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Świt P, Pollap A, Orzeł J. Spectroscopic Determination of Acetylcholine (ACh): A Representative Review. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:16. [PMID: 37169979 PMCID: PMC10175388 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of the most crucial neurotransmitters of the cholinergic system found in vertebrates and invertebrates and is responsible for many processes in living organisms. Disturbances in ACh transmission are closely related to dementia in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. ACh in biological samples is most often determined using chromatographic techniques, radioenzymatic assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or potentiometric methods. An alternative way to detect and determine acetylcholine is applying spectroscopic techniques, due to low limits of detection and quantification, which is not possible with the methods mentioned above. In this review article, we described a detailed overview of different spectroscopic methods used to determine ACh with a collection of validation parameters as a perspective tool for routine analysis, especially in basic research on animal models on central nervous system. In addition, there is a discussion of examples of other biological materials from clinical and preclinical studies to give the whole spectrum of spectroscopic methods application. Descriptions of the developed chemical sensors, as well as the use of flow technology, were also presented. It is worth emphasizing the inclusion in the article of multi-component analysis referring to other neurotransmitters, as well as the description of the tested biological samples and extraction procedures. The motivation to use spectroscopic techniques to conduct this type of analysis and future perspectives in this field are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Świt
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006, Katowice, Poland.
| | | | - Joanna Orzeł
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
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Novel Carbon/PEDOT/PSS-Based Screen-Printed Biosensors for Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter and Acetylcholinesterase Detection in Human Serum. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081539. [PMID: 31003551 PMCID: PMC6515319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New reliable and robust potentiometric ion-selective electrodes were fabricated using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) as the solid contact between the sensing membrane and electrical substrate for an acetylcholine (ACh) bioassay. A film of PEDOT/PSS was deposited on a solid carbon screen-printed platform made from ceramic substrate. The selective materials used in the ion-selective electrode (ISE) sensor membrane were acetylcholinium tetraphenylborate (ACh/TPB/PEDOT/PSS-ISE) (sensor I) and triacetyl-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD/PEDOT/PSS-ISE) (sensor II). The sensors revealed clear enhanced Nernstian response with a cationic slope 56.4 ± 0.6 and 55.3 ± 1.1 mV/decade toward (ACh+) ions over the dynamic linear range 1.0 × 10−6–1 × 10−3 and 2.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−3 M at pH 5 with limits of detection 2.0 × 10−7 and 3.2 × 10−7 M for sensors I and II, respectively. The selectivity behavior of both sensors was also tested and the sensors showed a significant high selectivity toward ACh+ over different common organic and inorganic cations. The stability of the potential response for the solid-contact (SC)/ISEs was evaluated using a chronopotentiometric method and compared with that of electrodes prepared without adding the solid-contact material (PEDOT/PSS). Enhanced accuracy, excellent repeatability, good reproducibility, potential stability, and high selectivity and sensitivity were introduced by these cost-effective sensors. The sensors were also used to measure the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). A linear plot between the initial rate of the hydrolysis of ACh+ substrate and enzyme activity held 5.0 × 10−3–5.2 IU L−1 of AChE enzyme. Application to acetylcholine determination in human serum was done and the results were compared with the standard colorimetric method.
