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Singh R, Fatima E, Thakur L, Singh S, Ratan C, Kumar N. Advancements in CHO metabolomics: techniques, current state and evolving methodologies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1347138. [PMID: 38600943 PMCID: PMC11004234 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1347138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Investigating the metabolic behaviour of different cellular phenotypes, i.e., good/bad grower and/or producer, in production culture is important to identify the key metabolite(s)/pathway(s) that regulate cell growth and/or recombinant protein production to improve the overall yield. Currently, LC-MS, GC-MS and NMR are the most used and advanced technologies for investigating the metabolome. Although contributed significantly in the domain, each technique has its own biasness towards specific metabolites or class of metabolites due to various reasons including variability in the concept of working, sample preparation, metabolite-extraction methods, metabolite identification tools, and databases. As a result, the application of appropriate analytical technique(s) is very critical. Purpose and scope: This review provides a state-of-the-art technological insights and overview of metabolic mechanisms involved in regulation of cell growth and/or recombinant protein production for improving yield from CHO cultures. Summary and conclusion: In this review, the advancements in CHO metabolomics over the last 10 years are traced based on a bibliometric analysis of previous publications and discussed. With the technical advancement in the domain of LC-MS, GC-MS and NMR, metabolites of glycolytic and nucleotide biosynthesis pathway (glucose, fructose, pyruvate and phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine, valine, asparagine, and serine, etc.) were observed to be upregulated in exponential-phase thereby potentially associated with cell growth regulation, whereas metabolites/intermediates of TCA, oxidative phosphorylation (aspartate, glutamate, succinate, malate, fumarate and citrate), intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio, and glutathione metabolic pathways were observed to be upregulated in stationary-phase and hence potentially associated with increased cell-specific productivity in CHO bioprocess. Moreover, each of technique has its own bias towards metabolite identification, indicating their complementarity, along with a number of critical gaps in the CHO metabolomics pipeline and hence first time discussed here to identify their potential remedies. This knowledge may help in future study designs to improve the metabolomic coverage facilitating identification of the metabolites/pathways which might get missed otherwise and explore the full potential of metabolomics for improving the CHO bioprocess performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Eram Fatima
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Lovnish Thakur
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sevaram Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandra Ratan
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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2
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Colombo S, Alonso A, Real R, Goswami R, Suarez MC, Ogueta S, Almeida M, Adhikary L, Malmierca MG, de Melo IS. Improvement of monoclonal antibody stability by modulating trace metal iron concentration in cell culture media: A case study. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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3
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Hybrid model to predict the effect of complex media changes in mammalian cell cultures. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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A Metabolomics Approach to Increasing Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cell Productivity. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120823. [PMID: 34940581 PMCID: PMC8704136 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made in improving the viable cell density of bioreactor cultures in monoclonal antibody production from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells; however, specific productivity (qP) has not been increased to the same degree. In this work, we analyzed a library of 24 antibody-expressing CHO cell clones to identify metabolites that positively associate with qP and could be used for clone selection or medium supplementation. An initial library of 12 clones, each producing one of two antibodies, was analyzed using untargeted LC-MS experiments. Metabolic model-based annotation followed by correlation analysis detected 73 metabolites that significantly correlated with growth, qP, or both. Of these, metabolites in the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathway, and the TCA cycle showed the strongest association with qP. To evaluate whether these metabolites could be used as indicators to identify clones with potential for high productivity, we performed targeted LC-MS experiments on a second library of 12 clones expressing a third antibody. These experiments found that aspartate and cystine were positively correlated with qP, confirming the results from untargeted analysis. To investigate whether qP correlated metabolites reflected endogenous metabolic activity beneficial for productivity, several of these metabolites were tested as medium additives during cell culture. Medium supplementation with citrate improved qP by up to 490% and more than doubled the titer. Together, these studies demonstrate the potential for using metabolomics to discover novel metabolite additives that yield higher volumetric productivity in biologics production processes.
