|
1
|
Kreiter D, Postma AA, Hupperts R, Gerlach O. Hallmarks of spinal cord pathology in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2024; 456:122846. [PMID: 38142540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.122846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
A disparity exists between spinal cord and brain involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS), each independently contributing to disability. Underlying differences between brain and cord are not just anatomical in nature (volume, white/grey matter organization, vascularization), but also in barrier functions (differences in function and composition of the blood-spinal cord barrier compared to blood-brain barrier) and possibly in repair mechanisms. Also, immunological phenotypes seem to influence localization of inflammatory activity. Whereas the brain has gained a lot of attention in MS research, the spinal cord lags behind. Advanced imaging techniques and biomarkers are improving and providing us with tools to uncover the mechanisms of spinal cord pathology in MS. In the present review, we elaborate on the underlying anatomical and physiological factors driving differences between brain and cord involvement in MS and review current literature on pathophysiology of spinal cord involvement in MS and the observed differences to brain involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kreiter
- Academic MS Center Zuyd, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland MC, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Alida A Postma
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond Hupperts
- Academic MS Center Zuyd, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland MC, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver Gerlach
- Academic MS Center Zuyd, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland MC, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Postnov D, Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Litvinenko E, Kurths J, Penzel T. Mechanisms of Activation of Brain's Drainage during Sleep: The Nightlife of Astrocytes. Cells 2023; 12:2667. [PMID: 37998402 PMCID: PMC10670149 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of functions, mechanisms of generation, and pathways of movement of cerebral fluids has a long history, but the last decade has been especially productive. The proposed glymphatic hypothesis, which suggests a mechanism of the brain waste removal system (BWRS), caused an active discussion on both the criticism of some of the perspectives and our intensive study of new experimental facts. It was especially found that the intensity of the metabolite clearance changes significantly during the transition between sleep and wakefulness. Interestingly, at the cellular level, a number of aspects of this problem have been focused on, such as astrocytes-glial cells, which, over the past two decades, have been recognized as equal partners of neurons and perform many important functions. In particular, an important role was assigned to astrocytes within the framework of the glymphatic hypothesis. In this review, we return to the "astrocytocentric" view of the BWRS function and the explanation of its activation during sleep from the viewpoint of new findings over the last decade. Our main conclusion is that the BWRS's action may be analyzed both at the systemic (whole-brain) and at the local (cellular) level. The local level means here that the neuro-glial-vascular unit can also be regarded as the smallest functional unit of sleep, and therefore, the smallest functional unit of the BWRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Postnov
- Department of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia;
| | - Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (O.S.-G.); (J.K.)
- Physics Department, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Litvinenko
- Department of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia;
| | - Jürgen Kurths
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (O.S.-G.); (J.K.)
- Physics Department, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A31, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Penzel
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (O.S.-G.); (J.K.)
- Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Sergeev K, Semenova N, Slepnev A, Karavaev A, Hramkov A, Prokhorov M, Borovkova E, Blokhina I, Fedosov I, Shirokov A, Dubrovsky A, Terskov A, Manzhaeva M, Krupnova V, Dmitrenko A, Zlatogorskaya D, Adushkina V, Evsukova A, Tuzhilkin M, Elizarova I, Ilyukov E, Myagkov D, Tuktarov D, Kurths J. Machine Learning Technology for EEG-Forecast of the Blood-Brain Barrier Leakage and the Activation of the Brain's Drainage System during Isoflurane Anesthesia. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1605. [PMID: 38002287 PMCID: PMC10669477 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthesia enables the painless performance of complex surgical procedures. However, the effects of anesthesia on the brain may not be limited only by its duration. Also, anesthetic agents may cause long-lasting changes in the brain. There is growing evidence that anesthesia can disrupt the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. However, there are no widely used methods for real-time BBB monitoring during surgery. The development of technologies for an express diagnosis of the opening of the BBB (OBBB) is a challenge for reducing post-surgical/anesthesia consequences. In this study on male rats, we demonstrate a successful application of machine learning technology, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), to recognize the OBBB induced by isoflurane, which is widely used in surgery. The ANNs were trained on our previously presented data obtained on the sound-induced OBBB with an 85% testing accuracy. Using an optical and nonlinear analysis of the OBBB, we found that 1% isoflurane does not induce any changes in the BBB, while 4% isoflurane caused significant BBB leakage in all tested rats. Both 1% and 4% isoflurane stimulate the brain's drainage system (BDS) in a dose-related manner. We show that ANNs can recognize the OBBB induced by 4% isoflurane in 57% of rats and BDS activation induced by 1% isoflurane in 81% of rats. These results open new perspectives for the development of clinically significant bedside technologies for EEG-monitoring of OBBB and BDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (V.K.); (A.D.); (D.Z.); (V.A.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (I.E.); (J.K.)
