Cardiotoxicity screening of long-term, breast cancer survivors-The CAROLE (Cardiac-Related Oncologic Late Effects) Study

Evolving therapeutics and ensuing cardiotoxicities in triple-negative breast cancer

Defined as scarce expression of hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is labeled as the most heterogeneous subtype of breast cancer with poorest prognosis. Despite rapid advancements in precise subtyping and tailored therapeutics, the ensuing cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity (CTR-CVT) could exert detrimental impacts to TNBC survivors. Nowadays, this interdisciplinary issue is incrementally concerned by cardiologists, oncologists and other pertinent experts, propelling cardio-oncology as a booming field focusing on the whole-course management of cancer patients with potential cardiovascular threats. Here in this review, we initially profile the evolving molecular subtyping and therapeutic landscape of TNBC. Further, we introduce various monitoring approaches of CTR-CVT. In the main body, we elaborate on typical cardiotoxicities ensuing anti-TNBC treatments in detail, ranging from chemotherapy (especially anthracyclines), surgery, anesthetics, radiotherapy to immunotherapy, with future perspectives on promising directions in the era of artificial intelligence and traditional Chinese medicine.

Long-term risk of heart failure in adult cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Cancer survivors are at increased risk of heart failure (HF). While cardiotoxicity is commonly sought at the time of cancer chemotherapy, HF develops as a result of multiple 'hits' over time, and there is limited evidence regarding the frequency and causes of HF during survivorship.

OBJECTIVES

This systematic review sought to investigate the relationship between cardiotoxic cancer therapies and HF during survivorship.

METHODS

We searched the EMBASE, MEDLINE and CINAHL databases for studies reporting HF in adult survivors (≥50 years old), who were ≥5 years postpotential cardiotoxic cancer therapy. A random effects model was used to examine the associations of HF.

RESULTS

Thirteen papers were included, comprising 190 259 participants (mean age 53.5 years, 93% women). The risk of HF was increased (overall RR 1.47 (95% CI (1.17 to 1.86)). Cardiotoxic treatment, compared with cancer alone, provided a similar risk (RR of 1.46 (95% CI 0.98 to 2.16)). The overall HF incidence rate was 2.1% compared with 1.7% in the control arm-an absolute risk difference of 0.4%. In the breast cancer population ratio (11 studies), the overall HF RR was 2.57 (95% CI 1.35 to 4.90)). Although heterogeneity was significant (I2=77.2), this was explained by differences in patient characteristics; once multivariable analysis accounted for follow-up duration (OR 0.99, 95% CI (0.97 to 0.99), p=0.047), age (OR 1.14, 95% CI (1.04 to 1.25), p=0.003) and hypertension (OR 0.95, 95% CI (0.92 to 0.98), p<0.001), residual heterogeneity was low (I2=28.7).

CONCLUSIONS

HF is increased in adult cancer survivors, associated with cardiotoxic cancer therapy and standard risk factors. However, the small absolute risk difference between survivors and controls suggests that universal screening of survivors is unjustifiable. A risk model based on age, cardiotoxic cancer therapy and standard risk factors may facilitate a selective screening process in this at-risk population.

A roadmap for modelling radiation-induced cardiac disease

Cardiac risk mitigation is a major priority in improving outcomes for cancer survivors as advances in cancer screening and treatments continue to decrease cancer mortality. More than half of adult cancer patients will be treated with radiotherapy (RT); therefore it is crucial to develop a framework for how to assess and predict radiation-induced cardiac disease (RICD). Historically, RICD was modelled solely using whole heart metrics such as mean heart dose. However, data over the past decade has identified cardiac substructures which outperform whole heart metrics in predicting for significant cardiac events. Additionally, non-RT factors such as pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors and toxicity from other therapies contribute to risk of future cardiac events. In this review, we aim to discuss the current evidence and knowledge gaps in predicting RICD and provide a roadmap for the development of comprehensive models based on three interrelated components, (1) baseline CV risk assessment, (2) cardiac substructure radiation dosimetry linked with cardiac-specific outcomes and (3) novel biomarker development.

