1
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Romann P, Vuillemin T, Pavone S, Jordan M, Perilleux A, Souquet J, Bielser JM, Herwig C, Villiger TK. Maduramycin, a novel glycosylation modulator for mammalian fed-batch and steady-state perfusion processes. J Biotechnol 2024; 383:73-85. [PMID: 38340899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Controlling high-mannose (HM) content of therapeutic proteins during process intensification, reformulation for subcutaneous delivery, antibody-drug conjugate or biosimilar manufacturing represents an ongoing challenge. Even though a range of glycosylation levers to increase HM content exist, modulators specially increasing M5 glycans are still scarce. Several compounds of the polyether ionophore family were screened for their ability to selectively increase M5 glycans of mAb products and compared to the well-known α-mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine known to increase mainly M8-M9 glycans. Maduramycin, amongst other promising polyether ionophores, showed the desired effect on different cell lines. For fed-batch processes, a double bolus addition modulator feed strategy was developed maximizing the effect on glycosylation by minimizing impact on culture performance. Further, a continuous feeding strategy for steady-state perfusion processes was successfully developed, enabling consistent product quality at elevated HM glycan levels. With kifunensine and maduramycin showing inverse effects on the relative HM distribution, a combined usage of these modulators was further evaluated to fine-tune a desired HM glycan pattern. The discovered HM modulators expand the current HM modulating toolbox for biotherapeutics. Their application not only for fed-batch processes, but also steady-state perfusion processes, make them a universal tool with regards to fully continuous manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Romann
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland; Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Vuillemin
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Pavone
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Perilleux
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Bielser
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas K Villiger
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland.
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2
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Identification of Cell Culture Factors Influencing Afucosylation Levels in Monoclonal Antibodies by Partial Least-Squares Regression and Variable Importance Metrics. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrospective analysis of historic data for cell culture processes is a powerful tool to develop further process understanding. In particular, deploying retrospective analyses can identify important cell culture process parameters for controlling critical quality attributes, e.g., afucosylation, for the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, a challenge of analyzing large cell culture data is the high correlation between regressors (particularly media composition), which makes traditional analyses, such as analysis of variance and multivariate linear regression, inappropriate. Instead, partial least-squares regression (PLSR) models, in combination with machine learning techniques such as variable importance metrics, are an orthogonal or alternative approach to identifying important regressors and overcoming the challenge of a highly covariant data structure. A specific workflow for the retrospective analysis of cell culture data is proposed that covers data curation, PLS regression, model analysis, and further steps. In this study, the proposed workflow was applied to data from four mAb products in an industrial cell culture process to identify significant process parameters that influence the afucosylation levels. The PLSR workflow successfully identified several significant parameters, such as temperature and media composition, to enhance process understanding of the relationship between cell culture processes and afucosylation levels.
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3
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Wysor SK, Hall KA, Marcus RK. Rapid metal speciation of cell culture media using reversed-phase separations and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3311. [PMID: 36308722 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture media metal content is critical in mammalian cell growth and monoclonal antibody productivity. The variability in metal concentrations has multiple sources of origin. As such, there is a need to analyze media before, during, and after production. Furthermore, it is not the simple presence of a given metal that can impact processes, but also their chemical form that is, speciation. To a first approximation, it is instructive to simply and quickly ascertain if the metals exist as inorganic (free metal) ions or are part of an organometallic complex (ligated). Here we present a simple workflow involving the capture of ligated metals on a fiber stationary phase with passage of the free ions to an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for quantification; the captured species are subsequently eluted for quantification. This first level of speciation (free vs. ligated) can be informative towards sources of contaminant metal species and means to assess bioreactor processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Katja A Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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4
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Welch J, Ausin C, Brahme N, Lacana E, Ricci S, Schultz‐DePalo M. The Mannose in the Mirror: A Reflection on the Pharmacokinetic Impact of High Mannose Glycans of Monoclonal Antibodies in Biosimilar Development. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 113:1003-1010. [PMID: 36322507 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biosimilar development has a well-documented foundation of product quality and extensive comparative analytics providing the bulk of the "totality of the evidence" that a proposed product is biosimilar to its reference product. This work provides a retrospective evaluation of a single critical quality attribute-high mannose glycans for monoclonal antibody biosimilars. Given the well-established conclusion that high mannose glycans can impact pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, we performed a retrospective evaluation of 21 monoclonal antibody biosimilar programs (those licensed before April 2022), their levels of glycans, and the methods used to study them. We provide herein a summary of the methods used and their relative performance. We also present a subset analysis for seven biosimilar products with levels of high mannose that differ from the corresponding reference product (and where other differences in quality attributes between the two that may influence PK profile were not observed or considered minor) and compared the PK profiles. Critically, this analysis has demonstrated that the measurement of glycan profiles is highly precise, reproducible within and across programs, and can detect differences in mannose levels, even those that do not impact PK. These results provide support that analytics rather than pharmacokinetic data may be sufficient to predict whether differences within a certain magnitude of this attribute are likely to impact PK. This work enhances the Agency's understanding of this issue allowing for better understanding of challenges faced by the biotechnology industry developing biosimilars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Welch
