1
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Yu Q, Wu X, Lu Y, Chen Z, Zhu Q, Wu W. Ionic Liquid Pretreatment Enhances Skin Penetration of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid: A Promising Scheme for Photodynamic Therapy for Acne Vulgaris. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2899-2910. [PMID: 38607995 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is one of the most prevalent skin disorders; it affects up to 85% of adolescents and often persists into adulthood. Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) provides an alternative treatment for acne; however, its efficacy is greatly undermined by the limited skin permeability of ALA. Herein, biocompatible ionic liquids (ILs) based on aliphatic acid/choline were employed to enhance the dermal delivery of ALA, thereby improving the efficacy of PDT. In addition to the one-step delivery of ALA by utilizing ILs as carriers, a two-step strategy of pretreating the skin with blank ILs, followed by the administration of free ALA, was employed to test the IL-facilitated dermal delivery of ALA in vitro. The cumulative permeation of ALA through the excised rat skin after IL pretreatment was significantly greater than that in the untreated group, the 20% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) penetration enhancer group, and the one-step group. The penetration efficiency was influenced by formulation and treatment factors, including the type of IL, pretreatment duration, water content in the ILs, and concentration of ALA. In rats, IL pretreatment facilitated faster, greater, and deeper ALA-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) accumulation. Moreover, the IL pretreatment regimen significantly improved the efficacy of ALA-based PDT against acne vulgaris in a rat ear model. The model IL choline citrate ([Ch]3[Cit]1) had a moderate effect on the skin barrier. Trans-epidermal water loss could be recovered 1 h after IL treatment, but no irritation to the rat skin was detected after 7 days of consecutive treatment. It was concluded that biocompatible IL pretreatment enhances the penetration of ALA and thus facilitates the transformation of PpIX and improves the efficacy of PDT against acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiying Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Centre, Shanghai 201399, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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2
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Dobre A, Koutsoukos S, Philippi F, Rauber D, Kay CWM, Palumbo O, Roessler MM, Welton T. Understanding the effects of targeted modifications on the 1 : 2 Choline And GEranate structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8858-8872. [PMID: 38426306 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05271k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
1 : 2 Choline-and-geranate (CAGE) is an ionic liquid (IL) widely studied for its biomedical applications. However, both its industrial-scale preparation and its long-term storage are problematic so finding more suitable candidates which retain its advantageous properties is crucial. As a first step towards this we have conducted a targeted modification study to understand the effects of specific functional groups on the properties of CAGE. 1 : 2 Choline-and-octanoate and 1 : 2 butyltrimethylammonium-and-octanoate were synthesised and their thermal and rheological properties examined in comparison to those of CAGE. Using differential scanning calorimetry and polarising microscopy, the model compound was found to be an isotropic liquid, while the analogues were room-temperature liquid-crystals which transition to isotropic liquids upon heating. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the thermal behaviour of the studied systems was even more complex, with the ILs also undergoing a thermally-activated relaxation process. Furthermore, we have used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, along with a variety of spin probes with different functional groups, in order to understand the chemical environment experienced by solutes in each system. The EPR spectra indicate that the radicals experience two distinct environments (polar and nonpolar) in the liquid-crystalline phase, but only one average environment in the isotropic phase. The liquid-crystalline phase experiments also showed that the relative populations of the two domains depend on the nature of the solutes, with polar or strongly hydrogen-bonding solutes preferring the polar domain. For charged solutes, the EPR spectra showed line-broadening, suggesting that their ionic nature leads to complex, unresolved interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dobre
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Spyridon Koutsoukos
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
- Centre for Pulse EPR Spectroscopy (PEPR), Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, Saarbrücken, Germany
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Oriele Palumbo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maxie M Roessler
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
- Centre for Pulse EPR Spectroscopy (PEPR), Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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3
