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Shi Y, Wan Y, Sun Y, Yang J, Lu Y, Xie X, Pan J, Wang H, Qu H. Exploring metabolic responses and pathway changes in CHO-K1 cells under varied aeration conditions and copper supplementations using 1 H NMR-based metabolomics. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300495. [PMID: 38403407 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The optimization of bioprocess for CHO cell culture involves careful consideration of factors such as nutrient consumption, metabolic byproduct accumulation, cell growth, and monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. Valuable insights can be obtained by understanding cellular physiology to ensure robust and efficient bioprocess. This study aims to improve our understanding of the CHO-K1 cell metabolism using 1 H NMR-based metabolomics. Initially, the variations in culture performance and metabolic profiles under varied aeration conditions and copper supplementations were thoroughly examined. Furthermore, a comprehensive metabolic pathway analysis was performed to assess the impact of these conditions on the implicated pathways. The results revealed substantial alterations in the pyruvate metabolism, histidine metabolism, as well as phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, which were especially evident in cultures subjected to copper deficiency conditions. Conclusively, significant metabolites governing cell growth and mAb titer were identified through orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Metabolites, including glycerol, alanine, formate, glutamate, phenylalanine, and valine, exhibited strong associations with distinct cell growth phases. Additionally, glycerol, acetate, lactate, formate, glycine, histidine, and aspartate emerged as metabolites influencing cell productivity. This study demonstrates the potential of employing 1 H NMR-based metabolomics technology in bioprocess research. It provides valuable guidance for feed medium development, feeding strategy design, bioprocess parameter adjustments, and ultimately the enhancement of cell proliferation and mAb yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingting Shi
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Wan
- Hisun BioPharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Hisun BioPharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Yang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Xie
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianyang Pan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Hisun BioPharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibin Qu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Polanco A, Liang G, Park S, Wang Y, Graham RJ, Yoon S. Trace metal optimization in CHO cell culture through statistical design of experiments. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3368. [PMID: 37497992 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
A majority of the biotherapeutics industry today relies on the manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, yet challenges remain with maintaining consistent product quality from high-producing cell lines. Previous studies report the impact of individual trace metal supplemental on CHO cells, and thus, the combinatorial effects of these metals could be leveraged to improve bioprocesses further. A three-level factorial experimental design was performed in fed-batch shake flasks to evaluate the impact of time wise addition of individual or combined trace metals (zinc and copper) on CHO cell culture performance. Correlations among each factor (experimental parameters) and response variables (changes in cell culture performance) were examined based on their significance and goodness of fit to a partial least square's regression model. The model indicated that zinc concentration and time of addition counter-influence peak viable cell density and antibody production. Meanwhile, early copper supplementation influenced late-stage ROS activity in a dose-dependent manner likely by alleviating cellular oxidative stress. Regression coefficients indicated that combined metal addition had less significant impact on titer and specific productivity compared to zinc addition alone, although titer increased the most under combined metal addition. Glycan analysis showed that combined metal addition reduced galactosylation to a greater extent than single metals when supplemented during the early growth phase. A validation experiment was performed to confirm the validity of the regression model by testing an optimized setpoint of metal supplement time and concentration to improve protein productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashli Polanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - SoYoung Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yongdan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan J Graham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Sun Z, Shao Y, Yan K, Yao T, Liu L, Sun F, Wu J, Huang Y. The Link between Trace Metal Elements and Glucose Metabolism: Evidence from Zinc, Copper, Iron, and Manganese-Mediated Metabolic Regulation. Metabolites 2023; 13:1048. [PMID: 37887373 PMCID: PMC10608713 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace metal elements are of vital importance for fundamental biological processes. They function in various metabolic pathways after the long evolution of living organisms. Glucose is considered to be one of the main sources of biological energy that supports biological activities, and its metabolism is tightly regulated by trace metal elements such as iron, zinc, copper, and manganese. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the regulation of glucose metabolism by trace metal elements. In particular, the underlying mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize the current concepts and progress linking trace metal elements and glucose metabolism, particularly for the trace metal elements zinc, copper, manganese, and iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yuzhuo Shao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Kunhao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Tianzhao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yunpeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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4
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Engineering of Chinese hamster ovary cells for co-overexpressing MYC and XBP1s increased cell proliferation and recombinant EPO production. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1482. [PMID: 36707606 PMCID: PMC9883479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving the cellular capacity of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to produce large amounts of therapeutic proteins remains a major challenge for the biopharmaceutical industry. In previous studies, we observed strong correlations between the performance of CHO cells and expression of two transcription factors (TFs), MYC and XBP1s. Here, we have evaluated the effective of overexpression of these two TFs on CHO cell productivity. To address this goal, we generated an EPO-producing cell line (CHOEPO) using a targeted integration approach, and subsequently engineered it to co-overexpress MYC and XBP1s (a cell line referred to as CHOCXEPO). Cells overexpressing MYC and XBP1s increased simultaneously viable cell densities and EPO production, leading to an enhanced overall performance in cultures. These improvements resulted from the individual effect of each TF in the cell behaviour (i.e., MYC-growth and XBP1s-productivity). An evaluation of the CHOCXEPO cells under different environmental conditions (temperature and media glucose concentration) indicated that CHOCXEPO cells increased cell productivity in high glucose concentration. This study showed the potential of combining TF-based cell engineering and process optimisation for increasing CHO cell productivity.