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Product Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Cristina Ausin
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Office of Therapeutic Biologics and Biosimilars Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Nina Brahme
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Office of Therapeutic Biologics and Biosimilars Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Emanuela Lacana
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Office of Therapeutic Biologics and Biosimilars Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Stacey Ricci
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Office of Therapeutic Biologics and Biosimilars Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Marlene Schultz‐DePalo
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Product Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products Silver Spring Maryland USA
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5
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Engineering nucleotide sugar synthesis pathways for independent and simultaneous modulation of N-glycan galactosylation and fucosylation in CHO cells. Metab Eng 2022; 74:61-71. [PMID: 36152932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of recombinant therapeutics like monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a critical quality attribute. N-glycans in mAbs are known to affect various effector functions, and thereby therapeutic use of such glycoproteins can depend on a particular glycoform profile to achieve desired efficacy. However, there are currently limited options for modulating the glycoform profile, which depend mainly on over-expression or knock-out of glycosyltransferase enzymes that can introduce or eliminate specific glycans but do not allow predictable glycoform modulation over a range of values. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to predictably modulate the glycoform profile of recombinant IgG. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we have engineered nucleotide sugar synthesis pathways in CHO cells expressing recombinant IgG for combinatorial modulation of galactosylation and fucosylation. Knocking out the enzymes UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase (Gale) and GDP-L-fucose synthase (Fx) resulted in ablation of de novo synthesis of UDP-Gal and GDP-Fuc. With Gale knock-out, the array of N-glycans on recombinantly expressed IgG is narrowed to agalactosylated glycans, mainly A2F glycan (89%). In the Gale and Fx double knock-out cell line, agalactosylated and afucosylated A2 glycan is predominant (88%). In the double knock-out cell line, galactosylation and fucosylation was entirely dependent on the salvage pathway, which allowed for modulation of UDP-Gal and GDP-Fuc synthesis and intracellular nucleotide sugar availability by controlling the availability of extracellular galactose and fucose. We demonstrate that the glycoform profile of recombinant IgG can be modulated from containing predominantly agalactosylated and afucosylated glycans to up to 42% and 96% galactosylation and fucosylation, respectively, by extracellular feeding of sugars in a dose-dependent manner. By simply varying the availability of extracellular galactose and/or fucose, galactosylation and fucosylation levels can be simultaneously and independently modulated. In addition to achieving the production of tailored glycoforms, this engineered CHO host platform can cater to the rapid synthesis of variably glycoengineered proteins for evaluation of biological activity.
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6
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Romann P, Kolar J, Tobler D, Herwig C, Bielser JM, Villiger TK. Advancing Raman model calibration for perfusion bioprocesses using spiked harvest libraries. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2200184. [PMID: 35900328 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raman spectroscopy has gained popularity to monitor multiple process indicators simultaneously in biopharmaceutical processes. However, robust and specific model calibration remains a challenge due to insufficient analyte variability to train the models and high cross-correlation of various media components and artifacts throughout the process. MAIN METHODS A systematic Raman calibration workflow for perfusion processes enabling highly specific and fast model calibration was developed. Harvest libraries consisting of frozen harvest samples from multiple CHO cell culture bioreactors collected at different process times were established. Model calibration was subsequently performed in an offline setup using a flow cell by spiking process harvest with glucose, raffinose, galactose, mannose, and fructose. MAJOR RESULTS In a screening phase, Raman spectroscopy was proven capable not only to distinguish sugars with similar chemical structures in perfusion harvest but also to quantify them independently in process-relevant concentrations. In a second phase, a robust and highly specific calibration model for simultaneous glucose (RMSEP = 0.32 g/L) and raffinose (RMSEP = 0.17 g/L) real-time monitoring was generated and verified in a third phase during a perfusion process. IMPLICATION The proposed novel offline calibration workflow allowed proper Raman peak decoupling, reduced calibration time from months down to days, and can be applied to other analytes of interest including lactate, ammonia, amino acids, or product titer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Romann
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland.,Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakub Kolar
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland.,University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Daniela Tobler
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Marc Bielser
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Thomas K Villiger
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
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7
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8
