Ebert BE. Microbial Production, Extraction, and Quantitative Analysis of Isoprenoids. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2469:239-259. [PMID: 35508844 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2185-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids, also known as terpenes or terpenoids, are compounds made of one or more isoprene (C5H8) moieties and constitute the largest class of natural products. They play diverse roles in biology and have broad industrial uses as flavors, fragrances, biofuels, polymers, agricultural chemicals, and medicines. Most isoprenoids are secondary plant metabolites and only produced in very low amounts. To make these valuable compounds economically accessible, significant efforts in the culture and engineering of microbial cells for isoprenoid biosynthesis have been made in the last decades. The protocols presented here describe lab-scale cultivation of microbes, either naturally producing or engineered, for isoprenoid production, the extraction of products and their quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography. Examples of isoprenoids covered in this chapter include (C10) mono-, (C15) sesqui-, (C20) di-, (C30) tri-, and (C40) tetraterpenoids. We focus on yeast and cyanobacteria as production systems, but the protocols can be adapted for other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Satta
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Zeyu Lu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Manuel R Plan
- Metabolomics Australia (Queensland Node), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Lygie Esquirol
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Birgitta E Ebert
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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15
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Romsuk J, Yasumoto S, Fukushima EO, Miura K, Muranaka T, Seki H. High-yield bioactive triterpenoid production by heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana using the Tsukuba system. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:991909. [PMID: 36082301 PMCID: PMC9447470 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.991909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid found in numerous plant species and is a precursor to several bioactive triterpenoids with commercial potential. However, oleanolic acid accumulates at low levels in plants, and its chemical synthesis is challenging. Here, we established a method for producing oleanolic acid in substantial quantities via heterologous expression of pathway enzymes in Nicotiana benthamiana. The "Tsukuba system" is one of the most efficient agroinfiltration-based transient protein expression systems using the vector pBYR2HS, which contains geminiviral replication machinery and a double terminator for boosting expression. Additionally, the pBYR2HS vector contains an expression cassette for the gene-silencing suppressor p19 protein from tomato bushy stunt virus, which can also contribute to enhancing the expression of target proteins. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of this system to heterologous triterpenoid production in N. benthamiana. Medicago truncatula cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) 716A12 is the first enzyme to be functionally characterized as β-amyrin C-28 oxidase producing oleanolic acid. A mutant CYP716A12 (D122Q) with improved catalytic activity engineered in our previous study was co-expressed with other enzymes in N. benthamiana leaves. Using pBYR2HS, oleanolic acid yield was increased 13.1-fold compared with that using the conventional binary vector, indicating the advantage of the Tsukuba system. We also demonstrated the efficacy of co-expressing a mutant Arabidopsis thaliana HMGR1 catalytic domain, additional NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) transferring electrons to heterologous CYPs, and application of ascorbic acid for preventing leaf necrosis after agroinfiltration, to improve product yield. As a result, the product yields of both simple (β-amyrin) and oxidized (oleanolic acid and maslinic acid) triterpenoids were significantly improved compared with the previously reported yield in heterologous triterpenoid production in N. benthamiana leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutapat Romsuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yasumoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ery Odette Fukushima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Plant Translational Research Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Kenji Miura
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hikaru Seki,
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16
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Liu HR, Ahmad N, Lv B, Li C. Advances in production and structural derivatization of the promising molecule ursolic acid. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000657. [PMID: 34096160 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a ursane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, naturally produced in plants via specialized metabolism and exhibits vast range of remarkable physiological activities and pharmacological manifestations. Owing to significant safety and efficacy in different medical conditions, UA may serve as a backbone to produce its derivatives with novel therapeutic functions. This review aims to provide ideas for exploring more diverse structures to improve UA pharmacological activity and increasing its biological yield to meet the industrial requirements by systematically reviewing the current research progress of UA. We first provides an overview of the pharmacological activities, acquisition methods and structural modifications of UA. Among them, we focused on the synthetic modifications of UA to yield valuable derivatives with enhanced therapeutic potential. Furthermore, harnessing the essential advances for green synthesis of UA and its derivatives by advent of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology are of great concern. In this regard, all pivotal advances for enhancing the production of UA have been discussed. In combination with the advantages of UA biosynthesis and transformation strategy, large-scale microbial production of UA is a promising platform for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Nadeem Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Lv
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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17
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Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Bio-Chiral Dopants Obtained from Bio-Betulin Produced by a Fermentation Process. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11070785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cholesteric liquid crystals are frequently produced by the addition of chiral dopants to achiral nematic hosts. We report here the synthesis and performance of chiral dopants obtained from bio-betulin produced by a fermentation process. An important aspect of this work is to point out that the fermentation process used to obtain the starting materials is much easier and cheaper when carried out in large volumes than isolating it from the natural product. The performance of the dopants obtained from bio-betulin is indistinguishable from those obtained from commercially available synthetic betulin.