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5
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Wysor SK, Hall KA, Marcus RK. Rapid metal speciation of cell culture media using reversed-phase separations and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3311. [PMID: 36308722 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture media metal content is critical in mammalian cell growth and monoclonal antibody productivity. The variability in metal concentrations has multiple sources of origin. As such, there is a need to analyze media before, during, and after production. Furthermore, it is not the simple presence of a given metal that can impact processes, but also their chemical form that is, speciation. To a first approximation, it is instructive to simply and quickly ascertain if the metals exist as inorganic (free metal) ions or are part of an organometallic complex (ligated). Here we present a simple workflow involving the capture of ligated metals on a fiber stationary phase with passage of the free ions to an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for quantification; the captured species are subsequently eluted for quantification. This first level of speciation (free vs. ligated) can be informative towards sources of contaminant metal species and means to assess bioreactor processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Katja A Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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6
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Weiss CH, Caspari JS, Merkel C, Zimmer A. Copper impurity of iron raw material contributes to improved cell culture performance. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3251. [PMID: 35318833 PMCID: PMC9539468 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture medium (CCM) formulations are chemically defined to reduce lot‐to‐lot variability and complexity of the medium while still providing all essential nutrients supporting cell growth and productivity of various cell lines. However, raw material impurities may still introduce variations and inconsistencies to final CCM formulations. In one of our previous studies (Weiss et al. Biotechnol Prog. 2021;37(4):e3148), we have demonstrated the impact of iron raw material impurity on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell performance and critical quality attributes (CQAs) of recombinant proteins within the Cellvento® 4CHO CCM platform by identifying manganese impurity as the main root cause for improved cell performance and altered glycosylation profiles. This study sought to investigate the impact of iron raw material impurities within another medium platform, namely EX‐CELL® Advanced CHO Fed‐Batch‐Medium. As opposed to previously published results, in this platform, copper instead of manganese impurity present within the used ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) iron source was responsible for an improved cell performance of a CHOZN® cell line and a slight difference in CQAs of the produced recombinant protein. The use of tightly controlled raw material specifications or the use of low impurity iron sources is therefore crucial to minimize the impact of impurities on cell performance in any CCM platform and thereby guarantee consistent and reproducible cell culture processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hilde Weiss
- Upstream R&D, Merck Life Science, Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Aline Zimmer
- Upstream R&D, Merck Life Science, Darmstadt, Germany
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7
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Off-Gas-Based Soft Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring of Biomass and Metabolism in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Continuous Processes in Single-Use Bioreactors. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9112073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cell culture, especially in pharmaceutical manufacturing and research, biomass and metabolic monitoring are mandatory for various cell culture process steps to develop and, finally, control bioprocesses. As a common measure for biomass, the viable cell density (VCD) or the viable cell volume (VCV) is widely used. This study highlights, for the first time, the advantages of using VCV instead of VCD as a biomass depiction in combination with an oxygen-uptake- rate (OUR)-based soft sensor for real-time biomass estimation and process control in single-use bioreactor (SUBs) continuous processes with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. We investigated a series of 14 technically similar continuous SUB processes, where the same process conditions but different expressing CHO cell lines were used, with respect to biomass growth and oxygen demand to calibrate our model. In addition, we analyzed the key metabolism of the CHO cells in SUB perfusion processes by exometabolomic approaches, highlighting the importance of cell-specific substrate and metabolite consumption and production rate qS analysis to identify distinct metabolic phases. Cell-specific rates for classical mammalian cell culture key substrates and metabolites in CHO perfusion processes showed a good correlation to qOUR, yet, unexpectedly, not for qGluc. Here, we present the soft-sensoring methodology we developed for qPyr to allow for the real-time approximation of cellular metabolism and usage for subsequent, in-depth process monitoring, characterization and optimization.
