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Analytical Errors. Forensic Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819286-3.00016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Bhushan R. Liquid chromatographic enantioseparation, determination, bioassay and isolation of enantiomers of Ketorolac: A review. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2021.00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractKetorolac (Ket) is a potent non-narcotic analgesic drug (among the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). The physiological activity of Ket resides with (S)-(−)-Ket while the drug is marketed and administered as a racemic mixture. Therefore, it is desirable that the pharmacokinetics is measured and quantified for enantiomers individually and not as a total drug. The present paper is focused on relevant literature on LC enantioseparation of (RS)-Ket along with bioassay, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies within the discipline of analytical chemistry. HPLC and Thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods using both direct and indirect approaches are discussed. The methods provide chirality recognition even in the absence of pure enantiomers. Besides, a brief discussion on resolution by crystallization and enzymatic methods is included. The most interesting aspects include establishment of structure and molecular asymmetry of diastereomeric derivatives using LC-MS, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and by drawing conformations in three dimensional views by using certain software. A brief discussion has also been provided on the recovery of native enantiomers by TLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Bhushan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
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3
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Recent advances in chiral analysis for biosamples in clinical research and forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:493-511. [PMID: 33719527 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article covers current methods and applications in chiral analysis from 2010 to 2020 for biosamples in clinical research and forensic toxicology. Sample preparation for aqueous and solid biological samples prior to instrumental analysis were discussed in the article. GC, HPLC, capillary electrophoresis and sub/supercritical fluid chromatography provide the efficient tools for chiral drug analysis coupled to fluorescence, UV and MS detectors. The application of chiral analysis is discussed in the article, which involves differentiation between clinical use and drug abuse, pharmacokinetic studies, pharmacology/toxicology evaluations and chiral inversion. Typical chiral analytes, including amphetamines and their analogs, anesthetics, psychotropic drugs, β-blockers and some other chiral compounds, are also reviewed.
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Kiran V, Dixit A, Gabani BB, Srinivas NR, Mullangi R. Novel methodology to perform incurred sample reanalysis on dried blood spot cards: Experimental data using darolutamide and filgotinib. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4938. [PMID: 32614457 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Different options on performing incurred sample reanalysis (ISR) on dried blood spot (DBS) cards were investigated using drugs belonging to various therapeutic areas: (a) darolutamide (to treat prostate cancer) and (b) filgotinib (to treat rheumatoid arthritis). The proposed novel methodology included the generation of half-DBS and quarter-DBS discs after initial blood collection using the full-DBS discs. Accordingly, blood collection via DBS was performed in male BALB/c mice following intravenous and oral dosing of darolutamide; in male Sprague Dawley rats following intravenous and oral dosing of filgotinib. The ISR data generated from the full-DBS disc, half-DBS disc and quarter-DBS disc were compared for the assessment of the proposed methodology. Quantification of darolutamide and filgotinib was accomplished using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry methods. Darolutamide and filgotinib ISR samples, which were collected and prepared using full-, half- and quarter-DBS discs, met the acceptance criteria for ISR analysis. In conclusion, this is the first report showing a viable tool for the performance of ISR on DBS cards. The use of quarter- or half-DBS discs would aid in not only ISR but also in long-term storage experiments of analytes because it would avoid the need for additional blood sampling in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kiran
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhishek Dixit
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhavesh Babulal Gabani
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ramesh Mullangi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Sethi S, Martens J, Bhushan R. Assessment and application of Marfey’s reagent and analogs in enantioseparation: a decade’s perspective. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e4990. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Sethi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences GD Goenka University Gurgaon India
| | - Jürgen Martens
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Oldenburg Germany
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
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Liu TT, Guo XM, Rong ZY, Ye XF, Wei JF, Wang AP, Jin HT. Comparative toxicity and toxicokinetic studies of oxiracetam and (S)-oxiracetam in dogs. Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1054-1062. [PMID: 30351213 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1528027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxiracetam (ORT) is known as a derivative of piracetam in the family of nootropics for treating memory impairment and cognition disorders. Given the chiral toxicological concerns surrounding ORT and the absence studies of (S)-ORT, the toxicity and toxicokinetics of (S)-ORT, and comparative toxicology of oxiracetam were systematically investigated in dogs following acute and 13-week repeated oral dosing. The animal toxicity mainly manifested as loose stools in both the acute and the 13-week studies. The no-observed-adverse-effect level is proposed to be 100 mg/kg. The 13-week toxicokinetics study indicated that, in the (S)-ORT group, the time to peak concentration was delayed, elimination half-life extended, and apparent volume of distribution increased compared with the ORT group. The clearance rate increased at low- and mid-doses, but decreased in the high-dose group and was accompanied by drug accumulation. Compared with the same dose of ORT, (S)-ORT had a lower clearance rate and longer elimination half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Liu
- a New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Xin-Miao Guo
- b Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Co., LTD , Beijing , China
| | - Zu-Yuan Rong
- c Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control , Sichuan , China
| | - Xiang-Feng Ye
- b Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Co., LTD , Beijing , China
| | - Jin-Feng Wei
- a New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China.,b Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Co., LTD , Beijing , China
| | - Ai-Ping Wang
- a New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China.,b Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Co., LTD , Beijing , China
| | - Hong-Tao Jin
- a New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China.,b Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Co., LTD , Beijing , China
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7
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Bioanalysis of chiral compounds during drug development using a tiered approach. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:629-39. [PMID: 24620805 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant differences in the pharmacodynamic activity and pharmacokinetic properties could exist for a pair of enantiomeric drugs. In order to evaluate the activity, toxicity, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of the individual enantiomers, and any potential for chiral inversion caused by the biotransformation process, chiral bioanalytical assays are necessary for individual enantiomers and/or their metabolites for in vivo samples. However, development and validation of chiral quantitative assays are highly challenging in comparison to typical nonchiral assays. Therefore, a tiered approach should be used to address specific needs arising in different scenarios of chiral drug development, including development of racemate or fixed-ratio (nonracemic) enantiomers, development of a single enantiomer, racemic switches, and quantitation of enantiomeric metabolites. The choice of a nonchiral quantitative assay, a chiral qualitative assay, or a chiral quantitative assay should be based on the development strategy and on the molecular properties of the drug candidate.
