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Ishii C, Akita T, Kimura T, Sakai S, Mita M, Ide T, Isaka Y, Hamase K. Evaluation of Individual Variation of d-Amino Acids in Human Plasma by a Two-Dimensional LC-MS/MS System and Application to the Early Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4876-4883. [PMID: 38477306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
For the discovery of sensitive biomarkers of kidney function focusing on chiral amino acids, a multiple heart-cutting two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS system has been designed/developed. As the target analytes, alanine (Ala), aspartic acid, glutamic acid (Glu), leucine (Leu), lysine, methionine, phenylalanine (Phe), proline (Pro), serine (Ser), and valine were selected considering the presence of their d-forms in mammals. The 2D LC-MS/MS system consisted of the nonenantioselective reversed-phase separation of the target amino acids, the separations of the d- and l-enantiomers, and detection using MS/MS. Using the method, the plasma chiral amino acids, precolumn derivatized with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole, were isolated from other intrinsic substances, then determined without losing sensitivity by the fully automated whole-peak volume transfer operation from first to second dimension. In all of the tested plasma samples obtained from five healthy individuals and 15 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the target chiral amino acids were determined without interference. In healthy individuals, the levels of all the tested d-amino acids were regulated in the low ranges. In contrast, the % d values of Glu, Leu, and Phe significantly increased with the progress of kidney dysfunction, besides the previously reported values of d-Ala, Pro, and Ser. Concerning Phe, the significant increase of the % d values (p < 0.05) was reported for the first time even in the mild CKD group compared to those of the healthy group; d-Phe might be a more sensitive marker than the previously reported d-forms. These results demonstrated the potential of these d-forms as the sensitive biomarkers of kidney function for the early diagnosis of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Akita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kimura
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sakai
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Mita
- KAGAMI, Inc., 7-7-15 Saito-asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ide
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Isaka
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Qiu TA, Lee CJ, Huang C, Lee DK, Rubakhin SS, Romanova EV, Sweedler JV. Biodistribution and racemization of gut-absorbed L/D-alanine in germ-free mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:851. [PMID: 37587187 PMCID: PMC10432453 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiome-derived metabolites are important for the microbiome-gut-brain axis and the discovery of new disease treatments. D-Alanine (D-Ala) is found in many animals as a potential co-agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR), receptors widely used in the nervous and endocrine systems. The gut microbiome, diet and putative endogenous synthesis are the potential sources of D-Ala in animals, although there is no direct evidence to show the distribution and racemization of gut-absorbed L-/D-Ala with regards to host-microbe interactions in mammals. In this work, we utilized germ-free mice to control the interference from microbiota and isotopically labeled L-/D-Ala to track their biodistribution and racemization in vivo. Results showed time-dependent biodistribution of gut-absorbed D-Ala, particularly accumulation of gut-absorbed D-Ala in pancreatic tissues, brain, and pituitary. No endogenous synthesis of D-Ala via racemization was observed in germ-free mice. The sources of D-Ala in mice were revealed as microbiota and diet, but not endogenous racemization. This work indicates the importance of further investigating the in vivo biological functions of gut-microbiome derived D-Ala, particularly on NMDAR-related activities, for D-Ala as a potential signaling molecules in the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Autumn Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Cindy J Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chen Huang
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Dong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Stanislav S Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Elena V Romanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Plasma d-amino acids are associated with markers of immune activation and organ dysfunction in people with HIV. AIDS 2022; 36:911-921. [PMID: 35212669 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND d-Amino acids (d-AAs) have been associated with age-associated conditions in the general population but their relevance in people with HIV (PWH), who experience accentuated/accelerated aging has not been studied. We compared d-AA levels in HIV-infected and uninfected controls and explored their association with markers of immune activation, gut permeability and organ dysfunction. DESIGN Case-control analysis. METHOD Plasma samples from 60 antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV-infected individuals and 59 uninfected controls were analysed. A three-dimensional HPLC system was used to measure d-and l-asparagine, serine, alanine and proline and presented as %d-AA. Additionally, cell-associated and soluble markers of immune activation and senescence were characterized. Kidney and liver functions were expressed as estimated glomerular filtration rate and fibrosis-4 scores, respectively. Mann-Whitney and Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS d-Asparagine, d-serine, d-alanine and d-proline were detectable in all plasma samples and correlated with age in HIV-infected and uninfected but not different between groups. Kynurenine/tryptophan ratio was positively correlated with all %d-AAs in PWH and with %d-serine and %d-proline in controls. %d-AAs were not consistently correlated with markers of gut permeability in both groups. All %d-AAs were also correlated with kidney function in both groups whereas age-associated accumulation of %d-asparagine, %d-serine and %d-proline were correlated with liver function and the VACS score in controls. CONCLUSION Plasma d-AAs are associated with chronological age and correlated with markers of immune activation and organ decline, though variably, in PWH and controls. Their role in the biology of aging warrants further investigation.