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8
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Babak MV, Ahn D. Modulation of Intracellular Copper Levels as the Mechanism of Action of Anticancer Copper Complexes: Clinical Relevance. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080852. [PMID: 34440056 PMCID: PMC8389626 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a vital element required for cellular growth and development; however, even slight changes in its homeostasis might lead to severe toxicity and deleterious medical conditions. Cancer patients are typically associated with higher Cu content in serum and tumor tissues, indicating increased demand of cancer cells for this micronutrient. Cu is known to readily cycle between the +1 and +2 oxidation state in biological systems. The mechanism of action of Cu complexes is typically based on their redox activity and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to deadly oxidative stress. However, there are a number of other biomolecular mechanisms beyond ROS generation that contribute to the activity of anticancer Cu drug candidates. In this review, we discuss how interfering with intracellular Cu balance via either diet modification or addition of inorganic Cu supplements or Cu-modulating compounds affects tumor development, progression, and sensitivity to treatment modalities. We aim to provide the rationale for the use of Cu-depleting and Cu-overloading conditions to generate the best possible patient outcome with minimal toxicity. We also discuss the advantages of the use of pre-formed Cu complexes, such as Cu-(bis)thiosemicarbazones or Cu-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones, in comparison with the in situ formed Cu complexes with metal-binding ligands. In this review, we summarize available clinical and mechanistic data on clinically relevant anticancer drug candidates, including Cu supplements, Cu chelators, Cu ionophores, and Cu complexes.
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9
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Hall KA, Paing HW, Marcus RK. Quantitative trace metal determinations in cell culture media using LS-APGD-MS and ICP-OES with free/bound species differentiation following polymer fiber separations. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1945-1954. [PMID: 33913969 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge-mass spectrometry (LS-APGD-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were employed for the quantification of trace metals in cell culture media and their capabilities compared. The LS-APGD is interfaced here to a compact mass spectrometer (Advion CMS) towards the development of an at-bioreactor process monitoring strategy. Both techniques have been previously employed for the quantification of trace metals in samples of various complexities, making them a natural choice for this application. They have also demonstrated comparable analytical figures of merit including limits of detection (LOD), matrix tolerance, etc. While cell culture media is a complex sample, the ICP-OES technique was unaffected by the matrix. However, the LS-APGD-MS suffered from increases in spectral background. Despite this, both techniques achieved appropriate LODs for all metals analyzed in this work (Cu, Fe, Zn, Co, Mn, Ni; LOD < 100 ng mL-1), except for Mn and Ni via LS-APGD-MS. To overcome the increased background seen on the LS-APGD-MS, a capillary channeled polymer (C-CP) polypropylene (PPY) fiber stationary phase was employed as an on-line separation for the removal of organic components prior to sample introduction into the plasma. It was further determined that Ni was retained on the column, preventing the detection of this element via LS-APGD-MS, and insights into metal speciation were discussed. Following implementation of this on-line separation strategy, the agreement between the techniques was acceptable for all analytes, and was excellent for Cu, Fe, and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja A Hall
- Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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10
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Luo Y, Lovelett RJ, Price JV, Radhakrishnan D, Barnthouse K, Hu P, Schaefer E, Cunningham J, Lee KH, Shivappa RB, Ogunnaike BA. Modeling the Effect of Amino Acids and Copper on Monoclonal Antibody Productivity and Glycosylation: A Modular Approach. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000261. [PMID: 32875683 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In manufacturing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), it is crucial to be able to predict how process conditions and supplements affect productivity and quality attributes, especially glycosylation. Supplemental inputs, such as amino acids and trace metals in the media, are reported to affect cell metabolism and glycosylation; quantifying their effects is essential for effective process development. We aim to present and validate, through a commercially relevant cell culture process, a technique for modeling such effects efficiently. While existing models can predict mAb production or glycosylation dynamics under specific process configurations, adapting them to new processes remains challenging, because it involves modifying the model structure and often requires some mechanistic understanding. Here, a modular modeling technique for adapting an existing model for a fed-batch Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture process without structural modifications or mechanistic insight is presented. Instead, data is used, obtained from designed experimental perturbations in media supplementation, to train and validate a supplemental input effect model, which is used to "patch" the existing model. The combined model can be used for model-based process development to improve productivity and to meet product quality targets more efficiently. The methodology and analysis are generally applicable to other CHO cell lines and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- University of Delaware, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Robert J Lovelett
- University of Delaware, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - J Vincent Price
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery, Product Development and Supply, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA
| | - Devesh Radhakrishnan
- University of Delaware, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Kristopher Barnthouse
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery, Product Development and Supply, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery, Product Development and Supply, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA
| | - Eugene Schaefer
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery, Product Development and Supply, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA
| | - John Cunningham
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery, Product Development and Supply, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- University of Delaware, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Raghunath B Shivappa
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Biologics Process Development, 200 Shire Way, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Babatunde A Ogunnaike
- University of Delaware, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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11