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18
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Bachořík J, Urban M. Biocatalysis in the Chemistry of Lupane Triterpenoids. Molecules 2021; 26:2271. [PMID: 33919839 PMCID: PMC8070785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenes are important representatives of natural products that exhibit a wide variety of biological activities. These activities suggest that these compounds may represent potential medicines for the treatment of cancer and viral, bacterial, or protozoal infections. Naturally occurring triterpenes usually have several drawbacks, such as limited activity and insufficient solubility and bioavailability; therefore, they need to be modified to obtain compounds suitable for drug development. Modifications can be achieved either by methods of standard organic synthesis or with the use of biocatalysts, such as enzymes or enzyme systems within living organisms. In most cases, these modifications result in the preparation of esters, amides, saponins, or sugar conjugates. Notably, while standard organic synthesis has been heavily used and developed, the use of the latter methodology has been rather limited, but it appears that biocatalysis has recently sparked considerably wider interest within the scientific community. Among triterpenes, derivatives of lupane play important roles. This review therefore summarizes the natural occurrence and sources of lupane triterpenoids, their biosynthesis, and semisynthetic methods that may be used for the production of betulinic acid from abundant and inexpensive betulin. Most importantly, this article compares chemical transformations of lupane triterpenoids with analogous reactions performed by biocatalysts and highlights a large space for the future development of biocatalysis in this field. The results of this study may serve as a summary of the current state of research and demonstrate the potential of the method in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bachořík
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Milan Urban
- Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University in Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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19
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Carsanba E, Pintado M, Oliveira C. Fermentation Strategies for Production of Pharmaceutical Terpenoids in Engineered Yeast. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:295. [PMID: 33810302 PMCID: PMC8066412 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are a broad and diverse class of plant natural products with significant industrial and pharmaceutical importance. Many of these natural products have antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antimalarial effects, support transdermal absorption, prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases, and have hypoglycemic activities. Production of these compounds are generally carried out through extraction from their natural sources or chemical synthesis. However, these processes are generally unsustainable, produce low yield, and result in wasting of substantial resources, most of them limited. Microbial production of terpenoids provides a sustainable and environment-friendly alternative. In recent years, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has become a suitable cell factory for industrial terpenoid biosynthesis due to developments in omics studies (genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics), and mathematical modeling. Besides that, fermentation development has a significant importance on achieving high titer, yield, and productivity (TYP) of these compounds. Up to now, there have been many studies and reviews reporting metabolic strategies for terpene biosynthesis. However, fermentation strategies have not been yet comprehensively discussed in the literature. This review summarizes recent studies of recombinant production of pharmaceutically important terpenoids by engineered yeast, S. cerevisiae, with special focus on fermentation strategies to increase TYP in order to meet industrial demands to feed the pharmaceutical market. Factors affecting recombinant terpenoids production are reviewed (strain design and fermentation parameters) and types of fermentation process (batch, fed-batch, and continuous) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Carsanba
- Amyris BioProducts Portugal, Unipessoal, Lda. Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Carla Oliveira
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
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20
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Liu TT, Xiao H, Xiao JH, Zhong JJ. Impact of oxygen supply on production of terpenoids by microorganisms: State of the art. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Kim J, Hoang Nguyen Tran P, Lee SM. Current Challenges and Opportunities in Non-native Chemical Production by Engineered Yeasts. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:594061. [PMID: 33381497 PMCID: PMC7767886 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.594061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are promising industrial hosts for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. Apart from efficient bioethanol production, yeasts have recently demonstrated their potential for biodiesel production from renewable resources. The fuel-oriented product profiles of yeasts are now expanding to include non-native chemicals with the advances in synthetic biology. In this review, current challenges and opportunities in yeast engineering for sustainable production of non-native chemicals will be discussed, with a focus on the comparative evaluation of a bioethanol-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain and a biodiesel-producing Yarrowia lipolytica strain. Synthetic pathways diverging from the distinctive cellular metabolism of these yeasts guide future directions for product-specific engineering strategies for the sustainable production of non-native chemicals on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phuong Hoang Nguyen Tran