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Lee CJ, Qiu TA, Sweedler JV. d-Alanine: Distribution, origin, physiological relevance, and implications in disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hsiao SW, Ishii C, Furusho A, Hsieh CL, Shimizu Y, Akita T, Mita M, Okamura T, Konno R, Ide T, Lee CK, Hamase K. Determination of phenylalanine enantiomers in the plasma and urine of mammals and ᴅ-amino acid oxidase deficient rodents using two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140540. [PMID: 32971287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional (2D) HPLC system focusing on the determination of phenylalanine (Phe) enantiomers in mammalian physiological fluids has been developed. ᴅ-Phe is indicated to have potential values as a disease biomarker and therapeutic molecule in several neuronal and metabolic disorders, thus the regulation of ᴅ-Phe in mammals is a matter of interest. However, the precise determination of amino acid enantiomers is difficult in complex biological samples, and the development of an analytical method with practically acceptable sensitivity, selectivity and throughput is expected. In the present study, a 2D-HPLC system equipped with a reversed-phase column in the 1st dimension and an enantioselective column in the 2nd dimension has been designed, following the fluorescence derivatization of the target amino acid enantiomers with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F). The analytical method was validated using both plasma and urine samples, and successfully applied to human, rat and mouse fluids. Trace levels of ᴅ-Phe were determined in the plasma, and the %ᴅ values were around 0.1% for all species. In the urine, relatively large amounts of ᴅ-Phe were observed, and the %ᴅ values for humans, rats and mice were 3.99, 1.76 and 5.25%, respectively. The relationships between the enzymatic activity of ᴅ-amino acid oxidase (DAO) and the amounts of intrinsic ᴅ-Phe have also been clarified, and high ᴅ-Phe amounts were observed (around 0.3% in the plasma and around 50% in the urine) in the DAO deficient rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui-Wen Hsiao
- Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 WuXing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chiharu Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Aogu Furusho
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chin-Ling Hsieh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Akita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masashi Mita
- KAGAMI, Inc., 7-7-15, Saito-asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Konno
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ide
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ching-Kuo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 WuXing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 WuXing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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KOGA R, YOSHIDA H, NOHTA H, HAMASE K. Multi-Dimensional HPLC Analysis of Metabolic Related Chiral Amino Acids -Method Development and Biological/Clinical Applications-. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2019. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2019.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko KOGA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | | | - Hitoshi NOHTA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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Hasegawa H, Masuda N, Natori H, Shinohara Y, Ichida K. Pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of d-serine in rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 162:264-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Matsumoto M, Kunisawa A, Hattori T, Kawana S, Kitada Y, Tamada H, Kawano S, Hayakawa Y, Iida J, Fukusaki E. Free D-amino acids produced by commensal bacteria in the colonic lumen. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17915. [PMID: 30559391 PMCID: PMC6297366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
D-amino acids (D-AAs) have various biological activities, such as activation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor as a co-agonist by D-Ser. Since several free D-AAs are released in the broth monocultured with bacterium and D-AAs are probably utilized for bacterial communication, we presume that intestinal microbiota releases several kinds of free D-AAs, which may be involved in the hosts’ health. However, presently, only four free D-AAs have been found in the ceacal lumen, but not in the colonic lumen. Here, we showed, by simultaneous analysis of chiral AAs using high-sensitivity liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), that 12 free D-AAs (D-Ala, D-Arg, D-Asp, D-Gln, D-Glu, D-allo-Ile, D-Leu, D-Lys, D-Met, D-Phe, D-Ser, and D-Trp) are produced by intestinal microbiota and identified bacterial groups belonging to Firmicutes as the relevant bacterial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Matsumoto
