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Kumar MA, Sundararajan R. Identification, characterization, and in silico ADMET prediction of nirmatrelvir and its degradation products using HPLC-PDA and LC-QTOF-MS/MS. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9896. [PMID: 39185574 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nirmatrelvir is a protease inhibitor that is essential for virus replication. Nirmatrelvir is indicated for the management of mild to severe cases of COVID-19 in individuals who are 12 years of age or older. Forced degradation studies of nirmatrelvir were carried out on the drug substance in solid and solution forms, subjecting it to various stress conditions according to International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Q1A(R2) and Q1B guidelines. The analytical method was validated as per the ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. METHODS The drug substance (nirmatrelvir) was subjected to hydrolysis (acidic, alkaline, and neutral), thermal, photolytic, and oxidative stress conditions. Five degradation products (DPs) of nirmatrelvir formed under hydrolytic (acidic and alkaline) and oxidative (2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile) stress conditions. These degradation products were identified and separated using reverse-phase HPLC on a phenomenex kinetex C8 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm) with gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile, and detection was carried out at a wavelength of 210 nm. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Nirmatrelvir and its five DPs were efficiently separated using reverse phase-HPLC. These five DPs were identified and characterized using LC-electrospray ionization (ESI)-Q-TOF-coupled mass spectrometry analysis in the ESI-positive ionization mode. The formation mechanisms of the DPs and the most probable mass fragmentation pathways for both nirmatrelvir and its DPs were elucidated. The developed method demonstrated selectivity, accuracy, linearity, and reproducibility, making it appropriate for quality control of nirmatrelvir and future research studies. Additionally, the physicochemical and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) properties of nirmatrelvir and its DPs were predicted using ADMET predictor software. The toxicity profile revealed that DP2 and DP3 have teratogenic effects while DP1 and DP3 caused phospholipidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matta Ashwin Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Raja Sundararajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, India
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Lee WH, Kung YY, Sun CK, Chang CH, Peng WY, Lin LC, Hsu CH, Yang MH, Tsai TH. The anti-COVID-19 drug nirmatrelvir crosses the blood‒brain barrier and exhibits herb-drug pharmacokinetic interactions with Scutellaria baicalensis formulations. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34820. [PMID: 39170551 PMCID: PMC11336326 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study Our hypothesis is that nirmatrelvir can penetrate the blood‒brain barrier and reach effective concentrations in the brain. Furthermore, herbal formulations can help maintain nirmatrelvir levels in the body, suggesting potential interactions between these medications. Materials and methods To investigate this hypothesis, an animal model combining multisite microdialysis, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) methods was developed to monitor nirmatrelvir levels in the blood and brain of rats. Results The pharmacokinetic results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of nirmatrelvir in the blood and brain was 798.3 ± 58.56 and 187.2 ± 23.46 min μg/mL, respectively, after the administration of nirmatrelvir alone (15 mg/kg, iv). When the Scutellaria baicalensis formulations were administered for five consecutive days prior to drug administration, the AUC of nirmatrelvir in the blood increased. Conclusions These results provide constructive preclinical information that the concentrations of nirmatrelvir in the blood and brain were greater than the effective concentration (EC90) for more than 6 h, and the Scutellaria baicalensis formulations had synergistic pharmacokinetic effects by increasing the concentration of nirmatrelvir in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsin Lee
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ying Kung
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kai Sun
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Chang
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ya Peng
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lie-Chwen Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hua Hsu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Branch of Linsen Chinese and Kunming, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Law and Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Law, National Chengchi University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