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Geng RSQ, Bourkas AN, Mufti A, Sibbald RG. Rosacea: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Correlates. J Cutan Med Surg 2024; 28:178-189. [PMID: 38450615 PMCID: PMC11015710 DOI: 10.1177/12034754241229365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory condition of which there is no cure. The pathogenesis of rosacea is likely multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental contributions. Current understanding suggests that pro-inflammatory pathways involving cathelicidins and inflammasome complexes are central to rosacea pathogenesis. Common rosacea triggers modulate these pathways in a complex manner, which may contribute to the varying severity and clinical presentations of rosacea. Established and emerging rosacea treatments may owe their efficacy to their ability to target different players in these pro-inflammatory pathways. Improving our molecular understanding of rosacea will guide the development of new therapies and the use of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Q. Geng
- Temerty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Asfandyar Mufti
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R. Gary Sibbald
- Temerty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Shamshina JL, Rogers RD. Ionic Liquids: New Forms of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients with Unique, Tunable Properties. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11894-11953. [PMID: 37797342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
This Review aims to summarize advances over the last 15 years in the development of active pharmaceutical ingredient ionic liquids (API-ILs), which make up a prospective game-changing strategy to overcome multiple problems with conventional solid-state drugs, for example, polymorphism. A critical part of the present Review is the collection of API-ILs and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) prepared to date. The Review covers rules for rational design of API-ILs and tools for API-IL formation, syntheses, and characterization. Nomenclature and ionic speciation, and the confusion that these may cause, are highlighted, particularly for speciation in both ILs and DESs of intermediate ionicity. We also highlight in vivo and in vitro pharmaceutical activity studies, with differences in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic depending on ionicity of API-ILs. A brief overview is provided for the ILs used to deliver drugs, and the Review concludes with key prospects and roadblocks in translating API-ILs into pharmaceutical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Shamshina
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Robin D Rogers
- 525 Solutions, Inc., P.O. Box 2206, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35403, United States
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5
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Oyoun F, Toncheva A, Henríquez LC, Grougnet R, Laoutid F, Mignet N, Alhareth K, Corvis Y. Deep Eutectic Solvents: An Eco-friendly Design for Drug Engineering. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300669. [PMID: 37463123 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
In the spirit of circular economy and sustainable chemistry, the use of environmentally friendly chemical products in pharmacy has become a hot topic. In recent years, organic solvents have been the subject of a great range of restriction policies due to their harmful effects on the environment and toxicity to human health. In parallel, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as suitable greener solvents with beneficial environmental impacts and a rich palette of physicochemical advantages related to their low cost and biocompatibility. Additionally, DESs can enable remarkable solubilizing effect for several active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), thus forming therapeutic DESs (TheDESs). In this work, special attention is paid to DESs, presenting a precise definition, classification, methods of preparation, and characterization. A description of natural DESs (NaDESs), i. e., eutectic solvents present in natural sources, is also reported. Moreover, the present review article is the first one to detail the different approaches for judiciously selecting the constituents of DESs in order to minimize the number of experiments. The role of DESs in the biomedical and pharmaceutical sectors and their impact on the development of successful therapies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Oyoun
- CNRS, Inserm, Chemical and Biological Techniques for Health (UTCBS), Université Paris Cité, School of Pharmacy, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75006, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Polymeric & Composite Materials, Materia Nova - Research and Innovative Center, Avenue Copernic 3, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Antoniya Toncheva
- Laboratory of Polymeric & Composite Materials, Materia Nova - Research and Innovative Center, Avenue Copernic 3, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Luis Castillo Henríquez
- CNRS, Inserm, Chemical and Biological Techniques for Health (UTCBS), Université Paris Cité, School of Pharmacy, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Grougnet
- Natural products, Analysis, Synthesis, UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Université Paris Cité, School of Pharmacy, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Fouad Laoutid
