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Tamura A, Yamaguchi K, Yanagida R, Miyata R, Tohara H. Physical, oral, and swallowing functions of three patients with type a xeroderma pigmentosum: a report of three cases. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:163. [PMID: 38302989 PMCID: PMC10832268 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-03933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an extremely rare and severe form of photosensitivity. It is classified into types A-G or V according to the gene responsible for the disease. The progression and severity of symptoms vary depending on the type. Although dysphagia caused by decreased swallowing function and dental malposition due to stenosis of the dentition in the facial and oral regions is common, it has not been reported in detail. We report three cases of type A XP, in which central and peripheral neurological symptoms appeared early on and progressed rapidly. We describe the oral function of these patients, focusing on the swallowing function and dentition malposition. CASE PRESENTATION Two males (27 and 25 years old) and one female (28 years old) presented with diverse neurological symptoms. We focused on the relationship between the changes in swallowing and oral functions and conditions due to decline in physical function. Some effects were observed by addressing the decline in swallowing and oral functions. In particular, a dental approach to manage the narrowing of the dentition, which was observed in all three patients, improved the swallowing and oral functions and maintained the current status of these functions. CONCLUSIONS In type A XP, early decline in oral and swallowing functions is caused by the early decline in physical function, and it is necessary to monitor the condition at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Tamura
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamaguchi
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Yanagida
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Rie Miyata
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Kita-Medical Center, 4-17-56 Akabanedai, Tokyo, 115-0053, Japan
| | - Haruka Tohara
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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Garcia-Moreno H, Langbehn DR, Abiona A, Garrood I, Fleszar Z, Manes MA, Morley AMS, Craythorne E, Mohammed S, Henshaw T, Turner S, Naik H, Bodi I, Sarkany RPE, Fassihi H, Lehmann AR, Giunti P. Neurological disease in xeroderma pigmentosum: prospective cohort study of its features and progression. Brain 2023; 146:5044-5059. [PMID: 38040034 PMCID: PMC10690019 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) results from biallelic mutations in any of eight genes involved in DNA repair systems, thus defining eight different genotypes (XPA, XPB, XPC, XPD, XPE, XPF, XPG and XP variant or XPV). In addition to cutaneous and ophthalmological features, some patients present with XP neurological disease. It is unknown whether the different neurological signs and their progression differ among groups. Therefore, we aim to characterize the XP neurological disease and its evolution in the heterogeneous UK XP cohort. Patients with XP were followed in the UK National XP Service, from 2009 to 2021. Age of onset for different events was recorded. Cerebellar ataxia and additional neurological signs and symptoms were rated with the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA), the Inventory of Non-Ataxia Signs (INAS) and the Activities of Daily Living questionnaire (ADL). Patients' mutations received scores based on their predicted effects. Data from available ancillary tests were collected. Ninety-three XP patients were recruited. Thirty-six (38.7%) reported neurological symptoms, especially in the XPA, XPD and XPG groups, with early-onset and late-onset forms, and typically appearing after cutaneous and ophthalmological symptoms. XPA, XPD and XPG patients showed higher SARA scores compared to XPC, XPE and XPV. SARA total scores significantly increased over time in XPD (0.91 points/year, 95% confidence interval: 0.61, 1.21) and XPA (0.63 points/year, 95% confidence interval: 0.38, 0.89). Hyporeflexia, hypopallesthaesia, upper motor neuron signs, chorea, dystonia, oculomotor signs and cognitive impairment were frequent findings in XPA, XPD and XPG. Cerebellar and global brain atrophy, axonal sensory and sensorimotor neuropathies, and sensorineural hearing loss were common findings in patients. Some XPC, XPE and XPV cases presented with abnormalities on examination and/or ancillary tests, suggesting underlying neurological involvement. More severe mutations were associated with a faster progression in SARA total score in XPA (0.40 points/year per 1-unit increase in severity score) and XPD (0.60 points/year per 1-unit increase), and in ADL total score in XPA (0.35 points/year per 1-unit increase). Symptomatic and asymptomatic forms of neurological disease are frequent in XP patients, and neurological symptoms can be an important cause of disability. Typically, the neurological disease will be preceded by cutaneous and ophthalmological features, and these should be actively searched in patients with idiopathic late-onset neurological syndromes. Scales assessing cerebellar function, especially walking and speech, and disability can show progression in some of the groups. Mutation severity can be used as a prognostic biomarker for stratification purposes in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Garcia-Moreno
