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Lima do Vale MR, Buckner L, Mitrofan CG, Tramontt CR, Kargbo SK, Khalid A, Ashraf S, Mouti S, Dai X, Unwin D, Bohn J, Goldberg L, Golubic R, Ray S. A synthesis of pathways linking diet, metabolic risk and cardiovascular disease: a framework to guide further research and approaches to evidence-based practice. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:232-258. [PMID: 34839838 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common non-communicable disease occurring globally. Although previous literature has provided useful insights into the important role that diet plays in CVD prevention and treatment, understanding the causal role of diets is a difficult task considering inherent and introduced weaknesses of observational (e.g. not properly addressing confounders and mediators) and experimental research designs (e.g. not appropriate or well designed). In this narrative review, we organised current evidence linking diet, as well as conventional and emerging physiological risk factors, with CVD risk, incidence and mortality in a series of diagrams. The diagrams presented can aid causal inference studies as they provide a visual representation of the types of studies underlying the associations between potential risk markers/factors for CVD. This may facilitate the selection of variables to be considered and the creation of analytical models. Evidence depicted in the diagrams was systematically collected from studies included in the British Nutrition Task Force report on diet and CVD and database searches, including Medline and Embase. Although several markers and disorders linked to conventional and emerging risk factors for CVD were identified, the causal link between many remains unknown. There is a need to address the multifactorial nature of CVD and the complex interplay between conventional and emerging risk factors with natural and built environments, while bringing the life course into the spotlight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Buckner
- NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ali Khalid
- NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sammyia Ashraf
- NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - Saad Mouti
- University of California Berkeley, Consortium for Data Analytics in Risk, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaowu Dai
- University of California Berkeley, Consortium for Data Analytics in Risk, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Bohn
- University of California Berkeley, Consortium for Data Analytics in Risk, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Swiss Re Institute, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Goldberg
- University of California Berkeley, Consortium for Data Analytics in Risk, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rajna Golubic
- NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, Cambridge, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Trials Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sumantra Ray
- NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, Cambridge, UK
- University of Ulster, School of Biomedical Sciences, Coleraine, UK
- University of Cambridge, School of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Cambridge, UK
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Mehra P, Mehta V, Yusuf J, Mukhopadhyay S, Dabla PK, Parashar L, Sukhija MSR, Aronow WS. Gender Differences in Genotypic Distribution of Endothelin-1 Gene and Endothelin receptor A gene in Pulmonary Hypertension associated with Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease. Indian Heart J 2022; 74:375-381. [PMID: 36179900 PMCID: PMC9647693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The female gender is a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, it is unknown whether females with rheumatic mitral valve disease are more predisposed to develop pulmonary hypertension compared to males. Aim We aimed to investigate whether there was a difference in genotypic distribution of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelin receptor A (ETA) genes between female and male patients of pulmonary hypertension associated with rheumatic mitral valve disease (PH-MVD). Methods We compared prevalence of ET-1 gene (Lys198Asn) and ETA gene (His323His) polymorphisms according to gender in 123 PH-MVD subjects and 123 healthy controls. Results The presence of mutant Asn/Asn and either mutant Asn/Asn or heterozygous Lys/Asn genotypes of Lys198Asn polymorphism when compared to Lys/Lys in females showed significant association with higher risk (odds ratio [OR] 4.5; p =0.007 and OR 2.39; p =0.02, respectively). The presence of heterozygous C/T and either mutant T/T or heterozygous C/T genotypes of His323His polymorphism when compared to wild C/C genotype in females showed a significant association with higher risk (OR 1.96; p =0.047 and OR 2.26; p =0.01, respectively). No significant difference was seen in genotypic frequencies in males between PH-MVD subjects and controls. Logistic regression analysis showed that mutant genotype Asn/Asn (p =0.007) and heterozygous genotype Lys/Asn of Lys198Asn polymorphism (p =0.018) were independent predictors of development of PH in females. Conclusions ET-1 and ETA gene polymorphisms were more prevalent in females than males in PH-MVD signifying that females with rheumatic heart disease may be more susceptible to develop PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratishtha Mehra
- Department of Cardiology, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vimal Mehta
- Department of Cardiology, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.
| | - Jamal Yusuf
- Department of Cardiology, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Saibal Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cardiology, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Dabla
- Department of Biochemistry, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Lokesh Parashar
- Statistician, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India
| | - M Stat Rishi Sukhija
- Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wilbert S Aronow
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Kanamori K, Sakaguchi Y, Tsuda K, Ihara S, Miyama S. Refractory cerebral infarction in a child with an ACTA2 mutation. Brain Dev 2021; 43:585-589. [PMID: 33342581 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONS A specific mutation in the ACTA2 gene is known to cause multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome, which is associated with cerebrovascular diseases and various organ disorders. Cerebral infarctions resulting from severe vasculopathy can be refractory; however, there are no previous reports describing the detailed clinical course of recurrent cerebral infarctions due to an ACTA2 mutation. Herein, we report a patient with an ACTA2 mutation who experienced multiple refractory cerebral infarctions in early childhood. PATIENT DESCRIPTION The patient was aged 1 year and 5 months at her first episode of cerebral infarction. Arteriopathy due to an ACTA2 mutation was diagnosed based on the characteristic cerebrovascular findings and abnormal physical findings, such as bilateral dilated pupils. Bilateral encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis and encephalogaleosynangiosis were performed after the first episode. Because the cerebral infarctions recurred postoperatively, administration of cilostazol followed by bosentan was started. However, despite these treatments she experienced seven cerebral infarctions by age 2 years and 6 months. INTERPRETATION Cerebral infarctions in patients with a specific ACTA2 mutation can occur even in early childhood, recur frequently, and cause severe motor and cognitive impairment. Physicians should be highly aware of this disease and be ready to provide the medical and surgical interventions necessary to minimize the disabling sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kanamori
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8561, Japan.