- Laboratory of Polymeric & Composite Materials, Materia Nova - Research and Innovative Center, Avenue Copernic 3, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- CNRS, Inserm, Chemical and Biological Techniques for Health (UTCBS), Université Paris Cité, School of Pharmacy, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Khair Alhareth
- CNRS, Inserm, Chemical and Biological Techniques for Health (UTCBS), Université Paris Cité, School of Pharmacy, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Yohann Corvis
- CNRS, Inserm, Chemical and Biological Techniques for Health (UTCBS), Université Paris Cité, School of Pharmacy, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75006, Paris, France
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6
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Luhaibi DK, Ali HHM, Al-Ani I, Shalan N, Al-Akayleh F, Al-Remawi M, Nasereddin J, Qinna NA, Al-Adham I, Khanfar M. The Formulation and Evaluation of Deep Eutectic Vehicles for the Topical Delivery of Azelaic Acid for Acne Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:6927. [PMID: 37836770 PMCID: PMC10574101 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current work was aimed at the development of a topical drug delivery system for azelaic acid (AzA) for acne treatment. The systems tested for this purpose were deep eutectic systems (DESs) prepared from choline chloride (CC), malonic acid (MA), and PEG 400. Three CC to MA and eight different MA: CC: PEG400 ratios were tested. The physical appearance of the tested formulations ranged from solid and liquid to semisolid. Only those that showed liquid formulations of suitable viscosity were considered for further investigations. A eutectic mixture made from MA: CC: PEG400 1:1:6 (MCP 116) showed the best characteristics in terms of viscosity, contact angle, spreadability, partition coefficient, and in vitro diffusion. Moreover, the MCP116 showed close rheological properties to the commercially available market lead acne treatment product (Skinorin®). In addition, the formula showed synergistic antibacterial activity between the MA moiety of the DES and the AzA. In vitro diffusion studies using polyamide membranes demonstrated superior diffusion of MCP116 over the pure drug and the commercial product. No signs of skin irritation and edema were observed when MCP116 was applied to rabbit skin. Additionally, the MCP116 was found to be, physically and chemically, highly stable at 4, 25, and 40 °C for a one-month stability study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhari K. Luhaibi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan; (D.K.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Hiba H. Mohammed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq;
| | - Israa Al-Ani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan; (D.K.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Naeem Shalan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan; (D.K.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Faisal Al-Akayleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan; (F.A.-A.); (M.A.-R.); (N.A.Q.); (I.A.-A.)
| | - Mayyas Al-Remawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan; (F.A.-A.); (M.A.-R.); (N.A.Q.); (I.A.-A.)
| | - Jehad Nasereddin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan;
| | - Nidal A. Qinna
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan; (F.A.-A.); (M.A.-R.); (N.A.Q.); (I.A.-A.)
| | - Isi Al-Adham
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan; (F.A.-A.); (M.A.-R.); (N.A.Q.); (I.A.-A.)
| | - Mai Khanfar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
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7
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Lomba L, Werner Á, Giner B, Lafuente C. Deep Eutectic Solvents Formed by Glycerol and Xylitol, Fructose and Sorbitol: Effect of the Different Sugars in Their Physicochemical Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:6023. [PMID: 37630275 PMCID: PMC10458529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new eutectic solvents for different applications (extraction, drug formulation, chemical reactions, etc.) is booming thanks to their high solubility capacity and low toxicity. However, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of these mixtures to understand the molecular behavior at different experimental conditions. In this study, three deep eutectic solvents (DESs) formed by glycerol and xylitol, fructose and sorbitol and water in the molar ratio 1:2:3 were prepared and several physicochemical properties (refractive index, density, surface tension, viscosity, speed of sound, isobaric heat capacity and isentropic compressibility) were measured and analyzed in the 278.15-338.15 K temperature range. The results indicate a linear dependence with temperature for the following properties: surface tension, refractive index, density and isobaric molar heat capacity while viscosity values have been fitted to the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lomba
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Universidad San Jorge, Autov. A23 km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.L.); (Á.W.)
| | - Álvaro Werner
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Universidad San Jorge, Autov. A23 km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.L.); (Á.W.)
| | - Beatriz Giner
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Universidad San Jorge, Autov. A23 km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.L.); (Á.W.)