- Dairy Science and Technology Institute, Kyodo Milk Industry Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Kunisawa
- Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan.,Osaka University Shimadzu Analytical Innovation Research Laboratory, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takanari Hattori
- Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan.,Osaka University Shimadzu Analytical Innovation Research Laboratory, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yusuke Kitada
- Dairy Science and Technology Institute, Kyodo Milk Industry Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hazuki Tamada
- Dairy Science and Technology Institute, Kyodo Milk Industry Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kawano
- Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan.,Osaka University Shimadzu Analytical Innovation Research Laboratory, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Junko Iida
- Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan.,Osaka University Shimadzu Analytical Innovation Research Laboratory, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Osaka University Shimadzu Analytical Innovation Research Laboratory, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. .,Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Jones RM, Popham DL, Schmidt AL, Neidle EL, Stabb EV. Vibrio fischeri DarR Directs Responses to d-Aspartate and Represents a Group of Similar LysR-Type Transcriptional Regulators. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:e00773-17. [PMID: 29437849 PMCID: PMC6040199 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00773-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that d-amino acids play previously underappreciated roles in diverse organisms. In bacteria, even d-amino acids that are absent from canonical peptidoglycan (PG) may act as growth substrates, as signals, or in other functions. Given these proposed roles and the ubiquity of d-amino acids, the paucity of known d-amino-acid-responsive transcriptional control mechanisms in bacteria suggests that such regulation awaits discovery. We found that DarR, a LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR), activates transcription in response to d-Asp. The d-Glu auxotrophy of a Vibrio fischerimurI::Tn mutant was suppressed, with the wild-type PG structure maintained, by a point mutation in darR This darR mutation resulted in the overexpression of an adjacent operon encoding a putative aspartate racemase, RacD, which compensated for the loss of the glutamate racemase encoded by murI Using transcriptional reporters, we found that wild-type DarR activated racD transcription in response to exogenous d-Asp but not upon the addition of l-Asp, l-Glu, or d-Glu. A DNA sequence typical of LTTR-binding sites was identified between darR and the divergently oriented racD operon, and scrambling this sequence eliminated activation of the reporter in response to d-Asp. In several proteobacteria, genes encoding LTTRs similar to DarR are linked to genes with predicted roles in d- and/or l-Asp metabolism. To test the functional similarities in another bacterium, darR and racD mutants were also generated in Acinetobacter baylyi In V. fischeri and A. baylyi, growth on d-Asp required the presence of both darR and racD Our results suggest that multiple bacteria have the ability to sense and respond to d-Asp.IMPORTANCE d-Amino acids are prevalent in the environment and are generated by organisms from all domains of life. Although some biological roles for d-amino acids are understood, in other cases, their functions remain uncertain. Given the ubiquity of d-amino acids, it seems likely that bacteria will initiate transcriptional responses to them. Elucidating d-amino acid-responsive regulators along with the genes they control will help uncover bacterial uses of d-amino acids. Here, we report the discovery of DarR, a novel LTTR in V. fischeri that mediates a transcriptional response to environmental d-Asp and underpins the catabolism of d-Asp. DarR represents the founding member of a group of bacterial homologs that we hypothesize control aspects of aspartate metabolism in response to d-Asp and/or to d-Asp-containing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Jones