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Stone AT, Dhara VG, Naik HM, Aliyu L, Lai J, Jenkins J, Betenbaugh MJ. Chemical speciation of trace metals in mammalian cell culture media: looking under the hood to boost cellular performance and product quality. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:216-224. [PMID: 34478939 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Upstream process development seeks to optimize media formulations to promote robust cell culture conditions and regulate product quality attributes such as glycosylation, aggregation, and charge variants. Transition metal ions Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn present in cell culture media have a significant impact on cell growth, metabolism and product quality. These metals and other media components can have different chemical associations or speciation in media that are poorly characterized but may significantly impact their properties and effect on cellular performance. Computer-based equilibrium models are a good starting point for exploring metal speciation, bioavailability and conditions where precipitation may occur. However, some equilibrium constants, especially for newly introduced medium components, have not been experimentally determined. Owing to concurrent physical and biological processes, speciation may also be controlled by reaction kinetics rather than by equilibrium. These factors highlight the importance of analytically interrogating medium speciation to gain insights into the complex interconnections between media components and bioprocess performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Stone
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Venkata Gayatri Dhara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Harnish Mukesh Naik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Lateef Aliyu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Junxi Lai
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jackson Jenkins
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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9
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Harvey DJ. ANALYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES AND GLYCOCONJUGATES BY MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY: AN UPDATE FOR 2015-2016. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:408-565. [PMID: 33725404 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review is the ninth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2016. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented over 30 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show no sign of deminishing. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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10
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Rameez S, Gowtham YK, Nayar G, Mostafa SS. Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3176. [PMID: 34021724 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. As such, it is important to match the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product to that of the innovator product. The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. Because the HM level of the mAb was observed to impact ADCC activity, it was desirable to match it to the innovator mAb's levels. Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. The process conditions evaluated varied in impact on HM levels, process performance and product quality. One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. Interestingly, a secondary interaction between sugar and amino sugar supplemented feeds and osmolality was observed during process scale-up. These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Rameez
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gautam Nayar
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sigma S Mostafa
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Zhang L, Wang M, Castan A, Hjalmarsson H, Chotteau V. Probabilistic model by Bayesian network for the prediction of antibody glycosylation in perfusion and fed-batch cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3447-3459. [PMID: 33788254 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The glycan pattern can have a large impact on the immunological functions, serum half-life and stability. The medium components and cultivation parameters are known to potentially influence the glycosylation profile. Mathematical modelling provides a strategy for rational design and control of the upstream bioprocess. However, the kinetic models usually contain a very large number of unknown parameters, which limit their practical applications. In this article, we consider the metabolic network of N-linked glycosylation as a Bayesian network (BN) and calculate the fluxes of the glycosylation process as joint probability using the culture parameters as inputs. The modelling approach is validated with data of different Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures in pseudo perfusion, perfusion, and fed batch cultures, all showing very good predictive capacities. In cases where a large number of cultivation parameters is available, it is shown here that principal components analysis can efficiently be employed for a dimension reduction of the inputs compared to Pearson correlation analysis and feature importance by decision tree. The present study demonstrates that BN model can be a powerful tool in upstream process and medium development for glycoprotein productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,AdBIOPRO, VINNOVA Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - MingLiang Wang
- AdBIOPRO, VINNOVA Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Decision and Control System, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Håkan Hjalmarsson
- AdBIOPRO, VINNOVA Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Decision and Control System, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Digital Futures - KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronique Chotteau
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,AdBIOPRO, VINNOVA Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Digital Futures - KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Zinc supplementation modulates intracellular metal uptake and oxidative stress defense mechanisms in CHO cell cultures. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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mAb Production Modeling and Design Space Evaluation Including Glycosylation Process. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to high demand, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) production needs to be efficient, as well as maintaining a high product quality. Quality by design (QbD) via predictive process modeling greatly facilitates process understanding and can be used to adjust process parameters to further improve the unit operations. In this work, mechanistic and dynamic kriging models are developed to capture the protein productivity and glycan fractions under different temperatures and pH levels. The design of experiments is used to generate input and output data for model training. The dynamic kriging model shows good performance in capturing the dynamic profiles of cell cultures and glycosylation using only limited input data. The developed model is further used for feasibility analysis, and successfully identifies the operating design space, maintaining high productivity and guaranteed product quality.