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Energy and Environment Technology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Energy and Environment Technology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Green School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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22
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Yu Y, Rasool A, Liu H, Lv B, Chang P, Song H, Wang Y, Li C. Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for high yield production of α-amyrin via synergistic remodeling of α-amyrin synthase and expanding the storage pool. Metab Eng 2020; 62:72-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Guo H, Wang H, Huo YX. Engineering Critical Enzymes and Pathways for Improved Triterpenoid Biosynthesis in Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2214-2227. [PMID: 32786348 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids represent a diverse group of phytochemicals that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and have many biological activities. The heterologous production of triterpenoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been successfully implemented by introducing various triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways. By engineering related enzymes as well as through yeast metabolism, the yield of various triterpenoids is significantly improved from the milligram per liter scale to the gram per liter scale. This achievement demonstrates that engineering critical enzymes is considered a potential strategy to overcome the main hurdles of the industrial application of these potent natural products. Here, we review strategies for designing enzymes to improve the yield of triterpenoids in S. cerevisiae in terms of three main aspects: 1, elevating the supply of the precursor 2,3-oxidosqualene; 2, optimizing triterpenoid-involved reactions; and 3, lowering the competition of the native sterol pathway. Then, we provide challenges and prospects for further enhancing triterpenoid production in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- SIP-UCLA Institute for Technology Advancement, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
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24
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An T, Zha W, Zi J. Biotechnological production of betulinic acid and derivatives and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3339-3348. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Li M, Hou F, Wu T, Jiang X, Li F, Liu H, Xian M, Zhang H. Recent advances of metabolic engineering strategies in natural isoprenoid production using cell factories. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:80-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np00016j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the strategies mostly developed in the last three years for microbial production of isoprenoid, classified according to the engineering targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- P. R. China
| | - Feifei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- P. R. China
| | - Tong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- P. R. China
| | - Xinglin Jiang
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability
- Technical University of Denmark
- Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Fuli Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- P. R. China
| | - Haobao Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Tobacco Biology and Processing
- Tobacco Research Institute
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Mo Xian
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- P. R. China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- P. R. China
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26
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Zahoor A, Küttner FTF, Blank LM, Ebert BE. Evaluation of pyruvate decarboxylase-negative Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for the production of succinic acid. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:711-720. [PMID: 32624964 PMCID: PMC6999389 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dicarboxylic acids are important bio‐based building blocks, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is postulated to be an advantageous host for their fermentative production. Here, we engineered a pyruvate decarboxylase‐negative S. cerevisiae strain for succinic acid production to exploit its promising properties, that is, lack of ethanol production and accumulation of the precursor pyruvate. The metabolic engineering steps included genomic integration of a biosynthesis pathway based on the reductive branch of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and a dicarboxylic acid transporter. Further modifications were the combined deletion of GPD1 and FUM1 and multi‐copy integration of the native PYC2 gene, encoding a pyruvate carboxylase required to drain pyruvate into the synthesis pathway. The effect of increased redox cofactor supply was tested by modulating oxygen limitation and supplementing formate. The physiologic analysis of the differently engineered strains focused on elucidating metabolic bottlenecks. The data not only highlight the importance of a balanced activity of pathway enzymes and selective export systems but also shows the importance to find an optimal trade‐off between redox cofactor supply and energy availability in the form of ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zahoor
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Felix T F Küttner
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Birgitta E Ebert
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
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27