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8
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What is the potential of measuring the enantiomeric ratio of drugs using supercritical fluid chromatography–MS? Bioanalysis 2014; 6:3267-70. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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9
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Enantioseparation of chiral pharmaceuticals in biomedical and environmental analyses by liquid chromatography: An overview. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 968:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yuan C, Chen D, Wang S. Drug confirmation by mass spectrometry: Identification criteria and complicating factors. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 438:119-25. [PMID: 25182671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug confirmation by mass spectrometry coupled with chromatography is essential to toxicology, doping control, pain management, and workplace drug testing. High confidence in this technology is due to its superior specificity and sensitivity. However, there are challenges associated with drug confirmation, and proper setup and validation of these assays are important in assuring high-quality results. In this article, assay parameters required for drug confirmation are summarized based on recent scientific publications, various established guidelines, and our own practical experience. Factors affecting the result quality and correct results interpretation are critically reviewed. Several emerging technologies and their potential applications are briefly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yuan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Derrick Chen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sihe Wang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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11
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Inoue K, Prayoonhan N, Tsutsui H, Sakamoto T, Nishimura M, Toyo'oka T. Use of chiral derivatization for the determination of dichlorprop in tea samples by ultra performance LC with fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1356-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Inoue
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Suruga-ku Shizuoka Japan
| | - Nuntawat Prayoonhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Khon Kaen University; Amphur Maung Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Haruhito Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Suruga-ku Shizuoka Japan
| | - Tasuku Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Suruga-ku Shizuoka Japan
| | - Maiko Nishimura
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Suruga-ku Shizuoka Japan
| | - Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Suruga-ku Shizuoka Japan
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12
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Schwaninger AE, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Chiral drug analysis using mass spectrometric detection relevant to research and practice in clinical and forensic toxicology. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:122-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Yao M, Srinivas NR. Quantification of fexofenadine in biological matrices: a review of bioanalytical methods. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:942-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuggehally R. Srinivas
- Vanthys Pharmaceutical Development [P] Ltd; Phoenix Pinnacle, no. 46, 3rd Floor, Ulsoor Road; Bangalore; 560042; India
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14
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Rousseau A, Chiap P, Oprean R, Crommen J, Fillet M, Servais AC. Effect of the nature of the single-isomer anionic CD and the BGE composition on the enantiomeric separation of beta-blockers in NACE. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:2862-8. [PMID: 19655327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The separation of ten beta-blockers has been investigated in NACE systems using heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-sulfo)-beta-CD (HDMS-beta-CD) and heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)-beta-CD (HDAS-beta-CD). The influence on enantioresolution, mobility difference and selectivity of the nature of both anionic CD and BGE anion as well as their concentrations were studied by means of a multivariate approach. A D-optimal design with 25 experimental points was applied. For all studied analytes, the enantiomeric resolution was shown to be significantly influenced by both CD nature and concentration. Except for two compounds, HDAS-beta-CD was found to give higher enantioresolution values than HDMS-beta-CD. The best enantioseparation for all compounds was achieved in the presence of a high chiral selector concentration and for most of them at a low BGE anion concentration. For each investigated compound, operating conditions leading to the best enantiomeric resolution were deduced. A generic NACE system was then recommended, namely 10 mM ammonium acetate and 40 mM HDAS-beta-CD in methanol acidified with 0.75 M formic acid. This generic system was able to completely resolve the enantiomers of all beta-blockers, with a R(s) value of at least 4. Finally, the optimal conditions obtained modelling resolution, mobility difference and selectivity were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rousseau
- Department of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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15