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Douglas R Langbehn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Adesoji Abiona
- UK National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Isabel Garrood
- UK National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Zofia Fleszar
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Marta Antonia Manes
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ana M Susana Morley
- UK National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Emma Craythorne
- UK National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Shehla Mohammed
- UK National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Tanya Henshaw
- UK National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Sally Turner
- UK National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Harsha Naik
- UK National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Istvan Bodi
- Clinical Neuropathology, Academic Neuroscience Building, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Robert P E Sarkany
- UK National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Hiva Fassihi
- UK National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Alan R Lehmann
- UK National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Paola Giunti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Lehky TJ, Sackstein P, Tamura D, Quezado M, Wu T, Khan SG, Patronas NJ, Wiggs E, Brewer CC, DiGiovanna JJ, Kraemer KH. Differences in peripheral neuropathy in xeroderma pigmentosum complementation groups A and D as evaluated by nerve conduction studies. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:393. [PMID: 34627174 PMCID: PMC8501575 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder with defective DNA nucleotide excision repair and associated with a high frequency of skin cancer. Approximately 25% of patients develop progressive neurological degeneration. Complementation groups XP-A and XP-D are most frequently associated with neurological disorders. Design/methods This is a retrospective review of patients with XP who were evaluated at NIH from 1986 to 2015 and had nerve conduction studies (NCS). In the complementation groups with peripheral neuropathy, further comparisons of the NCS were made with audiological, brain imaging, neuropsychological assessments that were also performed on most of the patients. Limited neuropathology of XP-A and XP-D patients were examined.. Results The 33 patients had NCS: XP-A (9 patients), XP-C (7 patients), XP-D (10 patients), XP-E (1 patient), XP-V (4 patients), and XP-unknown (2 patients). Peripheral neuropathy based on nerve conduction studies was documented only in two complementation groups: 78% (7/9) of XP-A patients had a sensorimotor neuropathy while 50% (5/10) of XP-D patients had a sensory neuropathy only. Analysis of sural sensory nerve amplitude in both complementation groups XP-A and XP-D correlated with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), MRI/CT severity, and Full-scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Analysis of fibular motor nerve amplitude in complementation XP-A correlated with SNHL and MRI/CT severity. Limited follow-up studies showed gradual loss of NCS responses compared to an earlier and more rapid progression of the hearing loss. Conclusions Despite similar brain imaging and audiological findings patients, XP-A and XP-D complementation groups differ in the type of neuropathy, sensorimotor versus sensory alone. A few cases suggest that sensorineural hearing loss may precede abnormal NCS in XP and therefore serve as valuable clinical indicators of XP patients that will later develop peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Sackstein
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deborah Tamura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Tianxia Wu
- Clinical Trials Unit, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sikandar G Khan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Edythe Wiggs
- Clinical Trials Unit, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - John J DiGiovanna
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth H Kraemer
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Nishigori C, Nakano E, Masaki T, Ono R, Takeuchi S, Tsujimoto M, Ueda T. Characteristics of Xeroderma Pigmentosum in Japan: Lessons From Two Clinical Surveys and Measures for Patient Care. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:140-153. [PMID: 30565713 DOI: 10.1111/php.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary disease caused by deficiency in repair of DNA lesions generated by ultraviolet radiation and other compounds. Patients with XP display pigmentary change and numerous skin cancers in sun-exposed sites, and some patients show exaggerated severe sunburns even upon minimum sun exposure as well as neurological symptoms. We conducted a nationwide survey for XP since 1980. In Japan, the frequency of the XP complementation group A is the highest, followed by the variant type; while in the Western countries, those of groups C or D are the highest. Regarding skin cancers in XP, basal cell carcinoma was the most frequent cancer that afflicted patients with XP, followed by squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. The frequency of these skin cancers in patients with XP has decreased in these 20 years, and the age of onset of developing skin cancers is higher than those previously observed, owing to early diagnosis and education to patients and care takers on strict prevention from sunlight for patients with XP. On the other hand, the effective therapy for neurological XP has not been established yet, and this needs to be done urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Nishigori
