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Park SY, Song J, Choi DH, Park U, Cho H, Hong BH, Silberberg YR, Lee DY. Exploring metabolic effects of dipeptide feed media on CHO cell cultures by in silico model-guided flux analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:123. [PMID: 38229404 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in perfusion or continuous processes to achieve higher productivity of biopharmaceuticals in mammalian cell culture, specifically Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, towards advanced biomanufacturing. These intensified bioprocesses highly require concentrated feed media in order to counteract their dilution effects. However, designing such condensed media formulation poses several challenges, particularly regarding the stability and solubility of specific amino acids. To address the difficulty and complexity in relevant media development, the biopharmaceutical industry has recently suggested forming dipeptides by combining one from problematic amino acids with selected pairs to compensate for limitations. In this study, we combined one of the lead amino acids, L-tyrosine, which is known for its poor solubility in water due to its aromatic ring and hydroxyl group, with glycine as the partner, thus forming glycyl-L-tyrosine (GY) dipeptide. Subsequently, we investigated the utilization of GY dipeptide during fed-batch cultures of IgG-producing CHO cells, by changing its concentrations (0.125 × , 0.25 × , 0.5 × , 1.0 × , and 2.0 ×). Multivariate statistical analysis of culture profiles was then conducted to identify and correlate the most significant nutrients with the production, followed by in silico model-guided analysis to systematically evaluate their effects on the culture performance, and elucidate metabolic states and cellular behaviors. As such, it allowed us to explain how the cells can more efficiently utilize GY dipeptide with respect to the balance of cofactor regeneration and energy distribution for the required biomass and protein synthesis. For example, our analysis results uncovered specific amino acids (Asn and Gln) and the 0.5 × GY dipeptide in the feed medium synergistically alleviated the metabolic bottleneck, resulting in enhanced IgG titer and productivity. In the validation experiments, we tested and observed that lower levels of Asn and Gln led to decreased secretion of toxic metabolites, enhanced longevity, and elevated specific cell growth and titer. KEY POINTS: • Explored the optimal Tyr dipeptide for the enhanced CHO cell culture performance • Systematically analyzed effects of dipeptide media by model-guided approach • Uncovered synergistic metabolic utilization of amino acids with dipeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Young Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Jinsung Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuk Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Uiseon Park
- Ajinomoto CELLiST Korea Co., Inc., 70 Songdogwahak-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeran Cho
- Ajinomoto CELLiST Korea Co., Inc., 70 Songdogwahak-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Bee Hak Hong
- Ajinomoto CELLiST Korea Co., Inc., 70 Songdogwahak-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yaron R Silberberg
- Ajinomoto CELLiST Korea Co., Inc., 70 Songdogwahak-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 16419, South Korea.
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Tarantino R, Jensen HM, Waldman SD. Elevated nutrient availability enhances chondrocyte metabolism and biosynthesis in tissue-engineered cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024; 32:895-906. [PMID: 38615973 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2024.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chondrocytes, which typically rely on anaerobic metabolism, exhibit upregulated biosynthetic activity when subjected to conditions that elicit mixed aerobic-anaerobic metabolism. Previously, we observed that increasing media volume resulted in the transition from anaerobic to mixed aerobic-anaerobic metabolism. Maximal extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation occurred at this transition as a result of changes in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α signaling and associated hypoxic gene expression. This study aimed to explore the effect of further increases in media availability on ECM synthesis and chondrocyte metabolism. METHODS Primary bovine chondrocytes were grown in 3D high-density tissue culture under varying levels of media availability (4-16 mL/106 cells). Changes in ECM accumulation and metabolism were determined through biochemical assays and 13C-metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA). RESULTS Increasing media volumes resulted in higher accumulation of cartilaginous ECM (collagen and proteoglycans) and cellularity. Extracellular metabolite measurements revealed that elevated media availability led to increased glucose and glutamine metabolism, along with increased anaerobic activity. 13C-MFA utilizing [U-13C] glucose demonstrated that increased media availability significantly impacted central carbon metabolism, upregulating all glucose-related metabolic pathways (glycolysis, lactate fermentation, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, and the malate-aspartate shuttle). Furthermore, 13C-MFA indicated that glutamine was donating carbons to the TCA cycle, and additional studies involving [U-13C] glutamine tracing supported this notion. CONCLUSIONS Elevated media availability upregulates ECM synthesis and leads to significant changes in metabolic phenotype. Glutamine plays an important role in chondrocyte metabolism and increases in glutamine metabolism correlate with increases in ECM accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Tarantino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Unity Health and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Halie Mei Jensen