| | - Carlos Lafuente
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
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8
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Khamoushian S, Madrakian T, Afkhami A, Ghoorchian A, Ghavami S, Tari K, Samarghandi MR. Transdermal Delivery of Insulin Using Combination of Iontophoresis and Deep Eutectic Solvents as Chemical Penetration Enhancers: In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluations. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2249-2259. [PMID: 36921801 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
A serious challenge in transdermal iontophoresis (IP) delivery of insulin (INS) is the low permeability of the drug across the skin. In this paper, we introduced deep eutectic solvent (DESs) as novel chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs) for transdermal IP of INS across rat skin, both in vitro and in vivo. Three different DESs based on choline chloride (ChCl), namely, ChCl/UR (ChCl and urea), ChCl/GLY (ChCl and glycerol), and ChCl/EG (ChCl and ethylene glycol) in the 1:2 molar ratios have been prepared. To evaluate the capability of studied DESs as CPEs for IP delivery of INS, the rat skin sample was treated with each DES. The effects of different experimental parameters (current density, formulation pH, INS concentration, NaCl concentration, and treatment time) on the in vitro transdermal iontophoretic delivery of INS were investigated. The in vitro permeation studies exhibited that INS was easily delivered employing ChCl/EG, and ChCl/GLY treatments, compared with ChCl/UR: the cumulative amount of permeated INS at the end of the experiment (Q24h) was found to be 131.0, 89.4, and 29.6 µg cm-2 in the presence of ChCl/EG, ChCl/GLY, and ChCl/UR, respectively. The differences in Q24h values of INS are due to the different capabilities of the studied DESs to treat the epidermis layer of skin. In vivo experiments revealed that the blood glucose level in diabetic rats could be decreased using ChCl/EG, and ChCl/GLY as novel CPEs in the IP delivery of INS. The presented work will open new doors towards searching for novel CPEs in the development of transdermal IP of INS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran; Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Ghavami
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kamran Tari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Samarghandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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9
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Abdelquader MM, Li S, Andrews GP, Jones DS. Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Comprehensive Review of Their Thermodynamics, Microstructure and Drug Delivery Applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 186:85-104. [PMID: 36907368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are multicomponent liquids that are usually formed by coupling a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor leading to strong non-covalent (NC) intermolecular networking and profound depression in the melting point of the system. Pharmaceutically, this phenomenon has been exploited to improve drugs' physicochemical properties, with an established DES therapeutic subcategory, therapeutic deep eutectic solvents (THEDES). THEDES preparation is usually via straightforward synthetic processes with little involvement of sophisticated techniques, which, in addition to its thermodynamic stability, make these multi-component molecular adducts a very attractive alternative for drug enabling purposes. Other NC bonded binary systems (e.g., co-crystals and ionic liquids) are utilized in the pharmaceutical field for enhancing drug's behaviours. However, a clear distinction between these systems and THEDES is scarcely discussed in the current literature. Accordingly, this review provides a structure-based categorization for DES formers, a discussion of its thermodynamic properties and phase behaviour, and it clarifies the physicochemical and microstructure boundaries between DES and other NC systems. Additionally, a summary of its preparation techniques and their experimental conditions preparation is supplied. Instrumental analysis techniques can be used to characterize and differentiate DES from other NC mixtures, hence this review draws a road map to for this purpose. Since this work mainly focuses on pharmaceutical applications of DES, all types of THEDES including the highly discussed types (conventional, drugs dissolved in DES and polymer based) in addition to the less discussed categories are covered. Finally, the regulatory status of THEDES was investigated despite the current unclear situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy M Abdelquader
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanat, Egypt.