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David L Popham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Alicia L Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ellen L Neidle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric V Stabb
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Prior A, van de Nieuwenhuijzen E, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Enantioselective micellar electrokinetic chromatography of dl-amino acids using (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)-ethyl chloroformate derivatization and UV-induced fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2983-2992. [PMID: 29785784 PMCID: PMC6099287 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chiral analysis of dl-amino acids was achieved by micellar electrokinetic chromatography coupled with UV-excited fluorescence detection. The fluorescent reagent (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate was employed as chiral amino acid derivatizing agent and sodium dodecyl sulfate served as pseudo-stationary phase for separating the formed amino acid diastereomers. Sensitive analysis of (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate-amino acids was achieved applying a xenon-mercury lamp for ultraviolet excitation, and a spectrograph and charge-coupled device for wavelength-resolved emission detection. Applying signal integration over a 30 nm emission wavelength interval, signal-to-noise ratios for derivatized amino acids were up to 23 times higher as obtained using a standard photomultiplier for detection. The background electrolyte composition (electrolyte, pH, sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration, and organic solvent) was studied in order to attain optimal chemo- and enantioseparation. Enantioseparation of 12 proteinogenic dl-amino acids was achieved with chiral resolutions between 1.2 and 7.9, and detection limits for most derivatized amino acids in the 13-60 nM range (injected concentration). Linearity (coefficients of determination > 0.985) and peak-area and migration-time repeatabilities (relative standard deviations lower than 2.6 and 1.9%, respectively) were satisfactory. The employed fluorescence detection system provided up to 100-times better signal-to-noise ratios for (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate-amino acids than ultraviolet absorbance detection, showing good potential for d-amino acid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Prior
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and SystemsVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Erik van de Nieuwenhuijzen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and SystemsVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Govert W. Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and SystemsVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Abstract
Recently, it has been found that the gut microbiota influences functions of the host brain by affecting monoamine metabolism. The present study focused on the relationship between the gut microbiota and the brain amino acids. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice were used as experimental models. Plasma and brain regions were sampled from mice at 7 and 16 weeks of age, and analysed for free d- and l-amino acids, which are believed to affect many physiological functions. At 7 weeks of age, plasma concentrations of d-aspartic acid (d-Asp), l-alanine (l-Ala), l-glutamine (l-Gln) and taurine were higher in SPF mice than in GF mice, but no differences were found at 16 weeks of age. Similar patterns were observed for the concentrations of l-Asp in striatum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and l-arginine (l-Arg), l-Ala and l-valine (l-Val) in striatum. In addition, the concentrations of l-Asp, d-Ala, l-histidine, l-isoleucine (l-Ile), l-leucine (l-Leu), l-phenylalanine and l-Val were significantly higher in plasma of SPF mice when compared with those of GF mice. The concentrations of l-Arg, l-Gln, l-Ile and l-Leu were significantly higher in SPF than in GF mice, but those of d-Asp, d-serine and l-serine were higher in some brain regions of GF mice than in those of SPF mice. In conclusion, the concentration of amino acids in the host brain seems to be dependent on presence of the gut microbiota. Amino acid metabolism in the host brain may be modified by manipulating microbiota communities.
