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Mahdavijalal M, Petio C, Staffilano G, Mandrioli R, Protti M. Innovative Solid-Phase Extraction Strategies for Improving the Advanced Chromatographic Determination of Drugs in Challenging Biological Samples. Molecules 2024; 29:2278. [PMID: 38792139 PMCID: PMC11124106 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, considerable scientific strides have been made in the subject of drug analysis in human biological samples. However, the risk caused by incorrect drug plasma levels in patients still remains an important concern. This review paper attempts to investigate the advances made over the last ten years in common sample preparation techniques (SPT) for biological samples based on solid sorbents, including solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), and in particular in the field of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), including non-stimuli-responsive and stimuli-responsive adsorbents. This class of materials is known as 'smart adsorbents', exhibiting tailored responses to various stimuli such as magnetic fields, pH, temperature, and light. Details are provided on how these advanced SPT are changing the landscape of modern drug analysis in their coupling with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analytical techniques, a general term that includes high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), as well as any variation of MS, such as tandem (MS/MS), multiple-stage (MSn), and high-resolution (HRMS) mass spectrometry. Some notes are also provided on coupling with less-performing techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) and diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) detection. Finally, we provide a general review of the difficulties and benefits of the proposed approaches and the future prospects of this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Mahdavijalal
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Carmine Petio
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Care Services, Local Health Unit Company (AUSL) of Bologna—IRCCS St. Orsola-Malpighi, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Staffilano
- Cardiology and Intensive Care Unit, Local Health Company (ASL) of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Roberto Mandrioli
- Department for Life Quality Studies (QuVi), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.)
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2
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Dugheri S, Squillaci D, Saccomando V, Marrubini G, Bucaletti E, Rapi I, Fanfani N, Cappelli G, Mucci N. An Automated Micro Solid-Phase Extraction (μSPE) Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Cyclophosphamide and Iphosphamide: Biological Monitoring in Antineoplastic Drug (AD) Occupational Exposure. Molecules 2024; 29:638. [PMID: 38338382 PMCID: PMC10856084 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the considerable steps taken in the last decade in the context of antineoplastic drug (AD) handling procedures, their mutagenic effect still poses a threat to healthcare personnel actively involved in compounding and administration units. Biological monitoring procedures usually require large volumes of sample and extraction solvents, or do not provide adequate sensitivity. It is here proposed a fast and automated method to evaluate the urinary levels of cyclophosphamide and iphosphamide, composed of a miniaturized solid phase extraction (µSPE) followed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis. The extraction procedure, developed through design of experiments (DoE) on the ePrep One Workstation, required a total time of 9.5 min per sample, with recoveries of 77-79% and a solvent consumption lower than 1.5 mL per 1 mL of urine sample. Thanks to the UHPLC-MS/MS method, the limits of quantification (LOQ) obtained were lower than 10 pg/mL. The analytical procedure was successfully applied to 23 urine samples from compounding wards of four Italian hospitals, which resulted in contaminations between 27 and 182 pg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (D.S.); (V.S.); (E.B.); (I.R.); (N.F.); (G.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Donato Squillaci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (D.S.); (V.S.); (E.B.); (I.R.); (N.F.); (G.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Valentina Saccomando
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (D.S.); (V.S.); (E.B.); (I.R.); (N.F.); (G.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Giorgio Marrubini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Bucaletti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (D.S.); (V.S.); (E.B.); (I.R.); (N.F.); (G.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Ilaria Rapi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (D.S.); (V.S.); (E.B.); (I.R.); (N.F.); (G.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Niccolò Fanfani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (D.S.); (V.S.); (E.B.); (I.R.); (N.F.); (G.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Giovanni Cappelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (D.S.); (V.S.); (E.B.); (I.R.); (N.F.); (G.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (D.S.); (V.S.); (E.B.); (I.R.); (N.F.); (G.C.); (N.M.)