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14
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Mastrangeli R, Audino MC, Palinsky W, Broly H, Bierau H. The Formidable Challenge of Controlling High Mannose-Type N-Glycans in Therapeutic mAbs. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1154-1168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Brantley TJ, Mitchelson FG, Khattak SF. A class of low-cost alternatives to kifunensine for increasing high mannose N-linked glycosylation for monoclonal antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 37:e3076. [PMID: 32888259 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is an important product quality attribute for drug safety and efficacy. An increase in the percent of high mannose N-linked glycosylation may be required for drug efficacy or to match the glycosylation profile of the innovator drug during the development of a biosimilar. In this study, the addition of several chemical additives to a cell culture process resulted in high mannose N-glycans on monoclonal antibodies produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells without impacting cell culture performance. The additives, which include known mannosidase inhibitors (kifunensine and deoxymannojirimycin) as well as novel inhibitors (tris, bis-tris, and 1-amino-1-methyl-1,3-propanediol), contain one similar molecular structure: 2-amino-1,3-propanediol, commonly referred to as serinol. The shared chemical structure provides insight into the binding and inhibition of mannosidase in CHO cells. One of the novel inhibitors, tris, is safer compared to kifunensine, 35x as cost-effective, and stable at room temperature. In addition, tris and bis-tris provide multiple low-cost alternatives to kifunensine for manipulating glycosylation in monoclonal antibody production in a cell culture process with minimal impact to productivity or cell health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Brantley
- Cell Culture Development, Pharmaceutical Operations and Technology, Biogen Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fernie G Mitchelson
- Manufacturing Sciences, Pharmaceutical Operations and Technology, Biogen Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarwat F Khattak
- Cell Culture Development, Pharmaceutical Operations and Technology, Biogen Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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16
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Fratz-Berilla EJ, Angart P, Graham RJ, Powers DN, Mohammad A, Kohnhorst C, Faison T, Velugula-Yellela SR, Trunfio N, Agarabi C. Impacts on product quality attributes of monoclonal antibodies produced in CHO cell bioreactor cultures during intentional mycoplasma contamination events. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2802-2815. [PMID: 32436993 PMCID: PMC7496122 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A mycoplasma contamination event in a biomanufacturing facility can result in costly cleanups and potential drug shortages. Mycoplasma may survive in mammalian cell cultures with only subtle changes to the culture and penetrate the standard 0.2‐µm filters used in the clarification of harvested cell culture fluid. Previously, we reported a study regarding the ability of Mycoplasma arginini to persist in a single‐use, perfusion rocking bioreactor system containing a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DG44 cell line expressing a model monoclonal immunoglobulin G 1 (IgG1) antibody. Our previous work showed that M. arginini affects CHO cell growth profile, viability, nutrient consumption, oxygen use, and waste production at varying timepoints after M. arginini introduction to the culture. Careful evaluation of certain identified process parameters over time may be used to indicate mycoplasma contamination in CHO cell cultures in a bioreactor before detection from a traditional method. In this report, we studied the changes in the IgG1 product quality produced by CHO cells considered to be induced by the M. arginini contamination events. We observed changes in critical quality attributes correlated with the duration of contamination, including increased acidic charge variants and high mannose species, which were further modeled using principal component analysis to explore the relationships among M. arginini contamination, CHO cell growth and metabolites, and IgG1 product quality attributes. Finally, partial least square models using NIR spectral data were used to establish predictions of high levels (≥104 colony‐forming unit [CFU/ml]) of M. arginini contamination, but prediction of levels below 104 CFU/ml were not reliable. Contamination of CHO cells with M. arginini resulted in significant reduction of antibody product quality, highlighting the importance of rapid microbiological testing and mycoplasma testing during particularly long upstream bioprocesses to ensure product safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Fratz-Berilla
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Phillip Angart
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ryan J Graham
- Division of Product Quality Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - David N Powers
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Talia Faison
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sai Rashmika Velugula-Yellela
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Cyrus Agarabi
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
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17
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Grinnell C, Bareford L, Matthews TE, Brantley T, Moore B, Kolwyck D. Elemental metal variance in cell culture raw materials for process risk profiling. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3004. [PMID: 32309907 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Elemental metals are critical raw material attributes which can impact cell culture performance and associated therapeutic protein product quality profiles. Metals such as copper and manganese act as cofactors and reagents for numerous metabolic pathways which govern cell growth, protein expression, and glycosylation, thus mandating elemental monitoring. The growing complexity of modern cell culture media formulations adds additional opportunities for elemental variance and its associated impact risks. This article describes an analytical technique applying inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to characterize a list of common raw materials and media powders used in mammalian cell culture and therapeutic protein production. We aim to describe a method qualification approach suitable for biopharmaceutical raw materials. Furthermore, we present detailed profiles of many common raw materials and discuss trends in raw material subtypes. Finally, a case study demonstrating the impact of an unexpected source of raw material variation is presented along with recommendations for raw material elemental risk profiling and control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tim Brantley
- Cell Culture Development, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brandon Moore
- Cell Culture Development, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Chandrawanshi V, Kulkarni R, Prabhu A, Mehra S. Enhancing titers and productivity of rCHO clones with a combination of an optimized fed-batch process and ER-stress adaptation. J Biotechnol 2020; 311:49-58. [PMID: 32070675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To increase the productivity of rCHO cells, many cell engineering approaches have been demonstrated that over-express or knockout a specific gene to achieve increased titers. In this work, we present an alternate approach, based on the concept of evolutionary adaptation, to achieve cells with higher titers. rCHO cells, producing a monoclonal antibody, are adapted to ER-stress, by continuous culturing under increasing concentration of tunicamycin. A sustained higher productivity of at-least 2-fold was achieved in all the clones, in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, a 1.5-2 fold increase in final titers was also achieved in the batch culture. Based on metabolic analysis of the adapted cells, a fed-batch process was designed where significantly higher titersare achieved as compared to control. Metabolic flux analysis is employed in addition with gene expression analysis of key genes to understand the basis of increased performance of the adapted cells. Overall, this work illustrates how process modifications and cellular adaptation can be used in synergy to drive up product titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Chandrawanshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohan Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Anuja Prabhu
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India; Academyof Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sarika Mehra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India; Wadhwani Research Center for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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19
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Bovine serum albumin affects N-glycoforms of murine IgG monoclonal antibody purified from hybridoma supernatants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1583-1594. [PMID: 31915902 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a class of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) commonly produced in mammalian cell lines. These cell lines are grown in finely adjusted culture media, which contain components that may impact glycoforms. As variation of N-glycoforms can impact the biological properties of IgGs, medium composition should be controlled. Here, we studied the effects on IgG N-glycoforms of different components in hybridoma culture media, specifically compared bovine serum albumin (BSA) with other small molecules, using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight multistage mass spectrometry (MALDI-QIT-TOF MSn)-based approach. We show that small molecular additives caused little change in glycan species, though a number of these reagents, especially glutamine, affected levels of glycosylation. In comparison, the addition of macromolecular protein BSA significantly changed IgG N-glycan patterns, not only in species but also in glycosylation levels. Together, our finding suggests that BSA increases the complexity of IgG N-glycoforms, thus raising the difficulty in maintaining glycoforms consistency during antibody production. Therefore, the effect of BSA on IgG N-glycans should be considered when designing optimal medium formulations for IgG production. KEY POINTS: • Small molecular medium additives only affect glycosylation levels of IgG N-glycans. • BSA significantly changes IgG N-glycoforms as a medium additive. • BSA's skewing of IgG N-glycoforms should be considered in IgG production.