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakano
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Taro Masaki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Ono
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Seiji Takeuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mariko Tsujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ueda
- Division of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Yokota K, Sano K, Murofushi Y, Yoshimaru D, Takanashi JI. Neurochemistry evaluated by MR spectroscopy in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum group A. Brain Dev 2018; 40:931-933. [PMID: 30017720 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
MRI of a female patient with xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XP-A) showed progressive cerebral atrophy, but no disease-specific lesion. MR spectroscopy with short TE sequences in the bilateral white matter revealed decreased N-acetyl aspartate (neuro-axonal marker) and increased myo-inositol (astroglial marker) with a normal concentration of choline (membrane marker), which are compatible with the neuropathology of XP-A, consisting of a reduced number of neurons, and fibrillary astrogliosis with preservation of myelinated fibers. MR spectroscopy reveals neurochemical derangement in XP-A, which cannot be observed on conventional MRI, and will be useful to monitor the neurochemical derangements of XP-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Yokota
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sano
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Murofushi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshimaru
- Department of Medical Technology and Image Laboratory, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Takanashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan.
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Gruener AM, Morley AMS. Macular and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer Thinning in Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A Cross-sectional Study. Neuroophthalmology 2018; 42:356-366. [PMID: 30524489 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2018.1452038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate retinal thickness in different Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) complementation groups using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). This was a cross-sectional pilot study of 40 patients with XP. All patients had healthy-looking retinae and optic nerves on slit lamp biomicroscopy, and subtle or no neurological deficits. Patients were divided into two groups based on the known tendency for neurodegeneration associated with certain XP complementation groups. A third control group was obtained from a normative database. Using SD-OCT, we compared peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) and macular thickness between the groups. XP patients with a known tendency for neurodegeneration were found to have a statistically significant reduction in both pRNFL (p < 0.01) and macular thickness (p < 0.001) compared with healthy controls. In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference between pRNFL and macular thickness in XP patients not expected to develop neurodegeneration compared to the same control group. When both XP groups were compared, a statistically significant reduction in total pRNFL (p = 0.02) and macular thickness (p = 0.002) was found in XP patients predisposed to neurodegeneration. Our results suggest that pRNFL and macular thickness are reduced in XP patients with a known tendency for neurodegeneration, even before any marked neurological deficits become manifest. These findings demonstrate the potential role of retinal thickness as an anatomic biomarker and prognostic indicator for XP neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Gruener
- Department of Ophthalmology, St Thomas' Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M S Morley
- Department of Ophthalmology, St Thomas' Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Nationally Commissioned Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Genome instability syndromes caused by impaired DNA repair and aberrant DNA damage responses. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 34:337-350. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-9429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ueda T, Kanda F, Nishiyama M, Nishigori C, Toda T. Quantitative analysis of brain atrophy in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum group A carrying the founder mutation in Japan. J Neurol Sci 2017; 381:103-106. [PMID: 28991657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an inherited congenital disease presenting with dermatological and neurological manifestations. In Japan, XP complementation group A (XP-A) is most frequently observed in eight clinical subtypes, and the homozygous founder mutation, IVS3-1G>C in XPA, suffer from severe manifestations including progressive brain atrophy since childhood. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and applied volumetric analysis to elucidate the start and the progression of the brain atrophy in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve Japanese patients with XP-A carrying the founder mutation and seven controls were included. MRI was performed for each patient once or more. Three-dimensional T1 weighted images were segmented to gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid, and each volume was calculated. RESULTS Conventional MRI demonstrated progressive whole brain atrophy in patients with XP-A. Moreover, volumetric analysis showed that reductions of total gray matter volumes (GMV) and total brain volumes (TBV) started at the age of five. The slope of reduction was similar in all cases. The GMV and TBV values in controls were higher than those in XP-A cases after the age of five. CONCLUSIONS This is the first quantitative report presenting with the progression of brain atrophy in patients with XP-A. It is revealed that the brain atrophy started from early childhood in Japanese patients with XP-A carrying the homozygous founder mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ueda
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Fumio Kanda
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Moriwaki S, Kanda F, Hayashi M, Yamashita D, Sakai Y, Nishigori C. Xeroderma pigmentosum clinical practice guidelines. J Dermatol 2017; 44:1087-1096. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fumio Kanda
- Division of Neurology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Masaharu Hayashi
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamashita
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Yoshitada Sakai
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine (Chairperson at Xeroderma pigmentosum clinical practice guidelines revision committee); Kobe Japan
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Abstract
Background CD4+ T cells can be broadly divided into naïve and memory subsets, each of which are differentially impaired by the aging process. It is unclear if and how these differences are reflected at the transcriptomic level. We performed microarray profiling on RNA derived from naïve (CD44low) and memory (CD44high) CD4+ T cells derived from young (2–3 month) and old (28 month) mice, in order to better understand the mechanisms of age-related functional alterations in both subsets. We also performed follow-up bioinformatic analyses in order to determine the functional consequences of gene expression changes in both of these subsets, and identify regulatory factors potentially responsible for these changes. Results We found 185 and 328 genes differentially expressed (FDR ≤ 0.05) in young vs. old naïve and memory cells, respectively, with 50 genes differentially expressed in both subsets. Functional annotation analyses highlighted an increase in genes involved in apoptosis specific to aged naïve cells. Both subsets shared age-related increases in inflammatory signaling genes, along with a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation genes. Cis-regulatory analyses revealed enrichment of multiple transcription factor binding sites near genes with age-associated expression, in particular NF-κB and several forkhead box transcription factors. Enhancer associated histone modifications were enriched near genes down-regulated in naïve cells. Comparison of our results with previous mouse and human datasets indicates few overlapping genes overall, but suggest consistent up-regulation of Casp1 and Il1r2, and down-regulation of Foxp1 in both mouse and human CD4+ T cells. Conclusions The transcriptomes of naïve and memory CD4+ T cells are distinctly affected by the aging process. However, both subsets exhibit a common increase inflammatory genes and decrease in oxidative phosphorylation genes. NF-κB, forkhead box, and Myc transcription factors are implicated as upstream regulators of these gene expression changes in both subsets, with enhancer histone modifications potentially driving unique changes unique to naïve cells. Finally we conclude that there is little overlap in age-related gene expression changes between humans and mice; however, age-related alterations in a small subset of genes may be conserved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12979-017-0092-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Shinomiya H, Yamashita D, Fujita T, Nakano E, Inokuchi G, Hasegawa S, Otsuki N, Nishigori C, Nibu KI. Hearing Dysfunction in Xpa-Deficient Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:19. [PMID: 28239347 PMCID: PMC5301083 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare recessive heredity disease caused by DNA repair impairment characterized by photosensitivity and neurologic symptoms in half of the cases. There are eight subtypes of XP: XP-A–XP-G and XP variant. Among eight subtypes, XP complementation group A (XP-A) display the lowest DNA repair ability and the severest cutaneous and neurologic symptoms. While its pathogenesis of skin symptoms have been well-studied, that of neurological symptoms, including sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) remains unknown. Basic studies have suggested that SNHL may be caused by inner ear damage, including damage to the spiral ganglion neurons and organ of Corti, and that the XP-A is associated with most severe form of SNHL in humans. Here, we report the occurrence of SNHL in Xpa-deficient mice. Xpa-deficient mice and wild-type mice underwent measurements for auditory brainstem response, and the results revealed that Xpa-deficient mice exhibited significantly greater (p < 0.01) ABR thresholds at 4, 8, and 16 kHz than the wild-type mice. Furthermore, the number of spiral ganglion neurons was reduced in Xpa-deficient mice compared with that in wild-type mice, indicating that hearing loss may be related to spiral ganglion neuron deficiency, consistent with the few reports published in human patients with XP. These results provide important insights into the pathogenesis of SNHL in patients with XP-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Shinomiya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamashita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakano
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University Kobe, Japan
| | - Go Inokuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe, Japan
| | - Shingo Hasegawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Otsuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nibu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe, Japan
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Nakano E, Masaki T, Kanda F, Ono R, Takeuchi S, Moriwaki S, Nishigori C. The present status of xeroderma pigmentosum in Japan and a tentative severity classification scale. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25 Suppl 3:28-33. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Nakano
- Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe University; Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Taro Masaki
- Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe University; Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Fumio Kanda
- Division of Neurology; Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe University; Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Ryusuke Ono
- Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe University; Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Seiji Takeuchi
- Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe University; Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Shinichi Moriwaki
- Department of Dermatology; Osaka Medical College; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe University; Kobe Hyogo Japan
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Xeroderma pigmentosum: low prevalence of germline XPA mutations in a Brazilian XP population. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8988-96. [PMID: 25913378 PMCID: PMC4425119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by DNA repair defects that cause photophobia, sunlight-induced cancers, and neurodegeneration. Prevalence of germline mutations in the nucleotide excision repair gene XPA vary significantly in different populations. No Brazilian patients have been reported to carry a germline mutation in this gene. In this study, the germline mutational status of XPA was determined in Brazilian patients exhibiting major clinical features of XP syndrome. The study was conducted on 27 unrelated patients from select Brazilian families. A biallelic inactivating transition mutation c.619C>T (p.Arg207Ter) was identified in only one patient with a history of neurological impairment and mild skin abnormalities. These findings suggest that XP syndrome is rarely associated with inherited disease-causing XPA mutations in the Brazilian population. Additionally, this report demonstrates the effectiveness of genotype-phenotype correlation as a valuable tool to guide direct genetic screening.
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Oishi K, Faria AV, Yoshida S, Chang L, Mori S. Reprint of "Quantitative evaluation of brain development using anatomical MRI and diffusion tensor imaging". Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 32:28-40. [PMID: 24295553 PMCID: PMC4696018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the brain is structure-specific, and the growth rate of each structure differs depending on the age of the subject. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to evaluate brain development because of the high spatial resolution and contrast that enable the observation of structure-specific developmental status. Currently, most clinical MRIs are evaluated qualitatively to assist in the clinical decision-making and diagnosis. The clinical MRI report usually does not provide quantitative values that can be used to monitor developmental status. Recently, the importance of image quantification to detect and evaluate mild-to-moderate anatomical abnormalities has been emphasized because these alterations are possibly related to several psychiatric disorders and learning disabilities. In the research arena, structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have been widely applied to quantify brain development of the pediatric population. To interpret the values from these MR modalities, a "growth percentile chart," which describes the mean and standard deviation of the normal developmental curve for each anatomical structure, is required. Although efforts have been made to create such a growth percentile chart based on MRI and DTI, one of the greatest challenges is to standardize the anatomical boundaries of the measured anatomical structures. To avoid inter- and intra-reader variability about the anatomical boundary definition, and hence, to increase the precision of quantitative measurements, an automated structure parcellation method, customized for the neonatal and pediatric population, has been developed. This method enables quantification of multiple MR modalities using a common analytic framework. In this paper, the attempt to create an MRI- and a DTI-based growth percentile chart, followed by an application to investigate developmental abnormalities related to cerebral palsy, Williams syndrome, and Rett syndrome, have been introduced. Future directions include multimodal image analysis and personalization for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Oishi