- Physics Department, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin Sergeev
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (K.S.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (E.B.); (I.F.); (A.D.); (E.I.); (D.T.)
| | - Nadezhda Semenova
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (K.S.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (E.B.); (I.F.); (A.D.); (E.I.); (D.T.)
| | - Andrey Slepnev
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (K.S.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (E.B.); (I.F.); (A.D.); (E.I.); (D.T.)
| | - Anatoly Karavaev
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (K.S.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (E.B.); (I.F.); (A.D.); (E.I.); (D.T.)
- Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Zelenaya Str. 38, 410019 Saratov, Russia
- Research Institute of Cardiology, Saratov State Medical University, B. Kazachaya Str. 112, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexey Hramkov
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (K.S.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (E.B.); (I.F.); (A.D.); (E.I.); (D.T.)
- Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Zelenaya Str. 38, 410019 Saratov, Russia
| | - Mikhail Prokhorov
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (K.S.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (E.B.); (I.F.); (A.D.); (E.I.); (D.T.)
- Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Zelenaya Str. 38, 410019 Saratov, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Borovkova
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (K.S.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (E.B.); (I.F.); (A.D.); (E.I.); (D.T.)
- Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Zelenaya Str. 38, 410019 Saratov, Russia
- Research Institute of Cardiology, Saratov State Medical University, B. Kazachaya Str. 112, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Inna Blokhina
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (V.K.); (A.D.); (D.Z.); (V.A.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (I.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Ivan Fedosov
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (K.S.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (E.B.); (I.F.); (A.D.); (E.I.); (D.T.)
| | - Alexander Shirokov
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (V.K.); (A.D.); (D.Z.); (V.A.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (I.E.); (J.K.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, 410049 Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexander Dubrovsky
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (K.S.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (E.B.); (I.F.); (A.D.); (E.I.); (D.T.)
| | - Andrey Terskov
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (V.K.); (A.D.); (D.Z.); (V.A.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (I.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Maria Manzhaeva
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (V.K.); (A.D.); (D.Z.); (V.A.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (I.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Valeria Krupnova
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (V.K.); (A.D.); (D.Z.); (V.A.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (I.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Alexander Dmitrenko
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (V.K.); (A.D.); (D.Z.); (V.A.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (I.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Daria Zlatogorskaya
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (V.K.); (A.D.); (D.Z.); (V.A.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (I.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Viktoria Adushkina
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (V.K.); (A.D.); (D.Z.); (V.A.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (I.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Arina Evsukova
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (V.K.); (A.D.); (D.Z.); (V.A.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (I.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Matvey Tuzhilkin
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (V.K.); (A.D.); (D.Z.); (V.A.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (I.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Inna Elizarova
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (V.K.); (A.D.); (D.Z.); (V.A.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (I.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Egor Ilyukov
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (K.S.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (E.B.); (I.F.); (A.D.); (E.I.); (D.T.)
| | - Dmitry Myagkov
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (K.S.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (E.B.); (I.F.); (A.D.); (E.I.); (D.T.)
| | - Dmitry Tuktarov
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (K.S.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (E.B.); (I.F.); (A.D.); (E.I.); (D.T.)
| | - Jürgen Kurths
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (V.K.); (A.D.); (D.Z.); (V.A.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (I.E.); (J.K.)