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Unity Health and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D Waldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Unity Health and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Singh R, Fatima E, Thakur L, Singh S, Ratan C, Kumar N. Advancements in CHO metabolomics: techniques, current state and evolving methodologies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1347138. [PMID: 38600943 PMCID: PMC11004234 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1347138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Investigating the metabolic behaviour of different cellular phenotypes, i.e., good/bad grower and/or producer, in production culture is important to identify the key metabolite(s)/pathway(s) that regulate cell growth and/or recombinant protein production to improve the overall yield. Currently, LC-MS, GC-MS and NMR are the most used and advanced technologies for investigating the metabolome. Although contributed significantly in the domain, each technique has its own biasness towards specific metabolites or class of metabolites due to various reasons including variability in the concept of working, sample preparation, metabolite-extraction methods, metabolite identification tools, and databases. As a result, the application of appropriate analytical technique(s) is very critical. Purpose and scope: This review provides a state-of-the-art technological insights and overview of metabolic mechanisms involved in regulation of cell growth and/or recombinant protein production for improving yield from CHO cultures. Summary and conclusion: In this review, the advancements in CHO metabolomics over the last 10 years are traced based on a bibliometric analysis of previous publications and discussed. With the technical advancement in the domain of LC-MS, GC-MS and NMR, metabolites of glycolytic and nucleotide biosynthesis pathway (glucose, fructose, pyruvate and phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine, valine, asparagine, and serine, etc.) were observed to be upregulated in exponential-phase thereby potentially associated with cell growth regulation, whereas metabolites/intermediates of TCA, oxidative phosphorylation (aspartate, glutamate, succinate, malate, fumarate and citrate), intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio, and glutathione metabolic pathways were observed to be upregulated in stationary-phase and hence potentially associated with increased cell-specific productivity in CHO bioprocess. Moreover, each of technique has its own bias towards metabolite identification, indicating their complementarity, along with a number of critical gaps in the CHO metabolomics pipeline and hence first time discussed here to identify their potential remedies. This knowledge may help in future study designs to improve the metabolomic coverage facilitating identification of the metabolites/pathways which might get missed otherwise and explore the full potential of metabolomics for improving the CHO bioprocess performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Eram Fatima
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Lovnish Thakur
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sevaram Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandra Ratan
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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Dou X, Fu Q, Long Q, Liu S, Zou Y, Fu D, Xu Q, Jiang Z, Ren X, Zhang G, Wei X, Li Q, Campisi J, Zhao Y, Sun Y. PDK4-dependent hypercatabolism and lactate production of senescent cells promotes cancer malignancy. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1887-1910. [PMID: 37903887 PMCID: PMC10663165 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Senescent cells remain metabolically active, but their metabolic landscape and resulting implications remain underexplored. Here, we report upregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) upon senescence, particularly in some stromal cell lines. Senescent cells display a PDK4-dependent increase in aerobic glycolysis and enhanced lactate production but maintain mitochondrial respiration and redox activity, thus adopting a special form of metabolic reprogramming. Medium from PDK4+ stromal cells promotes the malignancy of recipient cancer cells in vitro, whereas inhibition of PDK4 causes tumor regression in vivo. We find that lactate promotes reactive oxygen species production via NOX1 to drive the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, whereas PDK4 suppression reduces DNA damage severity and restrains the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. In preclinical trials, PDK4 inhibition alleviates physical dysfunction and prevents age-associated frailty. Together, our study confirms the hypercatabolic nature of senescent cells and reveals a metabolic link between cellular senescence, lactate production, and possibly, age-related pathologies, including but not limited to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Dou
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumour, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Aging Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Qilai Long
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuning Liu
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yejun Zou
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of New Techniques for Live-cell Metabolic Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Da Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qixia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumour, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhirui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumour, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumour, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guilong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Aging Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaoling Wei
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yuzheng Zhao
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
- Research Unit of New Techniques for Live-cell Metabolic Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumour, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Aging Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
- Department of Medicine and VAPSHCS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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5