| | - Shu Li
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Gavin P Andrews
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - David S Jones
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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10
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Pan Q, Ma X, Liang H, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Stephanopoulos G, Zhou K. Biosynthesis of geranate via isopentenol utilization pathway in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:230-238. [PMID: 36224741 PMCID: PMC10092522 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are a large family of natural products with diverse structures, which allow them to play diverse and important roles in the physiology of plants and animals. They also have important commercial uses as pharmaceuticals, flavoring agents, fragrances, and nutritional supplements. Recently, metabolic engineering has been intensively investigated and emerged as the technology of choice for the production of isoprenoids through microbial fermentation. Isoprenoid biosynthesis typically originates in plants from acetyl-coA in central carbon metabolism, however, a recent study reported an alternative pathway, the isopentenol utilization pathway (IUP), that can provide the building blocks of isoprenoid biosynthesis from affordable C5 substrates. In this study, we expressed the IUP in Escherichia coli to efficiently convert isopentenols into geranate, a valuable isoprenoid compound. We first established a geraniol-producing strain in E. coli that uses the IUP. Then, we extended the geraniol synthesis pathway to produce geranate through two oxidation reactions catalyzed by two alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenases from Castellaniella defragrans. The geranate titer was further increased by optimizing the expression of the two dehydrogenases and also parameters of the fermentation process. The best strain produced 764 mg/L geranate in 24 h from 2 g/L isopentenols (a mixture of isoprenol and prenol). We also investigated if the dehydrogenases could accept other isoprenoid alcohols as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchi Pan
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoqiang Ma
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yurou Liu
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kang Zhou
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Shevachman M, Mandal A, Gelston K, Mitragotri S, Joshi N. A Long-Lasting Skin Protectant Based on CG-101, a Deep Eutectic Solvent Comprising Choline and Geranic Acid. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2200064. [PMID: 36381128 PMCID: PMC9638410 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 public health crisis has spotlighted the need to improve global hygiene and sanitization. In addition to causing staggering rates of transmission and fatality, COVID-19 has severely impacted the quality of life and mental health of global citizens. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) encourage hand hygiene as the first defense against the spread of infection, yet frequent handwashing is often impractical. Widely used ethanol-based hand sanitizers provide immediate protection against pathogens on the skin, albeit short-lived, due to their rapid evaporation. Herein, a novel, long-lasting skin protectant formulated with biocompatible ionic liquid/deep eutectic solvents prepared using generally recognized as safe materials - choline and geranic acid (CG-101, 5% w/w) - is described. In vitro studies demonstrated that CG-101 inactivates bacteria and the human coronavirus, hCoV229E, for 4 h after application. Two human clinical studies demonstrate that CG-101 does not cause skin irritation or sensitization, and a single application of CG-101 gel imparts skin protection against microbes for significantly longer than conventional 70% ethanol-based hand sanitizers. These data are the first to indicate that CG-101 may be a better alternative to alcohol-based hand sanitizers for long-term skin protection against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Shevachman
- CAGE Bio Inc733 Industrial RoadSan CarlosCA94070USA
- CAGE Bio Inc181 Grand Avenue, Suite 225SouthlakeTX76092USA
| | - Abhirup Mandal
- CAGE Bio Inc733 Industrial RoadSan CarlosCA94070USA
- CAGE Bio Inc181 Grand Avenue, Suite 225SouthlakeTX76092USA
| | - Kevin Gelston
- CAGE Bio Inc733 Industrial RoadSan CarlosCA94070USA
- CAGE Bio Inc181 Grand Avenue, Suite 225SouthlakeTX76092USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Nitin Joshi
- CAGE Bio Inc733 Industrial RoadSan CarlosCA94070USA
- CAGE Bio Inc181 Grand Avenue, Suite 225SouthlakeTX76092USA
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12
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Deep Eutectic Systems as Novel Vehicles for Assisting Drug Transdermal Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112265. [PMID: 36365084 PMCID: PMC9692497 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, deep eutectic systems (DES) emerged as novel vehicles for facilitating the transdermal delivery of various drugs, including polysaccharides, proteins, insulin, vaccine, nanoparticles, and herb extracts. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the application of DES to transdermal drug delivery, based on previous work and the reported references. Following a brief overview, the roles of DES in TDDS, the modes of action, as well as the structure-activity relationship of DES are discussed. Particularly, the skin permeation of active macromolecules and rigid nanoparticles, which are the defining characteristics of DES, are extensively discussed. The objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current investigation and development of DES-based transdermal delivery systems, as well as a framework for the construction of novel DES-TDDS in the future.