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5
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Exploring the limits of conventional small-scale CHO fed-batch for accelerated on demand monoclonal antibody production. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 45:297-307. [PMID: 34750672 PMCID: PMC8807460 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the field of therapeutic antibody production, diversification of fed-batch strategies is flourishing in response to the market demand. All manufacturing approaches tend to follow the generally accepted dogma of increasing titer since it directly increases manufacturing output. While titer is influenced by the biomass (expressed as IVCD), the culture time and the cell-specific productivity (qP), we changed independently each of these parameters to tune our process strategy towards adapted solutions to individual manufacturing needs. To do so, we worked separately on the increase of the IVCD as high seeding fed-batch capacity. Yet, as intensified fed-batch may not always be possible due to limited facility operational mode, we also separately increased the qP with the addition of specific media additives. Both strategies improved titer by 100% in 14 days relative to the standard fed-batch process with moderate and acceptable changes in product quality attributes. Since intensified fed-batch could rival the cell-specific productivity of a conventional fed-batch, we developed novel hybrid strategies to either allow for acceptable seeding densities without compromising productivity, or alternatively, to push the productivity the furthest in order to reduce timelines.
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6
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7
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Sinharoy P, McFarland KS, Majewska NI, Betenbaugh MJ, Handlogten MW. Redox as a bioprocess parameter: analytical redox quantification in biological therapeutic production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:49-54. [PMID: 34243034 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Engineered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most widely utilized cell line for protein-based therapeutics production at industrial scales. Process development strategies which improve production capacity and quality are often implemented without an understanding of underlying intracellular changes. Intracellular redox conditions drive reactions in pathways critical to biologics production, including bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways, necessitating methods to quantify redox-related changes. Advances in methods for analytical redox quantification presented here, including bioreactor probes, redox-targeted proteomics, genetically encoded redox-sensitive fluorescent proteins, and biochemical assays, are creating new opportunities to characterize the effects of redox in biologics production. Implementing these methods will lead to enhanced media formulations, improved bioprocess strategies, and new cell line engineering targets and ultimately develop redox into an optimizable bioprocess parameter to improve the yield and quality of these lifesaving medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Sinharoy
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Kevin S McFarland
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Natalia I Majewska
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Michael W Handlogten
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA.
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8
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Graham RJ, Mohammad A, Liang G, Fu Q, Kuang B, Polanco A, Lee YS, Marcus RK, Yoon S. Effect of iron addition on mAb productivity and oxidative stress in Chinese hamster ovary culture. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3181. [PMID: 34106525 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals play a critical role in the development of culture media used for the production of therapeutic proteins. Iron has been shown to enhance the productivity of monoclonal antibodies during Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture. However, the redox activity and pro-oxidant behavior of iron may also contribute toward the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this work, we aim to clarify the influence of trace iron by examining the relationship between iron supplementation to culture media, mAb productivity and glycosylation, and oxidative stress interplay within the cell. Specifically, we assessed the impacts of iron supplementation on (a) mAb production and glycosylation; (b) mitochondria-generated free hydroxyl radicals (ROS); (c) the cells ability to store energy during oxidative phosphorylation; and (d) mitochondrial iron concentration. Upon the increase of iron at inoculation, CHO cells maintained a capacity to rebound from iron-induced viability lapses during exponential growth phase and improved mAb productivity and increased mAb galactosylation. Fluorescent labeling of the mitochondrial hydroxyl radical showed enhanced environments of oxidative stress upon iron supplementation. Additional labeling of active mitochondria indicated that, despite the enhanced production of ROS in the mitochondria, mitochondrial membrane potential was minimally impacted. By replicating iron treatments during seed train passaging, the CHO cells were observed to adapt to the shock of iron supplementation prior to inoculation. Results from these experiments demonstrate that CHO cells have the capacity to adapt to enhanced environments of oxidative stress and improve mAb productivity and mAb galactosylation with minimal perturbations to cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Graham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - George Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bingyu Kuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashli Polanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yong Suk Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Weiss CH, Merkel C, Zimmer A. Impact of iron raw materials and their impurities on CHO metabolism and recombinant protein product quality. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3148. [PMID: 33742789 PMCID: PMC8459231 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture medium (CCM) composition affects cell growth and critical quality attributes (CQAs) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and recombinant proteins. One essential compound needed within the medium is iron because of its central role in many cellular processes. However, iron is also participating in Fenton chemistry leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing cellular damage. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the impact of iron in CCM on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line performance, and CQAs of different recombinant proteins. Addition of either ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) or ferric citrate (FC) into CCM revealed major differences within cell line performance and glycosylation pattern, whereby ammonium was not involved in the observed differences. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) analysis identified varying levels of impurities present within these iron sources, and manganese impurity rather than iron was proven to be the root cause for increased cell growth, titer, and prolonged viability, as well as altered glycosylation levels. Contrary effects on cell performance and protein glycosylation were observed for manganese and iron. The use of low impurity iron raw material is therefore crucial to control the effect of iron and manganese independently and to support and guarantee consistent and reproducible cell culture processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Weiss
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Aline Zimmer
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Darmstadt, Germany
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10
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Zinc supplementation modulates intracellular metal uptake and oxidative stress defense mechanisms in CHO cell cultures. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Hall KA, Paing HW, Marcus RK. Quantitative trace metal determinations in cell culture media using LS-APGD-MS and ICP-OES with free/bound species differentiation following polymer fiber separations. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1945-1954. [PMID: 33913969 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge-mass spectrometry (LS-APGD-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were employed for the quantification of trace metals in cell culture media and their capabilities compared. The LS-APGD is interfaced here to a compact mass spectrometer (Advion CMS) towards the development of an at-bioreactor process monitoring strategy. Both techniques have been previously employed for the quantification of trace metals in samples of various complexities, making them a natural choice for this application. They have also demonstrated comparable analytical figures of merit including limits of detection (LOD), matrix tolerance, etc. While cell culture media is a complex sample, the ICP-OES technique was unaffected by the matrix. However, the LS-APGD-MS suffered from increases in spectral background. Despite this, both techniques achieved appropriate LODs for all metals analyzed in this work (Cu, Fe, Zn, Co, Mn, Ni; LOD < 100 ng mL-1), except for Mn and Ni via LS-APGD-MS. To overcome the increased background seen on the LS-APGD-MS, a capillary channeled polymer (C-CP) polypropylene (PPY) fiber stationary phase was employed as an on-line separation for the removal of organic components prior to sample introduction into the plasma. It was further determined that Ni was retained on the column, preventing the detection of this element via LS-APGD-MS, and insights into metal speciation were discussed. Following implementation of this on-line separation strategy, the agreement between the techniques was acceptable for all analytes, and was excellent for Cu, Fe, and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja A Hall
- Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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12
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Djemal L, von Hagen J, Kolmar H, Deparis V. Characterization of soy protein hydrolysates and influence of its iron content on monoclonal antibody production by a murine hybridoma cell line. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3147. [PMID: 33742790 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A challenging aspect with the use of protein hydrolysates in commercial manufacturing processes of recombinant therapeutic proteins is their impacts on the protein production due to a lack of understanding of batch-to-batch variability. Soy hydrolysates variability and its impact on fed-batch production of a recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) expressed in Sp2/0 cells were studied using 37 batches from the same vendor. The batch-to-batch variability of soy hydrolysates impacted cell growth, titer and product quality. Physicochemical characterization of batches confirmed that soy hydrolysates are mainly a source of amino acids and peptides containing lower amounts of other components such as carbohydrates and chemical elements in cell culture media. Soy hydrolysates composition of different batches was consistent except for trace elements. Statistical analyses identified iron as a potential marker of a poor process performance. To verify this correlation, two forms of iron, ferric ammonium citrate and ferrous sulfate, were added to a batch of soy hydrolysates associated to a low level of iron during cell culture. Both forms of iron reduced significantly cell growth, mAb titer and increased level of the acidic charge variants of the mAb. Consequently, trace element composition of soy hydrolysates or of all incoming raw materials might lead to significant impacts on process performance and product quality and therefore need to be tightly controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leïla Djemal
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Heathcare, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland.,Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Harald Kolmar
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Véronique Deparis
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Heathcare, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
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13