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Rahimpoor R, Firoozichahak A, Alizadeh S, Serkan H, Nematollahi D. Application of MIL-53(Al)-NH 2 as a Dispersive Microsolid-Phase Extraction Material for Determination of Cyclophosphamide in Urine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36643-36652. [PMID: 36278040 PMCID: PMC9583078 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an aluminum-based metal-organic framework (MIL-53(Al)-NH2) was synthesized and employed as a well-known and efficient dispersive microsolid-phase extraction (Dμ-SPE) sorbent for reliable determination of cyclophosphamide in urine samples by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The synthesized MIL-53(Al)-NH2 was characterized by FT-IR, PXRD, FE-SEM, and EDS for more details. Then, the effective parameters of the preconcentration and extraction of urinary cyclophosphamide including the amount of the solid sorbent, the pH of the sample, sample volume, extraction and desorption time, and the type and volume of elution solvent were thoroughly investigated and optimized. According to the results, a linear dynamic range of 0.14-120 μg mL-1 with a good correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.998) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05 μg mL-1 were obtained with intra- and interday relative standard deviations (n = 9) of 3.13 and 3.99% in optimized conditions, respectively. Furthermore, the absolute recovery of urinary cyclophosphamide at three concentrations (0.5, 50.0, and 100.0 μg mL-1) was 94.0%. Finally, the optimal condition of the developed method was successfully applied to the extraction and analysis of cyclophosphamide from the real urine samples with satisfactory recovery (94.0-97.0%) and acceptable precision (<4.1%). The findings proved that MIL-53(Al)-NH2 can be utilized as a suitable adsorbent for highly reliable extraction of cyclophosphamide in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razzagh Rahimpoor
- Department
of Occupational Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences,
School of Health, Larestan University of
Medical Sciences, Larestan74319-75566, Iran
| | - Ali Firoozichahak
- Department
of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Social Determinants of
Health Research Center, Gonabad University
of Medical Science, Gonabad96917-93718, Iran
| | - Saber Alizadeh
- Department
of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan65178-38695, Iran
| | - Houman Serkan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran19585-466, Iran
| | - Davood Nematollahi
- Department
of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan65178-38695, Iran
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4
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Lema-Atán JÁ, Lendoiro E, Paniagua-González L, Cruz A, López-Rivadulla M, de-Castro-Ríos A. LC-MS-MS Determination of Cytostatic Drugs on Surfaces and in Urine to Assess Occupational Exposure. J Anal Toxicol 2022; 46:e248-e255. [PMID: 36164930 PMCID: PMC9872221 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-increased usage of cytostatic drugs leads to high risk of exposure among healthcare workers. Moreover, workers are exposed to multiple compounds throughout their lives, leading to cumulative and chronic exposure. Therefore, multianalyte methods are the most suitable for exposure assessment, which minimizes the risks from handling cytostatic drugs and ensures adequate contamination containment. This study describes the development and full validation of two liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for the detection of gemcitabine, dacarbazine, methotrexate, irinotecan, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicinol, doxorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, vinorelbine, docetaxel and paclitaxel in working surfaces and urine samples. The urine method is the first to measure vinorelbine and doxorubicinol. For surfaces, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were 5-100 pg/cm2, and linearity was achieved up to 500 pg/cm2. Inaccuracy was between -11.0 and 8.4%. Intra-day, inter-day and total imprecision were <20%, except for etoposide and irinotecan (<22.1%). In urine, LOD and LOQ were 5-250 pg/mL, with a linear range up to 1,000-5,000 pg/mL. Inaccuracy was between -3.8 and 14.9%. Imprecision was <12.4%. Matrix effect was from -58.3 to 1,268.9% and from -66.7 to 1,636% in surface and urine samples, respectively, and extraction efficiency from 10.8 to 75% and 47.1 to 130.4%, respectively. All the analytes showed autosampler (6°C/72 h), freezer (-22°C/2 months) and freeze/thaw (three cycles) stability. The feasibility of the methods was demonstrated by analyzing real working surfaces and patients' urine samples. Contamination with gemcitabine, irinotecan, cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and paclitaxel (5-4,641.9 pg/cm2) was found on biological safety cabinets and outpatients' bathrooms. Analysis of urine from patients under chemotherapy identified the infused drugs at concentrations higher than the upper LOQ. These validated methods will allow a comprehensive evaluation of both environmental and biological contamination in hospital settings and healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ángel Lema-Atán
- Toxicology Service, Institute of Forensic Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elena Lendoiro
- Toxicology Service, Institute of Forensic Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lucía Paniagua-González
- Toxicology Service, Institute of Forensic Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angelines Cruz
- Toxicology Service, Institute of Forensic Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel López-Rivadulla
- Toxicology Service, Institute of Forensic Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Villa A, Tremolet K, Martinez B, Petit M, Dascon X, Stanek J, Ducint D, Titier-Debeaupuis K, Verdun-Esquer C, Molimard M, Canal-Raffin M. Urine biomonitoring of occupational exposure to methotrexate using a highly sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method in MRM3 mode. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1209:123411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Verscheure E, Creta M, Vanneste D, Vanoirbeek J, Zakia M, Abdesselam T, Lebegge R, Poels K, Ghosh M, Duca RC, Godderis L. Quantification of three antineoplastic agents in urine using the UniSpray ionisation source. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1205:123331. [PMID: 35752139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many guidelines and safety measures led to a decrease in exposure to antineoplastic agents. Since healthcare workers are often exposed to lower concentrations than patients, a sensitive method is needed to quantify occupational exposure. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive method for simultaneous detection and quantification of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and paclitaxel in urine by use of UPLC-MS/MS with a UniSpray ionisation source. METHODS Compounds were extracted from urine using Novum simplified liquid extraction cartridges, separated on a C18 column, ionised by a UniSpray ionisation source and detected with MS/MS. In the second part of the study, a field study was performed to assess occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents. RESULTS Eighty-three samples from healthcare workers were analysed and resulted in seventeen samples containing quantifiable concentrations of at least one compound. In conclusion, a sensitive method for simultaneous detection and quantification of cyclophosphamide (LLOQ 0.05 ng/mL), ifosfamide (LLOQ 0.3 ng/mL) and paclitaxel (LLOQ 0.7 ng/mL) was developed and validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Verscheure
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Creta
- Unit Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Dorian Vanneste
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Meziane Zakia
- Centre Hospitalo-universitaire, Service Médicine du Travail, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria; Faculty of Medicine, TOXICOMED Research Laboratory, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Taleb Abdesselam
- Centre Hospitalo-universitaire, Service Médicine du Travail, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria; Faculty of Medicine, TOXICOMED Research Laboratory, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Robin Lebegge
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Poels
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manosij Ghosh
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Radu-Corneliu Duca
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Unit Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Lode Godderis
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Idewe, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Heverlee, Belgium.
