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Viebrock K, Wilhelm J, Rölke B, Pastwa L, Schrader SM, Meinen S, Dietzel A, Dohnt K, Ziehr H, Korf IHE, Bohle K, Krull R. PhagoScreener: A novel phagogram platform based on a capillary-wave microbioreactor. N Biotechnol 2024; 83:188-196. [PMID: 39181197 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2024.08.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Due to the overuse of antibiotics, the number of multidrug-resistant pathogen bacteria is rising in recent years posing a serious threat to human health. One promising alternative for treatment is the application of phage therapy using highly selective bacteriophages. Because of their selectivity, individual screens called phagograms for each patient are required to select phages from a phage library. Phagograms are mostly performed via bacterial cultivation on double layer agar plates and phage addition causing bacterial lysis. However, these assays are work-intensive and have a low ability for parallelization and automation. Hence, highly parallelizable and automatable microbioreactors in the lowest microliter scale could offer an economic solution increasing the throughput of phagograms. This paper demonstrates the applicability of a novel capillary-wave microbioreactor (cwMBR) to perform phagograms. Due to its small volume of only 7 µL and the open-droplet design, it can be easily automated and parallelized in future. Furthermore, the ability of online biomass measurement makes the cwMBR a perfect phagogram platform in the future. Herein, phagograms with E. coli and different concentrations of the phages MM02 and EASG3 were performed as proof of concept for phagograms in the cwMBR. Thereby, the cwMBR was able to measure differences in lysis kinetics of different phages. Furthermore, the phagograms were compared to those in conventional microtiter plate readers revealing the cwMBR as ideal alternative for phagograms as it combines favorable mixing conditions and a phage repellent hydrophilic glass surface with online biomass measurement in an open-droplet design for future parallelization and automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Viebrock
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Wilhelm
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bea Rölke
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Leon Pastwa
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Selina M Schrader
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Meinen
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Alte Salzdahlumer Str. 203, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Alte Salzdahlumer Str. 203, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Katrin Dohnt
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Holger Ziehr
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Imke H E Korf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Bohle
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rainer Krull
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Celińska E, Gorczyca M. 'Small volume-big problem': culturing Yarrowia lipolytica in high-throughput micro-formats. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:184. [PMID: 38915032 PMCID: PMC11197222 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With the current progress in the 'design' and 'build' stages of the 'design-build-test-learn' cycle, many synthetic biology projects become 'test-limited'. Advances in the parallelization of microbes cultivations are of great aid, however, for many species down-scaling leaves a metabolic footprint. Yarrowia lipolytica is one such demanding yeast species, for which scaling-down inevitably leads to perturbations in phenotype development. Strictly aerobic metabolism, propensity for filamentation and adhesion to hydrophobic surfaces, spontaneous flocculation, and high acidification of media are just several characteristics that make the transfer of the micro-scale protocols developed for the other microbial species very challenging in this case. It is well recognized that without additional 'personalized' optimization, either MTP-based or single-cell-based protocols are useless for accurate studies of Y. lipolytica phenotypes. This review summarizes the progress in the scaling-down and parallelization of Y. lipolytica cultures, highlighting the challenges that occur most frequently and strategies for their overcoming. The problem of Y. lipolytica cultures down-scaling is illustrated by calculating the costs of micro-cultivations, and determining the unintentionally introduced, thus uncontrolled, variables. The key research into culturing Y. lipolytica in various MTP formats and micro- and pico-bioreactors is discussed. Own recently developed and carefully pre-optimized high-throughput cultivation protocol is presented, alongside the details from the optimization stage. We hope that this work will serve as a practical guide for those working with Y. lipolytica high-throughput screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Celińska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60‑637, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Maria Gorczyca
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60‑637, Poznań, Poland
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3
