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Feng L, Sharma A, Wang Z, Muresanu DF, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Nozari A, Li C, Zhang Z, Lin C, Huang H, Manzhulo I, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Nanowired delivery of dl-3-n-butylphthalide with antibodies to alpha synuclein potentiated neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease with emotional stress. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 171:47-82. [PMID: 37783563 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Stress is one of the most serious consequences of life leading to several chronic diseases and neurodegeneration. Recent studies show that emotional stress and other kinds of anxiety and depression adversely affects Parkinson's disease symptoms. However, the details of how stress affects Parkinson's disease is still not well known. Traumatic brain injury, stroke, diabetes, post-traumatic stress disorders are well known to modify the disease precipitation, progression and persistence. However, show stress could influence Parkinson's disease is still not well known. The present investigation we examine the role of immobilization stress influencing Parkinson's disease brain pathology in model experiments. In ore previous report we found that mild traumatic brain injury exacerbate Parkinson's disease brain pathology and nanodelivery of dl-3-n-butylphthalide either alone or together with mesenchymal stem cells significantly attenuated Parkinson's disease brain pathology. In this chapter we discuss the role of stress in exacerbating Parkinson's disease pathology and nanowired delivery of dl-3-n-butylphthalide together with monoclonal antibodies to alpha synuclein (ASNC) is able to induce significant neuroprotection. The possible mechanisms of dl-3-n-butylphthalide and ASNC induced neuroprotection and suitable clinical therapeutic strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- Shijiazhuang Pharma Group NBP Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Economic and Technological Development Zone, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Dept. Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Dept. Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University, Albany str, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Hospital of Chinese Medical, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ziquiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Hospital of Chinese Medical, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hongyun Huang
- Beijing Hongtianji Neuroscience Academy, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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HINT1 deficiency in aged mice reduces anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and enhances cognitive performances. Exp Gerontol 2022; 159:111683. [PMID: 34995725 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) is regarded as a haplo-insufficient tumour suppressor and is closely associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorders. In addition, HINT1 knockout (KO) mice exhibit anxiolytic-like behaviour, antidepression-like behaviour, and enhanced cognitive performance in several studies. However, it is still unclear whether aging contributes to these changes in the emotion and cognition of HINT1 KO mice. This study examined the role of aging in anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and cognition behaviours in aged HINT1 KO mice compared with young HINT1 KO mice and their wild-type littermates, along with a number of molecular biological methods. In a battery of behavioural tests, aged wild-type mice showed increased anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and decreased cognitive performance, along with lower expression levels of glutathione peroxidase, enhanced amount of malondialdehyde, and decreased expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase B in the hippocampus and PFC compared to young wild-type mice. HINT1 KO mice showed reduced anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and enhanced cognitive performance compared to age-matched wild-type mice. In addition, HINT1 KO mice also showed increased GSH-Px and superoxide dismutase, and decreased malondialdehyde, together with enhanced BDNF and Trk-B expression in the hippocampus and PFC. However, when compared with young HINT1 KO mice, aged HINT1 KO mice did not show increased anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours. And there are no differences in the expression level of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, BDNF, and Trk-B between aged and young HINT1 KO mice. In summary, HINT1 deficiency can counteract age-related emotion and cognition dysfunction.