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20
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Graham RJ, Bhatia H, Yoon S. Consequences of trace metal variability and supplementation on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture performance: A review of key mechanisms and considerations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3446-3456. [PMID: 31403183 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trace metals are supplied to chemically-defined media (CDM) for optimal Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture performance during the production of monoclonal antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. However, lot-to-lot and vendor-to-vendor variability in raw materials consequently leads to an imbalance of trace metals that are supplied to CDM. This imbalance can yield detrimental effects rooted in several primary mechanisms and pathways including oxidative stress, apoptosis, lactate accumulation, and unfavorable glycan synthesis. Recent research endeavors involve supplying zinc, copper, and manganese to CDM in excess to further maximize culture productivity and product quality. These treatments significantly impact critical quality attributes and furthermore highlight the degree to which trace metal availability can affect CHO cell culture performance. This review highlights the role of trace metal variability, supplementation, and interplay on key cellular mechanisms responsible for overall culture performance and the production and quality of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Graham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Hemlata Bhatia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
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21
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Nguyen Dang A, Mun M, Rose CM, Ahyow P, Meier A, Sandoval W, Yuk IH. Interaction of cell culture process parameters for modulating mAb afucosylation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:831-845. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa Mun
- Cell Culture, PTD, GenentechSouth San Francisco California
| | - Christopher M. Rose
- Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, gRED, GenentechSouth San Francisco California
| | - Patrick Ahyow
- Cell Culture, PTD, GenentechSouth San Francisco California
| | - Angela Meier
- Cell Culture, PTD, GenentechSouth San Francisco California
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, gRED, GenentechSouth San Francisco California
| | - Inn H. Yuk
- Cell Culture, PTD, GenentechSouth San Francisco California
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22
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Zhang L, Castan A, Stevenson J, Chatzissavidou N, Vilaplana F, Chotteau V. Combined effects of glycosylation precursors and lactate on the glycoprofile of IgG produced by CHO cells. J Biotechnol 2019; 289:71-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Prabhu A, Gadgil M. Nickel and cobalt affect galactosylation of recombinant IgG expressed in CHO cells. Biometals 2018; 32:11-19. [PMID: 30327978 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important product quality attribute of antibody biopharmaceuticals. It involves enzymatic addition of oligosaccharides on proteins by sequential action of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases in the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi. Some of these enzymes like galactosyltransferase and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-I require trace metal cofactors. Variations in trace metal availability during production can thus affect glycosylation of recombinant glycoproteins such as monoclonal antibodies. Variability in trace metal concentrations can be introduced at multiple stages during production such as due to impurities in raw materials for culture medium and leachables from bioreactors. Knowledge of the effect of various trace metals on glycosylation can help in root-cause analysis of unintended variability in glycosylation. In this study, we investigated the effect of nickel and cobalt on glycosylation of recombinant IgG expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Nickel concentrations below 500 µM did not affect glycosylation, but above 500 µM it significantly decreases galactosylation of IgG. Cobalt at 50 µM concentration causes slight increase in G1F glycans (mono galactosylated) as previously reported. However, higher concentrations result in a small increase in G0F (non galactosylated) glycans. This effect of nickel and cobalt on galactosylation of recombinant IgG can be reversed by supplementation of uridine and galactose which are precursors to UDP-Galactose, a substrate for the enzymatic galactosylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Prabhu
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Mugdha Gadgil
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.