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Lou C, Yang H, Hou Y, Huang H, Qiu J, Wang C, Sang Y, Liu H, Han L. Microfluidic Platforms for Real-Time In Situ Monitoring of Biomarkers for Cellular Processes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307051. [PMID: 37844125 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellular processes are mechanisms carried out at the cellular level that are aimed at guaranteeing the stability of the organism they comprise. The investigation of cellular processes is key to understanding cell fate, understanding pathogenic mechanisms, and developing new therapeutic technologies. Microfluidic platforms are thought to be the most powerful tools among all methodologies for investigating cellular processes because they can integrate almost all types of the existing intracellular and extracellular biomarker-sensing methods and observation approaches for cell behavior, combined with precisely controlled cell culture, manipulation, stimulation, and analysis. Most importantly, microfluidic platforms can realize real-time in situ detection of secreted proteins, exosomes, and other biomarkers produced during cell physiological processes, thereby providing the possibility to draw the whole picture for a cellular process. Owing to their advantages of high throughput, low sample consumption, and precise cell control, microfluidic platforms with real-time in situ monitoring characteristics are widely being used in cell analysis, disease diagnosis, pharmaceutical research, and biological production. This review focuses on the basic concepts, recent progress, and application prospects of microfluidic platforms for real-time in situ monitoring of biomarkers in cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Hongru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Ying Hou
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (IAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Haina Huang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (IAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Jichuan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (IAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (IAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, P. R. China
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4
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Recent advances of integrated microfluidic systems for fungal and bacterial analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Viebrock K, Rabl D, Meinen S, Wunder P, Meyer JA, Frey LJ, Rasch D, Dietzel A, Mayr T, Krull R. Microsensor in Microbioreactors: Full Bioprocess Characterization in a Novel Capillary-Wave Microbioreactor. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070512. [PMID: 35884315 PMCID: PMC9312480 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microbioreactors (MBRs) with a volume below 1 mL are promising alternatives to established cultivation platforms such as shake flasks, lab-scale bioreactors and microtiter plates. Their main advantages are simple automatization and parallelization and the saving of expensive media components and test substances. These advantages are particularly pronounced in small-scale MBRs with a volume below 10 µL. However, most described small-scale MBRs are lacking in process information from integrated sensors due to limited space and sensor technology. Therefore, a novel capillary-wave microbioreactor (cwMBR) with a volume of only 7 µL has the potential to close this gap, as it combines a small volume with integrated sensors for biomass, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and glucose concentration. In the cwMBR, pH and DO are measured by established luminescent optical sensors on the bottom of the cwMBR. The novel glucose sensor is based on a modified oxygen sensor, which measures the oxygen uptake of glucose oxidase (GOx) in the presence of glucose up to a concentration of 15 mM. Furthermore, absorbance measurement allows biomass determination. The optical sensors enabled the characterization of an Escherichia coli batch cultivation over 8 h in the cwMBR as proof of concept for further bioprocesses. Hence, the cwMBR with integrated optical sensors has the potential for a wide range of microscale bioprocesses, including cell-based assays, screening applications and process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Viebrock
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.V.); (P.W.); (J.-A.M.); (L.J.F.); (D.R.)
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Dominik Rabl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (D.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Sven Meinen
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.M.); (A.D.)
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Paul Wunder
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.V.); (P.W.); (J.-A.M.); (L.J.F.); (D.R.)
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Jan-Angelus Meyer
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.V.); (P.W.); (J.-A.M.); (L.J.F.); (D.R.)
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Lasse Jannis Frey
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.V.); (P.W.); (J.-A.M.); (L.J.F.); (D.R.)
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Detlev Rasch
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.V.); (P.W.); (J.-A.M.); (L.J.F.); (D.R.)
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.M.); (A.D.)
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (D.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Rainer Krull
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.V.); (P.W.); (J.-A.M.); (L.J.F.); (D.R.)