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Doležalová L, Bláhová L, Kuta J, Hojdarová T, Kozáková Š, Bláha L. Levels and risks of surface contamination by thirteen antineoplastic drugs in the Czech and Slovak hospitals and pharmacies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26810-26819. [PMID: 34855176 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of hazardous antineoplastic drugs (ADs) used in anticancer chemotherapies is steadily increasing representing thus risks to both human health and the environment. Hospitals may serve as a contamination source, and pharmacists preparing the antineoplastic drugs (ADs) as well as nurses administering chemotherapy and caring for oncology patients are among the healthcare professionals being highly exposed. Here, we present the results of systematic monitoring (2018-2020) of surface contamination by 13 ADs in the pharmacies and hospitals in the Czech Republic (CZ; large-scale monitoring, 20 workplaces) and Slovak Republic (SK; pilot study at 4 workplaces). The study evaluated contamination by three commonly monitored ADs, i.e., 5-fluorouracil (FU), cyclophosphamide (CP), and platinum (total Pt representing cis-, carbo-, and oxaliplatin) together with ten less explored ADs, i.e., gemcitabine (GEM), ifosfamide (IF), paclitaxel (PX), irinotecan (IRI), docetaxel (DOC), methotrexate (MET), etoposide (ETOP), capecitabine (CAP), imatinib (IMAT), and doxorubicin (DOX). Floors and desktop surfaces in hospitals (chemotherapy application rooms, nurse working areas) were found to be more contaminated, namely with CP and Pt, in both countries when compared to pharmacies. Comparison between the countries showed that hospital surfaces in SK are generally more contaminated (e.g., CP median was 20 times higher in SK), while some pharmacy areas in the CZ were more contamined in comparison with SK. The newly studied ADs were detected at lower concentrations in comparison to FU, CP, and Pt, but some markers (GEM, IF, PX, and IRI) were frequently observed, and adding these compounds to routine monitoring is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Doležalová
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Žlutý kopec 7, 65653, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackeho 1946/1, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bláhová
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, Building D29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kuta
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, Building D29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Hojdarová
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, Building D29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Kozáková
- University Hospital Brno, Jihlavská 20, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Bláha
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, Building D29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Leso V, Sottani C, Santocono C, Russo F, Grignani E, Iavicoli I. Exposure to Antineoplastic Drugs in Occupational Settings: A Systematic Review of Biological Monitoring Data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063737. [PMID: 35329423 PMCID: PMC8952240 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The high toxicity of antineoplastic drugs (ADs) makes them dangerous not only for patients, but also for exposed workers. Therefore, the aim of this review was to provide an updated overview of the biological monitoring of occupational AD exposure in order to extrapolate information useful to improve risk assessment and management strategies in workplaces. Several studies demonstrated that remarkable portions of healthcare workers may have traces of these substances or their metabolites in biological fluids, although with some conflicting results. Nurses, directly engaged in AD handling, were the occupational category at higher risk of contamination, although, in some cases, personnel not involved in AD-related tasks also showed quantifiable internal doses. Overall, further research carried out on greater sample sizes appears necessary to gain deeper insight into the variability retrieved in the reported results. This may be important to understand the impact of the extent of ADs use, different handling, procedures, and cleaning practices, spill occurrence, training of the workforce, as well as the adoption of adequate collective and personal protective equipment in affecting the occupational exposure levels. This may support the achievement of the greatest clinical efficiency of such therapies while assuring the health and safety of involved workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veruscka Leso
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (C.S.); (F.R.)
| | - Cristina Sottani
- Environmental Research Center, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Salvatore Maugeri, 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.S.); (E.G.)
| | - Carolina Santocono
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (C.S.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesco Russo
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (C.S.); (F.R.)
| | - Elena Grignani
- Environmental Research Center, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Salvatore Maugeri, 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.S.); (E.G.)