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Wang D, Greenwood P, Klein MS. A protein-free chemically defined medium for the cultivation of various micro-organisms with food safety significance. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:844-854. [PMID: 33449387 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a broadly applicable medium free of proteins with well-defined and reproducible chemical composition for the cultivation of various micro-organisms with food safety significance. METHODS AND RESULTS The defined medium was designed as a buffered minimal salt medium supplemented with amino acids, vitamins, trace metals and other nutrients. Various strains commonly used for food safety research were selected to test the new defined medium. We investigated single growth factors needed by different strains and the growth performance of each strain cultivated in the defined medium. Results showed that the tested strains initially grew slower in the defined medium compared to tryptic soy broth, but after an overnight incubation cultures from the defined medium reached adequately high cell densities. CONCLUSIONS The newly designed defined medium can be widely applied in food safety studies that require media with well-defined chemical constituents. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Defined media are important in studies of microbial metabolites and physiological properties. A defined medium capable of cultivating different strains simultaneously is needed in the food safety area. The new defined medium has broader applications in comparing different strains directly and provides more reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - P Greenwood
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M S Klein
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Capella Roca B, Lao NT, Clynes M, Doolan P. Investigation and circumvention of transfection inhibition by ferric ammonium citrate in serum-free media for Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2954. [PMID: 31850663 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While reliable transfection methods are essential for Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line engineering, reduced transfection efficiencies have been observed in several commercially prepared media. In this study, we aimed to assess common media additives that impede efficiency mediated by three chemical transfection agents: liposomal-based (Lipofectamine 2000), polymer-based (TransIT-X2), and lipopolyplex-based (TransIT-PRO). An in-house GFP-expressing vector and serum-free medium (BCR-F12: developed for the purposes of this study) were used to analyze transient transfection efficiencies of three CHO cell lines (CHO-K1, DG44, DP12). Compared to a selection of commercially available media, BCR-F12 displayed challenges associated with transfection in vendor-prepared formulations, with no detection when liposomal-based methods were used, reduced (<3%) efficiency observed when polymer-based methods were used and only limited efficiency (25%) with lipopolyplexes. Following a stepwise removal protocol, ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) was identified as the critical factor impeding transfection, with transfection enabled with the liposomal- and polymer-based methods and a 1.3- to 7-fold increased lipopolyplex efficiency observed in all cell lines in FAC-depleted media (-FAC), although lower viabilities were observed. Subsequent early addition of FAC (0.5-5 hr post-transfection) revealed 0.5 hr post-transfection as the optimal time to supplement in order to achieve transfection efficiencies similar to -FAC medium while retaining optimal cellular viabilities. In conclusion, FAC was observed to interfere with DNA transfection acting at early stages in all transfection agents and all cell lines studied, and a practical strategy to circumvent this problem is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Capella Roca
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.,SSPC-SFI Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nga T Lao
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.,SSPC-SFI Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Padraig Doolan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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15
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Chevallier V, Andersen MR, Malphettes L. Oxidative stress-alleviating strategies to improve recombinant protein production in CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:1172-1186. [PMID: 31814104 PMCID: PMC7078918 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Large scale biopharmaceutical production of biologics relies on the overexpression of foreign proteins by cells cultivated in stirred tank bioreactors. It is well recognized and documented fact that protein overexpression may impact host cell metabolism and that factors associated with large scale culture, such as the hydrodynamic forces and inhomogeneities within the bioreactors, may promote cellular stress. The metabolic adaptations required to support the high‐level expression of recombinant proteins include increased energy production and improved secretory capacity, which, in turn, can lead to a rise of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated through the respiration metabolism and the interaction with media components. Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the production of free radicals and the antioxidant response within the cells. Accumulation of intracellular ROS can interfere with the cellular activities and exert cytotoxic effects via the alternation of cellular components. In this context, strategies aiming to alleviate oxidative stress generated during the culture have been developed to improve cell growth, productivity, and reduce product microheterogeneity. In this review, we present a summary of the different approaches used to decrease the oxidative stress in Chinese hamster ovary cells and highlight media development and cell engineering as the main pathways through which ROS levels may be kept under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Chevallier
- Upstream Process Sciences, Biotech Sciences, UCB Nordic A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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16
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Mechanisms of color formation in drug substance and mitigation strategies for the manufacture and storage of therapeutic proteins produced using mammalian cell culture. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Capella Roca B, Alarcón Miguez A, Keenan J, Suda S, Barron N, O’Gorman D, Doolan P, Clynes M. Zinc supplementation increases protein titer of recombinant CHO cells. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:915-924. [PMID: 31396753 PMCID: PMC6787129 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the impact of zinc and copper on the titer levels of mAb and recombinant protein in CHO cells, the IgG-expressing (DP12) and EPO-expressing (SK15) cell lines were cultured in chemically defined media with increasing concentrations of either metal. Supplementation with 25 mg/l in CDM media resulted in a significant increase in EPO (1.7-fold) and IgG (2.6-fold) titers compared to control (no added zinc). Titers at this Zn concentration in CDM containing the insulin replacing agent aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) (CDM + A) showed a 1.8-fold (EPO) and 1.2-fold (IgG) titers increase compared to control. ATA appeared to also reduce the specific productivity (Qp) enhancement induced by Zn-25, with up to 4.9-fold (DP12) and 1.9-fold (SK15) Qp increase in CDM compared to the 1.6-fold (DP12) and 1.5-fold (SK15) Qp increase observed in CDM + A. A 31% reduced Viable Cell Density (VCD) in DP12 was observed in both Zn-supplemented media (3 × 106 cells/ml vs 4.2 × 106 cells/ml, day 5), whereas SK15 Zn-25 cultures displayed a 24% lower peak only in CDM + A (2.2 × 106 cells/ml vs 3.2 × 106 cells/ml, day 5). Supplementation with copper at 13.7-20 mg/l resulted in less significant cell line/product-type dependent effects on titer, VCD and Viability. Analysis of the energetic phenotype of both cell lines in 25 mg/l Zn-supplemented CDM media revealed a twofold increase in the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) compared to non-supplemented cells. Together, these data suggest that high zinc supplementation may induce an increase in oxidative respiration metabolism that results in increased Qp and titers in suspension CHO cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Capella Roca
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- SSPC-SFI, Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Antonio Alarcón Miguez
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Joanne Keenan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- SSPC-SFI, Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Srinivas Suda
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall Barron
- SSPC-SFI, Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donal O’Gorman
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Padraig Doolan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- SSPC-SFI, Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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18
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Narayanappa AT, Mwilu S, Holdread S, Hammett K, Bu G, Dodson EC, Brooks JW. A rapid cell-based assay for determining poloxamer quality in CHO suspension cell culture. Biotechniques 2019; 67:98-109. [PMID: 31347927 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2019-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poloxamers are water-soluble polymers that are widely used in cell culture bioprocessing to protect cells against shearing forces. Use of poor-quality poloxamers may lead to a drastic reduction in cell growth, viabilities and productivities in cell culture-based manufacturing. In order to evaluate poloxamer quality and promote more consistent performance, a rapid cell membrane adhesion to hydrocarbon assay was developed based on the adhesive properties of cell membranes to selective hydrocarbons. The assay can identify a poor-performing poloxamer characterized by significant drop in viable cell density and percent viability. The assay was verified across multiple good and bad poloxamer lots, and the results were in agreement with established cell growth and high-performance liquid chromatography assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam Mwilu
- Advanced Bioprocessing, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 250 Schilling Circle, Hunt Valley, MD 21030, USA
| | - Stacy Holdread
- Advanced Bioprocessing, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 250 Schilling Circle, Hunt Valley, MD 21030, USA
| | - Kimesha Hammett
- Advanced Bioprocessing, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 250 Schilling Circle, Hunt Valley, MD 21030, USA
| | - George Bu
- Advanced Bioprocessing, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 250 Schilling Circle, Hunt Valley, MD 21030, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Dodson
- Advanced Bioprocessing, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 250 Schilling Circle, Hunt Valley, MD 21030, USA
| | - James W Brooks
- Advanced Bioprocessing, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 250 Schilling Circle, Hunt Valley, MD 21030, USA
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19
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Chung S, Tian J, Tan Z, Chen J, Zhang N, Huang Y, Vandermark E, Lee J, Borys M, Li ZJ. Modulating cell culture oxidative stress reduces protein glycation and acidic charge variant formation. MAbs 2019; 11:205-216. [PMID: 30602334 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1537533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling acidic charge variants is critical for an industrial bioprocess due to the potential impact on therapeutic efficacy and safety. Achieving a consistent charge variant profile at manufacturing scale remains challenging and may require substantial resources to investigate effective control strategies. This is partially due to incomplete understanding of the underlying causes for charge variant formation during the cell culture process. To address this gap, we examined the effects of four process input factors (temperature, iron concentration, feed media age, and antioxidant (rosmarinic acid) concentration) on charge variant profile. These factors were found to affect the charge profile by modulating the cell culture oxidative state. Process conditions with higher acidic peaks corresponded to elevated supernatant peroxide concentration, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, or both. Changes in glycation level were the primary cause of the charge heterogeneity, and for the first time, supernatant peroxide was found to positively correlate with glycation levels. Based on these findings, a novel mathematical model was developed to demonstrate that the rate of acidic species formation was exponentially proportional to the concentrations of supernatant peroxide and protein product. This work provides critical insights into charge variant formation during the cell culture process and highlights the importance of modulating of cell culture oxidative stress for charge variant control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Chung
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , MA
| | - Jun Tian
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Zhijun Tan
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Jie Chen
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Na Zhang
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Yunping Huang
- c Mass Spectrometry COE 1, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Pennington , RJ
| | - Erik Vandermark
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Jongchan Lee
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Michael Borys
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
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20
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Abstract