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Guo Y. Analysis of Quaternary Amine Compounds by Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HILIC/MS). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200047200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- a Analytical Chemistry—Drug Evaluation , Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC , Ranitan , New Jersey , USA
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Nirogi R, Mudigonda K, Kandikere V, Ponnamaneni R. Quantification of acetylcholine, an essential neurotransmitter, in brain microdialysis samples by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:39-48. [PMID: 19877295 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemical neurotransmission has been the subject of intensive investigations in recent years. Acetylcholine is an essential neurotransmitter in the central nervous system as it has an effect on alertness, memory and learning. Enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is fast and quickly metabolizes to choline and acetate by acetylcholinesterase. Hence the concentration in the extracellular fluid of the brain is low (0.1-6 nm). Techniques such as microdialysis are routinely employed to measure acetylcholine levels in living brain systems and the microdialysis sample volumes are usually less than 50 microL. In order to develop medicine for the diseases associated with cognitive dysfunction like mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, or to study the mechanism of the illness, it is important to measure the concentration of acetylcholine in the extracellular fluid of the brain. Recently considerable attention has been focused on the development of chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques to provide more sensitive and accurate quantification of acetylcholine collected from in-vivo brain microdialysis experiments. This review will provide a brief overview of acetylcholine biosynthesis, microdialysis technique and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, which is being used to quantitate extracellular levels of acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Nirogi
- Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd, Serene Chambers, Road -5, Avenue -7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034, India.
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Yoshida H, Yamada A, Todoroki K, Imakyure O, Nohta H, Yamaguchi M. Liquid chromatographic determination of acetylcholine based on pre-column alkaline cleavage reaction and post-column tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) chemiluminescence detection. LUMINESCENCE 2009; 24:306-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Matthies DS, Fleming PA, Wilkes DM, Blakely RD. The Caenorhabditis elegans choline transporter CHO-1 sustains acetylcholine synthesis and motor function in an activity-dependent manner. J Neurosci 2006; 26:6200-12. [PMID: 16763028 PMCID: PMC6675188 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5036-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurotransmission supports motor, autonomic, and cognitive function and is compromised in myasthenias, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Presynaptic uptake of choline via the sodium-dependent, hemicholinium-3-sensitive choline transporter (CHT) is believed to sustain acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release. Analysis of this hypothesis in vivo is limited in mammals because of the toxicity of CHT antagonists and the early postnatal lethality of CHT-/- mice (Ferguson et al., 2004). In Caenorhabditis elegans, in which cholinergic signaling supports motor activity and mutant alleles impacting ACh secretion and response can be propagated, we investigated the contribution of CHT (CHO-1) to facets of cholinergic neurobiology. Using the cho-1 promoter to drive expression of a translational, green fluorescent protein-CHO-1 fusion (CHO-1:GFP) in wild-type and kinesin (unc-104) mutant backgrounds, we establish in the living nematode that the transporter localizes to cholinergic synapses, and likely traffics on synaptic vesicles. Using embryonic primary cultures, we demonstrate that CHO-1 mediates hemicholinium-3-sensitive, high-affinity choline uptake that can be enhanced with depolarization in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner supporting ACh synthesis. Although homozygous cho-1 null mutants are viable, they possess 40% less ACh than wild-type animals and display stress-dependent defects in motor activity. In a choline-free liquid environment, cho-1 mutants demonstrate premature paralysis relative to wild-type animals. Our findings establish a requirement for presynaptic choline transport activity in vivo in a model amenable to a genetic dissection of CHO-1 regulation.