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.L.); (C.S.); (F.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0817462430
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9
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Safaei M, Shishehbore MR. A review on analytical methods with special reference to electroanalytical methods for the determination of some anticancer drugs in pharmaceutical and biological samples. Talanta 2021; 229:122247. [PMID: 33838767 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that cancer, the second leading cause of death, is a morbidity with big impacts on the global health. In the last few years, chemo-therapeutic treatment continually induces alone most lengthy consequents, which is extremely harmful for the physiological and psychological health of the patients. In the present research, we discuss the recent techniques for employed for extraction, and quantitative determination of such compounds in pharmaceutical, and biological specimens. In the frame of this information, this review aims to provide basic principles of chromatography, spectroscopy, and electroanalytical methods for the analysis of anticancer drugs published in the last three years. The review also describes the recent developments regarding enhancing the limit of detection (LOD), the linear dynamic range, and so forth. The results show that the LOD for the chromatographic techniques with the UV detector was obtained equaled over the range 2.0 ng mL-1-0.2 μg mL-1, whereas the LOD values for analysis by chromatographic technique with the mass spectrometry (MS) detector was found between 10.0 pg mL-1-0.002 μg mL-1. The biological fluids could be directly injected to capillary electrophoresis (CE) in cases where the medicine concentration is at the contents greater than mg L-1 or g L-1. Additionally, electrochemical detection of the anticancer drugs has been mainly conducted by the voltammetry techniques with diverse modified electrodes, and lower LODs were estimated between 3.0 ng mL-1-0.3 μg mL-1. It is safe to say that the analyses of anticancer drugs can be achieved by employing a plethora of techniques such as electroanalytical, spectroscopy, and chromatography techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Safaei
- Department of Chemistry, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
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10
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Mei S, Cui Y, Zhang D, Zeng C, Ren X, Yu K, Lin S, Zhao Z. Simultaneous Determination of Urine Methotrexate, 7-Hydroxy Methotrexate, Deoxyaminopteroic Acid, and 7-Hydroxy Deoxyaminopteroic Acid by UHPLC-MS/MS in Patients Receiving High-dose Methotrexate Therapy. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1479-1486. [PMID: 32801284 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity, the most important toxicity in high-dose methotrexate (MTX) therapy, is partly caused by the formation of crystal deposits in the kidney due to poor water solubility of MTX and its metabolites 7-hydroxy methotrexate (7-OH MTX), deoxyaminopteroic acid (DAMPA) and 7-hydroxy deoxyaminopteroic acid (7-OH DAMPA). Plasma MTX level-guided urine alkalinization, leucovorin rescue and glucarpidase detoxification are common strategies to overcome MTX-related nephrotoxicity. However, overestimation is a problem for MTX analysis by immunoassays due to the cross-reactivity of MTX metabolites (7-OH MTX and DAMPA). An UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of MTX, 7-OH MTX, DAMPA and 7-OH DAMPA in human urine was developed, validated and applied in clinical practice. Samples were treated by one-step protein precipitation and analyzed within 3 min. The calibration range was 0.02 to 4 μmol/L for MTX and DAMPA, and 0.1 to 20 μmol/L for 7-OH MTX and 7-OH DAMPA. For all analytes, the intra-day and inter-day bias and imprecision were -8.0 to 7.6 and <9.0%, the internal standard normalized recovery and matrix factor were 92.34 to 109.49 and <20.68%. The plasma MTX and 7-OH MTX levels increased with the urine drug levels, age, serum creatinine and alanine transaminase, but urine could not replace blood for MTX monitoring due to their poor correlation (R2, 0.16 to 0.51). Dose-normalized urine and plasma MTX and 7-OH MTX levels were similar between different patient groups (urine pH <7 or ≥7). Due to the large inter-individual variance of the analytes levels in both plasma and urine, these findings should be treated with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Dongjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Chun Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Xiaohui Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Kefu Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University
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11
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A highly sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method for urine biological monitoring of occupational exposure to anthracycline antineoplastic drugs and routine application. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1156:122305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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Verscheure E, Creta M, Vanoirbeek J, Zakia M, Abdesselam T, Lebegge R, Poels K, Duca RC, Godderis L. Environmental Contamination and Occupational Exposure of Algerian Hospital Workers. Front Public Health 2020; 8:374. [PMID: 32850596 PMCID: PMC7419462 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Guidelines are in place to assure limited occupational exposure to cytostatic drugs. Even though this has led to a reduction in exposure, several studies reported quantifiable concentrations of these compounds in healthcare workers. In this study, we evaluated occupational exposure to cytostatic drugs in hospital workers from the University Hospital in Tlemcen, Algeria. Monitoring was performed by collecting wipe samples from surfaces, objects, personal protective equipment (gloves and masks) and from the skin of employees at an Algerian university hospital. Wipe samples were analyzed with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. Concentrations ranged from below the limit of quantification up to 208.85, 23.45, 10.49, and 22.22 ng/cm2 for cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil, respectively. The highest values were observed in the oncology department. Nowadays, there are still no safe threshold limit values for occupational exposure to cytostatic agents. Therefore, contamination levels should be kept as low as reasonably achievable. Yet, healthcare workers in this hospital are still exposed to cytostatic agents, despite the numerous guidelines, and recommendations. Consequently, actions should be taken to reduce the presence of harmful agents in the work environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Verscheure
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Creta
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Meziane Zakia
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Service Médicine du Travail, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria.,TOXICOMED Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Taleb Abdesselam
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Service Médicine du Travail, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria.,TOXICOMED Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Robin Lebegge
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Poels
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Radu-Corneliu Duca
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,National Health Laboratory (LNS), Unit Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Lode Godderis