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Reddy JV, Raudenbush K, Papoutsakis ET, Ierapetritou M. Cell-culture process optimization via model-based predictions of metabolism and protein glycosylation. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108179. [PMID: 37257729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to meet the rising demand for biologics and become competitive on the developing biosimilar market, there is a need for process intensification of biomanufacturing processes. Process development of biologics has historically relied on extensive experimentation to develop and optimize biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Experimentation to optimize media formulations, feeding schedules, bioreactor operations and bioreactor scale up is expensive, labor intensive and time consuming. Mathematical modeling frameworks have the potential to enable process intensification while reducing the experimental burden. This review focuses on mathematical modeling of cellular metabolism and N-linked glycosylation as applied to upstream manufacturing of biologics. We review developments in the field of modeling cellular metabolism of mammalian cells using kinetic and stoichiometric modeling frameworks along with their applications to simulate, optimize and improve mechanistic understanding of the process. Interest in modeling N-linked glycosylation has led to the creation of various types of parametric and non-parametric models. Most published studies on mammalian cell metabolism have performed experiments in shake flasks where the pH and dissolved oxygen cannot be controlled. Efforts to understand and model the effect of bioreactor-specific parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and bioreactor heterogeneity are critically reviewed. Most modeling efforts have focused on the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, which are most commonly used to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, these modeling approaches can be generalized and applied to any mammalian cell-based manufacturing platform. Current and potential future applications of these models for Vero cell-based vaccine manufacturing, CAR-T cell therapies, and viral vector manufacturing are also discussed. We offer specific recommendations for improving the applicability of these models to industrially relevant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth Venkatarama Reddy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA
| | - Katherine Raudenbush
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA
| | - Eleftherios Terry Papoutsakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA; Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, USA.
| | - Marianthi Ierapetritou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA.
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6
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Naik HM, Kumar S, Reddy JV, Gonzalez JE, McConnell BO, Dhara VG, Wang T, Yu M, Antoniewicz MR, Betenbaugh MJ. Chemical inhibitors of hexokinase-2 enzyme reduce lactate accumulation, alter glycosylation processing, and produce altered glycoforms in CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2559-2577. [PMID: 37148536 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, predominant hosts for recombinant biotherapeutics production, generate lactate as a major glycolysis by-product. High lactate levels adversely impact cell growth and productivity. The goal of this study was to reduce lactate in CHO cell cultures by adding chemical inhibitors to hexokinase-2 (HK2), the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, and examine their impact on lactate accumulation, cell growth, protein titers, and N-glycosylation. Five inhibitors of HK2 enzyme at different concentrations were evaluated, of which 2-deoxy- d-glucose (2DG) and 5-thio- d-glucose (5TG) successfully reduced lactate accumulation with only limited impacts on CHO cell growth. Individual 2DG and 5TG supplementation led to a 35%-45% decrease in peak lactate, while their combined supplementation resulted in a 60% decrease in peak lactate. Inhibitor supplementation led to at least 50% decrease in moles of lactate produced per mol of glucose consumed. Recombinant EPO-Fc titers peaked earlier relative to the end of culture duration in supplemented cultures leading to at least 11% and as high as 32% increase in final EPO-Fc titers. Asparagine, pyruvate, and serine consumption rates also increased in the exponential growth phase in 2DG and 5TG treated cultures, thus, rewiring central carbon metabolism due to low glycolytic fluxes. N-glycan analysis of EPO-Fc revealed an increase in high mannose glycans from 5% in control cultures to 25% and 37% in 2DG and 5TG-supplemented cultures, respectively. Inhibitor supplementation also led to a decrease in bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary structures and up to 50% lower EPO-Fc sialylation. Interestingly, addition of 2DG led to the incorporation of 2-deoxy-hexose (2DH) on EPO-Fc N-glycans and addition of 5TG resulted in the first-ever observed N-glycan incorporation of 5-thio-hexose (5TH). Six percent to 23% of N-glycans included 5TH moieties, most likely 5-thio-mannose and/or 5-thio-galactose and/or possibly 5-thio-N-acetylglucosamine, and 14%-33% of N-glycans included 2DH moieties, most likely 2-deoxy-mannose and/or 2-deoxy-galactose, for cultures treated with different concentrations of 5TG and 2DG, respectively. Our study is the first to evaluate the impact of these glucose analogs on CHO cell growth, protein production, cell metabolism, N-glycosylation processing, and formation of alternative glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harnish Mukesh Naik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Swetha Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jayanth Venkatarama Reddy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Brian O McConnell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Venkata Gayatri Dhara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiexin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marcella Yu
- Process Science Cell Culture, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont, Inc., Fremont, California, USA