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24
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Ritacco FV, Wu Y, Khetan A. Cell culture media for recombinant protein expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: History, key components, and optimization strategies. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1407-1426. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank V. Ritacco
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Yongqi Wu
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
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25
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Blondeel EJM, Aucoin MG. Supplementing glycosylation: A review of applying nucleotide-sugar precursors to growth medium to affect therapeutic recombinant protein glycoform distributions. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1505-1523. [PMID: 29913209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute (CQA) of many therapeutic proteins, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and is a major consideration in the approval of biosimilar biologics due to its effects to therapeutic efficacy. Glycosylation generates a distribution of glycoforms, resulting in glycoproteins with inherent molecule-to-molecule heterogeneity, capable of activating (or failing to activate) different effector functions of the immune system. Glycoforms can be affected by the supplementation of nucleotide-sugar precursors, and related components, to culture growth medium, affecting the metabolism of glycosylation. These supplementations has been demonstrated to increase nucleotide-sugar intracellular pools, and impact glycoform distributions, but with varied results. These variations can be attributed to five key factors: Differences between cell platforms (enzyme/transporter expression levels); differences between recombinant proteins produced (glycan-site accessibility); the fermentation and sampling timeline (glucose availability and exoglycosidase accumulation); glutamine levels (affecting ammonia levels, which impact Golgi pH, as well as UDP-GlcNAc pools); and finally, a lack of standardized metrics for observing shifts in glycoform distributions (glycosylation indices) across different experiments. The purpose of this review is to provide detail and clarity on the state of the art of supplementation strategies for nucleotide-sugar precursors for affecting glycosylation in cell culture processes, and to apply glycosylation indices for standardized comparisons across the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J M Blondeel
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marc G Aucoin
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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26
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Prabhu A, Gadre R, Gadgil M. Zinc supplementation decreases galactosylation of recombinant IgG in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5989-5999. [PMID: 29749563 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Trace element composition of culture medium can be altered to modulate glycoform of recombinant glycoproteins. In this study, we show that Zn2+ supplementation at or above 100 μM decreases galactosylation of recombinant IgG expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. This decrease in galactosylation is not due to reduced galactosyltransferase expression. This effect persists upon supplementation of galactose and uridine to the culture, indicating that it may not be due to reduced UDP-Gal availability. Measurements of galactosyltransferase activity in the cell lysate show that activity decreases with increasing Zn2+/Mn2+ ratio. This suggests that one possible explanation of the effect of Zn2+ may be reduced intracellular galactosyltransferase activity due to increase in Zn2+/Mn2+ ratio. Consistent with this, the decrease in galactosylation of IgG could be reversed by supplementation of Mn2+ (a cofactor of galactosyltransferase) which increases intracellular Mn2+ content. Measurement of total intracellular Zn2+ content, however, indicates no significant upregulation of total intracellular Zn2+ content and no significant downregulation of intracellular Mn2+ content with Zn2+ supplementation. One possible explanation could be that cellular detoxification response to higher extracellular Zn2+ concentration might lead to changes in intracellular distribution of Mn2+. In this case, Zn2+ supplementation would be expected to interfere with other known effects of Mn2+. Indeed, the previously reported increase in high mannose glycans upon Mn2+ supplementation in the absence of glucose is reversed by Zn2+ supplementation. This study also suggests the use of Mn2+ supplementation as a strategy to overcome the effect of lot-to-lot variability in trace element concentrations on galactosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Prabhu
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Ramchandra Gadre
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Mugdha Gadgil
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.
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27
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Hartley F, Walker T, Chung V, Morten K. Mechanisms driving the lactate switch in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1890-1903. [PMID: 29603726 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in a production environment has been extensively investigated. However, a key metabolic transition, the switch from lactate production to lactate consumption, remains enigmatic. Though commonly observed in CHO cultures, the mechanism(s) by which this metabolic shift is triggered is unknown. Despite this, efforts to control the switch have emerged due to the association of lactate consumption with improved cell growth and productivity. This review aims to consolidate current theories surrounding the lactate switch. The influence of pH, NAD+ /NADH, pyruvate availability and mitochondrial function on lactate consumption are explored. A hypothesis based on the cellular redox state is put forward to explain the onset of lactate consumption. Various techniques implemented to control the lactate switch, including manipulation of the culture environment, genetic engineering, and cell line selection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vicky Chung
- GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Karl Morten
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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28