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.M.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Kerk YJ, Jameel A, Xing X, Zhang C. Recent advances of integrated microfluidic suspension cell culture system. ENGINEERING BIOLOGY 2021; 5:103-119. [PMID: 36970555 PMCID: PMC9996741 DOI: 10.1049/enb2.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic devices with superior microscale fluid manipulation ability and large integration flexibility offer great advantages of high throughput, parallelisation and multifunctional automation. Such features have been extensively utilised to facilitate cell culture processes such as cell capturing and culturing under controllable and monitored conditions for cell-based assays. Incorporating functional components and microfabricated configurations offered different levels of fluid control and cell manipulation strategies to meet diverse culture demands. This review will discuss the advances of single-phase flow and droplet-based integrated microfluidic suspension cell culture systems and their applications for accelerated bioprocess development, high-throughput cell selection, drug screening and scientific research to insight cell biology. Challenges and future prospects for this dynamically developing field are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jing Kerk
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Aysha Jameel
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xin‐Hui Xing
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Synthetic and Systems BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chong Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Synthetic and Systems BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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Totaro D, Radoman B, Schmelzer B, Rothbauer M, Steiger MG, Mayr T, Sauer M, Ertl P, Mattanovich D. Microscale Perfusion-Based Cultivation for Pichia pastoris Clone Screening Enables Accelerated and Optimized Recombinant Protein Production Processes. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000215. [PMID: 32935449 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pichia pastoris has emerged in the past years as a promising host for recombinant protein and biopharmaceutical production. In the establishment of high cell density fed-batch biomanufacturing, screening phase and early bioprocess development (based on microplates and shake flasks) still represent a bottleneck due to high-cost and time-consuming procedures as well as low experiment complexity. In the present work, a screening protocol developed for P. pastoris clone selection is implemented in a multiplexed microfluidic device with 15 μL cultivation chambers able to operate in perfusion mode and monitor dissolved oxygen content in the culture in a non-invasive way. The setup allowed us to establish carbon-limited conditions and evaluate strain responses to different input variables. Results from micro-scale perfusion cultures are then compared with 1L fed-batch fermentation. The best producer in terms of titer and productivity is rapidly identified after 12 h from inoculation and the results confirmed by lab-scale fermentation. Moreover, the physiological analyses of the strains under different conditions suggested how more complex experimental conditions are achievable despite the relatively easy, straight-forward, and cost-effective experimental setup. Implementation and standardization of these micro-scale protocols could reduce the demand for lab-scale bioreactor cultivations thus accelerating the development of protein production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Totaro
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Bojana Radoman
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schmelzer
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Matthias G Steiger
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/166 A, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9 / II + III, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Michael Sauer
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Totaro D, Rothbauer M, Steiger MG, Mayr T, Wang HY, Lin YS, Sauer M, Altvater M, Ertl P, Mattanovich D. Downscaling screening cultures in a multifunctional bioreactor array-on-a-chip for speeding up optimization of yeast-based lactic acid bioproduction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2046-2057. [PMID: 32190900 PMCID: PMC7317386 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge for bioprocess engineering is the identification of the optimum process conditions for the production of biochemical and biopharmaceutical compounds using prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic cell factories. Shake flasks and bench-scale bioreactor systems are still the golden standard in the early stage of bioprocess development, though they are known to be expensive, time-consuming, and labor-intensive as well as lacking the throughput for efficient production optimizations. To bridge the technological gap between bioprocess optimization and upscaling, we have developed a microfluidic bioreactor array to reduce time and costs, and to increase throughput compared with traditional lab-scale culture strategies. We present a multifunctional microfluidic device containing 12 individual bioreactors (Vt = 15 µl) in a 26 mm × 76 mm area with in-line biosensing of dissolved oxygen and biomass concentration. Following initial device characterization, the bioreactor lab-on-a-chip was used in a proof-of-principle study to identify the most productive cell line for lactic acid production out of two engineered yeast strains, evaluating whether it could reduce the time needed for collecting meaningful data compared with shake flasks cultures. Results of the study showed significant difference in the strains' productivity within 3 hr of operation exhibiting a 4- to 6-fold higher lactic acid production, thus pointing at the potential of microfluidic technology as effective screening tool for fast and parallelizable industrial bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Totaro
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias G Steiger
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Hsiang-Yu Wang
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Michael Sauer
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Altvater
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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