- currently at Upstream Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maciek R Antoniewicz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Xu WJ, Lin Y, Mi CL, Pang JY, Wang TY. Progress in fed-batch culture for recombinant protein production in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1063-1075. [PMID: 36648523 PMCID: PMC9843118 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 80% of the approved human therapeutic antibodies are produced by Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. To achieve better cell growth and high-yield recombinant protein, fed-batch culture is typically used for recombinant protein production in CHO cells. According to the demand of nutrients consumption, feed medium containing multiple components in cell culture can affect the characteristics of cell growth and improve the yield and quality of recombinant protein. Fed-batch optimization should have a connection with comprehensive factors such as culture environmental parameters, feed composition, and feeding strategy. At present, process intensification (PI) is explored to maintain production flexible and meet forthcoming demands of biotherapeutics process. Here, CHO cell culture, feed composition in fed-batch culture, fed-batch culture environmental parameters, feeding strategies, metabolic byproducts in fed-batch culture, chemostat cultivation, and the intensified fed-batch are reviewed. KEY POINTS: • Fed-batch culture in CHO cells is reviewed. • Fed-batch has become a common technology for recombinant protein production. • Fed batch culture promotes recombinant protein production in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Xu
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China ,grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XSchool of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Yan Lin
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China ,grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XSchool of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Chun-Liu Mi
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Jing-Ying Pang
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XSchool of the First Clinical College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000 Henan China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China ,grid.495434.b0000 0004 1797 4346School of medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
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8
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Doyle K, Tsopanoglou A, Fejér A, Glennon B, del Val IJ. Automated assembly of hybrid dynamic models for CHO cell culture processes. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Coulet M, Kepp O, Kroemer G, Basmaciogullari S. Metabolic Profiling of CHO Cells during the Production of Biotherapeutics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121929. [PMID: 35741058 PMCID: PMC9221972 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As indicated by an ever-increasing number of FDA approvals, biotherapeutics constitute powerful tools for the treatment of various diseases, with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) accounting for more than 50% of newly approved drugs between 2014 and 2018 (Walsh, 2018). The pharmaceutical industry has made great progress in developing reliable and efficient bioproduction processes to meet the demand for recombinant mAbs. Mammalian cell lines are preferred for the production of functional, complex recombinant proteins including mAbs, with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells being used in most instances. Despite significant advances in cell growth control for biologics manufacturing, cellular responses to environmental changes need to be understood in order to further improve productivity. Metabolomics offers a promising approach for developing suitable strategies to unlock the full potential of cellular production. This review summarizes key findings on catabolism and anabolism for each phase of cell growth (exponential growth, the stationary phase and decline) with a focus on the principal metabolic pathways (glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle) and the families of biomolecules that impact these circuities (nucleotides, amino acids, lipids and energy-rich metabolites).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Coulet
- Sanofi R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France;
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94800 Villejuif, France;
- Institut Universitaire de France, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94800 Villejuif, France;
- Institut Universitaire de France, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, 75006 Paris, France
- Department of Biology, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (S.B.)
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10
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Torres M, Dickson AJ. Combined gene and environmental engineering offers a synergetic strategy to enhance r-protein production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:550-565. [PMID: 34821376 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Environmental growth-inhibition conditions (GICs) have been used extensively for increasing cell-specific productivity (qP ) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, with the most common being temperature downshift and sodium butyrate (NaBu) treatment. B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (BLIMP1) overexpression in CHO cells can also inhibit cell growth and increase product titers and qP . Given the similar responses, this study evaluated the individual and combined effects of BLIMP1 expression, low temperature, and NaBu treatment on culture performance, cell metabolism, and recombinant protein production of CHO cells. As expected, all three interventions decreased cell growth, arrested cells in G1/G0 cell cycle phase, and increased qP . However, CHO cells presented different responses when considering cell viability, recombinant gene expression, and cell metabolism that indicated differences in the molecular loci by which BLIMP1 and GICs generated higher productivities. Combinations of BLIMP1 expression and GICs acted synergistically to inhibit cell growth and maximize r-protein production, with the BLIMP1/NaBu condition leading to the most significant improvements in product titers and qP . This latter condition also proved to substantially increase product yields (up to 9.8 g immunoglobulin G1 [IgG1]/L and 2.2 g erythropoietin-Fc [EPO-Fc]/L) and qP (up to 179 pg/cell/day [pcd] for IgG1 and 30 pcd for EPO-Fc) in high-density perfusion cultures. These findings offered mechanistic insights about the productivity-enhancing effects of BLIMP1 and GICs, as well as their complementarity for generating highly productive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Torres
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alan J Dickson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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