1
|
Peng W, Li Z, Cai D, Yi X, Yue Jeff Zhang J, Zhong G, Ouyang H, Feng Y, Yang S. Gender differences pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, hepatic metabolism and metabolism studies of Pinnatifolone A, a sesquiterpenoid compound, in rats by LC-MS/MS and UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154544. [PMID: 36610155 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pinnatifolone A is a typical sesquiterpenoid and the primary active ingredient of Syringa oblata Lindl., has potent anti-inflammatory activity. However, Pinnatifolone A pharmacokinetic and metabolites analysis investigations in male and female rats, as well as its in vitro stability in male and female rat liver microsomes, have not been evaluated and compared. PURPOSE To investigate preclinical pharmacokinetic and metabolite in both genders, confirm gender differences, and provide usable information for the development of clinical applications. METHODS A quick, precise, and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was created and effectively used to determine the pharmacokinetics of oral (140 mg/kg) and intravenous (6.3 mg/kg) Pinnatifolone A in male and female rats, in vitro Pinnatifolone A elimination studies in male and female rat liver microsomes. Following that, a UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technique was established to identify the metabolic profiles of Pinnatifolone A obtained from rat plasma and excreta. RESULTS In the current study, we established for the first time an LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of Pinnatifolone A with acceptable linearity and selectivity, recovery and matrix effect, accuracy and precision. The absolute oral bioavailability of Pinnatifolone A was approximately 30.36% in female rats, the clearance (CL) was 20.99±3.33 l/h/kg in female rats and 472.37±437.31 l/h/kg in male rats. This difference in rat genders may pertain to the sex-specific expression of hepatic enzymes as demonstrated in the metabolic stability evaluation in the present research; the male rats exhibited higher CLint(mic) (158.83±9.57 μl/min/mg protein) than female rats (76.47±7.90 μl/min/mg protein) liver microsomes, indicating higher Pinnatifolone A clearance in male rats. Twenty-four metabolites were detected and identified in female and male rats; N-acetylcysteine conjugation metabolite was the most abundant metabolites in both rat feces and urine. Furthermore, male and female rats had significantly different levels of the N-acetylcysteine conjugation metabolite. Hydrogenation metabolite was particular to female rats both in rat fecal and urine. Glucuronide conjugation metabolite was the predominant metabolite in rat plasma, and its amount in female rats was double that of male rats. CONCLUSIONS The present research is the first to report the preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolites of Pinnatifolone A in male and female rats, confirming the gender-based differences. The findings provide a comprehensive overview for further understanding of the pharmacokinetic and metabolic characteristics of Pinnatifolone A and serve as a guide for its future development and utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanqian Peng
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 818 Yunwan Road, Nanchang 330002, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 818 Yunwan Road, Nanchang 330002, PR China
| | - Dingji Cai
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 818 Yunwan Road, Nanchang 330002, PR China
| | - Xiaocui Yi
- Nanchang Aubrak Therapeutis Co., Ltd, No. 688 North Aixihu Road, Nanchang 330096, PR China
| | - Ji Yue Jeff Zhang
- Nanchang Aubrak Therapeutis Co., Ltd, No. 688 North Aixihu Road, Nanchang 330096, PR China
| | - Guoyue Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, No. 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Hui Ouyang
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 818 Yunwan Road, Nanchang 330002, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, No. 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
| | - Yulin Feng
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 818 Yunwan Road, Nanchang 330002, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, No. 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
| | - Shilin Yang
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 818 Yunwan Road, Nanchang 330002, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li H, Wang L, Zhang X, Xia W, Zhou X, Sui H, Fu X. Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel: A Systematic Review on Anticancer of Its Pharmacological Properties, Clinical Researches and Pharmacokinetic Studies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:888075. [PMID: 35814470 PMCID: PMC9259996 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.888075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel (PC) is one of the most commonly used Chinese medicines and has a history of thousands of years. This article reviews the research results of anti-cancer activity and its mechanism of action obtained from experimental, clinical, pharmacokinetic and bioinformatic studies in recent years. A large number of studies have shown that PC exerts had anti-cancer effects on different types of tumor cells by inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell cycle and energy metabolism, inducing autophagy, and inhibiting angiogenesis. The literature has shown that PC can trigger the expression of autophagy-related molecules, activate the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, inhibit the phosphorylation of PI3K downstream factors, down-regulate the expression of glycolysis-related proteins, and regulate a series of cancer-related signal pathways and proteins. The molecular mechanisms involved in PC include signal pathways such as Notch, PI3K/AKT/m TOR, AKT/mTOR, and MEK/ERK. The article also discusses the derivatives of the active ingredients in PC, which greatly improved the anti-cancer effect. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the biological effects and mechanisms of PC against cancer. The analysis of the literature shows that PC can be used as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lilan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wenxin Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xirong Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hong Sui
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xueyan Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li P, Peng J, Li Y, Gong L, Lv Y, Liu H, Zhang T, Yang S, Liu H, Li J, Liu L. Pharmacokinetics, Bioavailability, Excretion and Metabolism Studies of Akebia Saponin D in Rats: Causes of the Ultra-Low Oral Bioavailability and Metabolic Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:621003. [PMID: 33935711 PMCID: PMC8082176 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.621003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Akebia saponin D (ASD) has a variety of biological activities and great medicinal potential, but its oral bioavailability is so low as to limit its development. Its pharmacokinetic profiles and excretion and metabolism in vivo have not been fully elucidated. This study was an attempt in this area. Methods: A simple LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify ASD and its metabolites M1∼M5 in rat plasma, feces, urine and bile was established with a negative ESI model using dexketoprofen as the internal standard. Meanwhile, the UPLC-HR/MS system was used to screen all possible metabolites in the urine, feces and bile of rats, as compared with blank samples collected before administration. Absolute quantitative analysis was for M0, M3, M4, and M5, while semi-quantitative analysis was for M1, M2, and Orbitrap data. Results: The AUC0-t values after intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg and intragastrical administration of 100 mg/kg ASD were 19.05 ± 8.64 and 0.047 ± 0.030 h*μg/ml respectively. The oral bioavailability was determined to be extremely low (0.025%) in rats. The exposure of M4 and M5 in the oral group was higher than that of M0 in the terminal phase of the plasma concentration time profile, and ASD was stable in the liver microsome incubation system of rats, but metabolism was relatively rapid during anaerobic incubation of intestinal contents of rats, suggesting that the low bioavailability of ASD might have been attributed to the poor gastrointestinal permeability and extensive pre-absorption degradation rather than to the potent first pass metabolism. This assertion was further verified by a series of intervention studies, where improvement of lipid solubility and intestinal permeability as well as inhibition of intestinal flora increased the relative bioavailability to different extents without being changed by P-gp inhibition. After intravenous administration, the cumulative excretion rates of ASD in the urine and bile were 14.79 ± 1.87%, and 21.76 ± 17.61% respectively, but only 0.011% in feces, suggesting that the urine and bile were the main excretion pathways and that there was a large amount of biotransformation in the gastrointestinal tract. Fifteen possible metabolites were observed in the urine, feces and bile. The main metabolites were ASD deglycosylation, demethylation, dehydroxylation, decarbonylation, decarboxylation, hydroxylation, hydroxymethylation, hydroxyethylation and hydrolysis. Conclusion: The pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, metabolism and excretion of ASD in rats were systematically evaluated for the first time in this study. It has been confirmed that the ultra-low oral bioavailability is due to poor gastrointestinal permeability, extensive pre-absorption degradation and biotransformation. ASD after iv administration is not only excreted by the urine and bile, but possibly undergoes complex metabolic elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Pharmacy Department of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Guollence Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yuexin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi City, China
| | - Lili Gong
- Pharmacy Department of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Lv
- Pharmacy Department of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - He Liu
- Pharmacy Department of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Guollence Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Song Yang
- Pharmacy Department of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongchuan Liu
- Pharmacy Department of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglai Li