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Zhang MY, Beyer CE. Measurement of neurotransmitters from extracellular fluid in brain by in vivo microdialysis and chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:492-9. [PMID: 16125893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the last three decades, a great deal of information has been discovered about chemical neurotransmission. However, the most important processes, namely the complex nature of neuronal circuitry, the "cross talk" between multiple neurotransmitter systems, and the varying effects neurochemicals have at different receptors, are still being explored. Techniques such as microdialysis are routinely employed to measure neurotransmitter levels in living tissue systems. Moreover, microdialysis studies have proven to be valuable in the investigation of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disease pathology, as well as in identifying novel drugs to treat such disorders. One particular challenge in performing these experiments is the requirement to couple microdialysis to sophisticated analytical equipment. Recently, considerable attention has been focused on the development of chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques to provide more sensitive and accurate measurements of neurochemicals collected from in vivo microdialysis experiments. This review will provide a brief overview of the microdialysis technique, as well as how microdialysis and chromatography-mass spectrometry are being used to measure extracellular levels of neurotransmitters. The primary emphasis of this review will be on how these applications are used to measure levels of acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yi Zhang
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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Al-Badr AA, El-Obeid HA. Acetylcholine chloride: analytical profile. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2005; 31:21-115. [PMID: 22469038 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(04)31002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Al-Badr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh-11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Al-Badr AA, El-Obeid HA. Acetylcholine chloride: physical profile. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2005; 31:1-19. [PMID: 22469037 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(04)31001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Al-Badr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh-11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Dunphy R, Burinsky DJ. Detection of choline and acetylcholine in a pharmaceutical preparation using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 31:905-15. [PMID: 12684103 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, rapid, and specific method for the detection of choline and acetylcholine in a pharmaceutical preparation is described. The method employs a perfluorinated carboxylic acid as ion-pairing reagent, post-column addition of a surface tension reducing agent and mass spectrometric detection using either selected ion monitoring (SIM) or selected reaction monitoring (SRM) modes. The resulting chromatographic performance is comparable or superior to methods reported previously in both quality of the separation and sensitivity when using mass spectral detection, with the added advantage of reduced cycle time. Acetylcholine is easily and rapidly separated from its major decomposition product choline. The method was able to detect acetylcholine and its primary degradation product choline at the 30 fmol level, with an analysis time of less than 6 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Dunphy
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, PO Box 300, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA
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Zhu Y, Wong PS, Cregor M, Gitzen JF, Coury LA, Kissinger PT. In vivo microdialysis and reverse phase ion pair liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the determination and identification of acetylcholine and related compounds in rat brain. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:1695-1700. [PMID: 10962493 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20000930)14:18<1695::aid-rcm79>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A method using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has been developed for the determination of basal acetylcholine (ACh) in microdialysate from the striatum of freely moving rats. A microdialysis probe was surgically implanted into the striatum of the rats and Ringer's solution was used as the perfusion medium at a flow rate of 2 microL per minute. The samples were then analyzed off-line by LC/MS/MS experiments. The separation of ACh and choline (Ch) was carried out using reverse phase ion pair liquid chromatography with heptafluorobutyric acid as a volatile ion pairing reagent. Analytes were detected by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode. The detection limit for ACh was 1.4 fmol on column, which is at least three times lower than previously reported. Three quaternary ammonium compounds in the rat brain microdialysate were also identified by tandem mass spectrometry experiments in which the unknown mass spectra were compared with standard reference compounds. These compounds were identified as carnitine, acetylcarnitine and (3-carboxypropyl)trimethylammonium. This is the first known report of the compound (3-carboxypropyl)trimethylammonium being found in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- Bioanalytical Systems, Inc., 2701 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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Ishimaru H, Ikarashi Y, Maruyama Y. Use of high-performance liquid chromatography continuous-flow fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of choline and acetylcholine in rodent brain regions. BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1993; 22:681-6. [PMID: 8130283 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200221203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a method for assay of choline (Ch) and acetylcholine (ACh) levels in rodent brain regions by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with continuous-flow fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Following an investigation of various extraction procedures and chromatographic conditions, we found that homogenization in acetonitrile in the presence of magnesium sulphate followed by heptane extraction and then a flow rate programme for chromatographic separation yielded the best results of the protocols tested. Under these conditions, the recoveries of Ch and ACh were 75% and 80%, respectively, with detection limits of 5 pmol for Ch and 2 pmol for ACh. Using this method, Ch and ACh levels in rat and mouse brain regions were similar to those reported by other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ishimaru