It is surprising that so little attention is currently given to in vitro culture of preimplantation rabbit embryos, even though the rabbit is the only laboratory animal in which there is very considerable embryo growth before implantation, resulting in a 300-fold increase in protein content of embryonic cells during the preimplantation period and the formation of more than a 100,000 cells in the blastocyst. This growth pattern explains why blastocyst formation in vitro has an absolute requirement for amino acids, and vitamins, particularly inositol, are esssential for blastocyst growth. A semi-defined medium supplemented with 1.5% BSA (variously known as BSM II or modified F10) was developed at Cornell University at the end of the 1960s and allowed the systematic investigation of the requirements for development of 1-cell rabbit embryos to blastocysts. However, the requirements for in vitro blastocyst growth comparable to in vivo growth still remain an unsolved problem. Citrate, often found as a contaminant in serum albumin, may have an essential role in rabbit blastocyst growth, which would fit in with its role in the development of serum-free media for culture of various types of mammalian cells.A comprehensive account of the methodology is given to enable a researcher with experience culturing embryos of a different species to work on the rabbit embryo. This account covers medium preparation, hormonal stimulation of superovulation, natural breeding/artificial insemination, and collection of embryos of different stages from 1-cell to blastocyst either after euthanasia or under anesthesia. Peculiarities of the rabbit embryo such as the presence of the mucoprotein coat and its effects on behavior of cultured and transferred embryos are described. Suggestions are made for future avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Kane
- Department of Physiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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21
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Dickens J, Khattak S, Matthews TE, Kolwyck D, Wiltberger K. Biopharmaceutical raw material variation and control. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Kelly PS, Alarcon Miguez A, Alves C, Barron N. From media to mitochondria–rewiring cellular energy metabolism of Chinese hamster ovary cells for the enhanced production of biopharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Ritacco FV, Wu Y, Khetan A. Cell culture media for recombinant protein expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: History, key components, and optimization strategies. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1407-1426. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank V. Ritacco
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Yongqi Wu
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
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24
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Yang Y, Mah A, Yuk IH, Grewal PS, Pynn A, Cole W, Gao D, Zhang F, Chen J, Gennaro L, Schöneich C. Investigation of Metal-Catalyzed Antibody Carbonylation With an Improved Protein Carbonylation Assay. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2570-2580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Chung S, Tian J, Tan Z, Chen J, Lee J, Borys M, Li ZJ. Industrial bioprocessing perspectives on managing therapeutic protein charge variant profiles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Northeastern University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jun Tian
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jie Chen
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
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26
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Xu J, Rehmann MS, Xu X, Huang C, Tian J, Qian NX, Li ZJ. Improving titer while maintaining quality of final formulated drug substance via optimization of CHO cell culture conditions in low-iron chemically defined media. MAbs 2018; 10:488-499. [PMID: 29388872 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1433978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During biopharmaceutical process development, it is important to improve titer to reduce drug manufacturing costs and to deliver comparable quality attributes of therapeutic proteins, which helps to ensure patient safety and efficacy. We previously reported that relative high-iron concentrations in media increased titer, but caused unacceptable coloration of a fusion protein during early-phase process development. Ultimately, the fusion protein with acceptable color was manufactured using low-iron media, but the titer decreased significantly in the low-iron process. Here, long-term passaging in low-iron media is shown to significantly improve titer while maintaining acceptable coloration during late-phase process development. However, the long-term passaging also caused a change in the protein charge variant profile by significantly increasing basic variants. Thus, we systematically studied the effect of media components, seed culture conditions, and downstream processing on productivity and quality attributes. We found that removing β-glycerol phosphate (BGP) from basal media reduced basic variants without affecting titer. Our goals for late-phase process development, improving titer and matching quality attributes to the early-phase process, were thus achieved by prolonging seed culture age and removing BGP. This process was also successfully scaled up in 500-L bioreactors. In addition, we demonstrated that higher concentrations of reactive oxygen species were present in the high-iron Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures compared to that in the low-iron cultures, suggesting a possible mechanism for the drug substance coloration caused by high-iron media. Finally, hypotheses for the mechanisms of titer improvement by both high-iron and long-term culture are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Xu
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Matthew S Rehmann
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Chao Huang
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Jun Tian
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Nan-Xin Qian
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
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27