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Durairaj K, Roy B, Chandrasekaran N, Krishnan SP, Mukherjee A. Silver nanorods induced oxidative stress and chromosomal aberrations in the Allium cepa model. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:161-166. [PMID: 32433034 PMCID: PMC8675964 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of different size and shape silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has increased considerably in recent years due to several commercial and biological applications. Here, rod-shaped AgNPs (SNRs) were prepared using the microwave-assisted method and characterised by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The present study aims to investigate the cyto-genotoxic effect of various concentrations (5, 10, and 15 µM) of SNRs using Allium cepa model. As a result, concentration-dependent cyto-genotoxic effect of SNRs was observed through a decrease in the mitotic index, and an increase in the chromosomal aberrations such as chromosome break, disturbed metaphase, and anaphase bridge. To check the impact of Ag+ ions, 15 µM silver nitrate (AgNO3) was prepared and tested in all the assays. Furthermore, cell viability and different reactive oxygen species assays were performed to test the cytotoxicity evaluation of SNRs. The authors found that in all the tested assays, SNRs at high concentrations (15 µM) and AgNO3 (15 µM) were observed to cause maximal damage to the roots. Therefore, the current study implies that the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of SNRs were dependent on the concentration of SNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthiga Durairaj
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Barsha Roy
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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12
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Floris P, McGillicuddy N, Morrissey B, Albrecht S, Kaisermayer C, Hawe D, Riordan L, Lindeberg A, Forestell S, Bones J. A LC–MS/MS platform for the identification of productivity markers in industrial mammalian cell culture media. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Schmitt J, Downey B, Beller J, Russell B, Quach A, Lyon D, Curran M, Mulukutla BC, Chu C. Forecasting and control of lactate bifurcation in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture processes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2223-2235. [PMID: 31062870 PMCID: PMC6852022 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomanufacturing exhibits inherent variability that can lead to variation in performance attributes and batch failure. To help ensure process consistency and product quality the development of predictive models and integrated control strategies is a promising approach. In this study, a feedback controller was developed to limit excessive lactate production, a widespread metabolic phenomenon that is negatively associated with culture performance and product quality. The controller was developed by applying machine learning strategies to historical process development data, resulting in a forecast model that could identify whether a run would result in lactate consumption or accumulation. In addition, this exercise identified a correlation between increased amino acid consumption and low observed lactate production leading to the mechanistic hypothesis that there is a deficiency in the link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Using the correlative process parameters to build mechanistic insight and applying this to predictive models of lactate concentration, a dynamic model predictive controller (MPC) for lactate was designed. This MPC was implemented experimentally on a process known to exhibit high lactate accumulation and successfully drove the cell cultures towards a lactate consuming state. In addition, an increase in specific titer productivity was observed when compared with non-MPC controlled reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chia Chu
- Pfizer, Bioprocess R&DChesterfieldMissouri
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14
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Graham RJ, Bhatia H, Yoon S. Consequences of trace metal variability and supplementation on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture performance: A review of key mechanisms and considerations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3446-3456. [PMID: 31403183 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trace metals are supplied to chemically-defined media (CDM) for optimal Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture performance during the production of monoclonal antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. However, lot-to-lot and vendor-to-vendor variability in raw materials consequently leads to an imbalance of trace metals that are supplied to CDM. This imbalance can yield detrimental effects rooted in several primary mechanisms and pathways including oxidative stress, apoptosis, lactate accumulation, and unfavorable glycan synthesis. Recent research endeavors involve supplying zinc, copper, and manganese to CDM in excess to further maximize culture productivity and product quality. These treatments significantly impact critical quality attributes and furthermore highlight the degree to which trace metal availability can affect CHO cell culture performance. This review highlights the role of trace metal variability, supplementation, and interplay on key cellular mechanisms responsible for overall culture performance and the production and quality of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Graham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Hemlata Bhatia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
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15
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Systems biology approach in the formulation of chemically defined media for recombinant protein overproduction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8315-8326. [PMID: 31418052 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell culture medium is an intricate mixture of components which has a tremendous effect on cell growth and recombinant protein production. Regular cell culture medium includes various components, and the decision about which component should be included in the formulation and its optimum amount is an underlying issue in biotechnology industries. Applying conventional techniques to design an optimal medium for the production of a recombinant protein requires meticulous and immense research. Moreover, since the medium formulation for the production of one protein could not be the best choice for another protein, hence, the most suitable media should be determined for each recombinant cell line. Accordingly, medium formulation becomes a laborious, time-consuming, and costly process in biomanufacturing of recombinant protein, and finding alternative strategies for medium development seems to be crucial. In silico modeling is an attractive concept to be adapted for medium formulation due to its high potential to supersede laboratory examinations. By emerging the high-throughput datasets, scientists can disclose the knowledge about the effect of medium components on cell growth and metabolism, and via applying this information through systems biology approach, medium formulation optimization could be accomplished in silico with no need of significant amount of experimentation. This review demonstrates some of the applications of systems biology as a powerful tool for medium development and illustrates the effect of medium optimization with system-level analysis on the production of recombinant proteins in different host cells.