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Yang P, Liu W, Ying Y, Zhao L, Xiong X, Zhang X, Cheng Y, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Li X, Xu J, Yang L, Zhao R. Population pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir in Chinese patients with COVID-19: Therapeutic drug monitoring and dosing regimen selection in clinical practice. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 64:107199. [PMID: 38795931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish a population pharmacokinetics (PopPK) model of nirmatrelvir in Chinese COVID-19 patients and provide reference for refining the dosing strategy of nirmatrelvir in patients confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2. METHODS A total of 80 blood samples were obtained from 35 mild to moderate COVID-19 patients who were orally administered nirmatrelvir/ritonavir tablets. The PopPK model of nirmatrelvir was developed using a nonlinear mixed effects modelling approach. The stability and prediction of the final model were assessed through a combination of goodness-of-fit and bootstrap method. The exposure of nirmatrelvir across various clinical scenarios was simulated using Monte Carlo simulations. RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir was well characterised by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption, and with creatinine clearance (Ccr) as the significant covariate. Typical population parameter estimates of apparent clearance and distribution volume for a patient with a Ccr of 95.5 mL·min-1were 3.45 L·h-1 and 48.71 L, respectively. The bootstrap and visual predictive check procedures demonstrated satisfactory predictive performance and robustness of the final model. CONCLUSION The final model was capable of offering an early prediction of drug concentration ranges for different nirmatrelvir dosing regimens and optimise the dose regimen of nirmatrelvir in individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqiu Ying
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianhua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinchu Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Congya Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiamin Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Rongsheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Zeng L, Chen R, Jiang X, Li F, Zhu Z, Jiao Z, Ling Y, Zhang L. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nirmatrelvir in Chinese patients with COVID-19. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:767-779. [PMID: 38342488 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of nirmatrelvir (NMV) are unknown in Chinese patients with COVID-19. OBJECTIVES To understand the PK, as well as PK-PD characteristics of NMV for optimizing the dose in Chinese patients with COVID-19. METHODS We enrolled 141 participants who received NMV 300 mg/ritonavir (RTV) 100 mg b.i.d. for 5 days. The NMV concentrations were analyzed using 251 blood samples. PK/PD of NMV was investigated in these COVID-19 patients using a nonlinear mixed-effects model. RESULTS The patients had a mean age of 82 years (range, 34-97). The absorption rate constant and apparent clearance of NMV in this Chinese cohort were 0.253 h-1 and 6.83 L/h, respectively, similar to Caucasian patients. No covariates affected NMV clearance. Predicted peak (Cmax) and trough concentration (Cmin) under 300 mg NMV/100 mg RTV b.i.d. were 4004 and 1498 ng/mL, respectively. Although higher AUC and Cmin were weakly associated with a slight increase in the number of cycle threshold (CT) of viral genes, no significant correlation was found, indicating a weak relationship between drug exposure and efficacy (CT). CONCLUSIONS In all, our findings suggest no ethnic PK differences, a weak and clinically insignificant relationship between drug exposure and efficacy, suitable dosage for Chinese patients (including the elderly) based on PK parameters, and the need for further studies to determine optimal regimens for high-risk patients due to inter-individual variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Zeng
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhua Jiang
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoqin Zhu
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhou CJ, Liu YN, Wang A, Wu H, Xu RA, Zhang Q. Simultaneous measurement of COVID-19 treatment drugs (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32187. [PMID: 38868075 PMCID: PMC11168422 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
PAXLOVID™ (Co-packaging of Nirmatrelvir with Ritonavir) has been approved for the treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The goal of the experiment was to create an accurate and straightforward analytical method using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to simultaneously quantify nirmatrelvir and ritonavir in rat plasma, and to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of these drugs in rats. After protein precipitation using acetonitrile, nirmatrelvir, ritonavir, and the internal standard (IS) lopinavir were separated using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). This separation was achieved with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and an aqueous solution of 0.1% formic acid, using a reversed-phase column with a binary gradient elution. Using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) technology, the analytes were detected in the positive electrospray ionization mode. Favorable linearity was observed in the calibration range of 2.0-10000 ng/mL for nirmatrelvir and 1.0-5000 ng/mL for ritonavir, respectively, within plasma samples. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) attained were 2.0 ng/mL for nirmatrelvir and 1.0 ng/mL for ritonavir, respectively. Both drugs demonstrated inter-day and intra-day precision below 15%, with accuracies ranging from -7.6% to 13.2%. Analytes were extracted with recoveries higher than 90.7% and without significant matrix effects. Likewise, the stability was found to meet the requirements of the analytical method under different conditions. This UPLC-MS/MS method, characterized by enabling accurate and precise quantification of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir in plasma, was effectively utilized for in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya-nan Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anzhou Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hualu Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-ai Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- The People's Hospital of Lishui, Zhejiang, China