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Eid R, Arab NTT, Greenwood MT. Iron mediated toxicity and programmed cell death: A review and a re-examination of existing paradigms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:399-430. [PMID: 27939167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient that is problematic for biological systems since it is toxic as it generates free radicals by interconverting between ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) forms. Additionally, even though iron is abundant, it is largely insoluble so cells must treat biologically available iron as a valuable commodity. Thus elaborate mechanisms have evolved to absorb, re-cycle and store iron while minimizing toxicity. Focusing on rarely encountered situations, most of the existing literature suggests that iron toxicity is common. A more nuanced examination clearly demonstrates that existing regulatory processes are more than adequate to limit the toxicity of iron even in response to iron overload. Only under pathological or artificially harsh situations of exposure to excess iron does it become problematic. Here we review iron metabolism and its toxicity as well as the literature demonstrating that intracellular iron is not toxic but a stress responsive programmed cell death-inducing second messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Eid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nagla T T Arab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael T Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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28
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Elhofy A. Novel Cell-Ess ® supplement used as a feed or as an initial boost to CHO serum free media results in a significant increase in protein yield and production. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2016; 14:319-24. [PMID: 27594979 PMCID: PMC4995604 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many metrics, including metabolic profiles, have been used to analyze cell health and optimize productivity. In this study, we investigated the ability of a lipid supplement to increase protein yield. At a concentration of 1% (v/v) the lipid supplement caused a significant increase in protein titer (1118 ± 65.4 ng 10(5) cells(- 1) days(- 1)) when compared to cultures grown in the absence of supplementation (819.3 ± 38.1 ng 10(5) cells(- 1) days(- 1); p < 0.05). This equated to a 37% increase in productivity. Furthermore, metabolic profiles of ammonia, glutamate, lactate, and glucose were not significantly altered by the polar lipid supplement. In a separate set of experiments, using the supplement as a feed resulted in 2 notable effects. The first was a 25% increase in protein titer. The second was an extension of peak protein production from 1 day to 2 days. These results suggest that lipid supplementation is a promising avenue for enhancing protein production. In addition, our results also suggest that an increase in protein production may not necessarily require a change in the metabolic state of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Elhofy
- Essential Pharmaceuticals, Ewing, New Jersey, United States
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29
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Tastanova A, Schulz A, Folcher M, Tolstrup A, Puklowski A, Kaufmann H, Fussenegger M. Overexpression of YY1 increases the protein production in mammalian cells. J Biotechnol 2016; 219:72-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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Liu Y, Zhang W, Deng X, Poon HF, Liu X, Tan WS, Zhou Y, Fan L. Chinese hamster ovary cell performance enhanced by a rational divide-and-conquer strategy for chemically defined medium development. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:690-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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The role of high-throughput mini-bioreactors in process development and process optimization for mammalian cell culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.15.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Ling WLW, Bai Y, Cheng C, Padawer I, Wu C. Development and manufacturability assessment of chemically-defined medium for the production of protein therapeutics in CHO cells. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1163-71. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Lam W. Ling
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics BioProcess Development; Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth; NJ
| | - Yunling Bai
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics BioProcess Development; Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth; NJ
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics BioProcess Development; Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth; NJ
| | - Ishai Padawer
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics BioProcess Development; Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth; NJ
| | - Changjian Wu
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics BioProcess Development; Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth; NJ
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33
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Development of protein-free medium for therapeutic protein production in mammalian cells: recent advances and perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.15.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Peng H, Hall KM, Clayton B, Wiltberger K, Hu W, Hughes E, Kane J, Ney R, Ryll T. Development of small scale cell culture models for screening poloxamer 188 lot-to-lot variation. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1411-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haofan Peng
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Kaitlyn M. Hall
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Blake Clayton
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Kelly Wiltberger
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Erik Hughes
- Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; NC 27709
| | - John Kane
- Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; NC 27709
| | - Rachel Ney
- Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; NC 27709
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Cambridge MA 02142
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35
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Rouiller Y, Périlleux A, Vesin MN, Stettler M, Jordan M, Broly H. Modulation of mAb quality attributes using microliter scale fed-batch cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:571-83. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolande Rouiller
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Périlleux
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Marie-Noëlle Vesin
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
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36