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Wolf MKF, Müller A, Souquet J, Broly H, Morbidelli M. Process design and development of a mammalian cell perfusion culture in shake‐tube and benchtop bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1973-1985. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz K. F. Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Chemical and BioengineeringETH ZurichZurich Switzerland
| | - Andrea Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Chemical and BioengineeringETH ZurichZurich Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Biotech Process SciencesMerck BiopharmaCorsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process SciencesMerck BiopharmaCorsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Chemical and BioengineeringETH ZurichZurich Switzerland
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17
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Kelley B, Kiss R, Laird M. A Different Perspective: How Much Innovation Is Really Needed for Monoclonal Antibody Production Using Mammalian Cell Technology? ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:443-462. [PMID: 29721583 DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As biopharmaceutical companies have optimized cell line and production culture process development, titers of recombinant antibodies have risen steadily to 3-8 g/L for fed-batch mammalian cultures at production scales of 10 kL or larger. Most new antibody products are produced from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines, and there are relatively few alternative production hosts under active evaluation. Many companies have adopted a strategy of using the same production cell line for early clinical phases as well as commercial production, which reduces the risk of product comparability issues during the development lifecycle. Product quality and consistency expectations rest on the platform knowledge of the CHO host cell line and processes used for the production of many licensed antibodies. The lack of impact of low-level product variants common to this platform on product safety and efficacy also builds on the established commercial history of recombinant antibodies, which dates back to 1997.Efforts to increase titers further will likely yield diminishing returns. Very few products would benefit significantly from a titer greater than 8 g/L; in many cases, a downstream processing bottleneck would preclude full recovery from production-scale bioreactors for high titer processes. The benefits of a process platform based on standard fed-batch production culture include predictable scale-up, process transfer, and production within a company's manufacturing network or at a contract manufacturing organization. Furthermore, the confidence in an established platform provides key support towards regulatory flexibility (e.g., design space) for license applications following a quality-by-design strategy.These factors suggest that novel technologies for antibody production may not provide a substantial return on investment. What, then, should be the focus of future process development efforts for companies that choose to launch antibody products using their current platform? This review proposes key focus areas in an effort to continually improve process consistency, assure acceptable product quality, and establish appropriate process parameter limits to enable flexible manufacturing options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kelley
- Vir Biotechnology, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Robert Kiss
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Laird
- Genentech (A Member of the Roche Group), San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Dickens J, Khattak S, Matthews TE, Kolwyck D, Wiltberger K. Biopharmaceutical raw material variation and control. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Kelly PS, Alarcon Miguez A, Alves C, Barron N. From media to mitochondria–rewiring cellular energy metabolism of Chinese hamster ovary cells for the enhanced production of biopharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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21
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Ritacco FV, Wu Y, Khetan A. Cell culture media for recombinant protein expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: History, key components, and optimization strategies. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1407-1426. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank V. Ritacco
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Yongqi Wu
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
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22
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Hong JK, Nargund S, Lakshmanan M, Kyriakopoulos S, Kim DY, Ang KS, Leong D, Yang Y, Lee DY. Comparative phenotypic analysis of CHO clones and culture media for lactate shift. J Biotechnol 2018; 283:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Baek E, Lee JS, Lee GM. Untangling the mechanism of 3‐methyladenine in enhancing the specific productivity: Transcriptome analysis of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with 3‐methyladenine. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2243-2254. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Baek
- Department of Biological SciencesKAISTDaejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seong Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of DenmarkKgs. Lyngby Denmark
- Department of Molecular Science and TechnologyAjou UniversitySuwon Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesKAISTDaejeon Republic of Korea
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of DenmarkKgs. Lyngby Denmark
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24
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Tamošaitis L, Smales CM. Meta-Analysis of Publicly Available Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cell Transcriptomic Datasets for Identifying Engineering Targets to Enhance Recombinant Protein Yields. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800066. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linas Tamošaitis
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Canterbury Kent CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Christopher Mark Smales
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Canterbury Kent CT2 7NJ UK
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25
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He L, Desai JX, Gao J, Hazeltine LB, Lian Z, Calley JN, Frye CC. Elucidating the Impact of CHO Cell Culture Media on Tryptophan Oxidation of a Monoclonal Antibody Through Gene Expression Analyses. Biotechnol J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luhong He
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis 46285 IN USA
| | - Jairav X. Desai
- Informatics Capabilities − Research IT, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis 46285 IN USA
| | - Jinxin Gao