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Amiri S, Dastghaib S, Ahmadi M, Mehrbod P, Khadem F, Behrouj H, Aghanoori MR, Machaj F, Ghamsari M, Rosik J, Hudecki A, Afkhami A, Hashemi M, Los MJ, Mokarram P, Madrakian T, Ghavami S. Betulin and its derivatives as novel compounds with different pharmacological effects. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 38:107409. [PMID: 31220568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Betulin (B) and Betulinic acid (BA) are natural pentacyclic lupane-structure triterpenoids which possess a wide range of pharmacological activities. Recent evidence indicates that B and BA have several properties useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and neurological disorders. In the current review, we discuss B and BA structures and derivatives and then comprehensively explain their pharmacological effects in relation to various diseases. We also explain antiviral, antibacterial and anti-cancer effects of B and BA. Finally, we discuss the delivery methods, in which these compounds most effectively target different systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Amiri
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sanaz Dastghaib
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Khadem
- Department of Immunology, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Hamid Behrouj
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohamad-Reza Aghanoori
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-344 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mahdi Ghamsari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-344 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Hudecki
- Institue of Non-Ferrous Metals, ul. Sowińskiego 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Marek J Los
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, ul Bolesława Krzywoustego 8, Gliwice, Poland; Linkocare Life Sciences AB, Teknikringen 10, Plan 3, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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28
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Ebert BE, Czarnotta E, Blank LM. Physiologic and metabolic characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals limitations in the synthesis of the triterpene squalene. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:5056161. [PMID: 30053028 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous synthesis of triterpenoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from its native metabolite squalene has been reported to offer an alternative to chemical synthesis and extraction from plant material if productivities can be increased.Here, we physiologically characterized a squalene overproducing S. cerevisiae CEN.PK strain to elucidate the effect of cultivation conditions on the production of this central triterpenoid precursor. The maximum achievable squalene concentration was substantially influenced by nutritional conditions, medium composition and cultivation mode. Batch growth on glucose resulted in minimal squalene accumulation, while squalene only significantly accumulated during ethanol consumption (up to 59 mg/gCDW), probably due to increased acetyl-CoA supply on this carbon source. Likewise, low squalene concentrations were observed in glucose-limited chemostat cultivations and improved up to 8-fold upon increasing the ethanol fraction in the feed. In those experiments, a constant, growth-rate-independent specific squalene accumulation rate (2.2 mg/gCDW/h) was recorded resulting in a maximal squalene loading of 30 mg/gCDW at low dilution rates with longer residence times. Coenzyme A availability was identified as possible bottleneck as increased vitamin concentrations, including the Coenzyme A precursor pantothenate, improved squalene titers in batch and chemostat cultivations. This analysis demonstrates that thorough physiologic characterization of production strains is valuable for the identification of bottlenecks already in early stages of strain development and for guiding further optimization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta E Ebert
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eik Czarnotta
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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29
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Jin CC, Zhang JL, Song H, Cao YX. Boosting the biosynthesis of betulinic acid and related triterpenoids in Yarrowia lipolytica via multimodular metabolic engineering. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:77. [PMID: 31053076 PMCID: PMC6498500 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betulinic acid is a pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenoid and a potential antiviral and antitumor drug, but the amount of betulinic acid in plants is low and cannot meet the demand for this compound. Yarrowia lipolytica, as an oleaginous yeast, is a promising microbial cell factory for the production of highly hydrophobic compounds due to the ability of this organism to accumulate large amounts of lipids that can store hydrophobic products and supply sufficient precursors for terpene synthesis. However, engineering for the heterologous production of betulinic acid and related triterpenoids has not developed as systematically as that for the production of other terpenoids, thus the production of betulinic acid in microbes remains unsatisfactory. RESULTS In this study, we applied a multimodular strategy to systematically improve the biosynthesis of betulinic acid and related triterpenoids in Y. lipolytica by engineering four functional modules, namely, the heterogenous CYP/CPR, MVA, acetyl-CoA generation, and redox cofactor supply modules. First, by screening 25 combinations of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs), each of which originated from 5 different sources, we selected two optimal betulinic acid-producing strains. Then, ERG1, ERG9, and HMG1 in the MVA module were overexpressed in the two strains, which dramatically increased betulinic acid production and resulted in a strain (YLJCC56) that exhibited the highest betulinic acid yield of 51.87 ± 2.77 mg/L. Then, we engineered the redox cofactor supply module by introducing NADPH- or NADH-generating enzymes and the acetyl-CoA generation module by directly overexpressing acetyl-CoA synthases or reinforcing the β-oxidation pathway, which further increased the total triterpenoid yield (the sum of the betulin, betulinic acid, betulinic aldehyde yields). Finally, we engineered these modules in combination, and the total triterpenoid yield reached 204.89 ± 11.56 mg/L (composed of 65.44% betulin, 23.71% betulinic acid and 10.85% betulinic aldehyde) in shake flask cultures. CONCLUSIONS Here, we systematically engineered Y. lipolytica and achieved, to the best of our knowledge, the highest betulinic acid and total triterpenoid yields reported in microbes. Our study provides a suitable reference for studies on heterologous exploitation of P450 enzymes and manipulation of triterpenoid production in Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Jin