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Liu F, Dong YY, Lei G, Zhou Y, Liu P, Dang YH. HINT1 Is Involved in the Chronic Mild Stress Elicited Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Through the PKC ε/ALDH-2/4HNE Pathway in Prefrontal Cortex of Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:690344. [PMID: 34177485 PMCID: PMC8219906 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.690344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe, highly heterogeneous, and life-threatening psychiatric disease which affects up to 21% of the population worldwide. A new hypothesis suggests that the mitochondrial dysfunction causing oxidative stress (OS) and dysregulation of apoptosis in brain might be one of the key pathophysiological factors in MDD. Histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (HINT1), which was first supposed to be protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, has been gradually demonstrated to be involved in diverse neuropsychiatric diseases. It still remains elusive that how HINT1 involves in depression. The present study utilized a rat model exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS) to explore the involvement of HINT1 in depression. Face validity, construct validity and predictive validity of CMS model were comprehensive evaluated in this study. Behavioral tests including sucrose preference test, open field test, and elevated plus maze and forced swimming test revealed that stressed rats displayed elevated level of anxiety and depression compared with the controls. CMS rats showed a significant decrease of superoxide dismutase, and a marked increase malondialdehyde levels in prefrontal cortex (PFC). We also found the CMS rats had elevated expression of HINT1, decreased levels of phosphorylated-PKC ε and aldehyde dehydrogenase-two (ALDH-2), and accumulated 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) in PFC. Moreover, CMS increased the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, and decreased the level of Bcl-2 in PFC. The alterations in behavior and molecule were prevented by antidepressant venlafaxine. These results demonstrated that HINT1 was involved in the CMS elicited OS and apoptosis in PFC, probably through the PKC ε/ALDH-2/4HNE pathway. The results suggest that the suppression of HINT1 might have potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying-Ying Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Lei
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong-Hui Dang
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
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Lei G, Liu F, Liu P, Jiao T, Yang L, Chu Z, Deng LS, Li Y, Dang YH. Does genetic mouse model of constitutive Hint1 deficiency exhibit schizophrenia-like behaviors? Schizophr Res 2020; 222:304-318. [PMID: 32439293 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (HINT1) is closely related to many neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical studies supported that mutations in the Hint1 gene correlated potentially with schizophrenia. In addition, Hint1 gene knockout (KO) mice exhibited hyperactivity induced by amphetamine and apomorphine. However, it is still unclear whether this animal model exhibits schizophrenia-like behaviors and, if so, their underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Thus, our study sought to evaluate schizophrenia-like behaviors in Hint1-KO mice, and explore the associated changes in neuronal structural plasticity and schizophrenia-related molecules. A series of behavioral tests were used to compare Hint1-KO and their wild-type (WT) littermates, alongside a number of morphological and molecular biological methods. Relative to WT mice, Hint1-KO mice exhibited reduced social interaction behaviors, aggressive behavior, sensorimotor gating deficits, apathetic and self-neglect behaviors, and increased MK-801-induced hyperactivity. Hint1-KO mice also showed partly increased dendritic complexity in the hippocampus (Hip) relative to WT mice. Total glutamate was decreased in the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens (NAc), and Hip of KO mice. Expression of NR1, NR2A, and D4R was decreased whereas that of D1R was increased in the NAc of KO relative to WT mice. The expression level of NR2B was increased whereas that of D1R was decreased in the Hip of KO mice. Hint1-KO mice exhibited schizophrenia-like behaviors. Partly increased dendritic complexity and dysfunction in both the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems may be involved in the abnormalities in Hint1-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lei
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Tong Jiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Liu Yang
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zheng Chu
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Li-Sha Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yong-Hui Dang
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Zhuo C, Wang D, Zhou C, Chen C, Li J, Tian H, Li S, Ji F, Liu C, Chen M, Zhang L. Double-Edged Sword of Tumour Suppressor Genes in Schizophrenia. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:1. [PMID: 30809121 PMCID: PMC6379290 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a common psychiatric disorder with polygenetic pathogenesis. Among the many identified candidate genes and loci, the group of tumour suppressor genes has drawn our interest. In this mini-review article, we describe evidence of a correlation between major tumour suppressor genes and SCZ development. Genetic mutations ranging from single nucleotide polymorphisms to large structural alterations have been found in tumour-related genes in patients with SCZ. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation/acetylation and microRNA regulation of tumour suppressor genes, have also been implicated in SCZ. Beyond genetic correlations, we hope to establish causal relationships between tumour suppressor gene function and SCZ risk. Accumulating evidence shows that tumour suppressor genes may mediate cell survival and neural development, both of which contribute to SCZ aetiology. Moreover, converging intracellular signalling pathways indicate a role of tumour suppressor genes in SCZ pathogenesis. Tumour suppressor gene function may mediate a direct link between neural development and function and psychiatric disorders, including SCZ. A deeper understanding of how neural cell development is affected by tumour suppressors may lead to improved anti-psychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Nankai University Affiliated Anding Hospital, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Psychiatric Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Neuroimaging Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ce Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Nankai University Affiliated Anding Hospital, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Nankai University Affiliated Anding Hospital, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shen Li
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Nankai University Affiliated Anding Hospital, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Psychiatric Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- Psychiatric Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Min Chen