- Statistics- Discovery/Development, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis 46285 IN USA
| | - Laurie B. Hazeltine
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis 46285 IN USA
| | - Zhirui Lian
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis 46285 IN USA
| | - John N. Calley
- Tailored Therapeutics Bioinformatics, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis 46285 IN USA
| | - Christopher C. Frye
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis 46285 IN USA
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26
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Hartley F, Walker T, Chung V, Morten K. Mechanisms driving the lactate switch in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1890-1903. [PMID: 29603726 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in a production environment has been extensively investigated. However, a key metabolic transition, the switch from lactate production to lactate consumption, remains enigmatic. Though commonly observed in CHO cultures, the mechanism(s) by which this metabolic shift is triggered is unknown. Despite this, efforts to control the switch have emerged due to the association of lactate consumption with improved cell growth and productivity. This review aims to consolidate current theories surrounding the lactate switch. The influence of pH, NAD+ /NADH, pyruvate availability and mitochondrial function on lactate consumption are explored. A hypothesis based on the cellular redox state is put forward to explain the onset of lactate consumption. Various techniques implemented to control the lactate switch, including manipulation of the culture environment, genetic engineering, and cell line selection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vicky Chung
- GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Karl Morten
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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27
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Chung S, Tian J, Tan Z, Chen J, Lee J, Borys M, Li ZJ. Industrial bioprocessing perspectives on managing therapeutic protein charge variant profiles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Northeastern University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jun Tian
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jie Chen
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
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28
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Pereira S, Kildegaard HF, Andersen MR. Impact of CHO Metabolism on Cell Growth and Protein Production: An Overview of Toxic and Inhibiting Metabolites and Nutrients. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700499. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pereira
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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29
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Freund NW, Croughan MS. A Simple Method to Reduce both Lactic Acid and Ammonium Production in Industrial Animal Cell Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020385. [PMID: 29382079 PMCID: PMC5855607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fed-batch animal cell culture is the most common method for commercial production of recombinant proteins. However, higher cell densities in these platforms are still limited due to factors such as excessive ammonium production, lactic acid production, nutrient limitation, and/or hyperosmotic stress related to nutrient feeds and base additions to control pH. To partly overcome these factors, we investigated a simple method to reduce both ammonium and lactic acid production—termed Lactate Supplementation and Adaptation (LSA) technology—through the use of CHO cells adapted to a lactate-supplemented medium. Using this simple method, we achieved a reduction of nearly 100% in lactic acid production with a simultaneous 50% reduction in ammonium production in batch shaker flasks cultures. In subsequent fed-batch bioreactor cultures, lactic acid production and base addition were both reduced eight-fold. Viable cell densities of 35 million cells per mL and integral viable cell days of 273 million cell-days per mL were achieved, both among the highest currently reported for a fed-batch animal cell culture. Investigating the benefits of LSA technology in animal cell culture is worthy of further consideration and may lead to process conditions more favorable for advanced industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew S Croughan
- Amgen Bioprocessing Center, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
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30
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Subramanian J, Aulakh RPS, Grewal PS, Sanford M, Pynn AFJ, Yuk IH. Short- and long-term effects on mAb-producing CHO cell lines after cryopreservation. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:463-477. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Subramanian
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Rigzen P. S. Aulakh
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Parbir S. Grewal
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Mark Sanford
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Abigail F. J. Pynn
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Inn H. Yuk
- Late Stage Cell Culture, Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco CA 94080
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31
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Ribosome profiling-guided depletion of an mRNA increases cell growth rate and protein secretion. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40388. [PMID: 28091612 PMCID: PMC5238448 DOI: 10.1038/srep40388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant protein production coopts the host cell machinery to provide high protein yields of industrial enzymes or biotherapeutics. However, since protein translation is energetically expensive and tightly controlled, it is unclear if highly expressed recombinant genes are translated as efficiently as host genes. Furthermore, it is unclear how the high expression impacts global translation. Here, we present the first genome-wide view of protein translation in an IgG-producing CHO cell line, measured with ribosome profiling. Through this we found that our recombinant mRNAs were translated as efficiently as the host cell transcriptome, and sequestered up to 15% of the total ribosome occupancy. During cell culture, changes in recombinant mRNA translation were consistent with changes in transcription, demonstrating that transcript levels influence specific productivity. Using this information, we identified the unnecessary resistance marker NeoR to be a highly transcribed and translated gene. Through siRNA knock-down of NeoR, we improved the production- and growth capacity of the host cell. Thus, ribosomal profiling provides valuable insights into translation in CHO cells and can guide efforts to enhance protein production.