- Guollence Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Pharmacy Department of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song Y, Shan B, Li H, Feng B, Peng H, Jin C, Xu P, Zeng Q, Liao Z, Mu P, Su D. Safety investigation of Pulsatilla chinensis saponins from chronic metabonomic study of serum biomedical changes in oral treated rat. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:435-445. [PMID: 30703498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel is a valuable traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which is widely used for the treatment of schistosomiasis, inflammatory, bacterial infections. In recent years, P chinensis has been reported to exhibit antitumor activities. However, the mechanisms underlying its toxic effects remain largely unresolved. This paper is designed to investigate the damage of long-term oral P. chinensis saponins (PRS) and to explore its potential damage mechanisms by serum metabonomics approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS The serum samples from control and PRS treated rats were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) in positive ionization mode and negative ionization mode. Liver function index of ALT, AST and ALP, blood biochemistry and biomarkers were examined to identify specific changes of injury. Acquired data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) for differentiating the control and PRS treated groups. Then, serum metabolic profiling was analyzed and pathway analysis performed on the biomarkers reversed after PRS treated and further integration of metabolic networks. RESULTS The results suggested that serum liver function indexes of ALT had significantly changed and stage increased. AST, ALP detection content show volatility changes. Changes in the 15 biomarkers found in the serum, such as acetaminophen glucuronide, 9 E, 11 E-linoleic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, monoacylglycerides, sphingomyelin (SM), 7-ketodeoxycholic acid and 12-keto-deoxycholic acid, which were closely related to changes in liver injury. It could be seen clearly that with the change of the dosing time, the biomarkers in the serum have undergone obvious, regular and progressive changes through the score plot and corresponding loading plot. The underlying regulations of PRS-perturbed metabolic pathways were discussed according to the identified metabolites. CONCLUSION The present study proves the potential of UPLC-QTOF-MS based metabonomics in mapping metabolic response. Long-term oral administration of P. chinensis saponins can cause chronic liver injury, and its safety needs further attention. It is of great significance in safeguarding human health to explore the damage mechanism of Pulsatilla chinensis saponins on liver by serum metabolomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Song
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Baixi Shan
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Hanyun Li
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Bingwei Feng
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Hong Peng
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Chen Jin
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Zhou Liao
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Pengqian Mu
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Office Room 502, 5/F, Bldg 1, 518 North FU quan Road, IBP Changning District, Shanghai 200335, PR China
| | - Dan Su
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chua LS, Lau CH, Chew CY, Dawood DAS. Solvent Fractionation and Acetone Precipitation for Crude Saponins from Eurycoma longifolia Extract. Molecules 2019; 24:E1416. [PMID: 30974893 PMCID: PMC6480193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eurycoma longifolia is a popular folk medicine in South East Asia. This study was focused on saccharide-containing compounds including saponins, mainly because of their medical potentials. Different organic solvents such as ethyl acetate, butanol, and chloroform were used to fractionate the phytochemical groups, which were consequently precipitated in cold acetone. Solvent fractionation was found to increase the total saponin content based on colorimetric assay using vanillin and sulfuric acid. Ethyl acetate fraction and its precipitate were showed to have the highest crude saponins after acetone precipitation. The samples were shown to have anti-proliferative activity comparable with tamoxifen (IC50 = 110.6 µg/mL) against human breast cancer cells. The anti-proliferative activities of the samples were significantly improved from crude extract (IC50 = 616.3 µg/mL) to ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 = 185.4 µg/mL) and its precipitate (IC50 = 153.4 µg/mL). LC-DAD-MS/MS analysis revealed that the saccharide-containing compounds such as m/z 497, 610, 723, 836, and 949 were abundant in the samples, and they could be ionized in negative ion mode. The compounds consisted of 226 amu monomers with UV-absorbing property at 254 nm, and were tentatively identified as formylated hexoses. To conclude, solvent fractionation and acetone precipitation could produce saccharide-containing compounds including saponins with higher anti-proliferative activity than crude extract against MCF-7 cells. This is the first study to use non-toxic solvents for fractionation of bioactive compounds from highly complex plant extract of E. longifolia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Suan Chua
- Metabolites Profiling Laboratory, Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia.