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Yang Y, Stella C, Wang W, Schöneich C, Gennaro L. Characterization of Oxidative Carbonylation on Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4799-806. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4039866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Inc., 2425 New Holland Pike, P.O. Box 12425, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17605, United States
| | | | - Christian Schöneich
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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37
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Xu J, Jin M, Song H, Huang C, Xu X, Tian J, Qian NX, Steger K, Lewen NS, Tao L, Li ZJ. Brown drug substance color investigation in cell culture manufacturing using chemically defined media: A case study. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Nassar M, Hiraishi N, Islam MS, Aizawa M, Tamura Y, Otsuki M, Kasugai S, Ohya K, Tagami J. Effect of phytic acid used as etchant on bond strength, smear layer, and pulpal cells. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 121:482-7. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriko Hiraishi
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Sciences; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo; Japan
| | | | - Mamoru Aizawa
- Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology; Kanagawa; Japan
| | - Yukihiko Tamura
- Pharmacology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Masayuki Otsuki
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Sciences; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Shohei Kasugai
- Oral Implantology and Regenerative Dental Medicine Graduate School; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Keiichi Ohya
- Pharmacology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo; Japan
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39
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Padawer I, Ling WLW, Bai Y. Case Study: an accelerated 8-day monoclonal antibody production process based on high seeding densities. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:829-32. [PMID: 23596148 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the development work to shorten the monoclonal antibody (mAb) production time in CHO cell cultures from 14 days to 8 days without impacting mAb titer or product quality. The proposed process increases cell inoculation densities up to 25× higher than a typical seeding density in the final production bioreactor, with the implementation of an ATF™ perfusion system in the N - 1 stage. Similar antibody titer and N-glycosylation profiles were reached in 8 days using the 25× seed condition, as in 14 days using the 1× seed condition. Acidic variants in the 25× seed condition were 12-20% lower than the 1× seed condition. These results indicate that an accelerated 8-day antibody production process utilizing a 25× seeding strategy has the potential of achieving similar product quality and titer as the 1× seeding condition in a 14-day production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishai Padawer
- Bioprocess Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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40
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Elvin JG, Couston RG, van der Walle CF. Therapeutic antibodies: Market considerations, disease targets and bioprocessing. Int J Pharm 2013; 440:83-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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41
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Zhu J. Mammalian cell protein expression for biopharmaceutical production. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1158-70. [PMID: 21968146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Zhang H, Wang H, Liu M, Zhang T, Zhang J, Wang X, Xiang W. Rational development of a serum-free medium and fed-batch process for a GS-CHO cell line expressing recombinant antibody. Cytotechnology 2012; 65:363-78. [PMID: 22907508 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A serum-free medium (CHO-SFM) together with a fed-batch process was developed for the cultivation of a recombinant GS-CHO cell line producing TNFR-Fc. According to the metabolic characteristics of GS-CHO cell, a basal medium was prepared by supplementing DMEM:F12:RPMI1640 (2:1:1) with amino acids, insulin, transferrin, Pluronic F68 and some other ingredients. Statistical optimization approaches based on Plackett-Burman and central composite designs were then adopted to identify additional positive determinants and determine their optimal concentrations, which resulted in the final CHO-SFM medium formulations. The maximum antibody titer reached was 90.95 mg/l in the developed CHO-SFM, which was a 18 % and 10 fold higher than that observed in the commercial EX-CELL™ 302 medium (76.95 mg/l) and basal medium (8.28 mg/l), respectively. Subsequently, a reliable, reproducible and robust fed-batch strategy was designed according to the offline measurement of glucose, giving a final antibody yield of 378 mg/l, which was a threefold improvement over that in conventional batch culture (122 mg/l) using CHO-SFM. In conclusion, the use of design of experiment (DoE) method facilitated the development of CHO-SFM medium and fed-batch process for the production of recombinant antibody using GS-CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Zhang
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
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Zhang C, Li R, Li Y, Song C, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Zhuang R, Yi J, Yang A, Yang K, Jin B. Establishment of reverse direct ELISA and its application in screening high-affinity monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 31:284-8. [PMID: 22894783 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2012.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally monoclonal antibody (MAb) titer is determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which is primarily used to evaluate the quality of MAbs. In this study, the titer and affinity of a group of MAbs against ovalbumin (OVA) were tested by indirect ELISA and the ELISA method reported previously. Data showed that there may be great differences between the indirect ELISA antibody titer and affinity value of MAbs. For the first time, a simple and effective reverse direct ELISA (RD-ELISA) was established for the detection of high-affinity MAbs. Among the group of MAbs to OVA, a certain proportion of antibodies with high affinity but low indirect ELISA titer do exist and can be clearly and efficiently detected by RD-ELISA. This study demonstrates that RD-ELISA is an effective method for high-affinity MAb screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
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