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Liu W, Yang P, Yang P, Yang L, Jing H, Zhao L, Zhao R. Clinical characteristics and pharmacokinetics of PAXLOVID in COVID-19 patients with hematological tumor. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:169-171. [PMID: 38680682 PMCID: PMC11046570 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2023-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Generic Drugs, Beijing, China
- Institute for Drug Evaluation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Generic Drugs, Beijing, China
- Institute for Drug Evaluation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Generic Drugs, Beijing, China
- Institute for Drug Evaluation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Jing
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Generic Drugs, Beijing, China
- Institute for Drug Evaluation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Generic Drugs, Beijing, China
- Institute for Drug Evaluation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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7
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Alegete P, Byreddy S. Development of a novel quality by design-enabled stability-indicating HPLC method and its validation for the quantification of nirmatrelvir in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5812. [PMID: 38228470 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
A systematic and novel quality by design-enabled, rapid, simple, and economic stability-indicating HPLC method for quantifying nirmatrelvir (NMT) was successfully developed and validated. An analytical target profile (ATP) was established, and critical analytical attributes (CAAs) were allocated to meet the ATP requirements. The method used chromatographic separation using a Purosphere column with a 4.6 mm inner diameter × 250 mm (2.5 μm). The analysis occurred at 50°C with a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min and detection at 220 nm. A 10 μL sample was injected, and the mobile phase consisted of two components: mobile phase A, containing 0.1% formic acid in water (20%), and mobile phase B, containing 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (80%). The diluent was prepared by mixing acetonitrile and water at a 90:10 v/v ratio. The retention time for the analyte was determined to be 2.78 min. Accuracy exceeded 99%, and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.999. The validated HPLC method was characterized as precise, accurate, and robust. Significantly, NMT was found to be susceptible to alkaline, acidic, and peroxide conditions during forced degradation testing. The stability-indicating method developed effectively separated the degradation products formed during stress testing, underlining its effectiveness in stability testing and offering accuracy, reliability, and sensitivity in determining NMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Alegete
- Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telengana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Saisudha Byreddy
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Xu ZL, Li CJ, Qian X, Duan H, Zhou J, Zhang QQ, Dong X, Zhao L. A validated LC-MS/MS method for determination of six Anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs in plasma and its application for a pharmacokinetic study in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1235:124038. [PMID: 38341953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Antiviral treatment for COVID-19 is considered an effective tool in reducing the rate of severe cases and deaths. As of June 2023, a total of six small molecule antiviral drugs have been conditionally approved for marketing by the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) within China. In this study, a method of HPLC-MS/MS was established and validated for the determination of six small molecule antiviral drugs in plasma using Lamivudine as an internal standard. The chromatographic separation was performed using gradient elution with an ACE 3 C18-PFP column (3.0 mm × 150 mm, 3 μm), and the mobile phase consisted of deionized water and acetonitrile/water (90:10, v/v), both with 10 mmol/L of ammonium acetate and 0.1 % ammonium hydroxide added. Quantitative analysis of the six small molecule drugs was carried out through selective reaction monitoring based on the positive ion spray ionization mode. The method exhibited excellent precision, accuracy, recovery, and linearity, and it was used to determine the pharmacokinetic characteristics in rats. Our work not only established a bioanalytical method for six small molecule antiviral drugs but also provided scientific references for clinical pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Liang Xu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai 201908, China
| | - Cheng-Jian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai 201908, China
| | - Xian Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai 201908, China
| | - Hu Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai 201908, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai 201908, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai 201908, China
| | - Xin Dong
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Suzhou lnnovation Center of Shanghai University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai 201908, China.