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Cher Haan Lau
- Metabolites Profiling Laboratory, Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Chee Yung Chew
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Dawood Ali Salim Dawood
- Metabolites Profiling Laboratory, Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel KH, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gürtler R, Gundert-Remy U, Husøy T, Mennes W, Oskarsson A, Shah R, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Boon P, Lambré C, Tobback P, Wright M, Rincon AM, Smeraldi C, Tard A, Moldeus P. Re-evaluation of Quillaia extract (E 999) as a food additive and safety of the proposed extension of use. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05622. [PMID: 32626248 PMCID: PMC7009130 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion on Quillaia extract (E 999) when used as a food additive and the evaluation of the safety of its proposed extension of use as a food additive in flavourings. The Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1978 established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0-5 mg spray-dried extract/kg body weight (bw) per day for E 999. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established in its latest evaluation a group ADI of 0-1 mg/kg bw per day, expressed as quillaia saponins, for Quillaia extract for Type 1 and Type 2. The Panel considered it likely that intact Quillaia extract saponins are absorbed to a low extent, are hydrolysed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and that the aglycone is absorbed only to a limited extent. The Panel considered that the genotoxicity data available did not indicate a concern for genotoxicity. Taking into account the available toxicological database, various no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) relevant for the derivation of an ADI were identified. The Panel considered that the 2-year study in rats was the most robust and that the NOAEL of 1,500 mg Quillaia extract/kg bw per day could be used to derive the ADI for E 999. Considering that the adverse effects reported were due to the presence of saponins in the extract, that saponins were present in Quillaia extract Type 1 (around 20%) and using an uncertainty factor of 100, the Panel derived a ADI of 3 mg saponins/kg bw per day for E 999. None of the exposure estimates for the different population groups of the refined brand-loyal scenario exceeded the ADI of 3 mg saponins/kg bw per day. The proposed extension of use also would not result in an exceedance of this ADI for the refined scenario. The Panel proposed some recommendations for the European Commission to consider, in particular revising the EU specifications for E 999 in order to differentiate the extracts of Quillaia according to the saponins content and to include other parameters to better characterise the food additive.
Collapse
|
7
|
Stylos E, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Syriopoulou A, Tzakos AG. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) based bioavailability determination of the major classes of phytochemicals. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1047:15-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
8
|
Huang J, Liu Y, Li X, Song Y, Li W, Liu K, Su D, Feng Y, Yang S. Comparative pharmacokinetic profiles of five poorly soluble pulchinenosides in different formulations fromPulsatilla chinensissaponins extracts for enhanced bioavailability. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1885-92. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 56 Yangming Road Nanchang 330006 People's Republic of China
- The People's Hospital of Shangrao; Shuyuan Road Shangrao Jiangxi 334000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Liu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 56 Yangming Road Nanchang 330006 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 56 Yangming Road Nanchang 330006 People's Republic of China
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine; 56 Yangming Road Nanchang Jiangxi 330006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggui Song
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 56 Yangming Road Nanchang 330006 People's Republic of China
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine; 56 Yangming Road Nanchang Jiangxi 330006 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 56 Yangming Road Nanchang 330006 People's Republic of China
| | - Kuangyi Liu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 56 Yangming Road Nanchang 330006 People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Su
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 56 Yangming Road Nanchang 330006 People's Republic of China
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine; 56 Yangming Road Nanchang Jiangxi 330006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Feng
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 56 Yangming Road Nanchang 330006 People's Republic of China
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine; 56 Yangming Road Nanchang Jiangxi 330006 People's Republic of China
| | - Shilin Yang
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 56 Yangming Road Nanchang 330006 People's Republic of China
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine; 56 Yangming Road Nanchang Jiangxi 330006 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|