- Physics Department, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Centre for Analysis of Complex Systems, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 2, Building 4, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A31, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Wang DJJ, Hua J, Cao D, Ho ML. Neurofluids and the glymphatic system: anatomy, physiology, and imaging. Br J Radiol 2023; 96:20230016. [PMID: 37191063 PMCID: PMC10607419 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20230016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
First described in 2012, the glymphatic system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system, including nutrient delivery, waste clearance, and consistency of the ionic microenvironment. It is comprised of glial cells and barrier systems that modulate neurofluid production, circulation, and exchange. Experimental interrogation of neurofluid dynamics is restricted to ex vivo and in vitro studies in animals and humans, therefore diagnostic imaging plays an important role in minimally invasive evaluation. This review article will synthesize current knowledge and theories regarding neurofluid circulation and implications for neuroimaging. First, we will discuss the anatomy of the neurogliovascular unit, including paravascular and perivascular pathways of fluid exchange. In addition, we will summarize the structure and function of barrier systems including the blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid, and brain-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Next, we will mention physiologic factors that yield normal variations in neurofluid circulation, and how various disease pathologies can disrupt glymphatic drainage pathways. Lastly, we will cover the spectrum of diagnostic imaging and interventional techniques with relevance to glymphatic structure, flow, and function. We conclude by highlighting current barriers and future directions for translational imaging and applications to neurologic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danny JJ Wang
- Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | | | - Mai-Lan Ho
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Lan YL, Wang H, Chen A, Zhang J. Update on the current knowledge of lymphatic drainage system and its emerging roles in glioma management. Immunology 2023; 168:233-247. [PMID: 35719015 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The draining of brain interstitial fluid (ISF) to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the subsequent draining of CSF to meningeal lymphatics is well-known. Nonetheless, its role in the development of glioma is a remarkable finding that has to be extensively understood. The glymphatic system (GS) collects CSF from the subarachnoid space and brain ISF through aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels. The glial limiting membrane and the perivascular astrocyte-end-feet membrane both have elevated levels of AQP4. CSF is thought to drain through the nerve sheaths of the olfactory and other cranial nerves as well as spinal meningeal lymphatics via dorsal or basal lymphatic vessels. Meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) exist below the skull in the dorsal and basal regions. In this view, MLVs offer a pathway to drain macromolecules and traffic immunological cells from the CNS into cervical lymph nodes (CLNs), and thus can be used as a candidate curing strategy against glioma and other associated complications, such as neuro-inflammation. Taken together, the lymphatic drainage system could provide a route or approach for drug targeting of glioma and other neurological conditions. Nevertheless, its pathophysiological role in glioma remains elusive, which needs extensive research. The current review aims to explore the lymphatic drainage system, its role in glioma progression, and possible therapeutic techniques that target MLVs in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongjin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Aiqin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya OV, Postnov DE, Khorovodov AP, Navolokin NA, Kurthz JHG. Lymphatic Drainage System of the Brain: a New Player in Neuroscience. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093023010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
|
|
7
|
Liu YQ, Luo M, Shi Y, Guo Y, Zhang H, Yang KD, Li TR, Yang LQ, Liu TT, Huang B, Liu Q, He ZC, Zhang XN, Wang WY, Wang S, Zeng H, Niu Q, Zhang X, Cui YH, Zhang ZR, Bian XW, Ping YF. Dicer deficiency impairs proliferation but potentiates anti-tumoral effect of macrophages in glioblastoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:3791-3803. [PMID: 35764885 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a lethal primary brain tumor with abundant immune-suppressive glioblastoma-associated macrophage (GAM) infiltration. Skewing immune suppressive GAMs towards an immune-activating phenotype represents a promising immunotherapeutic strategy against glioblastoma. Herein, we reported that genetic deletion of miRNA-processing enzyme Dicer in macrophages inhibited the growth of GL261 murine glioblastoma xenografts and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the tumor-infiltrating immune cells revealed that Dicer deletion in macrophages reduced the proportion of cell-cycling GAM cluster and reprogramed the remaining GAMs towards a proinflammatory activation state (enhanced phagocytotic and IFN-producing signature). Dicer-deficient GAMs showed reduced level of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK1 and CDK2) and increased expression of CDK inhibitor p27 Kip1, thus manifesting impaired proliferation. Dicer knockout enhanced phagocytotic activity of GAMs to eliminate GL261 tumor cells. Increased proinflammatory GAM clusters in macrophage Dicer-deficient mice actively interacted with tumor-infiltrating T cells and NK cells through TNF paracrine signaling to create a pro-inflammatory immune microenvironment for tumor cell elimination. Our work identifies the role of Dicer deletion in macrophages in generating an immune-activating microenvironment, which could be further developed as a potential immunotherapeutic strategy against glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qi Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Army 953 Hospital, Shigatse Branch of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Shigatse, 857000, China
| | - Min Luo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kai-Di Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Tian-Ran Li
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Liu-Qing Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng He
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qin Niu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhi-Ren Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Yi-Fang Ping