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Idewe, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Heverlee, Belgium
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13
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Jahed FS, Hamidi S, Galehassadi M. Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction for Sensitive Determination of Methotrexate from Human Saliva Followed by Spectrophotometric Method. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1531-1538. [PMID: 32592345 PMCID: PMC7568869 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.6.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For biological assessing of hospital personnel occupationally exposed to antineoplastic drugs, highly sensitive and accurate methods are required. Methotrexate (MTX) is an anticancer agent that is widely used in a variety of human cancers. For the first time, dispersive-micro solid phase extraction (D-µ-SPE) has been applied for determination of low levels of MTX in saliva samples. The method is based on rapid extraction of MTX using graphene oxide adsorbent. The sample preparation time is decreased by the fact that the adsorbent dispersed in the sample solution and extraction equilibrium can be reached very fast. This significant feature which obtained with this method is of key interest for routine trace laboratory analysis. The influence of different variables on D-µ-SPE was investigated. Under optimum conditions, the calibration graph was linear over the range of 10-1000 ng/ml. The relative standard deviations are better than 9.0%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of MTX in patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Soghra Jahed
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samin Hamidi
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Galehassadi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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14
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Škvára P, Santana-Viera S, Montesdeoca-Esponda S, Mordačíková E, Santana-Rodríguez JJ, Vojs Staňová A. Determination of 5-fluorocytosine, 5-fluorouracil, and 5-fluorouridine in hospital wastewater by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3074-3082. [PMID: 32432394 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutics are pharmaceutical compounds the occurrence of which in the environment is of growing concern because of the increase in treatments against cancer diseases. They can reach the aquatic ecosystems after passing through wastewater treatment plants without complete removal. One of the most frequently used chemotherapeutics is 5-fluorouracil which exhibits a strong cytostatic effect. In this paper, an analytical methodology was developed, validated, and applied to determine 5-fluorouracil, its precursor, 5-fluorocytosine, and its major active metabolite, 5-fluorouridine, in hospital wastewater samples. Due to the expected low concentrations after dilution and interferences present in such a complex matrix, a very selective and sensitive detection method is required. Moreover, an extraction method must be implemented prior to the determination in order to purify the sample extract and preconcentrate the target analytes at micrograms per liter concentration levels. Solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was the combination of choice and all included parameters were studied. Under optimized conditions for wastewater samples analysis, recoveries from 63 to 108% were obtained, while intraday and interday relative standard deviations never exceeded 20 and 25%, respectively. Limits of detection between 61 and 620 ng/L were achieved. Finally, the optimized method was applied to samples from hospital wastewater effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Škvára
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Sergio Santana-Viera
- Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Sarah Montesdeoca-Esponda
- Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Erika Mordačíková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - José Juan Santana-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Andrea Vojs Staňová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czech Republic
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15
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Development of Molecularly Imprinted Membranes for Selective Determination of Urinary Ultra-Trace 5-Fluorouracil as Antineoplastic Drug Used in Chemotherapy. Macromol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Treder N, Maliszewska O, Olędzka I, Kowalski P, Miękus N, Bączek T, Bień E, Krawczyk MA, Adamkiewicz-Drożynska E, Plenis A. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with a fluorescence detector for the analysis of epirubicin in human urine and plasma, and its application in drug monitoring. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1136:121910. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Galal MM, Saad AS. Portable solid-state sensor for therapeutic monitoring of an antineoplastic drug; vinblastine in human plasma. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42699-42705. [PMID: 35514918 PMCID: PMC9058239 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07070j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Potentiometric glassy carbon electrode for determination of vinblastine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Mohammed Galal
- Analytical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Cairo University
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sayed Saad
- Analytical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Cairo University
- Cairo
- Egypt
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18
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Shiokawa R, Lee XP, Yamada M, Fujishiro M, Sakamaki H, Hasegawa C, Ishida H, Ikeda K, Fujita KI, Iwabuchi S, Onda H, Kumazawa T, Sasaki Y, Sato K, Matsuyama T. High-throughput method to analyze tegafur and 5-fluorouracil in human tears and plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1906-1914. [PMID: 31323696 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We developed a new high-throughput method to analyze tegafur (FT) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in tear and plasma samples using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)/tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). METHODS The tear samples (10 μL) spiked with FT, 5-FU, and 5-chlorouracil (internal standard) were diluted using 40 μL of 2 M ammonium acetate and 250 μL of acetonitrile with 2% formic acid; 20 μL of plasma spiked with the two drugs and internal standard was diluted with 80 μL of 2 M ammonium acetate and 500 μL of acetonitrile with 2% formic acid. After centrifugation, the clear supernatant extract (15 μL) was directly injected into the HILIC/MS/MS instrument, and each drug was separated on a Unison UK-Amino column (50 mm × 3 mm i.d., 3 μm particle size) with a linear gradient elution system composed of 10 mM ammonium acetate (pH 6.8) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. We performed quantification by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with negative-ion atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization. RESULTS Distinct peaks were observed for the drugs on each MRM channel within 2 min. The regression equations showed good linearity within the range 0.04-4.0 μg/mL for the tear and plasma samples with detection limits at 0.02-0.04 μg/mL. Recoveries for target analytes (FT and 5-FU) for the tear and plasma samples were in the 94-128% and 94-104% ranges, respectively. The intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation for the two drugs were lower than 10.8%. The accuracies of quantitation were 97-115% for both samples. CONCLUSIONS We established a high-throughput, reproducible, and practical procedure for analyzing FT and 5-FU in human tear and plasma samples using HILIC/MS/MS analysis with an aminopropyl-bonded mixed-mode separation column. This method can be applied to the high-throughput routines used in clinical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Shiokawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Xiao-Pen Lee