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12
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Chiral separations for d -amino acid analysis in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:100-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Koga R, Miyoshi Y, Sato Y, Mita M, Konno R, Lindner W, Hamase K. Enantioselective determination of citrulline and ornithine in the urine of d -amino acid oxidase deficient mice using a two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic system. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:312-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Enantioselective capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid using a chiral derivatizing agent and volatile surfactant. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 940:150-8. [PMID: 27662770 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of coupled enantioselective capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) of amino acids (AAs) is often hampered by the chiral selectors in the background electrolyte (BGE). A new method is presented in which the use of a chiral selector is circumvented by employing (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate (FLEC) as chiral AA derivatizing agent and ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) as a volatile pseudostationary phase for separation of the formed diastereomers. Efficient AA derivatization with FLEC was completed within 10 min. Infusion experiments showed that the APFO concentration hardly affects the MS response of FLEC-AAs and presents significantly less ion suppression than equal concentrations of ammonium acetate. The effect of the pH and APFO concentration of the BGE and the capillary temperature were studied in order to achieve optimized enantioseparation. Optimization of CE-MS parameters, such as sheath-liquid composition and flow rate, ESI and MS settings was performed in order to prevent analyte fragmentation and achieve sensitive detection. Selective detection and quantification of 14 chiral proteinogenic AAs was achieved with chiral resolution between 1.2 and 8.6, and limits of detection ranging from 130 to 630 nM injected concentration. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid were detected, but not enantioseparated. The optimized method was applied to the analysis of chiral AAs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Good linearity (R(2) > 0.99) and acceptable peak area and electrophoretic mobility repeatability (RSDs below 21% and 2.4%, respectively) were achieved for the chiral proteinogenic AAs, with sensitivity and chiral resolution mostly similar to obtained for standard solutions. Next to l-AAs, endogenous levels of d-serine and d-glutamine could be measured in CSF revealing enantiomeric ratios of 4.8%-8.0% and 0.34%-0.74%, respectively, and indicating the method's potential for the analysis of low concentrations of d-AAs in presence of abundant l-AAs.
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15
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Radkov AD, McNeill K, Uda K, Moe LA. D-Amino Acid Catabolism Is Common Among Soil-Dwelling Bacteria. Microbes Environ 2016; 31:165-8. [PMID: 27169790 PMCID: PMC4912152 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me15126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil and rhizosphere environments were examined in order to determine the identity and relative abundance of bacteria that catabolize d- and l-amino acids as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. All substrates were readily catabolized by bacteria from both environments, with most d-amino acids giving similar CFU counts to their l-amino acid counterparts. CFU count ratios between l- and d-amino acids typically ranged between 2 and 1. Isolates were phylogenetically typed in order to determine the identity of d-amino acid catabolizers. Actinobacteria, specifically the Arthrobacter genus, were abundant along with members of the α- and β-Proteobacteria classes.
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Tanigawa M, Suzuki C, Niwano K, Kanekatsu R, Tanaka H, Horiike K, Hamase K, Nagata Y. Participation of D-serine in the development and reproduction of the silkworm Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 87:20-29. [PMID: 26828952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm Bombyx mori contains high concentrations of free D-serine, an optical isomer of L-serine. To elucidate its function, we first investigated the localization of D-serine in various organs of silkworm larvae, pupae, and adult moths. Using immunohistochemical analysis with an anti-D-serine antibody, we found D-serine in the microvilli of midgut goblet and cylindrical cells and in peripheral matrix components of testicular and ovarian cells. By spectrophotometric analysis, D-serine was also found in the hemolymph and fat body. D-Alanine was not detected in the various organs by immunohistochemistry. Serine racemase, which catalyzes the inter-conversion of L- and D-serine, was found to co-localize with D-serine, and D-serine production from L-serine by intrinsic serine racemase was suggested. O-Phospho-L-serine is an inhibitor of serine racemase, and it was administered to the larvae to reduce the D-serine level. This reagent decreased the midgut caspase-3 level and caused a delay in spermatogenesis and oogenesis. The reagent also decreased mature sperm and egg numbers, suggesting D-serine participation in these processes. D-Serine administration induced an increase in pyruvate levels in testis, midgut, and fat body, indicating conversion of D-serine to pyruvate. On the basis of these results, together with our previous investigation of ATP biosynthesis in testis, we consider the possible involvement of D-serine in ATP synthesis for metamorphosis and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tanigawa
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Chihiro Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Kimio Niwano
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Rensuke Kanekatsu
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Kihachiro Horiike
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoko Nagata
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan.