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Chen F, Xie X, Wang L. Research Progress on Intracranial Lymphatic Circulation and Its Involvement in Disorders. Front Neurol 2022; 13:865714. [PMID: 35359624 PMCID: PMC8963982 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.865714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is an important part of the circulatory system, as an auxiliary system of the vein, which has the functions of immune defense, maintaining the stability of the internal environment, and regulating the pressure of the tissue. It has long been thought that there are no typical lymphatic vessels consisting of endothelial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In recent years, studies have confirmed the presence of lymphatic vessels lined with endothelial cells in the meninges. The periventricular meninges of the CNS host different populations of immune cells that affect the immune response associated with the CNS, and the continuous drainage of interstitial and cerebrospinal fluid produced in the CNS also proceeds mainly by the lymphatic system. This fluid process mobilizes to a large extent the transfer of antigens produced by the CNS to the meningeal immune cells and subsequently to the peripheral immune system through the lymphatic network, with clinically important implications for infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and tumor immunology. In our review, we discussed recent research advances in intracranial lymphatic circulation and the pathogenesis of its associated diseases, especially the discovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels, which has led to new therapeutic targets for the treatment of diseases associated with the intracranial lymphatic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuan Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Bali S, Prasad S, Saini V. Ayurvedic lipid based rasayans - A perspective on the preparation and pharmacological significance of lipids on the bioavailability of phytoconstituents. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 13:100526. [PMID: 34794864 PMCID: PMC8728051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For thousands of years, lipid based Ayurvedic formulations have been made in India, and the craft has survived down the millennia up to the present time. Some of these deliciously potent phytonutrient preparations are very popular and have sustained the test of time pertaining to their efficacy. Recent researches on the role of phytonutrients in promoting cardio-pulmonary, brain and immune health substantially buttress the philosophy underlying the use of lipids in preparing these emulsions, since a large number of these bioactives are lipophilic. Being lipoidic, they are absorbed through the lacteals in the small intestine, and are then transported through the thoracic duct directly to the heart, bypassing the liver. The formulations utilizing ghee (clarified butter) or sesame oil as the carrier lipid, either while frying the myrobalams or as Anupana (adjuvant), have special significance in modulating bodily immunity, since the immune system is housed in lymphatics which are lipid rich. Amla and lipid based Ayurvedic rasayans (rejuvenating formulations) are a popular and highly palatable group of phytonutraceutical preparations. This group of polyherbal adaptogenic formulations is classified separately from other formulations in Ayurvedic therapeutics. Several of these health-promoting rasayans are suitable to be consumed by all age-groups in the recommended season and dose. Current research on endothelial and immune cell receptor mediated uptake of lipoidic molecules, together with the knowledge of lipid absorption pathways, lends credence to the usefulness of rasayans in targeting the cardio-pulmonary and immune systems. An attempt has been made in this paper to elucidate the mechanisms underpinning the complex interplay between lipid delivered hydrophobic phyto-molecules, systemic lymphatics and the Immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharadendu Bali
- Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Ambala, 133207, India.
| | - Suvarna Prasad
- Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Ambala, 133207, India
| | - Vipin Saini
- Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Solan, India
| |
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Klostranec JM, Vucevic D, Bhatia KD, Kortman HGJ, Krings T, Murphy KP, terBrugge KG, Mikulis DJ. Current Concepts in Intracranial Interstitial Fluid Transport and the Glymphatic System: Part I-Anatomy and Physiology. Radiology 2021; 301:502-514. [PMID: 34665028 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021202043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal physiologic function of organs requires a circulation of interstitial fluid to deliver nutrients and clear cellular waste products. Lymphatic vessels serve as collectors of this fluid in most organs; however, these vessels are absent in the central nervous system. How the central nervous system maintains tight control of extracellular conditions has been a fundamental question in neuroscience until recent discovery of the glial-lymphatic, or glymphatic, system was made this past decade. Networks of paravascular channels surrounding pial and parenchymal arteries and veins were found that extend into the walls of capillaries to allow fluid transport and exchange between the interstitial and cerebrospinal fluid spaces. The currently understood anatomy and physiology of the glymphatic system is reviewed, with the paravascular space presented as an intrinsic component of healthy pial and parenchymal cerebral blood vessels. Glymphatic system behavior in animal models of health and disease, and its enhanced function during sleep, are discussed. The evolving understanding of glymphatic system characteristics is then used to provide a current interpretation of its physiology that can be helpful for radiologists when interpreting neuroimaging investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M Klostranec
- From the Montreal Neurologic Institute and Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, McGill University Health Centre, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4 (J.M.K.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Division of Neuroradiology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal (CHUM), Department of Radiology, Service of Neuroradiology, l'Université de Montreal, Montréal, Canada (J.M.K.); Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (D.V.); Department of Medical Imaging, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia (K.D.B.); and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (T.K., K.G.t.B.)