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Miho Yamada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masaya Fujishiro
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Chika Hasegawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroo Ishida
- Division of Medical Oncology, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Ikeda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Fujita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Iwabuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Onda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | | | - Yasutsuna Sasaki
- Division of Medical Oncology, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Keizo Sato
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsuyama
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
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19
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P S S, Trivedi RK, Srinivas NR, Mullangi R. A review of bioanalytical methods for chronic lymphocytic leukemia drugs and metabolites in biological matrices. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4742. [PMID: 31749152 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Quantitation of drugs used for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in various biological matrices during both pre-clinical and clinical developments is very important, often in routine therapeutic drug monitoring. The first developed methods for quantitation were traditionally done on LC in combination with either UV or fluorescence detection. However, the emergence of LC with mass spectrometry in tandem in early 1990s has revolutionized the quantitation as it has provided better sensitivity and selectivity within a shorter run time; therefore it has become the choice of method for the analysis of various drugs. In this article, an overview of various bioanalytical methods (HPLC or LC-MS/MS) for the quantification of drugs for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, along with applicability of these methods, is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh P S
- Jubilant Biosys, 2nd Stage, Bangalore, India
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20
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Shu P, Zhao T, Wen B, Mendelsohn-Victor K, Sun D, Friese CR, Pai MP. Application of an innovative high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous analysis of 18 hazardous drugs to rule out accidental acute chemotherapy exposures in health care workers. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2019; 26:794-802. [PMID: 31483750 DOI: 10.1177/1078155219870591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite safe handling guidelines published by several groups, health care worker exposure to hazardous drugs continues to occur due to suboptimal engineering controls and low use of protective equipment. Simple, multi-target and specific analytical methods are needed so that acute exposures to these drugs in the workplace can be assessed rapidly. Our aim was to develop an analytical method for simultaneous detection and quantification of widely used cancer drugs to rule out accidental acute chemotherapy exposures in health care workers. METHODS We examined the feasibility of alternate high-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry methods to simultaneously detect eighteen chemotherapy analytes in plasma and urine. The linear concentration ranges tested during assay development were 0.1-50 ng/mL. After development of a multi-analyte assay protocol, plasma samples (n = 743) from a multi-center cluster-randomized clinical trial (n = 12 sites) of an hazardous drug educational intervention were assayed. Confirmatory assays were performed based on the individual acute-spill case-histories. RESULTS An innovative HPLC-multiple reaction monitoring-information dependent acquisition-enhanced production ion (MRM-IDA-EPI) analytical method was developed to simultaneously detect: cytarabine, gemcitabine, dacarbazine, methotrexate, topotecan, mitomycin, pemetrexed, irinotecan, doxorubicin, vincristine, vinblastine, ifosamide, cyclophosphamide, vinorelbine, bendamustine, etoposide, docetaxel, and paclitaxel. The retention times ranged from 4 min to 13 min for the analytical run. The limit of detection (MRM-IDA-EPI) and limit of quantitation (MRM) was 0.25 ng/mL and 0.1 ng/mL, respectively for most analytes. No detectable plasma concentrations were measured at baseline, post-intervention and in cases of documented acute spills. Use of a secondary tandem mass spectrometry approach was able to successfully rule out false positive results. CONCLUSIONS Development of a sensitive high-throughput multi-analyte cancer chemotherapy assay is feasible using an MRM-IDA-EPI method. This method can be used to rapidly rule out systemic exposure to accidental acute chemotherapy spills in health care workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Manjunath P Pai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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21
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Fedotov PS, Malofeeva GI, Savonina EY, Spivakov BY. Solid-Phase Extraction of Organic Substances: Unconventional Methods and Approaches. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Hamidi S, Azami A, Mehdizadeh Aghdam E. A novel mixed hemimicelles dispersive micro-solid phase extraction using ionic liquid functionalized magnetic graphene oxide/polypyrrole for extraction and pre-concentration of methotrexate from urine samples followed by the spectrophotometric method. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 488:179-188. [PMID: 30419220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is an anticancer drug that is widely used in a variety of cancers including primary central nervous system lymphoma. It is also administrated in the treatment of some autoimmune diseases. A simple, accurate, sensitive, and precise mixed hemimicelles dispersive micro-solid phase extraction was proposed for MTX quantification in human urine samples. MTX was quantified by spectrophotometer after dispersive micro-solid phase extraction using ionic liquid functionalized magnetic graphene oxide/polypyrrole. Interactions of adsorbent and MTX were modeled by molecular docking and the interaction energy was predicted to be -8.35 kcal/mol. A larger absolute value of binding energy represents larger adsorption strength, indicating that graphene oxide nanosheets could perform higher adsorption strength toward MTX. The concentrations of MTX were proportional to analytical response in amounts ranging from 10 to 1000 ng/mL with a good correlation (R2 = 0.99). Inter- and intra-day precisions and accuracies were within the acceptable limit according to FDA guideline (15% for biological determination). The recoveries were ranging from 89 to 93% and the method was specific for routine analysis of MTX. This protocol was applied to the urine of two patients under MTX therapy received an intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg/dose of MTX with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by HPLC measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Hamidi
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz 51664, Iran.