- Psychiatric Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Li Zhang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhou Y, Zhang HK, Liu F, Lei G, Liu P, Jiao T, Dang YH. Altered Light Conditions Contribute to Abnormalities in Emotion and Cognition Through HINT1 Dysfunction in C57BL/6 Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:110. [PMID: 29937721 PMCID: PMC6002487 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the environmental impact of artificial light at night has been a rapidly growing global problem, affecting 99% of the population in the US and Europe, and 62% of the world population. The present study utilized a mouse model exposed to long-term artificial light and light deprivation to explore the impact of these conditions on emotion and cognition. Based on the potential links between histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (HINT1) and mood disorders, we also examined the expression of HINT1 and related apoptosis factors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and hippocampus (Hip). Mice exposed to constant light (CL) exhibited depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, as well as impaired spatial memory, as demonstrated by an increased immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swimming tests, less entries and time spent in the open arms of elevated plus-maze, and less platform site crossings and time spent in the target quadrant in the Morris water maze (MWM). The effects of constant darkness (CD) partially coincided with long-term illumination, except that mice in the CD group failed to show anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore, HINT1 was upregulated in four encephalic regions, indicating that HINT1 may be involved in mood disorders and cognitive impairments due to altered light exposure. The apoptosis-related proteins, BAX and BCL-2, showed the opposite expression pattern, reflecting an activated apoptotic pathway. These findings suggest that exposure to CL and/or darkness can induce significant changes in affective and cognitive responses, possibly through HINT1-induced activation of apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- College of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao-Kang Zhang
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Lei
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Tong Jiao
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong-Hui Dang
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
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HINT1 in Neuropsychiatric Diseases: A Potential Neuroplastic Mediator. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5181925. [PMID: 29214080 PMCID: PMC5682914 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5181925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have investigated the functions of histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1), its roles in neurobiological processes remain to be fully elucidated. As a member of the histidine triad (HIT) enzyme superfamily, HINT1 is distributed in almost every organ and has both enzymatic and nonenzymatic activity. Accumulating clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that HINT1 may play an important role as a neuroplastic mediator in neuropsychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia, inherited peripheral neuropathies, mood disorders, and drug addiction. Though our knowledge of HINT1 is limited, it is believed that further research on the neuropathological functions of HINT1 would eventually benefit patients with neuropsychiatric and even psychosomatic diseases.
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Sun L, Liu P, Liu F, Zhou Y, Chu Z, Li Y, Chu G, Zhang Y, Wang J, Dang YH. Effects of Hint1 deficiency on emotional-like behaviors in mice under chronic immobilization stress. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00831. [PMID: 29075577 PMCID: PMC5651401 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) is regarded as a haplo-insufficient tumor suppressor and is closely associated with diverse neuropsychiatric diseases. Moreover, HINT1 is related to gender-specific acute behavior changes in schizophrenia and in response to nicotine. Stress has a range of molecular effects in emotional disorders, which can cause a reduction in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus, resulting in hippocampal atrophy and neuronal cell loss. METHODS This study examined the role of HINT1 deficiency in anxiety-related and depression-like behaviors and BDNF expression in the hippocampus under chronic immobilization stress, and investigated whether the sex-specific and haplo-insufficient effects exist in emotional-like behaviors under the same condition. RESULTS In a battery of behavior tests, the results of the control group, not exposed to stress, showed that knockout (KO) and heterozygosity (HT) of Hint1 had anxiolytic-like and antidepression-like effects on the male and female mice. However, both male and female Hint1-KO mice showed elevated anxiety-related and antidepression-like behavior under chronic immobilization stress; moreover, both male and female Hint1-HT mice displayed elevated anxiety-related behavior and increased depression-like behavior under chronic immobilization stress. There were no significant differences in general locomotor activity between Hint1-KO and -HT mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates. Hint1-KO mice under basal and chronic immobilization stress conditions expressed more BDNF in the hippocampus than did Hint1-HT and WT mice; overall, there were no significant sex differences in emotional-like behaviors of Hint1-KO and -HT mice. Additionally, Hint1-HT mice showed haplo-insufficient effects on emotional-like behaviors under basic conditions, rather than under chronic immobilization stress. CONCLUSIONS Both male and female HINT 1 KO and HT mice had a trend of anxiolytic-like behavior and antidepression-like behavior at control group. However, both male and female HINT1 KO mice showed elevated anxiety-related and antidepression-like behavior under chronic immobilization stress; moreover, both male and female HINT1 HT mice displayed elevated anxiety-related behavior and increased depression-like behavior under chronic immobilization stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liankang Sun
- First Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Medicine & Forensics Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education Ministry Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Medicine & Forensics Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education Ministry Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases College of Stomatology Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Qi De College Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Zheng Chu
- College of Medicine & Forensics Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education Ministry Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an China
| | - Yuqi Li
- Qi De College Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Guang Chu
- Zong Lian College Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Qi De College Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Jiabei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy University of Maryland Baltimore MD USA
| | - Yong-Hui Dang
- College of Medicine & Forensics Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education Ministry Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an China
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