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Zhao F, Xiang Z, Han J, Pan J, Qu Y, Fan K, Wu Z, Xu D, Yu Y, Shen Z, Su C. Simultaneous quantification of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in human serum by LC-HRMS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 237:115796. [PMID: 37839266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
In December 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted emergency authorization for Paxlovid® as an antiviral treatment for COVID-19. Paxlovid® is composed of two tablets, nirmatrelvir and ritonavir. Dose adjustment is necessary in cases of renal insufficiency. The aim of present study is to establish a LC-HRMS method for simultaneous determination of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in human serum for therapeutic drug monitoring. Internal standard saquinavir was added in 25 μL human serum samples, and then the samples were precipitated with methanol. The analytes were separated by gradient elution on a C18 column, using a mobile phase of 0.1 % formic acid-water and methanol, at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The injection volume was 2 μL, and the analysis time was 5 min. The determination of the analytes was performed by electrospray ionization in positive mode by full mass monitoring. The detected ions of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir and saquinavir were m/z 500.24792, 721.32004 and 671.39155, respectively. The linear concentration range for nirmatrelvir was 78.13-20000 ng mL-1, for ritonavir was 15.63-4000 ng mL-1 (r2>0.9900). The accuracy ranged from 87.45 %∼104.63 %, and the intra-day and inter-day precision RSD was <15 %. The recovery of nirmatrelvir ranged from 98.72 %∼109.83 %, and that of ritonavir was 95.41∼112.36 %. The matrix effect of nirmatrelvir was 88.31∼97.73 %, and that of ritonavir was 85.17∼103.05 %. This method was used to measure the trough concentrations of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in 17 patients. The trough concentration of nirmatrelvir was 1331.7-8352.5 ng/mL, and that of ritonavir was 53.4-1325.5 ng mL-1, with large individual differences. The method is simple, sensitive, specific, and reproducible, and can be used for monitoring the blood concentration and pharmacokinetic study of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Junping Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Yuchen Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Delai Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Yunli Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| | - Cunjin Su
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
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Abdallah IA, Hammad SF, Bedair A, Mansour FR. Homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with HPLC/DAD for determination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir as COVID-19 combination therapy in human plasma. BMC Chem 2023; 17:166. [PMID: 38001530 PMCID: PMC10675862 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The study reports the development of a high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method to measure the levels of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir in human plasma. These two antiviral medications are used for the treatment of COVID-19 and are marketed as Paxlovid®. The method employed sugaring-out induced homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction to improve sensitivity. Optimization of the method was performed using the one variable at a time approach by adjusting several factors such as type of sugar, extractant, amount of sugar, volume of extractant, and pH of the aqueous sample to achieve the highest efficiency. The developed method was validated according to the Food and Drug Administration guidelines and demonstrated good linearity, accuracy, and precision. The range of linearity was from 1000 to 20,000 ng/mL for nirmatrelvir and 200 to 20,000 ng/mL for ritonavir with correlation coefficient values of 0.998 and 0.996, respectively. Selectivity studies revealed that no others peaks appeared in the retention times of the studied drugs. The stability of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir were also investigated through short term and three cycles of freeze-thaw, and both drugs were found stable. This analytical method could be useful for monitoring drug concentrations in patients undergoing treatment with these medications for COVID-19. In this work, for the first time, SULLME was used for the sensitive determination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir in biological fluids. The developed method was able to determine both drugs in therapeutic levels with no need to sophisticated techniques like LC-MS. In addition to that, SULLME is considered a simple and green sample preparation in comparison with conventional sample preparation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas A Abdallah
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32897, Monufia, Egypt
| | - Sherin F Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elgeish Street, The Medical Campus of Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt
| | - Alaa Bedair
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32897, Monufia, Egypt
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elgeish Street, The Medical Campus of Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt.
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Qu Y, Su C, Xiang Z, Wang Y, Han J, Pan J, Shen Z. Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation for nirmatrelvir exposure assessment in Chinese older patients with COVID-19 infection. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 189:106535. [PMID: 37487949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Nirmatrelvir is an effective component of Paxlovid, the first oral antiviral drug granted emergency use authorization by the FDA. Nirmatrelvir is prescribed extensively in older adult patients to treat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. In this study, population pharmacokinetic modeling with clinical study data was employed to explore the pharmacokinetic profile of nirmatrelvir in older adult Chinese patients with COVID-19 infection. The result suggests that the pharmacokinetic profile of nirmatrelvir can be described by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination in this study population. The calculated apparent clearance (CL/F), apparent volumes of distribution (V/F), and absorption rate constant (ka) for the typical patient were 4.16 L/h, 39.1 L, and 0.776, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of nirmatrelvir in the typical Chinese older adult was approximately three-fold higher than the AUCs in Chinese and Western young adult volunteers. At the same doses, the simulated AUCs were increased by 26%, 43%, 72%, and 135% in virtual populations with creatinine clearances of 60, 45, 30, and 15 mL/min, respectively. Our research provides an instructive reference for nirmatrelvir dose selection in older Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cunjin Su