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Jin-Lai Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Ying-Xiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
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30
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Sun J, Zhang C, Nan W, Li D, Ke D, Lu W. Glycerol improves heterologous biosynthesis of betulinic acid in engineered Yarrowia lipolytica. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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D'Adamo S, Schiano di Visconte G, Lowe G, Szaub‐Newton J, Beacham T, Landels A, Allen MJ, Spicer A, Matthijs M. Engineering the unicellular alga Phaeodactylum tricornutum for high-value plant triterpenoid production. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:75-87. [PMID: 29754445 PMCID: PMC6330534 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant triterpenoids constitute a diverse class of organic compounds that play a major role in development, plant defence and environmental interaction. Several triterpenes have demonstrated potential as pharmaceuticals. One example is betulin, which has shown promise as a pharmaceutical precursor for the treatment of certain cancers and HIV. Major challenges for triterpenoid commercialization include their low production levels and their cost-effective purification from the complex mixtures present in their natural hosts. Therefore, attempts to produce these compounds in industrially relevant microbial systems such as bacteria and yeasts have attracted great interest. Here, we report the production of the triterpenes betulin and its precursor lupeol in the photosynthetic diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a unicellular eukaryotic alga. This was achieved by introducing three plant enzymes in the microalga: a Lotus japonicus oxidosqualene cyclase and a Medicago truncatula cytochrome P450 along with its native reductase. The introduction of the L. japonicus oxidosqualene cyclase perturbed the mRNA expression levels of the native mevalonate and sterol biosynthesis pathway. The best performing strains were selected and grown in a 550-L pilot-scale photobioreactor facility. To our knowledge, this is the most extensive pathway engineering undertaken in a diatom and the first time that a sapogenin has been artificially produced in a microalga, demonstrating the feasibility of the photo-bio-production of more complex high-value, metabolites in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D'Adamo
- Eden LaboratoryAlgenuityStewartbyUK
- Wageningen Universiteit en ResearchcentrumBioprocess EngineeringWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Landels
- PML: Plymouth Marine LaboratoryPlymouthUK
- Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Michael J. Allen
- PML: Plymouth Marine LaboratoryPlymouthUK
- BiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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32
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Yu Y, Chang P, Yu H, Ren H, Hong D, Li Z, Wang Y, Song H, Huo Y, Li C. Productive Amyrin Synthases for Efficient α-Amyrin Synthesis in Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2391-2402. [PMID: 30216049 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
α-Amyrin is a plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenoid, with a lot of important physiological and pharmacological activities. The formation of α-amyrin from (3 S)-2,3-oxidosqualene is catalyzed by α-amyrin synthase (α-AS), a member of the oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) protein family. However, α-amyrin is not yet commercially developed due to its extremely low productivity in plants. The engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae with efficient α-amyrin production pathway could be used as an alternative and sustainable solution to produce α-amyrin from renewable raw materials. To efficiently improve α-amyrin production in S. cerevisiae, we identified two α-ASs, EjAS and MdOSC1 from Eriobotrya japonica and Malus × domestica, respectively, through strict bioinformatics screening criteria and phylogenetic analysis. The specific activities of purified EjAS and MdOSC1 were 0.0032 and 0.0293 μmol/min/mg, respectively. EjAS produced α-amyrin and β-amyrin at a ratio of 17:3, MdOSC1 produced α-amyrin, β-amyrin and lupeol at a ratio of 86:13:1, indicating MdOSC1 had significantly higher specific activity and higher ratio of α-amyrin than EjAS. Furthermore, MdOSC1 was introduced into S. cerevisiae combining with the increased supply of (3 S)-2,3-oxidosqualene to achieve the encouraging α-amyrin production, and the titer of α-amyrin achieved 11.97 ± 0.61 mg/L, 5.8 folds of the maximum production reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhong Guan Cun Nan Road, Beijing 100081, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bo Hai Road, Tangshan 063210, PR China
| | - Pengcheng Chang
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhong Guan Cun Nan Road, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Huan Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhong Guan Cun Nan Road, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Huiyong Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhong Guan Cun Nan Road, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Danning Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhong Guan Cun Nan Road, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Zeyan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhong Guan Cun Nan Road, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhong Guan Cun Nan Road, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yixin Huo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhong Guan Cun Nan Road, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhong Guan Cun Nan Road, Beijing 100081, PR China