Cardiac structure, function, and coronary anatomy 10 years after isolated contemporary adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer patients with low cardiovascular baseline risk

AIMS

The effects of isolated contemporary low-dose breast cancer (BC) radiotherapy (RT) on the heart remain poorly understood. This study aims to assess the long-term impacts of BC-RT on cardiac structure and function.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Seventy-six women (62 ± 7 years) without history of prior heart disease, who had undergone RT for either first left (n = 36) or right (n = 40) BC, without additional medical oncology therapy apart from hormonal treatment 11 ± 1 years earlier, underwent transthoracic echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA), NT-proBNP, and a 6-min walk test (6MWT). They were compared with 54 age-matched healthy female controls. By CTCA, 68% of BC patients exhibited no or very mild coronary disease, while only 11% had moderate stenosis (50-69%) and 3% had significant stenosis (>70%). Despite slightly reduced regional echocardiographic midventricular strains, BC patients exhibited similar global left and right ventricular volumes, ejection fractions, and global strains by echocardiography and CMR as controls. Mitral E/e' ratios were slightly higher, and mitral deceleration times were slightly lower, but NT-proBNP was similar to controls. Also, 6MWT was normal. None had late gadolinium enhancement, and extracellular volume fraction was similar in BC (28 ± 3 vs. 29 ± 3, P = 0.15) and controls. No differences were observed relative to dose or side of RT.

CONCLUSION

Aside from minor alterations of regional strains and diastolic parameters, women who received isolated RT for BC had low prevalence of coronary disease, normal global systolic function, NT-proBNP, and exercise capacity and showed no structural changes by CMR, refuting significant long-term cardiotoxicity in such low-risk patients.

Simplified rules-based tool to facilitate the application of up-to-date management recommendations in cardio-oncology

BACKGROUND

Millions of cancer survivors are at risk of cardiovascular diseases, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Tools to potentially facilitate implementation of cardiology guidelines, consensus recommendations, and scientific statements to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and other cardiovascular diseases are limited. Thus, inadequate utilization of cardiovascular medications and imaging is widespread, including significantly lower rates of statin use among cancer survivors for whom statin therapy is indicated.

METHODS

In this methodological study, we leveraged published guidelines documents to create a rules-based tool to include guidelines, expert consensus, and medical society scientific statements relevant to point of care cardiovascular disease prevention in the cardiovascular care of cancer survivors. Any overlap, redundancy, or ambiguous recommendations were identified and eliminated across all converted sources of knowledge. The integrity of the tool was assessed with use case examples and review of subsequent care suggestions.

RESULTS

An initial selection of 10 guidelines, expert consensus, and medical society scientific statements was made for this study. Then 7 were kept owing to overlap and revisions in society recommendations over recent years. Extensive formulae were employed to translate the recommendations of 7 selected guidelines into rules and proposed action measures. Patient suitability and care suggestions were assessed for several use case examples.

CONCLUSION

A simple rules-based application was designed to provide a potential format to deliver critical cardiovascular disease best-practice prevention recommendations at the point of care for cancer survivors. A version of this tool may potentially facilitate implementing these guidelines across clinics, payers, and health systems for preventing cardiovascular diseases in cancer survivors.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.Gov Identifier: NCT05377320.

Established and Emerging Cancer Therapies and Cardiovascular System: Focus on Hypertension-Mechanisms and Mitigation

Cardiovascular disease and cancer are 2 of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although improvements in outcomes have been noted for both disease entities, the success of cancer therapies has come at the cost of at times very impactful adverse events such as cardiovascular events. Hypertension has been noted as both, a side effect as well as a risk factor for the cardiotoxicity of cancer therapies. Some of these dynamics are in keeping with the role of hypertension as a cardiovascular risk factor not only for heart failure, but also for the development of coronary and cerebrovascular disease, and kidney disease and its association with a higher morbidity and mortality overall. Other aspects such as the molecular mechanisms underlying the amplification of acute and long-term cardiotoxicity risk of anthracyclines and increase in blood pressure with various cancer therapeutics remain to be elucidated. In this review, we cover the latest clinical data regarding the risk of hypertension across a spectrum of novel anticancer therapies as well as the underlying known or postulated pathophysiological mechanisms. Furthermore, we review the acute and long-term implications for the amplification of the development of cardiotoxicity with drugs not commonly associated with hypertension such as anthracyclines. An outline of management strategies, including pharmacological and lifestyle interventions as well as models of care aimed to facilitate early detection and more timely management of hypertension in patients with cancer and survivors concludes this review, which overall aims to improve both cardiovascular and cancer-specific outcomes.

Screening for Coronary Artery Disease in Cancer Survivors: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is an important contributor to the cardiovascular burden in cancer survivors. This review identifies features that could help guide decisions about the benefit of screening to assess the risk or presence of subclinical CAD. Screening may be appropriate in selected survivors based on risk factors and inflammatory burden. In cancer survivors who have undergone genetic testing, polygenic risk scores and clonal hematopoiesis markers may become useful CAD risk prediction tools in the future. The type of cancer (especially breast, hematological, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary) and the nature of treatment (radiotherapy, platinum agents, fluorouracil, hormonal therapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, endothelial growth factor inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors) are also important in determining risk. Therapeutic implications of positive screening include lifestyle and atherosclerosis interventions, and in specific instances, revascularization may be indicated.