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology (Tsumura), Gunma University School of Medicine, Japan
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14
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Lindberg C, Paulson J, Blomqvist A. Evaluation of an automated thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system for quantitative use in bioanalytical chemistry. J Chromatogr A 1991; 554:215-26. [PMID: 1795037 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An automated thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system is described, including an autosampler and a gradient liquid chromatography system controlled from the mass spectrometer data system. The performance and reliability of the equipment during unattended operation were evaluated by repeated injections of standard solutions of some antiasthmatic drugs, using deuterium-labelled analogues as internal standards. High sensitivity and reproducibility were achieved during a 19-hour run, incorporating gradient elution and a total of 54 injections. The relative standard deviation of the peak area measurement of the internal standards was in the range of 6.5-8.2%. The corticosteroid budesonide can be routinely measured in plasma down to 0.1 nmol/l. Direct injection of a small plasma volume into the thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system could be used to monitor drug plasma levels during a toxicity study in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lindberg
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, AB Draco, Lund, Sweden
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15
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Ikarashi Y, Itoh K, Maruyama Y. Application of FRIT fast atom bombardment liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the determination of acetylcholine levels in rat brain regions. BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1991; 20:21-5. [PMID: 1883856 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the use of FRIT fast atom bombardment (FAB) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of acetylcholine in rat brain regions. Direct assessment of acetylcholine levels is possible without the need for either derivatization or extensive sample preparation. Quantification is accomplished by monitoring intact molecular cations of acetylcholine and a deuterated internal standard. The results are compared with those obtained by conventional pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ikarashi
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology (Tsumura), Gunma University, School of Medicine, Japan
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16
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Abstract
Cortisol production rates (FPRs) in physiologic and pathologic states in humans have been investigated over the past 30 years. However, there has been conflicting evidence concerning the validity of the currently accepted value of FPRs in humans (12 to 15 mg/m2/d) as determined by radiotracer methodology. The present study reviews previous methods proposed for the measurement of FPRs in humans and discusses the applications of the first method for the direct determination of 24-hour plasma FPRs during continuous administration of a stable isotope, using a thermospray high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. The technique is fast, sensitive, and, unlike gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods, does not require derivatization, allowing on-line detection and quantification of plasma cortisol after a simple extraction procedure. The results of determination of plasma FPRs by stable tracer/mass spectrometry are directly in units of mass/time and, unlike radiotracer methods, are independent of any determination of volume of distribution or cortisol concentration. Our methodology offers distinct advantages over radiotracer techniques in simplicity and reliability since only single measurements of isotope ratios are required. The technique was validated in adrenalectomized patients. Circadian variations in daily FRPs were observed in normal volunteers, and, to date, results suggest a lower FRP in normal children and adults than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Esteban
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Physical Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Korfmacher WA, Getek TA, Hansen EB, Cerniglia CE. Direct analysis of microbial extracts containing metabolites of ethylenediamine-type antihistamines via high-performance liquid chromatography-thermospray mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1990; 185:136-42. [PMID: 1971499 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90268-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The utility of high-performance liquid chromatography-thermospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-TSMS) for the characterization of the ethylenediamine-type antihistamines, pyrilamine, methapyrilene, tripelennamine, and thenyldiamine, and their methylene chloride-extractable microbial metabolites from a biological matrix is demonstrated. Typically, the [M + H]+ ion was detected as the base peak in the TS mass spectra of these compounds. The ethylenediamine-type antihistamine metabolites were detected in an extract of a fungal culture grown in the presence of 5 mg of the antihistamine. A detection limit of 200 ng was observed for the HPLC-TSMS analysis of pyrilamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Korfmacher
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079-9502
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18