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32
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Mitchelson FG, Mondia JP, Hughes EH. Effect of copper variation in yeast hydrolysate on C-terminal lysine levels of a monoclonal antibody. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:463-468. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik H. Hughes
- Biogen Inc; 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park NC 27709
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33
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Gao Y, Ray S, Dai S, Ivanov AR, Abu-Absi NR, Lewis AM, Huang Z, Xing Z, Borys MC, Li ZJ, Karger BL. Combined metabolomics and proteomics reveals hypoxia as a cause of lower productivity on scale-up to a 5000-liter CHO bioprocess. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1190-200. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Gao
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Northeastern University; Boston MA USA
| | - Somak Ray
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Northeastern University; Boston MA USA
| | - Shujia Dai
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Northeastern University; Boston MA USA
| | - Alexander R. Ivanov
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Northeastern University; Boston MA USA
| | - Nicholas R. Abu-Absi
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb; 38 Jackson Road Devens MA USA
| | - Amanda M. Lewis
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb; 38 Jackson Road Devens MA USA
| | - Zhuangrong Huang
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb; 38 Jackson Road Devens MA USA
| | - Zizhuo Xing
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb; 38 Jackson Road Devens MA USA
| | - Michael C. Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb; 38 Jackson Road Devens MA USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb; 38 Jackson Road Devens MA USA
| | - Barry L. Karger
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Northeastern University; Boston MA USA
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34
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Hazeltine LB, Knueven KM, Zhang Y, Lian Z, Olson DJ, Ouyang A. Chemically defined media modifications to lower tryptophan oxidation of biopharmaceuticals. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:178-88. [PMID: 26560440 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of biopharmaceuticals is a major product quality issue with potential impacts on activity and immunogenicity. At Eli Lilly and Company, high tryptophan oxidation was observed for two biopharmaceuticals in development produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. A switch from historical hydrolysate-containing media to chemically defined media with a reformulated basal powder was thought to be responsible, so mitigation efforts focused on media modification. Shake flask studies identified that increasing tryptophan, copper, and manganese and decreasing cysteine concentrations were individual approaches to lower tryptophan oxidation. When amino acid and metal changes were combined, the modified formulation had a synergistic impact that led to substantially less tryptophan oxidation for both biopharmaceuticals. Similar results were achieved in shake flasks and benchtop bioreactors, demonstrating the potential to implement these modifications at manufacturing scale. The modified formulation did not negatively impact cell growth and viability, product titer, purity, charge variants, or glycan profile. A potential mechanism of action is presented for each amino acid or metal factor based on its role in oxidation chemistry. This work served not only to mitigate the tryptophan oxidation issue in two Lilly biopharmaceuticals in development, but also to increase our knowledge and appreciation for the impact of media components on product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Hazeltine
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Kristine M Knueven
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Yan Zhang
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Zhirui Lian
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Donald J Olson
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Anli Ouyang
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
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35
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Lewis AM, Abu-Absi NR, Borys MC, Li ZJ. The use of 'Omics technology to rationally improve industrial mammalian cell line performance. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:26-38. [PMID: 26059229 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biologics represent an increasingly important class of therapeutics, with 7 of the 10 top selling drugs from 2013 being in this class. Furthermore, health authority approval of biologics in the immuno-oncology space is expected to transform treatment of patients with debilitating and deadly diseases. The growing importance of biologics in the healthcare field has also resulted in the recent approvals of several biosimilars. These recent developments, combined with pressure to provide treatments at lower costs to payers, are resulting in increasing need for the industry to quickly and efficiently develop high yielding, robust processes for the manufacture of biologics with the ability to control quality attributes within narrow distributions. Achieving this level of manufacturing efficiency and the ability to design processes capable of regulating growth, death and other cellular pathways through manipulation of media, feeding strategies, and other process parameters will undoubtedly be facilitated through systems biology tools generated in academic and public research communities. Here we discuss the intersection of systems biology, 'Omics technologies, and mammalian bioprocess sciences. Specifically, we address how these methods in conjunction with traditional monitoring techniques represent a unique opportunity to better characterize and understand host cell culture state, shift from an empirical to rational approach to process development and optimization of bioreactor cultivation processes. We summarize the following six key areas: (i) research applied to parental, non-recombinant cell lines; (ii) systems level datasets generated with recombinant cell lines; (iii) datasets linking phenotypic traits to relevant biomarkers; (iv) data depositories and bioinformatics tools; (v) in silico model development, and (vi) examples where these approaches have been used to rationally improve cellular processes. We critically assess relevant and state of the art research being conducted in academic, government and industrial laboratories. Furthermore, we apply our expertise in bioprocess to define a potential model for integration of these systems biology approaches into biologics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Lewis
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 35 South Street, Hopkinton 01748, Massachusetts.