Long-Term Effects of Breast Cancer Therapy and Care: Calm after the Storm?

Breast cancer is still a lethal disease and the leading cause of death in women, undermining patients' survival and quality of life. Modern techniques of surgery and radiotherapy allow for the obtaining of good results in terms of survival, however they cause long-term side effects that persist over time, such as lymphedema and neuropathy. Similarly, the advent of new therapies such as endocrine therapy revolutionized breast cancer outcomes, but side effects are still present even in years of follow-up after cure. Besides the side effects of medical and surgical therapy, breast cancer is a real disruption in patients' lives considering quality of life-related aspects such as the distortion of body image, the psychological consequences of the diagnosis, and the impact on family dynamics. Therefore, the doctor-patient relationship is central to providing the best support both during treatment and afterwards. The aim of this review is to summarize the consequences of medical and surgical treatment on breast cancer patients and to emphasize the importance of early prevention of side effects to improve patients' quality of life.

Next Generation Risk Markers in Preventive Cardio-oncology

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are the first and second most common causes of death within the USA. It is well established that a diagnosis of cancer increases risk and predisposes the patient to CVD, and vice versa. Despite these associations, cancer is not yet incorporated into current CVD risk calculators, necessitating additional CV risk markers for improved stratification in this at-risk population. In this review, we consider the utility of breast arterial calcification (BAC), coronary artery calcification (CAC), clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), and cancer and cancer treatment in CVD risk assessment.

RECENT FINDINGS

There is evidence supporting the use of BAC, CAC, CHIP, and cancer and cancer treatment for improved CV risk stratification in patients with cancer and those who are being screened for cancer. BAC has been shown to predict CAC, coronary atherosclerotic plaque on coronary CTA, coronary artery stenosis on coronary angiography, and CVD events and accordingly enhances CVD risk stratification beyond the atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk pooled cohort equation. Additionally, CAC visualized on CT utilized for lung cancer screening, radiation planning, and cancer staging is predictive of coronary artery disease (CAD). Furthermore, CHIP can also be utilized in risk stratification, as the presence of CHIP carries a 40% increase in CV risk independent of traditional CV risk factors. Finally, cancer and many oncologic therapies confer a lifelong increased risk of CVD. We propose an emerging set of tools to be incorporated into the routine continuum of CVD risk assessment in individuals who have been treated for cancer or who are being screened for cancer development. In this review, we discuss BAC, CAC, CHIP, and cancer and cancer treatment as emerging risk markers in cardiovascular health assessment. Their effectiveness in predicting and influencing the burden of CVD will be discussed, along with suggestions on their incorporation into preventive cardio-oncology practice. Future research will focus on short- and long-term CVD outcomes in these populations.

Cardiotoxicity screening of long-term, breast cancer survivors-The CAROLE (Cardiac-Related Oncologic Late Effects) Study

Background

Long‐term breast cancer survivors are at risk for cardiotoxicity after treatment, but there is insufficient evidence to provide long‐term (~10 years) cardiovascular disease (CVD) screening recommendations. We sought to evaluate a tri‐modality CVD screening approach.

Methods

This single‐arm, feasibility study enrolled 201 breast cancer patients treated ≥6 years prior without CVD at diagnosis. Patients were sub‐grouped: cardiotoxic (left‐sided) radiation (RT), cardiotoxic (anthracycline‐based) chemotherapy, both cardiotoxic chemotherapy and RT, and neither cardiotoxic treatment. Patients underwent electrocardiogram (EKG), transthoracic echocardiogram with strain (TTE with GLS), and coronary artery calcium computed tomography (CAC CT). The primary endpoint was preclinical or clinical CVD.

Results

Median age was 50 (29–65) at diagnosis and 63 (37–77) at imaging; median interval was 11.5 years (6.7–14.5). Among sub‐groups, 44% had no cardiotoxic treatment, 31.5% had cardiotoxic RT, 16% had cardiotoxic chemotherapy, and 8.5% had both. Overall, 77.6% showed preclinical and/or clinical CVD and 51.5% showed clinical CVD. Per modality, rates of any CVD and clinical CVD were, respectively: 27.1%/10.0% on EKG, 50.0%/25.3% on TTE with GLS, and 50.8%/45.8% on CAC CT. No statistical difference was seen among the treatment subgroups (NS, χ² test, p = 0.58/p = 0.15).

Conclusion

This study identified a high incidence of CVD in heterogenous long‐term breast cancer survivors, most >10 years post‐treatment. Over half had clinical CVD findings warranting follow‐up and/or intervention. Each imaging test independently contributed to the detection rate. This provides early evidence that long‐term cardiac screening may be of value to a wider group of breast cancer survivors than previously recognized.