| | - Diana Vucevic
- From the Montreal Neurologic Institute and Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, McGill University Health Centre, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4 (J.M.K.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Division of Neuroradiology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal (CHUM), Department of Radiology, Service of Neuroradiology, l'Université de Montreal, Montréal, Canada (J.M.K.); Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (D.V.); Department of Medical Imaging, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia (K.D.B.); and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (T.K., K.G.t.B.)
| | - Kartik D Bhatia
- From the Montreal Neurologic Institute and Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, McGill University Health Centre, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4 (J.M.K.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Division of Neuroradiology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal (CHUM), Department of Radiology, Service of Neuroradiology, l'Université de Montreal, Montréal, Canada (J.M.K.); Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (D.V.); Department of Medical Imaging, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia (K.D.B.); and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (T.K., K.G.t.B.)
| | - Hans G J Kortman
- From the Montreal Neurologic Institute and Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, McGill University Health Centre, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4 (J.M.K.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Division of Neuroradiology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal (CHUM), Department of Radiology, Service of Neuroradiology, l'Université de Montreal, Montréal, Canada (J.M.K.); Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (D.V.); Department of Medical Imaging, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia (K.D.B.); and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (T.K., K.G.t.B.)
| | - Timo Krings
- From the Montreal Neurologic Institute and Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, McGill University Health Centre, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4 (J.M.K.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Division of Neuroradiology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal (CHUM), Department of Radiology, Service of Neuroradiology, l'Université de Montreal, Montréal, Canada (J.M.K.); Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (D.V.); Department of Medical Imaging, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia (K.D.B.); and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (T.K., K.G.t.B.)
| | - Kieran P Murphy
- From the Montreal Neurologic Institute and Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, McGill University Health Centre, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4 (J.M.K.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Division of Neuroradiology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal (CHUM), Department of Radiology, Service of Neuroradiology, l'Université de Montreal, Montréal, Canada (J.M.K.); Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (D.V.); Department of Medical Imaging, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia (K.D.B.); and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (T.K., K.G.t.B.)
| | - Karel G terBrugge
- From the Montreal Neurologic Institute and Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, McGill University Health Centre, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4 (J.M.K.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Division of Neuroradiology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal (CHUM), Department of Radiology, Service of Neuroradiology, l'Université de Montreal, Montréal, Canada (J.M.K.); Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (D.V.); Department of Medical Imaging, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia (K.D.B.); and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (T.K., K.G.t.B.)
| | - David J Mikulis
- From the Montreal Neurologic Institute and Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, McGill University Health Centre, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4 (J.M.K.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Division of Neuroradiology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (J.M.K., D.V., K.D.B., H.G.J.K., T.K., K.P.M., K.G.t.B., D.J.M.); Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal (CHUM), Department of Radiology, Service of Neuroradiology, l'Université de Montreal, Montréal, Canada (J.M.K.); Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (D.V.); Department of Medical Imaging, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia (K.D.B.); and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (T.K., K.G.t.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
11
|
Pflepsen KR, Peterson CD, Kitto KF, Riedl MS, McIvor RS, Wilcox GL, Vulchanova L, Fairbanks CA. Biodistribution of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 5 Viral Vectors Following Intrathecal Injection. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3741-3749. [PMID: 34460254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic profile of AAV particles following intrathecal delivery has not yet been clearly defined. The present study evaluated the distribution profile of adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) viral vectors following lumbar intrathecal injection in mice. After a single bolus intrathecal injection, viral DNA concentrations in mouse whole blood, spinal cord, and peripheral tissues were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The kinetics of AAV5 vector in whole blood and the concentration over time in spinal and peripheral tissues were analyzed. Distribution of the AAV5 vector to all levels of the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and into systemic circulation occurred rapidly within 30 min following injection. Vector concentration in whole blood reached a maximum 6 h postinjection with a half-life of approximately 12 h. Area under the curve data revealed the highest concentration of vector distributed to dorsal root ganglia tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed AAV5 particle colocalization with the pia mater at the spinal cord and macrophages in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) 30 min after injection. These results demonstrate the widespread distribution of AAV5 particles through cerebrospinal fluid and preferential targeting of DRG tissue with possible clearance mechanisms via DRG macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Pflepsen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Cristina D Peterson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Maureen S Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - R Scott McIvor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - George L Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