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Vicchio D, Yergey AL. Thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of quaternary ammonium saltst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210241205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tomer KB, Parker CE. Biochemical applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 492:189-221. [PMID: 2670991 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current state-of-the-art liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is reviewed with particular attention to biomedical applications. The most common LC-MS interface designs are described and compared. These interfaces include transport, direct liquid introduction, thermospray, atmospheric pressure ionization, monodisperse aerosol generation, open-tubular LC and continuous-flow fast atom bombardment. The relative sensitivities of the techniques are compared as much as possible, as well as their tendencies to induce thermal decomposition of the sample. Applications of these various interface types to a variety of biomedically important compound classes, including peptides, nucleotides, steroids, lipids, carbohydrates, xenobiotic metabolites and drugs, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Tomer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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Pomfret EA, daCosta KA, Schurman LL, Zeisel SH. Measurement of choline and choline metabolite concentrations using high-pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1989; 180:85-90. [PMID: 2817347 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a reproducible and sensitive procedure for the isolation and measurement of choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine and acetylcholine in a single 100-mg sample of biological tissue. Tissues were spiked with 14C-methyl- and 2H-methyl- or 15N-choline labeled internal standards for each compound. They were extracted with chloroform/methanol/water and the aqueous and organic phases were dried. The organic phase was resuspended in chloroform/methanol (1/1, v/v) and an aliquot was applied to a silica-gel thin-layer chromatography plate. The plate was developed in chloroform/methanol/water (65/30/4, v/v). Segments which cochromatographed with external standards of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine were stained, scraped, and hydrolyzed in 6 M methanolic-HCl at 80 degrees C for 60 min, liberating free choline. The aqueous phase was resuspended in methanol/water and injected onto a silica HPLC column. Choline and its metabolites were eluted using a binary nonlinear gradient of acetonitrile/ethanol/acetic acid/1 M ammonium acetate/water/0.1 M sodium phosphate (800/68/2/3/127/10, v/v changing to 400/68/44/88/400/10, v/v). Peaks were detected with an on-line radiometric detector, collected, and dried under vacuum. Each choline ester was digested in 6 M HCl at 80 degrees C to form choline. Choline was then converted to the propionyl ester and demethylated with sodium benzenethiolate. This volatile derivative was then isolated using gas chromatography and measured with a mass selective detector. Deuterated internal standards were used to correct for variations in recovery. Choline, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and acetylcholine were measured in rat liver, heart, muscle, kidney, plasma, red blood cells, and brain and in human plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Pomfret
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118
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21
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Principles and Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Chemistry. Clin Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0753-2_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Suwanrumpha S, Flory DA, Freas RB, Vestal ML. Tandem mass spectrometric studies of the fragmentation of penicillins and their metabolites. BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1988; 16:381-6. [PMID: 3242694 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200160175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation of two penicillins, ampicillin and amoxicillin, and their principal metabolites has been studied by a combination of liquid chromatography/thermospray mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. A high-resolution tandem mass spectrometer was used to obtain chemical ionization, fast-atom bombardment, and collision-induced dissociation mass spectra. Structural information and fragmentation mechanisms have been deduced from ions in the mass and collision spectra. This knowledge is useful in the analysis and identification of metabolites of ampicillin and related drugs in human body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suwanrumpha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Texas 77004
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24
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Gaskell SJ, Rollins K, Smith RW, Parker CE. Determination of serum cortisol by thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: comparison with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1987; 14:717-22. [PMID: 3435794 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200141205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The determination of serum cortisol by thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has been assessed. The method incorporates stable isotope dilution and immunoadsorption extraction. [M + H]+ ions are monitored during LC/MS. The within-assay reproducibility is satisfactory (coefficient of variation 7% at a concentration of 190 ng ml-1), though inferior to that achieved with the (more lengthy) procedure of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Satisfactory agreement between LC/MS (y) and GC/MS (x) data was observed (y = 0.934x + 12.4 ng ml-1; r = 0.968; n = 14). It is concluded that the generation of precise reference data for the assessment of routine cortisol assays is at present better achieved by GC/MS. LC/MS, however, provides satisfactory quantitative data via a more simple and rapid method.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Gaskell
- Tenovus Institute for Cancer Research, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath, UK
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Yergey AL, Esteban NV, Liberato DJ. Metabolic kinetics and quantitative analysis by isotope dilution thermospray LC/MS. BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1987; 14:623-5. [PMID: 2962667 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200141109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of thermospray LC/MS for quantitative analysis using isotope dilution is reviewed. Assays for acetylcholine, glucose, sorbitol, cortisol, testosterone and 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D in biological fluids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Yergey
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Physical Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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