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13
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Quintana AA, Sztapka AM, Santos Ebinuma VDC, Agatemor C. Enabling Sustainable Chemistry with Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Fad or the Future? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205609. [PMID: 35789078 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) debuted with a promise of a superior sustainability footprint due to their low vapor pressure. However, their toxicity and high cost compromise this footprint, impeding their real-world applications. Fortunately, their property tunability through a rational selection of precursors, including bioderived ones, provides a strategy to ameliorate toxicity, lower cost, and endow new functions. This Review discusses whether ILs and DESs are sustainable solvents and how they contribute to sustainable chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valéria de Carvalho Santos Ebinuma
- Department of Engineering of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian Agatemor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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14
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Riaz M, Akhlaq M, Naz S, Uroos M. An overview of biomedical applications of choline geranate (CAGE): a major breakthrough in drug delivery. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25977-25991. [PMID: 36199602 PMCID: PMC9468656 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03882j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies are on the way to advancing the field of biomedical sciences using ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in view of their unique properties and inherent tunability. These significant solvents tend to enhance the physical properties of the drug, increase their bioavailability and promote the delivery of recalcitrant drugs to the body. One such widely investigated tempting multipurpose IL/DES system is choline geranate (CAGE), which has gained significant interest due to its biocompatible and highly potent antiseptic behavior, which also facilitates its sanitizing ability to combat the coronavirus. This review focuses on total advancements in biomedical applications of CAGE. This biocompatible IL/DES has made facile the solubilization of hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and delivery of intractable drugs through physiological barriers by stabilizing proteins and nucleic acids. Therefore, it has been used as a transdermal, subcutaneous, and oral delivery carrier and as an antimicrobial agent to treat infectious diseases and wounds as approved by laboratory and clinical translations. Moreover, current challenges and future outlooks are also highlighted to explore them more purposefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubeshar Riaz
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab 54590 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Maida Akhlaq
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab 54590 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Sadia Naz
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab 54590 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Maliha Uroos
- Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab 54590 Lahore Pakistan
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15
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Agatemor C, Quintana AA, Sztapka LM, Ebinuma VDCS. Enabling Sustainable Chemistry with Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents: a Fad or the Future? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Agatemor
- University of Miami - Coral Gables Campus: University of Miami Chemistry 1301 Memorial Dr 33146 Coral Gables UNITED STATES
| | - Aline Andrea Quintana
- University of Miami - Coral Gables Campus: University of Miami Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Lani Maria Sztapka
- University of Miami - Coral Gables Campus: University of Miami Chemistry UNITED STATES
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16
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Recent Developments on Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents for Drug Delivery Applications. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2367-2377. [PMID: 35739370 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03315-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The field of Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) is continuously expanding due to their exceptional unique properties and highly tunable nature, which finds applications in broad areas of modern science. Considering numerous possible IL and DES combinations prepared with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), they find applications in pharmaceutical sciences. They can also serve as potential components of drug formulations and hence they have drawn the attention of formulation scientists. Herein, the concept of pharmaceutical ILs and DESs are discussed briefly. The possible applications of these solvent systems for slow drug delivery including nanoscale drug delivery are discussed citing various examples from the published literature. Although the ILs and DESs are found to be suitable for various drug delivery applications but still none of the slow drug delivery vehicles based on these solvents is in practical use. The data relating to long-term toxicity upon administration in the human body followed by various safety evaluations, clinical trials, etc. are pending for such new drug delivery systems. However, proof of concept studies done on the retention of biological activities in the ionic form is quite encouraging and such studies indicate the possibility of application of such new systems in the development of biomedical research and related industries in near future.