|
12
|
Mahan VL. Effects of lactate and carbon monoxide interactions on neuroprotection and neuropreservation. Med Gas Res 2021; 11:158-173. [PMID: 34213499 PMCID: PMC8374456 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.318862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate, historically considered a waste product of anerobic metabolism, is a metabolite in whole-body metabolism needed for normal central nervous system (CNS) functions and a potent signaling molecule and hormone in the CNS. Neuronal activity signals normally induce its formation primarily in astrocytes and production is dependent on anerobic and aerobic metabolisms. Functions are dependent on normal dynamic, expansive, and evolving CNS functions. Levels can change under normal physiologic conditions and with CNS pathology. A readily combusted fuel that is sshuttled throughout the body, lactate is used as an energy source and is needed for CNS hemostasis, plasticity, memory, and excitability. Diffusion beyond the neuron active zone impacts activity of neurons and astrocytes in other areas of the brain. Barriergenesis, function of the blood-brain barrier, and buffering between oxidative metabolism and glycolysis and brain metabolism are affected by lactate. Important to neuroprotection, presence or absence is associated with L-lactate and heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide (a gasotransmitter) neuroprotective systems. Effects of carbon monoxide on L-lactate affect neuroprotection - interactions of the gasotransmitter with L-lactate are important to CNS stability, which will be reviewed in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L. Mahan
- Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
13
|
Neural stem cells secreting bispecific T cell engager to induce selective antiglioma activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015800118. [PMID: 33627401 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015800118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor in adults. No treatment provides durable relief for the vast majority of GBM patients. In this study, we've tested a bispecific antibody comprised of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) against T cell CD3ε and GBM cell interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 (IL13Rα2). We demonstrate that this bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) (BiTELLON) engages peripheral and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes harvested from patients' tumors and, in so doing, exerts anti-GBM activity ex vivo. The interaction of BiTELLON with T cells and IL13Rα2-expressing GBM cells stimulates T cell proliferation and the production of proinflammatory cytokines interferon γ (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). We have modified neural stem cells (NSCs) to produce and secrete the BiTELLON (NSCLLON). When injected intracranially in mice with a brain tumor, NSCLLON show tropism for tumor, secrete BiTELLON, and remain viable for over 7 d. When injected directly into the tumor, NSCLLON provide a significant survival benefit to mice bearing various IL13Rα2+ GBMs. Our results support further investigation and development of this therapeutic for clinical translation.
Collapse
|
|
14
|
MacDonald A, Lu B, Caron M, Caporicci-Dinucci N, Hatrock D, Petrecca K, Bourque G, Stratton JA. Single Cell Transcriptomics of Ependymal Cells Across Age, Region and Species Reveals Cilia-Related and Metal Ion Regulatory Roles as Major Conserved Ependymal Cell Functions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:703951. [PMID: 34335193 PMCID: PMC8319996 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.703951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cells are ciliated-epithelial glial cells that develop from radial glia along the surface of the ventricles of the brain and the spinal canal. They play a critical role in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis, brain metabolism, and the clearance of waste from the brain. These cells have been implicated in disease across the lifespan including developmental disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. Despite this, ependymal cells remain largely understudied. Using single-cell RNA sequencing data extracted from publicly available datasets, we make key findings regarding the remarkable conservation of ependymal cell gene signatures across age, region, and species. Through this unbiased analysis, we have discovered that one of the most overrepresented ependymal cell functions that we observed relates to a critically understudied role in metal ion homeostasis. Our analysis also revealed distinct subtypes and states of ependymal cells across regions and ages of the nervous system. For example, neonatal ependymal cells maintained a gene signature consistent with developmental processes such as determination of left/right symmetry; while adult ventricular ependymal cells, not spinal canal ependymal cells, appeared to express genes involved in regulating cellular transport and inflammation. Together, these findings highlight underappreciated functions of ependymal cells, which will be important to investigate in order to better understand these cells in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam MacDonald
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brianna Lu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Caron
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nina Caporicci-Dinucci
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dale Hatrock
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Petrecca
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Bourque
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
|
15
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT An intimate knowledge of the lymphatic drainage of the head and neck is needed by the clinician examining and diagnosing patients with lesion of this region.It is considered that approximately 150 to 300 lymph nodes are located in the neck region. The classification of cervical lymph nodes by Rouvière has long been most widely referenced in textbooks and articles because it covers most of the lymph nodes of the head and neck region. Anatomical review of the lymphatic system of the head and neck helps surgeons understand and treat the patients who have any cancers and cancer metastasis in and around the head and neck regions. Regardless, comprehensive review of the lymphatic system of the head and neck has been rarely discussed. This paper details the anatomy of the lymphatics of these regions by reviewing related publications, books, official reports from the academic society and also describes the clinical manifestations and levels used in staging of the various lymph nodes with illustrations and computed tomographic images.