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Kiriyama Y, Nochi H. D-Amino Acids in the Nervous and Endocrine Systems. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:6494621. [PMID: 28053803 PMCID: PMC5178360 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6494621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are important components for peptides and proteins and act as signal transmitters. Only L-amino acids have been considered necessary in mammals, including humans. However, diverse D-amino acids, such as D-serine, D-aspartate, D-alanine, and D-cysteine, are found in mammals. Physiological roles of these D-amino acids not only in the nervous system but also in the endocrine system are being gradually revealed. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are associated with learning and memory. D-Serine, D-aspartate, and D-alanine can all bind to NMDA receptors. H2S generated from D-cysteine reduces disulfide bonds in receptors and potentiates their activity. Aberrant receptor activity is related to diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and schizophrenia. Furthermore, D-amino acids are detected in parts of the endocrine system, such as the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, and testis. D-Aspartate is being investigated for the regulation of hormone release from various endocrine organs. Here we focused on recent findings regarding the synthesis and physiological functions of D-amino acids in the nervous and endocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Kiriyama
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido 1314-1, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nochi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido 1314-1, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
- *Hiromi Nochi:
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Simultaneous analysis of d-alanine, d-aspartic acid, and d-serine using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to the rat plasma and tissues. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Biocatalytic resolution of Boc- -alanine methyl ester by a newly isolated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens WZZ002. CATAL COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Bacterial synthesis of D-amino acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5363-74. [PMID: 24752840 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5726-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has shed light on the abundance and diversity of D-amino acids in bacterial extracellular/periplasmic molecules, bacterial cell culture, and bacteria-rich environments. Within the extracellular/periplasmic space, D-amino acids are necessary components of peptidoglycan, and disruption of their synthesis leads to cell death. As such, enzymes responsible for D-amino acid synthesis are promising targets for antibacterial compounds. Further, bacteria are shown to incorporate a diverse collection of D-amino acids into their peptidoglycan, and differences in D-amino acid incorporation may occur in response to differences in growth conditions. Certain D-amino acids can accumulate to millimolar levels in cell culture, and their synthesis is proposed to foretell movement from exponential growth phase into stationary phase. While enzymes responsible for synthesis of D-amino acids necessary for peptidoglycan (D-alanine and D-glutamate) have been characterized from a number of different bacteria, the D-amino acid synthesis enzymes characterized to date cannot account for the diversity of D-amino acids identified in bacteria or bacteria-rich environments. Free D-amino acids are synthesized by racemization or epimerization at the α-carbon of the corresponding L-amino acid by amino acid racemase or amino acid epimerase enzymes. Additionally, D-amino acids can be synthesized by stereospecific amination of α-ketoacids. Below, we review the roles of D-amino acids in bacterial physiology and biotechnology, and we describe the known mechanisms by which they are synthesized by bacteria.
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Two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of day–night variation of d-alanine in mammals and factors controlling the circadian changes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8083-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Miyoshi Y, Konno R, Sasabe J, Ueno K, Tojo Y, Mita M, Aiso S, Hamase K. Alteration of intrinsic amounts of D-serine in the mice lacking serine racemase and D-amino acid oxidase. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1919-31. [PMID: 22990841 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For elucidation of the regulation mechanisms of intrinsic amounts of D-serine (D-Ser) which modulates the neuro-transmission of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the brain, mutant animals lacking serine racemase (SRR) and D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) were established, and the amounts of D-Ser in the tissues and physiological fluids were determined. D-Ser amounts in the frontal brain areas were drastically decreased followed by reduced SRR activity. On the other hand, a moderate but significant decrease in D-Ser amounts was observed in the cerebellum and spinal cord of SRR knock-out (SRR(-/-)) mice compared with those of control mice, although the amounts of D-Ser in these tissues were low. The amounts of D-Ser in the brain and serum were not altered with aging. To clarify the uptake of exogenous D-Ser into the brain tissues, we have determined