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junping Han
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Elbordiny HS, Alzoman NZ, Maher HM, Aboras SI. Tailoring two white chromatographic platforms for simultaneous estimation of ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir in their novel pills: degradation, validation, and environmental impact studies. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26719-26731. [PMID: 37681051 PMCID: PMC10481124 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04186g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic is not yet over, Pfizer has launched the novel pill Paxlovid® (Nirmatrelvir (NMV) co-packaged with ritonavir (RIT)) as an effective medication for hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. Making pharmaceutical analysis greener and more sustainable has lately become the main direction of the research community. In this context, two fast, green, and stability-indicating chromatographic methods were designed for the neat quantitative determination of NMV and RIT in their bulk and dosage forms. Method I is deemed the first electro-driven attempt for the assay of Paxlovid®. Herein, the optimized conditions of the Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatographic (MEKC) method were 50 mM borate buffer at pH 9.2 with 25 mM sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) being used as the background electrolyte (BGE) on a deactivated fused silica capillary (50 cm effective length × 50 μm id). Method II was an isocratic reversed-phase HPLC separation method using Zorbax-Eclipse C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm particle size) column and 50 mM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 5 and acetonitrile as mobile phase constituents at a flow rate of 1 mL min-1. For the sake of simplicity and increasing sensitivity, a single wavelength of 210 nm was used for the two methods to assay both drugs. Linear correlations between peak areas and concentration were observed in the ranges of 10-200 μg mL-1 for NMV and 5-100 μg mL-1 RIT in both methods. The impact of versatile stress conditions such as hydrolysis, oxidation, and photolysis on the stability of NMV and RIT was studied. Fortunately, both methodologies were able to separate both drugs from their degradants. Thus, the stability indicating power of the methods was proved. The derived methods were statistically validated in agreement with the ICH guidelines. Furthermore, the environmental friendliness and sustainability of these methods were investigated and compared with the cited methods using the holistic multicriteria evaluation tools namely Hexagon, AGREE, and RGB12 metrics. Conclusively, the proposed methods offered reliable, feasible, economic, white, and stability-indicating alternatives to the cited chromatographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydi S Elbordiny
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University Damanhour Egypt
| | - Nourah Z Alzoman
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University P.O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadir M Maher
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Sara I Aboras
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
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Aboras SI, Maher HM. Green adherent degradation kinetics study of Nirmatrelvir, an oral anti-COVID-19: characterization of degradation products using LC-MS with insilico toxicity profile. BMC Chem 2023; 17:23. [PMID: 36932440 PMCID: PMC10020773 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00928-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus sets up a global catastrophe, and countries all around the world made significant efforts to halt the spread. Nirmatrelvir (NMV) was lately approved by the FDA as a safe and well-tolerated oral direct-acting antiviral medication for SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Therefore, a fast completely validated stability indicating method was established-for the first time- for NMV determination. The study used NaOH, HCl, neutral, H2O2, and sunlight to test NMV stability under various stress conditions followed by kinetics degradation investigation and derivation of Arrhenius plot. The analysis was performed using Agilent Zorbax Eclipse-C18 column (5 µm, 4.6 × 250 mm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: 50 mM ammonium acetate, pH = 5 (50:50, v/v, respectively) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with 5 min run time. Diode array detector (DAD) was set at 225 nm to quantify NMV at the concentration range of 5-500 µg/mL with LOD and LOQ of 0.6 and 2 µg/mL, respectively. Method's greenness was assessed using different metrics including Analytical Eco-Scale, Greenness Assessment Procedure Index, GAPI, and Analytical Greenness, AGREE. A thorough study of stress stability revealed that NMV was more susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis compared with acid hydrolysis. In contrast, it was found that NMV remained stable when subjected to oxidative, neutral, and sun-induced degradation conditions. Moreover, acid and alkali-induced hydrolysis were found to follow pseudo first order kinetics. Consequently, the half lifetime of the studied degradation conditions at room temperature were calculated using the Arrhenius plot. The mechanism of the degradation pathways under stress circumstances was proposed using LC-MS-UV. Toxicities of the proposed degradation products were assessed using ProTox-II, along with the parent medication NMV, and were shown to be hardly hazardous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Aboras
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Elmessalah, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Hadir M Maher
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Elmessalah, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
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