Collapse
|
|
16
|
Dupont G, Bordes SJ, Lachkar S, Wahl L, Iwanaga J, Loukas M, Tubbs RS. The effects of obesity on the human body part II: Nervous, respiratory, and lymphatic systems. Clin Anat 2020; 34:303-306. [PMID: 33048388 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This second installment of The Effects of Obesity on the Human Body considers the nervous, respiratory, and lymphatic systems. Those with obesity face countless psychological hurdles in addition to the respiratory burden and widespread inflammation that can suppress the immune system, resulting in the accumulation of excess fluid in body tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Dupont
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stephen J Bordes
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, Grenada
| | | | - Lauren Wahl
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marios Loukas
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, Grenada.,Department of Anatomy, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, Grenada.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
17
|
Brain Glymphatic/Lymphatic Imaging by MRI and PET. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 54:207-223. [PMID: 33088350 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-020-00665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since glymphatic was proposed and meningeal lymphatic was discovered, MRI and even PET were introduced to investigate brain parenchymal interstitial fluid (ISF), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and lymphatic outflow in rodents and humans. Previous findings by ex vivo fluorescent microscopic, and in vivo two-photon imaging in rodents were reproduced using intrathecal contrast (gadobutrol and the similar)-enhanced MRI in rodents and further in humans. On dynamic MRI of meningeal lymphatics, in contrast to rodents, humans use mainly dorsal meningeal lymphatic pathways of ISF-CSF-lymphatic efflux. In mice, ISF-CSF exchange was examined thoroughly using an intra-cistern injection of fluorescent tracers during sleep, aging, and neurodegeneration yielding many details. CSF to lymphatic efflux is across arachnoid barrier cells over the dorsal dura in rodents and in humans. Meningeal lymphatic efflux to cervical lymph nodes and systemic circulation is also well-delineated especially in humans onintrathecal contrast MRI. Sleep- or anesthesia-related changes of glymphatic-lymphatic flow and the coupling of ISF-CSF-lymphatic drainage are major confounders ininterpreting brain glymphatic/lymphatic outflow in rodents. PET imaging in humans should be interpreted based on human anatomy and physiology, different in some aspects, using MRI recently. Based on the summary in this review, we propose non-invasive and longer-term intrathecal SPECT/PET or MRI studies to unravel the roles of brain glymphatic/lymphatic in diseases.
Collapse
|
|
18
|
Khoury R, Grossberg GT. Deciphering Alzheimer's disease: predicting new therapeutic strategies via improved understanding of biology and pathogenesis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:859-868. [PMID: 32603232 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1790530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD). One explanation may pertain to the need to intervene as early as possible upstream from the accumulation of β-amyloid plaques and tau tangles. AREAS COVERED A PUBMED literature search was completed to review the biological or pathological changes at the basis of disease initiation; this includes neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, microbiome changes and glymphatic system dysfunction. Innovative therapeutic strategies based on these mechanisms are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Improved understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms that underly AD would assist in the identification of drug targets for clinical trials. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies are key for the characterization of the properties of disease-modifying drugs and the improvement of their penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Drug targets can be examined at different stages of the disease, hence the importance of selecting and recruiting the appropriate participants, preferably at the earliest stage of AD. New trial designs should be established which primarily involve combination therapies that can work synergistically on common pathways. Going forward, innovative treatment strategies involving nanotechnology, young blood products transfusion and photobiomodulation also offer promise for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Khoury
- Saint George Hospital University Medical Center-SGHUMC, University of Balamand School of Medicine , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - George T Grossberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
19
|
Hershenhouse KS, Shauly O, Gould DJ, Patel KM. Meningeal Lymphatics: A Review and Future Directions From a Clinical Perspective. Neurosci Insights 2019; 14:1179069519889027. [PMID: 32363346 PMCID: PMC7176397 DOI: 10.1177/1179069519889027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of lymphatic vessels in the meningeal layers calls into question the known mechanisms of fluid and macromolecule homeostasis and immunoregulation within the central nervous system. These meningeal lymphatic vessels and their potential role in the pathophysiology of neurological disease have become a rapidly expanding area of research, with the hopes that they may provide a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of many devastating conditions. This article reviews the current state of knowledge surrounding the anatomical structure of the vessels, their functions in fluid and solute transport and immune surveillance, as well as their studied developmental biology, relationship with the novel hypothesized “glymphatic” system, and implications in neurodegenerative disease in animal models. Furthermore, this review summarizes findings from the human studies conducted thus far regarding the presence, anatomy, and drainage patterns of meningeal lymphatic vessels and discusses, from a clinical perspective, advancements in both imaging technologies and interventional methodologies used to access ultrafine peripheral lymphatic vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Korri S Hershenhouse