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17
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A deep eutectic-based, self-emulsifying subcutaneous depot system for apomorphine therapy in Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2110450119. [PMID: 35197281 PMCID: PMC8892321 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110450119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive disorder of the central nervous system that affects motor control. While subcutaneous injection of apomorphine (Apokyn) is clinically used to alleviate intermittent episodes of dyskinesia, the treatment requires multiple injections of the drug per day, significantly deterring patient compliance. We introduce a deep eutectic-based ternary solvent system that self-emulsifies in situ following subcutaneous injection and entraps apomorphine, allowing a 48-h duration of detectable drug concentration in the plasma of pigs, which is a remarkable improvement over the clinical comparator. The results from the animal studies support the self-emulsifying system as a potent, long-lasting therapeutic for PD patients and potentially for other therapeutics that have a similar delivery challenge. Apomorphine, a dopamine agonist, is a highly effective therapeutic to prevent intermittent off episodes in advanced Parkinson’s disease. However, its short systemic half-life necessitates three injections per day. Such a frequent dosing regimen imposes a significant compliance challenge, especially given the nature of the disease. Here, we report a deep eutectic-based formulation that slows the release of apomorphine after subcutaneous injection and extends its pharmacokinetics to convert the current three-injections-a-day therapy into an every-other-day therapy. The formulation comprises a homogeneous mixture of a deep eutectic solvent choline-geranate, a cosolvent n-methyl-pyrrolidone, a stabilizer polyethylene glycol, and water, which spontaneously emulsifies into a microemulsion upon injection in the subcutaneous space, thereby entrapping apomorphine and significantly slowing its release. Ex vivo studies with gels and rat skin demonstrate this self-emulsification process as the mechanism of action for sustained release. In vivo pharmacokinetics studies in rats and pigs further confirmed the extended release and improvement over the clinical comparator Apokyn. In vivo pharmacokinetics, supported by a pharmacokinetic simulation, demonstrate that the deep eutectic formulation reported here allows the maintenance of the therapeutic drug concentration in plasma in humans with a dosing regimen of approximately three injections per week compared to the current clinical practice of three injections per day.
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18
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Ijardar SP, Singh V, Gardas RL. Revisiting the Physicochemical Properties and Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041368. [PMID: 35209161 PMCID: PMC8877072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, deep eutectic solvent (DES) or ionic liquid (IL) analogues have been considered as the newest green solvent, demonstrating the potential to replace harsh volatile organic solvents. DESs are mainly a combination of two compounds: hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD), which have the ability to interact through extensive hydrogen bonds. A thorough understanding of their physicochemical properties is essential, given their successful applications on an industrial scale. The appropriate blend of HBA to HBD can easily fine-tune DES properties for desired applications. In this context, we have reviewed the basic information related to DESs, the two most studied physicochemical properties (density and viscosity), and their performance as a solvent in (i) drug delivery and (ii) extraction of biomolecules. A broader approach of various factors affecting their performance has been considered, giving a detailed picture of the current status of DESs in research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma P. Ijardar
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat 395007, India;
| | - Vickramjeet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144011, India;
| | - Ramesh L. Gardas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-44-2257-4248; Fax: +91-44-2257-4202
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19
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Boscariol R, Oliveira JM, Baldo DA, Balcão VM, M. D. C. Vila M. Transdermal permeation of curcumin promoted by choline geranate ionic liquid: potential for the treatment of skin diseases. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:382-397. [PMID: 35527836 PMCID: PMC9068761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transdermal permeation of curcumin aided by choline and geranic acid ionic liquid (CAGE-IL) was addressed as a potential treatment for skin diseases. An in-depth analysis of the effect of CAGE-IL concentration in the enhancement of transdermal permeation of curcumin was performed, and the results were modelled via nonlinear regression analysis. The results obtained showed that a low percentage of CAGE-IL (viz. 2.0%, w/w) was effective in disrupting the skin structure in a transient fashion, facilitating the passage of curcumin dissolved in it.
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20
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Applications of choline-based ionic liquids in drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2022; 612:121366. [PMID: 34896216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) usually refer to kinds of salts with melting point below 100 °C and are composed of definite anions and cations. In recent years, in addition to the field of material engineering, the applications of ILs have been extended to biomedical application. As a solubilizer, skin penetration enhancer, antibacterial agent, and macromolecular stabilizer of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients, ILs have attracted great attention in the field of pharmaceutical research. Among them, choline-based ILs are very popular in the field of drug delivery due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity or non-toxicity and other characteristics. This article mainly reviews the applications of choline-based ILs formed by choline and organic acid and choline-based ionic liquids-pharmaceutical active ingredients in transdermal delivery, topical delivery and oral delivery.