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Radhakrishnan D, Robinson AS, Ogunnaike BA. Controlling the Glycosylation Profile in mAbs Using Time-Dependent Media Supplementation. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 7:E1. [PMID: 31544854 PMCID: PMC6698858 DOI: 10.3390/antib7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to meet desired drug product quality targets, the glycosylation profile of biotherapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) must be maintained consistently during manufacturing. Achieving consistent glycan distribution profiles requires identifying factors that influence glycosylation, and manipulating them appropriately via well-designed control strategies. Now, the cell culture media supplement, MnCl2, is known to alter the glycosylation profile in mAbs generally, but its effect, particularly when introduced at different stages during cell growth, has yet to be investigated and quantified. In this study, we evaluate the effect of time-dependent addition of MnCl2 on the glycan profile quantitatively, using factorial design experiments. Our results show that MnCl2 addition during the lag and exponential phases affects the glycan profile significantly more than stationary phase supplementation does. Also, using a novel computational technique, we identify various combinations of glycan species that are affected by this dynamic media supplementation scheme, and quantify the effects mathematically. Our experiments demonstrate the importance of taking into consideration the time of addition of these trace supplements, not just their concentrations, and our computational analysis provides insight into what supplements to add, when, and how much, in order to induce desired changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Radhakrishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Anne S Robinson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Babatunde A Ogunnaike
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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29
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Maralingannavar V, Parmar D, Pant T, Gadgil C, Panchagnula V, Gadgil M. CHO Cells adapted to inorganic phosphate limitation show higher growth and higher pyruvate carboxylase flux in phosphate replete conditions. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:749-758. [PMID: 28220676 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi ) is an essential ion involved in diverse cellular processes including metabolism. Changes in cellular metabolism upon long term adaptation to Pi limitation have been reported in E. coli. Given the essential role of Pi , adaptation to Pi limitation may also result in metabolic changes in animal cells. In this study, we have adapted CHO cells producing recombinant IgG to limiting Pi conditions for 75 days. Not surprisingly, adapted cells showed better survival under Pi limitation. Here, we report the finding that such cells also showed better growth characteristics compared to control in batch culture replete with Pi (higher peak density and integral viable cell density), accompanied by a lower specific oxygen uptake rate and cytochrome oxidase activity towards the end of exponential phase. Surprisingly, the adapted cells grew to a lower peak density under glucose limitation. This suggests long term Pi limitation may lead to selection for an altered metabolism with higher dependence on glucose availability for biomass assimilation compared to control. Steady state U-13 C glucose labeling experiments suggest that adapted cells have a higher pyruvate carboxylase flux. Consistent with this observation, supplementation with aspartate abolished the peak density difference whereas supplementation with serine did not abolish the difference. This supports the hypothesis that cell growth in the adapted culture might be higher due to a higher pyruvate carboxylase flux. Decreased fitness under carbon limitation and mutations in the sucABCD operon has been previously reported in E. coli upon long term adaptation to Pi limitation, suggestive of a similarity in cellular response among such diverse species. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:749-758, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanathgouda Maralingannavar
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Campus, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Pune
| | - Dharmeshkumar Parmar
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Campus, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Pune
| | - Tejal Pant
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Chetan Gadgil
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Campus, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Pune
| | - Venkateswarlu Panchagnula
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Campus, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Pune
| | - Mugdha Gadgil
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Campus, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Pune
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30
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Spahn PN, Hansen AH, Kol S, Voldborg BG, Lewis NE. Predictive glycoengineering of biosimilars using a Markov chain glycosylation model. Biotechnol J 2016; 12. [PMID: 27860290 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biosimilar drugs must closely resemble the pharmacological attributes of innovator products to ensure safety and efficacy to obtain regulatory approval. Glycosylation is one critical quality attribute that must be matched, but it is inherently difficult to control due to the complexity of its biogenesis. This usually implies that costly and time-consuming experimentation is required for clone identification and optimization of biosimilar glycosylation. Here, a computational method that utilizes a Markov model of glycosylation to predict optimal glycoengineering strategies to obtain a specific glycosylation profile with desired properties is described. The approach uses a genetic algorithm to find the required quantities to perturb glycosylation reaction rates that lead to the best possible match with a given glycosylation profile. Furthermore, the approach can be used to identify cell lines and clones that will require minimal intervention while achieving a glycoprofile that is most similar to the desired profile. Thus, this approach can facilitate biosimilar design by providing computational glycoengineering guidelines that can be generated with a minimal time and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp N Spahn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anders H Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stefan Kol
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bjørn G Voldborg
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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31
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Batra J, Rathore AS. Glycosylation of monoclonal antibody products: Current status and future prospects. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1091-1102. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Batra
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Hauz Khas New Delhi India
| | - Anurag S. Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Hauz Khas New Delhi India
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32
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Spahn PN, Hansen AH, Hansen HG, Arnsdorf J, Kildegaard HF, Lewis NE. A Markov chain model for N-linked protein glycosylation--towards a low-parameter tool for model-driven glycoengineering. Metab Eng 2016; 33:52-66. [PMID: 26537759 PMCID: PMC5031499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of most recombinant biotherapeutics. Consequently, drug development requires careful control of glycoforms to meet bioactivity and biosafety requirements. However, glycoengineering can be extraordinarily difficult given the complex reaction networks underlying glycosylation and the vast number of different glycans that can be synthesized in a host cell. Computational modeling offers an intriguing option to rationally guide glycoengineering, but the high parametric demands of current modeling approaches pose challenges to their application. Here we present a novel low-parameter approach to describe glycosylation using flux-balance and Markov chain modeling. The model recapitulates the biological complexity of glycosylation, but does not require user-provided kinetic information. We use this method to predict and experimentally validate glycoprofiles on EPO, IgG as well as the endogenous secretome following glycosyltransferase knock-out in different Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. Our approach offers a flexible and user-friendly platform that can serve as a basis for powerful computational engineering efforts in mammalian cell factories for biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp N Spahn