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Orr Shauly
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Gould
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck Hospital of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ketan M Patel
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck Hospital of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
20
|
Fraunberger E, Esser MJ. Neuro-Inflammation in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury-from Mechanisms to Inflammatory Networks. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E319. [PMID: 31717597 PMCID: PMC6895990 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9110319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the adult population, pediatric TBI has received less research attention, despite its potential long-term impact on the lives of many children around the world. After numerous clinical trials and preclinical research studies examining various secondary mechanisms of injury, no definitive treatment has been found for pediatric TBIs of any severity. With the advent of high-throughput and high-resolution molecular biology and imaging techniques, inflammation has become an appealing target, due to its mixed effects on outcome, depending on the time point examined. In this review, we outline key mechanisms of inflammation, the contribution and interactions of the peripheral and CNS-based immune cells, and highlight knowledge gaps pertaining to inflammation in pediatric TBI. We also introduce the application of network analysis to leverage growing multivariate and non-linear inflammation data sets with the goal to gain a more comprehensive view of inflammation and develop prognostic and treatment tools in pediatric TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Fraunberger
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada;
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael J. Esser
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada;
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School Of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
|
21
|
Tamura R, Yoshida K, Toda M. Current understanding of lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system. Neurosurg Rev 2019; 43:1055-1064. [PMID: 31209659 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-019-01133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is associated with some pathological conditions such as inflammation, tissue repair, and tumor growth. Recently, a paradigm shift occurred following the discovery of meningeal lymphatic structures in the human central nervous system (CNS); these structures may be a key drainage route for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the peripheral blood and may also contribute to inflammatory reaction and immune surveillance of the CNS. Lymphatic vessels located along the dural sinuses absorb CSF from the adjacent subarachnoid space and brain interstitial fluid via the glymphatic system, which is composed of aquaporin-4 water channels expressed on perivascular astrocytic end-feet membranes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) clearly visualized these lymphatic vessels in the human dura mater. The conception of some neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, has been changed by this paradigm shift. Meningeal lymphatic vessels could be a promising therapeutic target for the prevention of neurological disorders. However, the involvement of meningeal lymphatic vessels in the pathophysiology has not been fully elucidated and is the subject of future investigations. In this article, to understand the involvement of meningeal lymphatic vessels in neurological disorders, we review the differences between lymphangiogenesis in the CNS and in other tissues during both developmental and adulthood stages, and pathological conditions that may be associated with meningeal lymphatic vessels in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
|
22
|
Alderfer L, Wei A, Hanjaya-Putra D. Lymphatic Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:32. [PMID: 30564284 PMCID: PMC6296077 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is a major circulatory system within the body, responsible for the transport of interstitial fluid, waste products, immune cells, and proteins. Compared to other physiological systems, the molecular mechanisms and underlying disease pathology largely remain to be understood which has hindered advancements in therapeutic options for lymphatic disorders. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system is associated with a wide range of disease phenotypes and has also been speculated as a route to rescue healthy phenotypes in areas including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurological conditions. This review will discuss lymphatic system functions and structure, cell sources for regenerating lymphatic vessels, current approaches for engineering lymphatic vessels, and specific therapeutic areas that would benefit from advances in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alderfer
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Alicia Wei
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Donny Hanjaya-Putra
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656 USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NDnano), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| |
Collapse
|