| | - Nicholas R Abu-Absi
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 35 South Street, Hopkinton 01748, Massachusetts
| | - Michael C Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 35 South Street, Hopkinton 01748, Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 35 South Street, Hopkinton 01748, Massachusetts
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36
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The role of high-throughput mini-bioreactors in process development and process optimization for mammalian cell culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.15.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Nargund S, Qiu J, Goudar CT. Elucidating the role of copper in CHO cell energy metabolism using13C metabolic flux analysis. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1179-86. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Nargund
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development; Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive; Thousand Oaks CA 91320
| | - Jinshu Qiu
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive; Thousand Oaks CA 91320
| | - Chetan T. Goudar
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development; Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive; Thousand Oaks CA 91320
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38
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Monger C, Kelly PS, Gallagher C, Clynes M, Barron N, Clarke C. Towards next generation CHO cell biology: Bioinformatics methods for RNA-Seq-based expression profiling. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:950-66. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Mulukutla BC, Yongky A, Grimm S, Daoutidis P, Hu WS. Multiplicity of steady states in glycolysis and shift of metabolic state in cultured mammalian cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121561. [PMID: 25806512 PMCID: PMC4373774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured mammalian cells exhibit elevated glycolysis flux and high lactate production. In the industrial bioprocesses for biotherapeutic protein production, glucose is supplemented to the culture medium to sustain continued cell growth resulting in the accumulation of lactate to high levels. In such fed-batch cultures, sometimes a metabolic shift from a state of high glycolysis flux and high lactate production to a state of low glycolysis flux and low lactate production or even lactate consumption is observed. While in other cases with very similar culture conditions, the same cell line and medium, cells continue to produce lactate. A metabolic shift to lactate consumption has been correlated to the productivity of the process. Cultures that exhibited the metabolic shift to lactate consumption had higher titers than those which didn't. However, the cues that trigger the metabolic shift to lactate consumption state (or low lactate production state) are yet to be identified. Metabolic control of cells is tightly linked to growth control through signaling pathways such as the AKT pathway. We have previously shown that the glycolysis of proliferating cells can exhibit bistability with well-segregated high flux and low flux states. Low lactate production (or lactate consumption) is possible only at a low glycolysis flux state. In this study, we use mathematical modeling to demonstrate that lactate inhibition together with AKT regulation on glycolysis enzymes can profoundly influence the bistable behavior, resulting in a complex steady-state topology. The transition from the high flux state to the low flux state can only occur in certain regions of the steady state topology, and therefore the metabolic fate of the cells depends on their metabolic trajectory encountering the region that allows such a metabolic state switch. Insights from such switch behavior present us with new means to control the metabolism of mammalian cells in fed-batch cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Chandra Mulukutla
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrew Yongky
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Simon Grimm
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Prodromos Daoutidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yuk IH, Russell S, Tang Y, Hsu WT, Mauger JB, Aulakh RPS, Luo J, Gawlitzek M, Joly JC. Effects of copper on CHO cells: Cellular requirements and product quality considerations. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:226-38. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inn H. Yuk
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Bioprocess Development; Genentech, 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Stephen Russell
- Analytical Operations; Genentech, 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Yun Tang
- Analytical Operations; Genentech, 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Wei-Ting Hsu
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Bioprocess Development; Genentech, 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Jacob B. Mauger
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Bioprocess Development; Genentech, 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Rigzen P. S. Aulakh
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Bioprocess Development; Genentech, 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Jun Luo
- Vacaville Manufacturing Sciences and Technology; Genentech, 1000 New Horizons Way Vacaville CA 95688
| | - Martin Gawlitzek
- Late Stage Cell Culture, Bioprocess Development; Genentech, 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - John C. Joly
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Bioprocess Development; Genentech, 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
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Kang S, Xiao G, Ren D, Zhang Z, Le N, Trentalange M, Gupta S, Lin H, Bondarenko PV. Proteomics analysis of altered cellular metabolism induced by insufficient copper level. J Biotechnol 2014; 189:15-26. [PMID: 25150618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Insufficient copper level in the mammalian cell culture medium resulted in lactate accumulation while maintaining similar growth and culture viability profiles. Label-free, LC-MS/MS-based shotgun proteomics method was applied to compare the protein expression profiles obtained from the cultures exposed to suboptimal copper level to those provided with sufficient amount of copper. Under copper deficient condition, a substantial reduction of the protein levels of the multiple subunits of Complex IV, also known as cytochrome c oxidase, of the mitochondrial electron transport chain was observed for all three different Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines expressing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies tested. Additional proteins affected by suboptimal copper level included peroxiredoxin (PRDX) and hepatocyte-derived growth factor (HDGF), which were affected during early phase of the fed-batch production, several days prior to initiation of lactate accumulation. In contrast, proteins such as syntenin (SDCBP) and integral membrane 2C (ITM2C) showed altered expression patterns toward the end of culture duration, after lactate divergence had occurred. For all conditions tested, time was the most predominant factor facilitating the direction of global protein expression trend, with substantial number of proteins subjected to time-dependent changes in expression, independent of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohye Kang
- Product Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | - Gang Xiao
- Product Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Da Ren
- Product Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Zhongqi Zhang
- Product Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Nicole Le
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen, Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Michael Trentalange
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen, Inc. , 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
| | - Shivani Gupta
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen, Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Henry Lin
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen, Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Pavel V Bondarenko
- Product Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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