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Halka LM, Nowacki C, Kleinschmidt A, Koenen K, Wichmann R. Glucose limited feed strategy leads to increased production of fusicocca-2,10(14)-diene by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AMB Express 2018; 8:132. [PMID: 30136000 PMCID: PMC6104463 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusicocca-2,10(14)-diene (FCdiene) is a diterpene which is interesting as a precursor of the anti-cancer drug fusicoccin A and therefore for pharmaceutical applications. Production of FCdiene using a genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been previously demonstrated with batch cultivations with a product concentration up to 10 mg/L. However, it is widely known that fed-batch processes can significantly improve product titer in yeast fermentations. This study focuses on the establishment of fed-batch fermentation for FCdiene production because fed-batch cultivations using FeedBeads® indicated that limiting glucose supply could increase yields of biomass (1.07 gCDW/gGlucose instead of 0.20 gCDW/gGlucose) and FCdiene (21.54 mgFCdiene/gGlucose instead of 9.74 mgFCdiene/gGlucose) in shake flask scale and may have implications for larger scale processes. We implemented a new exponential glucose feed profile in a 1.8 L stirred tank reactor. This reduced overfeeding and the consequent, ethanol production. As a result improvements in cell concentrations up to 246% could be achieved and FCdiene yield increased up to 2.8X in the first 28 h. FCdiene concentration reached 161 mg/L and 320 mg/L at 44 h. Fed-batch and batch mode were combined to examine dynamics of bi-modal cultivation where a fed-batch phase was used for biomass production and a batch phase used for FCdiene production potentially supported by ethanol consumption as reported on production of betulinic acid. The present study highlights the potential of process development improvements which increase high-value heterologous diterpene yields from S. cerevisiae.
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Abstract
Fusicocca-2,10(14)-diene (FCdiene) is a tricyclic diterpene which has many pharmaceutical applications, for example, it is a precursor for different anticancer drugs, including fusicoccin A. Chemical synthesis of this diterpene is not economical as it requires 14 steps with several stereospecific reactions. FCdiene is naturally produced at low titers in phytopathogenic filamentous fungi. However, production of FCdiene can be achieved via expression of fusicoccadiene synthase in yeast. The objective of this study is to increase FCdiene production by optimizing the yeast fermentation process. Our preliminary fermentations showed influences of carbon sources, buffer agents, and oxygen supply on FCdiene production. Buffer agents as well as oxygen supply were investigated in detail at 0.2 and 1.8 L cultivation volumes. Using glucose as the carbon source, FCdiene concentrations were increased to 240 mgFCdiene/L by optimizing pH and oxygen conditions. In situ extraction and adsorption techniques were examined at the 0.2 L scale to determine if these techniques could improve FCdiene yields. Different adsorbents and solvents were tested with in situ product recovery and 4-fold increases in FCdiene productivity could be shown. The results generated in this work provide a proof-of-concept for the fermentative production of FCdiene from S. cerevisiae as a practical alternative to chemical synthesis.
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35
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Suzuki H, Fukushima EO, Umemoto N, Ohyama K, Seki H, Muranaka T. Comparative analysis of CYP716A subfamily enzymes for the heterologous production of C-28 oxidized triterpenoids in transgenic yeast. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:131-139. [PMID: 31819715 PMCID: PMC6879395 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0416a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several enzymes of the CYP716A subfamily have been reported to be involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis. Members of this subfamily oxidize various positions along the triterpenoid backbone and the majority of them catalyze a three-step oxidation at the C-28 position. Interestingly, C-28 oxidation is a common feature in oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and betulinic acid, which are widely distributed in plants and exhibit important biological activities. In this work, three additional CYP716A enzymes isolated from olive, sugar beet, and coffee, were characterized as multifunctional C-28 oxidases. Semi-quantitative comparisons of in vivo catalytic activity were made against the previously characterized enzymes CYP716A12, CYP716A15, and CYP716A52v2. When heterologously expressed in yeast, the isolated enzymes differed in both catalytic activity and substrate specificity. This study indicates that the screening of enzymes from different plants could be a useful means of identifying enzymes with enhanced catalytic activity and desired substrate specificity. Furthermore, we show that "naturally-evolved" enzymes can be useful in the heterologous production of pharmacologically and industrially important triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ery Odette Fukushima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Open Innovation Research and Education, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Umemoto
- Central Laboratories for Frontier Technology, Kirin Holdings Co., Ltd., Sakura, Tochigi 329-1414, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0045, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0045, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0045, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-6-6879-7423 Fax: +81-6-6879-7426
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