the D-Ser of SRR(-/-) mice after oral administration of D-Ser for the first time, and a drastic increase in D-Ser amounts in all the tested tissues was observed. Because both DAO and SRR are present in some brain areas, we have established the double mutant mice lacking SRR and DAO for the first time, and the contribution of both enzymes to the intrinsic D-Ser amounts was investigated. In the frontal brain, most of the intrinsic D-Ser was biosynthesized by SRR. On the other hand, half of the D-Ser present in the hindbrain was derived from the biosynthesis by SRR. These results indicate that the regulation of intrinsic D-Ser amounts is different depending on the tissues and provide useful information for the development of treatments for neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Han H, Miyoshi Y, Ueno K, Okamura C, Tojo Y, Mita M, Lindner W, Zaitsu K, Hamase K. Simultaneous determination of d-aspartic acid and d-glutamic acid in rat tissues and physiological fluids using a multi-loop two-dimensional HPLC procedure. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Huang Y, Shi M, Zhao S, Liang H. Trace analysis of d-tyrosine in biological samples by microchip electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3203-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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GC Analysis of Amino Acids Using Trifluoroacetylacetone and Ethyl Chloroformate as Derivatizing Reagents in Skin Samples of Psoriatic and Arsenicosis Patients. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-1957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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ZahradnÃcÌková H, HusÌek P, SÌimek P. GC separation of amino acid enantiomers via derivatization with heptafluorobutyl chloroformate and Chirasil-L-Val column. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3919-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kirschner DL, Green TK. Separation and sensitive detection of D
-amino acids in biological matrices. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2305-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Pätzold R, Schieber A, Brückner H. Gas chromatographic quantification of freeD-amino acids in higher vertebrates. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:466-73. [PMID: 16037932 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
D-amino acids were determined in brain, body fluids (urine, blood coagulate, serum, plasma) and faeces of animals belonging to nine out of 11 taxonomic orders of vertebrates (Artiodactyla, Aves, Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Marsupalia, Osteichthyes, Primates, Rodentia, Tubilidentata). Free amino acids were isolated by means of cation exchangers and converted into volatile N(O)-perfluoroacylamino acid propyl esters. Derivatives of amino acids were separated into D- and L-enantiomers using Chirasil-L-Val capillary columns and detected by selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry. Quantification of amino acids was achieved by comparison of analytes with amino acid standards using L-norleucine as internal standard. Large relative amounts of D-serine were determined in brains of mammals but not of birds. In body fluids the D-enantiomers of most proteinogenic L-amino acids were detected, largest absolute and relative amounts were found in urine. Therein quantities of D-Ala and D-Ser exceeded 50% relative to the L-enantiomers in many instances. Feeding animals with diet fortified with DL-Met resulted in excretion of almost racemic Met in urine. D-Amino acids were also abundant in faeces of rodents. The data confirm that d-amino acids are common in body fluids and certain tissues of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Pätzold
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutritional Science, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
Theanine, first discovered in tea, is a chiral nonproteinic amino acid that has been reported to have cardiovascular, neurological, and oncological effects. It is being considered as a therapeutic/medicinal agent and additive in consumer products. The present study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of D-theanine, L-theanine, and D,L-theanine in plasma and urine using LC-ESI/MS in rats after oral (p.o.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration. Oral administration data indicated that gut absorption of d-theanine was far less than that of L-theanine. However, after i.p. administration, plasma theanine concentrations of L- and D-theanine were similar. This indicated that D- and L-theanine may exhibit a competitive effect with respect to intestinal absorption. Regardless of the route of administration, p.o. or i.p., the presence of the other enantiomer always decreased theanine plasma concentrations, indicating D,L-theanine competition with respect to urinary reabsorption. Data on urinary concentrations of D-theanine suggested that the D-isomer may be eliminated with minimal metabolism. L-Theanine appeared to be preferentially reabsorbed and metabolized by the kidney while D-theanine was preferentially excreted. Clearly, the bioequivalencies of D,L-theanine and its enantiomers were found to be quite different from one another. Consequently, the efficacy of commercial theanine products containing D-theanine, L-theanine, or D,L-theanine may be quite different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera J Desai
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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