| | - Ayda Azami
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University o f Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elnaz Mehdizadeh Aghdam
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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23
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Ostovan A, Asadollahzadeh H, Ghaedi M. Ultrasonically synthesis of Mn- and Cu- @ ZnS-NPs-AC based ultrasound assisted extraction procedure and validation of a spectrophotometric method for a rapid preconcentration of Allura Red AC (E129) in food and water samples. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 43:52-60. [PMID: 29555288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study is devoted on Allura Red as food colorant preconcentration and determination in beverage, fruit juice and drink water samples is based on usage of Mn- and Cu- @ ZnS-NPs-AC as new sorbent for ultrasound-assisted-dispersive solid-phase microextraction (UA-DSPME) combined with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric based method (UV-Vis). Contribution of volume of eluent, pH, sorbent mass and sonication time on response following conduction of 28 experiments were optimized and investigated while their significantly justified according to p-value. Values of "Prob > F" less than 0.0500 is proportional with their significant influence on recovery of analyte. Under the optimum conditions 0.14 mL of THF; pH of 2.5; 8 mg of sorbent and 3 min sonication time guide and help achievement of limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) of 6.08 and 20.26 ng mL-1, respectively. The accuracy of method was validated according to calculation of recovery following spiking 400 and 600 ng mL-1 to blank solution and recovery as more reliable indication of accuracy 93.41 and 102.17% recoveries with RSD < 3.5%, which demonstrate the successful applicability of present method for real sample analysis. The maximum sorbent capacity was 50.0 mg g-1 based on Langmuir isotherm as best model with high correlation coefficient. Combination of UA-DSPME and UV-Vis lead to higher sensitivity and lower cost for accurate and repeatable monitoring of Allura Red level in beverage, fruit juice and drink water samples with acceptable recovery and reasonable RSD%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ostovan
- Department of Chemistry, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Mehrorang Ghaedi
- Chemistry Department, Yasouj University, Yasouj 75918-74831, Iran.
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24
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Izzo V, Charlier B, Bloise E, Pingeon M, Romano M, Finelli A, Vietri A, Conti V, Manzo V, Alfieri M, Filippelli A, Dal Piaz F. A UHPLC-MS/MS-based method for the simultaneous monitoring of eight antiblastic drugs in plasma and urine of exposed healthcare workers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 154:245-251. [PMID: 29558725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of healthcare workers to anticancer drugs requires the combined action of environmental and biological monitoring to assess the effective level of exposure to these chemicals, to improve awareness and to avoid adverse health effects on this category of workers. Cancer chemotherapeutic drugs show different mechanisms of action due to diverse chemical structures; consequently, they differ in hydrophobicity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Therefore, the appearance, accumulation and elimination of each of these molecules in body fluids and tissues might be extremely variable; this prompts the need for a rapid and versatile analytical protocol for the biological monitoring of possible exposure of workers involved in the manipulation, administration and disposal of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. In this paper we describe the development, optimization and validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quasi-quantitative analysis of eight widely used antineoplastic drugs, which can be used for the analysis of both urine and blood samples. This methodology was applied to the biological monitoring of healthcare workers exposed to different extents to antiblastic drugs at the University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona" in Salerno (Italy), and allowed to identify two subjects exposed to irinotecan out of a total of fifteen workers analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Izzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Bruno Charlier
- Postgraduate School in Hospital Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Elena Bloise
- University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Marine Pingeon
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marianna Romano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonietta Finelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alfonso Vietri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Valeria Conti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Valentina Manzo
- University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy; Postgraduate School in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Alfieri
- University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Amelia Filippelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy.
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Abidi H, Ghaedi M, Rafiei A, Jelowdar A, Arabi M, Ostovan A, Asfaram A. A molecularly imprinted polymer coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-UV for the determination of albendazole in plasma and urine samples: CCD-RSM design. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02893a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study attempted to develop a fast and sensitive ultrasound-assisted-dispersive-micro-solid phase extraction method for the separation and preconcentration of albendazole from plasma and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Abidi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
- Ahvaz
- Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
- Ahvaz
| | | | - Abdollah Rafiei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
- Ahvaz
- Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
- Ahvaz
| | - Ali Jelowdar
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
- Ahvaz
- Iran
| | - Maryam Arabi
- Chemistry Department, Yasouj University
- Yasouj
- Iran
| | | | - Arash Asfaram
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences
- Yasuj
- Iran
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Dhersin A, Atgé B, Martinez B, Titier K, Rousset M, Sidatt Cheikh El Moustaph M, Verdun-Esquer C, Molimard M, Villa A, Canal-Raffin M. Biomonitoring of occupational exposure to 5-FU by assaying α-fluoro-β-alanine in urine with a highly sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method. Analyst 2018; 143:4110-4117. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00479j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most widely antineoplastic drugs handled by healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dhersin
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie
- 33076 Bordeaux
- France
- INSERM U1219
- Université de Bordeaux
| | - Benoît Atgé
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie
- 33076 Bordeaux
- France
- INSERM U1219
- Université de Bordeaux
| | - Béatrice Martinez
- INSERM U1219
- Université de Bordeaux
- 33076 Bordeaux
- France
- Univ. of Bordeaux
| | - Karine Titier
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie
- 33076 Bordeaux
- France
| | - Marine Rousset
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie
- 33076 Bordeaux
- France
- INSERM U1219
- Université de Bordeaux
| | | | - Catherine Verdun-Esquer
- INSERM U1219
- Université de Bordeaux
- 33076 Bordeaux
- France
- Service de Médecine du Travail et de Pathologies Professionnelles
| | - Mathieu Molimard
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie
- 33076 Bordeaux
- France
- INSERM U1219
- Université de Bordeaux
| | - Antoine Villa
- Consultation de Pathologie Professionnelle
- GH Fernand Widal-Lariboisière-Saint Louis
- 75010 Paris
- France
| | - Mireille Canal-Raffin
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie
- 33076 Bordeaux
- France
- INSERM U1219
- Université de Bordeaux
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Lepage N, Canal-Raffin M, Villa A. Propositions pour la mise en œuvre d’une surveillance biologique de l’exposition professionnelle aux médicaments anticancéreux. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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A review of high performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric urinary methods for anticancer drug exposure of health care workers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1060:316-324. [PMID: 28654869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review describes published high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) methods for the determination of anticancer drugs in human urine as non-invasive tool for monitoring of health care worker exposure to antineoplastic and cytotoxic drugs. HPLC-MS is a sensitive and specific method for analysis of anticancer drugs and their metabolites in biological fluids. In this review, a tabular summary and overview of published HPLC-MS methods are presented, as well as future trends and limitations in this area of research.
