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Enayati M, Karimi Abdolmaleki M, Abbaspourrad A. Synthesis of Cross-Linked Spherical Polycationic Adsorbents for Enhanced Heparin Recovery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2822-2831. [PMID: 33463302 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heparin, as an anticoagulant drug, is almost entirely produced via isolation from mucosal tissues of different animals; therefore, it is it is crucial to maximize its recovery. Adsorption of heparin from this complex biological mixture needs a specialized and highly effective adsorbent that almost separates only heparin from the mixture. In this work, a series of spherical cross-linked polymer bead adsorbents were synthesized via inverse suspension polymerization of water soluble monomers in corn oil, a benign solvent, and their performance for heparin adsorption from a biological sample of porcine mucosa was evaluated. To tune the performance and swelling of the resins, we varied the molar ratio of the monomer(s) to the cross-linker as well as the molar ratio of the monomers. The results of heparin recovery from biological porcine mucosa show that our optimized resin can outperform the commercially available resin in terms of adsorption efficiency of up to 18%. The adsorbed heparin was eluted, isolated, and its anticoagulant potency measured using the standard sheep plasma clotting assay. The isolated heparin samples were also analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy to check the possible impurities, and the results show the presence of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, as is the case for the heparin eluted from the commercial resin. Furthermore, the effects of some experimental variables including the adsorbent dosage, pH, time, and recycling on heparin adsorption were studied, and the results show that these resins can be used for efficient recovery of heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Enayati
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York, United States
| | - Mahmood Karimi Abdolmaleki
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York, United States
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York, United States
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Eskandarloo H, Enayati M, Abdolmaleki MK, Arshadi M, Abbaspourrad A. Selective Electrochemical Capture and Release of Heparin Based on Amine-Functionalized Carbon/Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:2685-2697. [PMID: 35030723 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparin (HEP) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan that is a clinical anticoagulant agent. Commercially derived from porcine intestinal mucosa, HEP is challenging to separate from this complex biological mixture for additional purification. This study aimed to raise the purity of isolated HEP using electrochemical potential to increase its selective capture and release. We demonstrate an electrochemical platform featuring an anode composed of amine-functionalized carbon/titanium dioxide nanotube arrays on titanium foil (Ti/C-TNTAs-NH2) and a cathode made of expanded graphite. Our results show that Ti and Ti/C-TNTAs control plates do not adsorb HEP, even while applying an external potential to the cell. However, when the Ti/C-TNTAs electrode is modified by 3 aminopropyltriethoxysilane, the terminal NH2 groups provide a high density of positive charges that serve as binding sites, enabling the adsorption of HEP. This attraction is further strengthened by applying an external potential to the anode. Subsequent release of the HEP molecules and regeneration of the Ti/C-TNTAs-NH2 electrode are easily accomplished by applying an anodic potential to the plate, as well as by increasing the concentration of NaCl in solution. This electrochemical system demonstrates the good selectivity of HEP, even within a mixture of other probable interfering species (e.g., bovine serum albumin and chondroitin sulfate). Additionally, it maintains 90.11% of its initial electrosorption efficiency after ten repeated HEP adsorption/desorption cycles, indicating this system's promising stability and reusability for HEP purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Eskandarloo
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, 243 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mojtaba Enayati
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, 243 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mahmood Karimi Abdolmaleki
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, 243 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mohammad Arshadi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, 243 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, 243 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Lin C, Romero R, Sorokina LV, Ballinger KR, Place LW, Kipper MJ, Khetani SR. A polyelectrolyte multilayer platform for investigating growth factor delivery modes in human liver cultures. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 106:971-984. [PMID: 29139224 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) of chitosan and heparin are useful for mimicking growth factor (GF) binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) as in vivo. Here, we developed a PEM platform for delivering bound/adsorbed GFs to monocultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) and PHH/non-parenchymal cell (NPC) co-cultures, which are useful for drug development and regenerative medicine. The effects of ECM protein coating (collagen I, fibronectin, and Matrigel®) and terminal PEM layer on PHH attachment/functions were determined. Then, heparin-terminated/fibronectin-coated PEMs were used to deliver varying concentrations of an adsorbed model GF, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), to PHH monocultures while using soluble TGFβ delivery via culture medium as the conventional control. Soluble TGFβ delivery caused a severe, monotonic, and sustained downregulation of all PHH functions measured (albumin and urea secretions, cytochrome-P450 2A6 and 3A4 enzyme activities), whereas adsorbed TGFβ delivery caused transient upregulation of 3 out of 4 functions. Finally, functionally stable co-cultures of PHHs and 3T3-J2 murine embryonic fibroblasts were created on the heparin-terminated/fibronectin-coated PEMs modified with adsorbed TGFβ to elucidate similarities and differences in functional response relative to the monocultures. In conclusion, chitosan-heparin PEMs constitute a robust platform for investigating the effects of GF delivery modes on PHH monocultures and PHH/NPC co-cultures. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 971-984, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Raimundo Romero
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lioudmila V Sorokina
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kimberly R Ballinger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Laura W Place
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Matt J Kipper
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Salman R Khetani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Fu L, Suflita M, Linhardt RJ. Bioengineered heparins and heparan sulfates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:237-49. [PMID: 26555370 PMCID: PMC4753095 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfates are closely related linear anionic polysaccharides, called glycosaminoglycans, which exhibit a number of important biological and pharmacological activities. These polysaccharides, having complex structures and polydispersity, are biosynthesized in the Golgi of animal cells. While heparan sulfate is a widely distributed membrane and extracellular glycosaminoglycan, heparin is found primarily intracellularly in the granules of mast cells. While heparin has historically received most of the scientific attention for its anticoagulant activity, interest has steadily grown in the multi-faceted role heparan sulfate plays in normal and pathophysiology. The chemical synthesis of these glycosaminoglycans is largely precluded by their structural complexity. Today, we depend on livestock animal tissues for the isolation and the annual commercial production of hundred ton quantities of heparin used in the manufacture of anticoagulant drugs and medical device coatings. The variability of animal-sourced heparin and heparan sulfates, their inherent impurities, the limited availability of source tissues, the poor control of these source materials and their manufacturing processes, suggest a need for new approaches for their production. Over the past decade there have been major efforts in the biotechnological production of these glycosaminoglycans, driven by both therapeutic applications and as probes to study their natural functions. This review focuses on the complex biology of these glycosaminoglycans in human health and disease, and the use of recombinant technology in the chemoenzymatic synthesis and metabolic engineering of heparin and heparan sulfates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fu
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 121806, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 121806, USA
| | - Matthew Suflita
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 121806, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 121806, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 121806, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 121806, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 121806, USA
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