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Anders H Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Henning G Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Johnny Arnsdorf
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Helene F Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
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33
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Cong Y, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Hu L, Gu J. Quantitative MS analysis of therapeutic mAbs and their glycosylation for pharmacokinetics study. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 10:303-14. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cong
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry; National Chromatographic R&A Center; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry; National Chromatographic R&A Center; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Shen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry; National Chromatographic R&A Center; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
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34
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Hazeltine LB, Knueven KM, Zhang Y, Lian Z, Olson DJ, Ouyang A. Chemically defined media modifications to lower tryptophan oxidation of biopharmaceuticals. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:178-88. [PMID: 26560440 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of biopharmaceuticals is a major product quality issue with potential impacts on activity and immunogenicity. At Eli Lilly and Company, high tryptophan oxidation was observed for two biopharmaceuticals in development produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. A switch from historical hydrolysate-containing media to chemically defined media with a reformulated basal powder was thought to be responsible, so mitigation efforts focused on media modification. Shake flask studies identified that increasing tryptophan, copper, and manganese and decreasing cysteine concentrations were individual approaches to lower tryptophan oxidation. When amino acid and metal changes were combined, the modified formulation had a synergistic impact that led to substantially less tryptophan oxidation for both biopharmaceuticals. Similar results were achieved in shake flasks and benchtop bioreactors, demonstrating the potential to implement these modifications at manufacturing scale. The modified formulation did not negatively impact cell growth and viability, product titer, purity, charge variants, or glycan profile. A potential mechanism of action is presented for each amino acid or metal factor based on its role in oxidation chemistry. This work served not only to mitigate the tryptophan oxidation issue in two Lilly biopharmaceuticals in development, but also to increase our knowledge and appreciation for the impact of media components on product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Hazeltine
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Kristine M Knueven
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Yan Zhang
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Zhirui Lian
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Donald J Olson
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Anli Ouyang
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
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35
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Yang WC, Minkler DF, Kshirsagar R, Ryll T, Huang YM. Concentrated fed-batch cell culture increases manufacturing capacity without additional volumetric capacity. J Biotechnol 2015; 217:1-11. [PMID: 26521697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomanufacturing factories of the future are transitioning from large, single-product facilities toward smaller, multi-product, flexible facilities. Flexible capacity allows companies to adapt to ever-changing pipeline and market demands. Concentrated fed-batch (CFB) cell culture enables flexible manufacturing capacity with limited volumetric capacity; it intensifies cell culture titers such that the output of a smaller facility can rival that of a larger facility. We tested this hypothesis at bench scale by developing a feeding strategy for CFB and applying it to two cell lines. CFB improved cell line A output by 105% and cell line B output by 70% compared to traditional fed-batch (TFB) processes. CFB did not greatly change cell line A product quality, but it improved cell line B charge heterogeneity, suggesting that CFB has both process and product quality benefits. We projected CFB output gains in the context of a 2000-L small-scale facility, but the output was lower than that of a 15,000-L large-scale TFB facility. CFB's high cell mass also complicated operations, eroded volumetric productivity, and showed our current processes require significant improvements in specific productivity in order to realize their full potential and savings in manufacturing. Thus, improving specific productivity can resolve CFB's cost, scale-up, and operability challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Yang
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Daniel F Minkler
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Rashmi Kshirsagar
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Yao-Ming Huang
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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36
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Zupke C, Brady LJ, Slade PG, Clark P, Caspary RG, Livingston B, Taylor L, Bigham K, Morris AE, Bailey RW. Real-time product attribute control to manufacture antibodies with defined N-linked glycan levels. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1433-41. [PMID: 26179435 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Zupke
- Product and Process Development; Amgen Inc.; 1201 Amgen Court West Seattle WA 98119
| | - Lowell J. Brady
- Product and Process Development; Amgen Inc.; 1201 Amgen Court West Seattle WA 98119
| | - Peter G. Slade
- Product and Process Development; Amgen Inc.; 1201 Amgen Court West Seattle WA 98119
| | - Philip Clark
- Product and Process Development; Amgen Inc.; 1201 Amgen Court West Seattle WA 98119
| | - R. Guy Caspary
- Product and Process Development; Amgen Inc.; 1201 Amgen Court West Seattle WA 98119
| | - Brittney Livingston
- Product and Process Development; Amgen Inc.; 1201 Amgen Court West Seattle WA 98119
| | - Lisa Taylor
- Product and Process Development; Amgen Inc.; 1201 Amgen Court West Seattle WA 98119
| | - Kyle Bigham
- Product and Process Development; Amgen Inc.; 1201 Amgen Court West Seattle WA 98119
| | - Arvia E. Morris
- Product and Process Development; Amgen Inc.; 1201 Amgen Court West Seattle WA 98119
| | - Robert W. Bailey
- Product and Process Development; Amgen Inc.; 1201 Amgen Court West Seattle WA 98119
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