| | - Yuri Sakaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8561, Japan
| | - Kyoji Tsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8561, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ihara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8561, Japan
| | - Sahoko Miyama
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8561, Japan
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Jafari M, Jarahzadeh MH, Dastgheib SA, Seifi-Shalamzari N, Raee-Ezzabadi A, Sadeghizadeh-Yazdi J, Akbarian E, Neamatzadeh H. Association of PAI-1 rs1799889 Polymorphism with Susceptibility to Ischemic Stroke: a Huge Meta-Analysis based on 44 Studies. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2021; 63:31-42. [PMID: 32422114 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2020.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND the PAI-1 rs1799889 polymorphism has been reported to be associated with susceptibility to ischemic stroke. However, the results of previous studies have been inconsistent or controversial. Hence, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of PAI-1 rs1799889 polymorphism with ischemic stroke risk. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, CNKI, and CBD databases up to November 05, 2019. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to access the strength of this association in fixed- or random-effects model. RESULTS A total of 44 case-control studies with 8,620 cases and 10,260 controls were selected. Pooled data showed a significant association between PAI-1 rs1799889 polymorphism and ischemic stroke risk in the overall populations (GG vs. AA: OR = 0.791, 95% CI 0.633-0.988, p = 0.039; GA vs. AA: OR = 0.807, 95% CI 0.683-0.953, p = 0.012; and GG+GA vs. AA: OR = 0.795, 95% CI 0.637-0.993, p = 0.043). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed a significant association in Asian and Mixed populations, but not in Caucasians. Moreover, stratified analysis by country of origin revealed an increased risk of ischemic stroke in Chinese populations, but not among Dutch (Netherlands) and Swedish. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis result suggested that PAI-1 rs1799889 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, especially in Asian and Mixed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali Jafari
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Alireza Dastgheib
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Seifi-Shalamzari
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ali Raee-Ezzabadi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Jalal Sadeghizadeh-Yazdi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Elahe Akbarian
- Children Growth Disorder Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Neamatzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Mother and Newborn Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Matjuda EN, Engwa GA, Sewani-Rusike CR, Nkeh-Chungag BN. An Overview of Vascular Dysfunction and Determinants: The Case of Children of African Ancestry. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:769589. [PMID: 34956981 PMCID: PMC8709476 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.769589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between dilatory and constrictive factors is important as it keeps blood vessels in a homeostatic state. However, altered physiological processes as a result of obesity, hypertension, oxidative stress, and other cardiovascular risk factors may lead to vascular damage, causing an imbalance of vasoactive factors. Over time, the sustained imbalance of these vasoactive factors may lead to vascular dysfunction, which can be assessed by non-invasive methods, such as flow-mediated dilation, pulse wave velocity, flow-mediated slowing, retinal vessel analysis, peripheral vascular reactivity, and carotid intima-media thickness assessment. Although there is increasing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (obesity and hypertension) in children in sub-Saharan Africa, little is known about how this may affect vascular function. This review focuses on vasoactive factors implicated in vascular (dys)function, highlighting the determinants and consequences of vascular dysfunction. It further describes the non-invasive methods used for vascular (dys)function assessments and, last, describes the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on vascular dysfunction in children of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna N Matjuda
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Godwill Azeh Engwa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Constance R Sewani-Rusike
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Benedicta N Nkeh-Chungag
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha, South Africa
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Nepal G, Ojha R, Dulal HP, Yadav BK. Association between Lys198Asn polymorphism of endothelin-1 gene and ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01424. [PMID: 31566901 PMCID: PMC6790320 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelin (ET)-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by endothelial cells and associated with vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Lys198Asn is a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of gene encoding ET-1 (EDN1). It is hypothesized that it might have a role in altering ET-1 and ultimately leading to vascular dysfunction and ischemic stroke. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the association between Lys198Asn polymorphism of EDN1 gene and susceptibility of ischemic stroke. METHODS This meta-analysis was conducted according to the guidance of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Web of Science, J-STAGE, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for relevant studies. The association between Lys198Asn polymorphism and ischemic stroke susceptibility was evaluated by calculating the pooled ORs and 95% CIs. RESULTS Our analysis included 1,291 cases and 2,513 controls. Meta-analysis established a significant association between Lys198Asn SNP of EDN1 gene and ischemic stroke when assuming either recessive model (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.02-1.65; p = .03; I2 = 41%) or dominant model (OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.24-1.76; p < .001; I2 = 61%). There was no evidence of publication bias in either of the recessive model (Egger test: p = .23; Begg test: p = .85) or dominant model (Egger test: p = .79; Begg test: p = .85). A subgroup analysis based on subtypes of ischemic stroke showed that Lys198Asn SNP was only associated with large vessel infarction but not with lacunar infarction caused by small vessel disease. A subgroup analysis based on ethnicity revealed that the Lys198Asn polymorphism of the EDN1 gene was associated with ischemic stroke only in Caucasians. CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis suggests that Lys198Asn polymorphism of EDN1 gene is associated with an increased risk for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Nepal
- Maharajgunj Medical CampusTribhuvan University Institute of MedicineKathmanduNepal
| | - Rajeev Ojha
- Department of NeurologyMaharajgunj Medical CampusTribhuvan University Institute of MedicineKathmanduNepal
| | | | - Binod Kumar Yadav
- Department of BiochemistryMaharajgunj Medical CampusTribhuvan University Institute of MedicineKathmanduNepal
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