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21
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Palanisamy K, Prakash M. The molecular mechanism behind the stabilization of insulin by choline and geranate (CAGE) ionic liquids - computational insights into oral insulin drug formulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25298-25307. [PMID: 34746944 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03349b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is a principal hormone that is involved in the regulation of glucose levels in the blood. Oral insulin formulation is a recent development in drug delivery systems. Biocompatible choline-based ionic liquids (ILs) show promising antibacterial activity and are useful for oral and transdermal drug delivery applications. Choline and geranate (CAGE) ILs enhance the stability and oral efficacy of insulin delivery. The molecular mechanism behind insulin formulation in the oral form is at issue. In the present work, the molecular-level understanding of CAGE ILs in insulin is scrutinized by employing atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. To identify the stability of insulin in an IL medium, we have studied a series of concentration (mole fraction 0.05-1.00) of CAGE ILs with an insulin dimer. It can be well evidenced from the experimental reports that in an aqueous medium, there is a refashioning of CAGE nanostructures at 0.50 mole fraction. It is found from our calculations that the first solvation shell of insulin is readily occupied by choline and geranate ions in the presence of water. Moreover, the geranate ions strongly interacted with the water molecules and thereby, eliminating the intermolecular hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) interactions towards the insulin at 0.30-0.50 mole fraction of CAGE ILs. The most desirable 0.30-0.50 mole fraction of CAGE invigorates water-mediated H-bonding interactions with geranate ions, which also enhances the electrostatic behavior around the vicinity of the insulin dimer. These important findings can help in the development of oral insulin drug delivery and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandhan Palanisamy
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Muthuramalingam Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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22
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Sallam MA, Prakash S, Kumbhojkar N, Shields CW, Mitragotri S. Formulation-based approaches for dermal delivery of vaccines and therapeutic nucleic acids: Recent advances and future perspectives. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 6:e10215. [PMID: 34589595 PMCID: PMC8459604 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing variety of biological macromolecules are in development for use as active ingredients in topical therapies and vaccines. Dermal delivery of biomacromolecules offers several advantages compared to other delivery methods, including improved targetability, reduced systemic toxicity, and decreased degradation of drugs. However, this route of delivery is hampered by the barrier function of the skin. Recently, a large body of research has been directed toward improving the delivery of macromolecules to the skin, ranging from nucleic acids (NAs) to antigens, using noninvasive means. In this review, we discuss the latest formulation-based efforts to deliver antigens and NAs for vaccination and treatment of skin diseases. We provide a perspective of their advantages, limitations, and potential for clinical translation. The delivery platforms discussed in this review may provide formulation scientists and clinicians with a better vision of the alternatives for dermal delivery of biomacromolecules, which may facilitate the development of new patient-friendly prophylactic and therapeutic medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A. Sallam
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
Department of Industrial PharmacyFaculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria UniversityEgypt
| | - Supriya Prakash
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ninad Kumbhojkar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Charles Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical & Biological EngineeringUniversity of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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23
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Zhao Z, Tanner EEL, Kim J, Ibsen K, Gao Y, Mitragotri S. Ionic Liquid-Enabled Topical Delivery of Immunomodulators. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2783-2790. [PMID: 33983704 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skin is one of the most immunologically active organs of the body due to the presence of diverse immune cells and its active involvement in the innate and adaptive immunity. Because of its unique location and immunological role, skin offers an excellent site for the introduction of immunomodulators to synergize with the active immune microenviroment for the desired outcome. However, delivery of immunomodulators to the skin remains a significant challenge due to the skin's barrier properties. Here, we report an ionic liquid (IL)-based strategy to formulate and deliver immunomodulators to the skin. Using imiquimod (IMQ) and triamcinolone acetonide (TCA) as the respective model immunoactive and immunosuppressive drugs, we demonstrated that ILs significantly enhanced the solubility of immunomodulators. In addition, ILs enabled the formulation of the immunomodulators into stable, topically applicable forms. Our ex vivo skin penetration studies revealed that the IL formulations outperformed respective commercial topical comparators and delivered significantly more immunomodulators to deep skin layers. The lead IMQ formulation exhibited >10-fold better efficacy in delivering IMQ to the deep skin layers as compared to the commercial 5% IMQ cream. Lead TCA formulations achieved a dose level in deep skin layers that is comparable to that by clinically used intralesional injections. Our data collectively suggest that the IL-based strategy can be a simple and effective platform for delivery of immunomodulators to the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eden E L Tanner
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jayoung Kim
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kelly Ibsen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yongsheng Gao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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