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Srinivas NR. Reversal in elution order in liquid chromatography-compilation of experimental observations. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:222-3. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Srinivas NR. Assessment of bioequivalence of drug racemates: what are the cues from a bioanalytical perspective-stereoselective vs nonstereoselective? Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:1318-20. [PMID: 18651595 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Srinivas NR. Changing need for bioanalysis during drug development. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:235-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Millán S, Goicolea MA, Sánchez A, Gómez-Caballero A, Sampedro MC, Unceta N, Barrio RJ. Stereoselective determination of demethyl- and didemethyl-citalopram in rat plasma and brain tissue by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection using precolumn derivatization. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:265-71. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Srinivas NR. Drug disposition of chiral and achiral drug substrates metabolized by cytochrome P450 2D6 isozyme: case studies, analytical perspectives and developmental implications. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:466-91. [PMID: 16779774 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concepts of drug development have evolved over the last few decades. Although number of novel chemical entitities belonging to varied classes have made it to the market, the process of drug development is challenging, intertwined as it is with complexities and uncertainities. The intention of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of novel chemical entities (NCEs) that are substrates to cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 isozyme. Topics covered in this review aim: (1) to provide a framework of the importance of CYP2D6 isozyme in the biotransformation of NCEs as stand-alones and/or in conjunction with other CYP isozymes; (2) to provide several case studies of drug disposition of important drug substrates, (3) to cover key analytical perspectives and key assay considerations to assess the role and involvement of CYP2D6, and (4) to elaborate some important considerations from the development point of view. Additionally, wherever applicable, special emphasis is provided on chiral drug substrates in the various subsections of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuggehally R Srinivas
- Drug Development, Discovery Research, Dr Reddy's Laboratories, Miyapur, Hyderabad, India.
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Srinivas NR. Applicability of bioanalysis of multiple analytes in drug discovery and development: review of select case studies including assay development considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:383-414. [PMID: 16307470 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development of sound bioanalytical method(s) is of paramount importance during the process of drug discovery and development culminating in a marketing approval. Although the bioanalytical procedure(s) originally developed during the discovery stage may not necessarily be fit to support the drug development scenario, they may be suitably modified and validated, as deemed necessary. Several reviews have appeared over the years describing analytical approaches including various techniques, detection systems, automation tools that are available for an effective separation, enhanced selectivity and sensitivity for quantitation of many analytes. The intention of this review is to cover various key areas where analytical method development becomes necessary during different stages of drug discovery research and development process. The key areas covered in this article with relevant case studies include: (a) simultaneous assay for parent compound and metabolites that are purported to display pharmacological activity; (b) bioanalytical procedures for determination of multiple drugs in combating a disease; (c) analytical measurement of chirality aspects in the pharmacokinetics, metabolism and biotransformation investigations; (d) drug monitoring for therapeutic benefits and/or occupational hazard; (e) analysis of drugs from complex and/or less frequently used matrices; (f) analytical determination during in vitro experiments (metabolism and permeability related) and in situ intestinal perfusion experiments; (g) determination of a major metabolite as a surrogate for the parent molecule; (h) analytical approaches for universal determination of CYP450 probe substrates and metabolites; (i) analytical applicability to prodrug evaluations-simultaneous determination of prodrug, parent and metabolites; (j) quantitative determination of parent compound and/or phase II metabolite(s) via direct or indirect approaches; (k) applicability in analysis of multiple compounds in select disease areas and/or in clinically important drug-drug interaction studies. A tabular representation of select examples of analysis is provided covering areas of separation conditions, validation aspects and applicable conclusion. A limited discussion is provided on relevant aspects of the need for developing bioanalytical procedures for speedy drug discovery and development. Additionally, some key elements such as internal standard selection, likely issues of mass detection, matrix effect, chiral aspects etc. are provided for consideration during method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuggehally R Srinivas
- Drug Development, Discovery Research, Dr Reddy's Laboratories Limited, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad, India.
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Chen YL, Akhtar S, Murai H, Kobayashi M. In vivo metabolism for the hydroxylation of FK778 to the metabolite M3 in humans studied by enantioselective liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2681-8. [PMID: 16124029 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A major active metabolite of malononitrilamide FK778 (an immunosuppressant under development) is labeled M3. Due to a chiral center created during in vivo metabolism, the exploration of enantiomer profiles in clinical samples is critical to the characterization of the immunosuppressive activity of M3. An enantioselective liquid chromatography method with detection by tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed for the resolution of M3 enantiomers. It was experimentally confirmed that no interconversion between the two enantiomers occurred during sample preparation. This new approach was applied to measure the enantioselectivity of the M3 metabolite in human plasma samples from kidney transplanted patients. The assay results of 91 in vivo human samples from three subjects showed a ratio of 57:43 for the (-)-enantiomer (the 2nd eluter) vs. the (+)-enantiomer (1st eluter), indicating that the enantiometabolism of FK778 through human enzymes is essentially non-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Luan Chen
- Astellas Research Institute of America, Northwestern University, Evanston Research Park, 1801 Maple Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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