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Andreia V Faria
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shoko Yoshida
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Neuroscience and Magnetic Resonance Research Program, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Susumu Mori
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Oishi K, Faria AV, Yoshida S, Chang L, Mori S. Quantitative evaluation of brain development using anatomical MRI and diffusion tensor imaging. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:512-24. [PMID: 23796902 PMCID: PMC3830705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the brain is structure-specific, and the growth rate of each structure differs depending on the age of the subject. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to evaluate brain development because of the high spatial resolution and contrast that enable the observation of structure-specific developmental status. Currently, most clinical MRIs are evaluated qualitatively to assist in the clinical decision-making and diagnosis. The clinical MRI report usually does not provide quantitative values that can be used to monitor developmental status. Recently, the importance of image quantification to detect and evaluate mild-to-moderate anatomical abnormalities has been emphasized because these alterations are possibly related to several psychiatric disorders and learning disabilities. In the research arena, structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have been widely applied to quantify brain development of the pediatric population. To interpret the values from these MR modalities, a "growth percentile chart," which describes the mean and standard deviation of the normal developmental curve for each anatomical structure, is required. Although efforts have been made to create such a growth percentile chart based on MRI and DTI, one of the greatest challenges is to standardize the anatomical boundaries of the measured anatomical structures. To avoid inter- and intra-reader variability about the anatomical boundary definition, and hence, to increase the precision of quantitative measurements, an automated structure parcellation method, customized for the neonatal and pediatric population, has been developed. This method enables quantification of multiple MR modalities using a common analytic framework. In this paper, the attempt to create an MRI- and a DTI-based growth percentile chart, followed by an application to investigate developmental abnormalities related to cerebral palsy, Williams syndrome, and Rett syndrome, have been introduced. Future directions include multimodal image analysis and personalization for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Oishi
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Lai JP, Liu YC, Alimchandani M, Liu Q, Aung PP, Matsuda K, Lee CCR, Tsokos M, Hewitt S, Rushing EJ, Tamura D, Levens DL, DiGiovanna JJ, Fine HA, Patronas N, Khan SG, Kleiner DE, Oberholtzer JC, Quezado MM, Kraemer KH. The influence of DNA repair on neurological degeneration, cachexia, skin cancer and internal neoplasms: autopsy report of four xeroderma pigmentosum patients (XP-A, XP-C and XP-D). Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:4. [PMID: 24252196 PMCID: PMC3776212 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the association of DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) defects with neurological degeneration, cachexia and cancer, we performed autopsies on 4 adult xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients with different clinical features and defects in NER complementation groups XP-A, XP-C or XP-D. Results The XP-A (XP12BE) and XP-D (XP18BE) patients exhibited progressive neurological deterioration with sensorineural hearing loss. The clinical spectrum encompassed severe cachexia in the XP-A (XP12BE) patient, numerous skin cancers in the XP-A and two XP-C (XP24BE and XP1BE) patients and only few skin cancers in the XP-D patient. Two XP-C patients developed internal neoplasms including glioblastoma in XP24BE and uterine adenocarcinoma in XP1BE. At autopsy, the brains of the 44 yr XP-A and the 45 yr XP-D patients were profoundly atrophic and characterized microscopically by diffuse neuronal loss, myelin pallor and gliosis. Unlike the XP-A patient, the XP-D patient had a thickened calvarium, and the brain showed vacuolization of the neuropil in the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem, and patchy Purkinje cell loss. Axonal neuropathy and chronic denervation atrophy of the skeletal muscles were observed in the XP-A patient, but not in the XP-D patient. Conclusions These clinical manifestations and autopsy findings indicate advanced involvement of the central and peripheral nervous system. Despite similar defects in DNA repair, different clinicopathological phenotypes are seen in the four cases, and therefore distinct patterns of neurodegeneration characterize XP-D, XP-A and XP-C patients.
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