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Guichard N, Guillarme D, Bonnabry P, Fleury-Souverain S. Antineoplastic drugs and their analysis: a state of the art review. Analyst 2017; 142:2273-2321. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00367f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We provide an overview of the analytical methods available for the quantification of antineoplastic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, biological and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Guichard
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bonnabry
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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30
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Pooralhossini J, Ghaedi M, Zanjanchi MA, Asfaram A. The choice of ultrasound assisted extraction coupled with spectrophotometric for rapid determination of gallic acid in water samples: Central composite design for optimization of process variables. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 34:692-699. [PMID: 27773296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive procedure namely ultrasound-assisted (UA) coupled dispersive nano solid-phase microextraction spectrophotometry (DNSPME-UV-Vis) was designed for preconcentration and subsequent determination of gallic acid (GA) from water samples, while the detailed of composition and morphology and also purity and structure of this new sorbent was identified by techniques like field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Among conventional parameters viz. pH, amount of sorbent, sonication time and volume of elution solvent based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and central composite design according to statistics based contour the best operational conditions was set at pH of 2.0; 1.5mg sorbent, 4.0min sonication and 150μL ethanol. Under these pre-qualified conditions the method has linear response over wide concentration range of 15-6000ngmL-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9996. The good figure of merits like acceptable LOD (S/N=3) and LOQ (S/N=10) with numerical value of 2.923 and 9.744ngmL-1, respectively and relative recovery between 95.54 and 100.02% show the applicability and efficiency of this method for real samples analysis with RSDs below 6.0%. Finally the method with good performance were used for monitoring under study analyte in various real samples like tap, river and mineral waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Pooralhossini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guilan, University Campus 2, Mellat St., Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehrorang Ghaedi
- Chemistry Department, Yasouj University, Yasouj 75918-74831, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Zanjanchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guilan, University Campus 2, Mellat St., Rasht, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht 41335-1914, Iran.
| | - Arash Asfaram
- Chemistry Department, Yasouj University, Yasouj 75918-74831, Iran
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31
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Canal-Raffin M, Khennoufa K, Martinez B, Goujon Y, Folch C, Ducint D, Titier K, Brochard P, Verdun-Esquer C, Molimard M. Highly sensitive LC-MS/MS methods for urinary biological monitoring of occupational exposure to cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and methotrexate antineoplastic drugs and routine application. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1038:S1570-0232(16)31088-1. [PMID: 28029545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive ESI-LC-MS/MS methods were developed for urinary biological monitoring of occupational exposure to cyclophosphamide (CP), ifosfamide (IF), and methotrexate (MTX), which are hazardous antineoplastic drugs frequently handled by healthcare professionals. Extraction methods consisted of liquid/liquid extraction for simultaneous urinary CP and IF assays, and of solid phase extraction for the urinary MTX assay. A good linearity (r2>0.997), precision (CV<14.6%), and accuracy (bias<9.9%) were achieved for all compounds. The limit of detection (LOD) was 10pg/ml and the lower limit of quantification (LOQ) was 20pg/ml for all three drugs. Applying these methods in routine, more than 116 healthcare professionals occupationally exposed to antineoplastic drugs were monitored and 635 urines were analysed. Eleven healthcare professionals (9.5%) were found to be contaminated to at least one of the three antineoplastic drugs. Among analysed urines, 22 samples were found positives. The measured concentrations ranged from 20.1 to 1850pg/ml and, for six samples, concentrations were at CP trace level, between the LOD and LOQ values (10-20pg/ml). Such efficient analytical tools combining high specificity with high sensitivity are essential for reliable detection and routine biological monitoring of healthcare professionals occupationally exposed to these widely used antineoplastic drugs. These methods allow to monitor the healthcare professionals exposure to antineoplastic drugs in the aim to assess the effectiveness of collective and individual protective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Canal-Raffin
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1219, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Service de Médecine du Travail et de Pathologies Professionnelles, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Univ. of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Karim Khennoufa
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Béatrice Martinez
- INSERM U1219, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Univ. of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Yves Goujon
- Association d'Hygiène Industrielle Bordeaux (AHI33), 33070 Bordeaux, France
| | - Celia Folch
- Service de Médecine du Travail et de Pathologies Professionnelles, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Dominique Ducint
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Karine Titier
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Brochard
- INSERM U1219, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Service de Médecine du Travail et de Pathologies Professionnelles, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Univ. of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Catherine Verdun-Esquer
- INSERM U1219, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Service de Médecine du Travail et de Pathologies Professionnelles, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Molimard
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1219, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Univ. of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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